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High-Performance
Backbone Network
Technology
 OPTICAL ENGINEERING

Founding Editor
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University of Rochester
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 High-Performance
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edited by
Naoaki Yamanaka
NNT Network Innovation Laboratories
Tokyo, Japan

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 To m y wife, Asako,
and m y three children, Yuki, Takuto, and Noe
IEICE Transactions on Communications, a well-received international publication, was founded in 1975 by the
IEICE Communication Society. It aims at providing communications researchers and professionals with a
continuous source of high-quality peer-reviewed papers, letters, invited papers, and survey papers. In addition, very
important special issues are also published. This journal is published monthly and in 2002 it provided 366 articles
contained in over 2895 pages. Its rigorous acceptance policies (the acceptance rate is under 40%) guarantees high-
quality papers. The Transactions are becoming more globalized, and about 73.3% of the contributions are now
submitted from outside Japan, especially from Korea, Taiwan, and the U.S.A.
The IEICE Communication Society had 13,994 members as of the end of September 2003. IEICE Transactions
on Communications issues more than 3500 copies per month.
The topics of the transactions include communication networks, network systems, mobile communication,
satellites, optical networks, communication quality, and communication devices.
IEICE Transactions on Communication provides both a science citation index and an expanded science citation
index as directed by the Information Science Institute (ISI).
Preface
The last 10 years have seen an enormous growth in Performance studies have examined architectures,
broadband access line bandwidth and the number of experimental prototypes, and field trials, all of which
broadband users. These users have severely loaded the suggest the creation of a new network paradigm.
communications infrastructure by their enthusiastic This book consists of selected papers from IEICE
adoption of broadband services and multimedia traf­ (the Institute of Electronics, Information and Com­
fic. This has driven the introduction of advanced munication Engineers) Transactions on Communica­
wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technologies tions. The IEICE publishes four well-established
into the backbone network. Loads have increased by a international transactions in English and five transac­
factor of about 100 since the commencement of tions in Japanese. Each transaction is issued monthly.
asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) service. In All of the papers published in the IEICE Transactions
an associated trend, Internet protocol (IP) services are on Communications are edited by the IEICE Commu­
morphing from just e-mail into mission-critical services nications Society. IEICE Transactions on Communica­
such as voice, data, and streaming image transmission. tion receives more than 2000 submissions per year from
Quality of service (QoS) assurance has become a all over the world. This book presents a selection of the
critical goal for service providers. To cope with these best papers published during the 1997-2002 period.
two factors, high-throughput and high-quality back­ It will allow all readers, including students and
bone networking technologies are needed. Any careful researchers, to easily discover the most important
study of backbone networking technologies must cover study results.
both sophisticated traffic control techniques and Chapter 1 presents an overview of the whole area of
advanced hardware technologies. Many researchers transport and switching technologies. It starts with
are now enthusiastically tackling the next-generation ATM switch architecture reviews with emphasis on the
IP network that offers QoS, high security, high high-speed backbone switch. ATM switch architec­
reliability, and high performance. tures have been studied for the last 10 years. Switch
This book covers all of the important contributions design is moving away from pure theory to more
in these areas. To realize high-quality and high-speed realistic and more application-oriented issues. This
backbone networks, the focus of traffic control was chapter goes on to describe ATM switch architectures
asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) technology start­ from the viewpoints of QoS and traffic control
ing in 1988. Next, the focus switched from ATM- performance. QoS service categories are introduced
oriented technology to IP-oriented technology, where and characteristics are described in detail. This chapter
network equipment such as switches were assumed to then deals with the traffic issues faced by ATM
be controlled in a distribution manner. Multi-protocol switches; it pays particular attention to the ATM-
label switching (MPLS) was a breakthrough technol­ LAN case since it raises many issues including IP over
ogy for the realization of reliable and manageable IP ATM, multi-protocol over ATM, voice over ATM,
centric networks. Therefore, many important studies and MPEG-2 over ATM. This is followed by a
have addressed the use of ATM and its application to presentation of the operation and management of
MPLS/IP and MPLS/photonic networks. We note that ATM systems. The operation system (OpS)
many studies have examined the creation of high-speed is one of the keys to realizing flexible and dynamic
and high-performance networks on electrical VLSI telecommunication services. Next, an ATM system
(very large scale integrated circuit) and optical tech­ that can be used as the backbone is examined. Any
nologies. They not only address hardware technol­ future backbone network will require Tbit/s through­
ogies but also describe many important contributions put. An innovatively structured ATM-based switch
with regard to network and system architectures. architecture that uses optical WDM technology is then
v
vi Preface

introduced. It is followed by an examination of also introduced. A subscriber system based on ATM-

photonic switching and networking technologies. PDS (passive double star) is described. ATM-PDS is a
These technologies are also very important for achiev­ very cost-effective way of realizing many ATM trans­
ing the backbone network. In addition, the new fer capabilities. When line speeds become high, the
concept of the photonic router as applied to IP/ allowable scheduling time decreases and can become a
WDM networks is presented. The photonic router has bottleneck. A scheduling scheme that relaxes the
both IP packet switching capability and wavelength constraint of the scheduling time is then introduced.
switching capability. These switching capabilities are A pipeline-based maximal-sized matching scheduling
selectively used according to traffic demand fluctua­ approach is proposed. Output-buffered-type switches
tions. Finally, this chapter describes next-generation are attractive because they provide ideal delay perfor­
Internet and the role of IP over photonic networks. mance. However, it is difficult to implement high-speed
Chapter 2 presents services and broadband network switches. To avoid this problem, the design and
applications. High-performance backbone networks analysis of a packet concentrator are presented. The
will stimulate future multimedia services. The most chapter continues on to introduce a high-capacity
important applications are IP services, voice and switching scheme for ATM/WDM networks. The
telephony service, real-time video transfer, and data proposed architecture is contention-free, scalable,
transfer. This chapter first describes ATM network easy to implement and requires no internal “speedup.”
services. It also covers standardization issues and some Finally, an innovative distributed traffic control
development results. Virtual path (VP) network design scheme for a large multi-stage ATM switching system
methods in ATM networks including VP restoration is proposed. Operation, administration, and mainte­
are then described. A critical network service attribute nance (OAM) cells are defined for the system. They
is reliability. ATM is very effective in realizing high- carry route congestion information within the system.
performance network failure protection. Network Chapter 4 addresses ATM and IP integration issues.
reliability and efficiency are determined for a particu­ Demand for Internet service is doubling every year,
lar VP network topology. Next, QoS control and and many kinds of services such as voice, data, leased
failure-resistant transport studies are presented. These lines, and video, all of which are associated with
studies provide important information on the support multimedia services, are being carried by IP protocols.
of guaranteed services such as voice, image, and TV The problem is how to carry IP protocols that need
program transmission. Network scalability is also a QoS support functions. IP over WDM or IP over XXX
crucial issue for designing public networks. A scalable, over WDM are potential problem solvers. With regard
private network node interface (PNNI) interworking to the XXX approach, ATM technology was originally
architecture is also introduced. It is followed by a established for the subscriber network transport
description of real-time MPEG transmission in ATM because of its flexible multi-bearer multiplexing cap­
networks. Finally, a layer3 switching technology is ability and QoS support; QoS is also very important
introduced. The layer3 switch enables IP datagrams to for backbone transport capability. This chapter starts
be rapidly transmitted through the use of the cut- by presenting experimental results on an IP + ATM
through technique. integrated system and networks. Mobile communica­
Many studies on ATM architectures have empha­ tion based on IP over ATM technology is then
sized buffer performance and speed. Chapter 3 introduced. Mobile networks need hand-off and
addresses ATM switch architectures and systems. rerouting functions, and location management is also
This chapter starts with a presentation of switch needed for IMT2000. This topic is followed by several
architectures such as input-buffered and input/ performance studies on IP-over-ATM wide area and
output-buffered types. To expand switch capacity, access networks. These studies include TCP/IP over
multi-stage switch architectures have been advocated. ATM, switched virtual connection (SVC)-based IP
An effective multi-stage switch architecture is intro­ over ATM, and TCP/IP over an asymmetric digital
duced. Another important topic in discussing ATM subscriber line (ADSL). Controlling higher-layer traf­
switch architectures is multi-casting. Several different fic flows is very difficult and is a very hot topic. Next, a
multi-cast architectures are presented. Next, a system- newly developed traffic measuring tool that has been
level demonstration of a digital MPEG transport applied to the real-time simulation of a network is
network is presented. A wide-area network can be described. This chapter then proceeds to introduce a
realized by ATM with local networks based on HIPPI. new extension to classical IP and address resolution
An experimental system for ATM access networks is protocol over ATM protocol. Support for the real-time
Preface vii

and multimedia applications emerging in IP over ATM control method and its design scheme are introduced.
systems is becoming indispensable in the networking The ATM layer protocols are emulated at the edge
world. Accordingly, a developed ATM switching node and link utilization is monitored periodically
system with a built-in IP processing mechanism and between edges. This chapter then presents reliable VP
results of experiments on the accommodation of TCP control strategies, an efficient fuzzy traffic policer, and
traffic by an ATM wide-area network are described. multicast service. In IP networks, the sharing of
This chapter concludes with suggestions on future network resources among the many flows is on a
requirements and directions for technologies. best-effort basis. A first-in-first-out (FIFO)-based
ATM is a very hot topic because it offers QoS mechanism that achieves fairness in terms of through­
support. For this, it needs traffic control, bandwidth put is then introduced. Its performance in terms of
management, and provisioning. Chapter 5 presents both fairness and link utilization is examined using
studies on the performance of ATM. This chapter extensive simulations. This chapter concludes by
starts by describing performance studies on input- addressing end-to-end TCP flow control mechanisms
buffered ATM switches. This is followed by reports on that utilize available bit rate (ABR) information in
the delay and performance of the AAL2 switch, which ATM networks. Goodput comparisons and fairness
will be used for low bit-rate voice services. Voice issues are described.
services are delay sensitive. This means that the time The next three chapters describe advanced technol­
out incurred by cell assembly must be considered. This ogies with special emphasis on photonic technologies.
chapter continues by presenting a new jitter-controlled These three chapters basically examine networks,
traffic scheduling algorithm that provides an upper architectures, and devices. Very advanced devices are
bound for the delay jitter in the case of rate-controlled needed to realize photonic systems. Photonic networks
connections. It is applied to packet video streams and are considered in Chapter 7. Photonic technologies are
IP telephony. It is followed by studies on ATM critical to realizing the future backbone network.
performance for higher-layer protocols such as avail­ Recent progress in WDM has led to a breakthrough
able bit rate (ABR), guaranteed frame rate (GFR), and in network performance. This chapter starts by
fast reservation protocol (FRP). End-to-end delay showing an IP over WDM network architecture. An
performances using these protocols are examined in ultra-fast bus architecture using TDM technology is
detail. In addition, connection admission control then described. The remote bridge technique is used in
(CAC) and routing problems are also addressed. a hierarchical WAN architecture. Some optical TDM
Next, as a scalable IP-QoS architecture, differentiated transmission experimental results are also presented.
services (Diffserv) is considered to be useful within the This is followed by studies on a backbone crossconnect
service provider’s backbone and enterprise networks. and one study on a local-area network. The optical
A Diffserv over ATM architecture that provides technology requirements to ensure application to the
Diffserv-based QoS over ATM access networks is backbone and those related to the access network are
studied. Finally, this chapter introduces an integrated quite different. This chapter continues by introducing
scheme for scheduling real-time traffic. It achieves an optical bridge and switch function for protection
cell loss control in high-speed ATM networks with networks and an all-optical code division switch. Next,
multiple priorities. network survivability and reliability are addressed.
Traffic control studies are presented in Chapter 6. Networks carrying huge transmission loads must
One important function offered by ATM networks is provide survivability, since even a very short outage
traffic control to guarantee QoS requirements. Several will cause a large amount of information to be lost.
studies have addressed the traffic control issues of Accordingly, optimal configurations for optical cross
connection admission control (CAC), usage parameter connect (OXC) systems and optical add-drop-multi-
control (VPC), bandwidth allocation, traffic measure­ plexer (OADM) systems, and a photonic switching
ment, flow control and traffic shaping. This chapter system called WAPS (wavelength assignment photonic
describes the cell traffic patterns that are enforced by switching system), are presented. Finally, this chapter
the VPC circuit. This is followed by studies on addresses the issue of IP over glass (IOG). IOG is a
measurement techniques that are used to estimate the link-layer protocol specially designed for high speed
residual ATM bandwidth and traffic shaping techni­ and bandwidth efficient transmission of IPv4 and IPv6
ques for VPC circuits. Scheduling algorithms such datagrams over optical fibers.
weighted round robin (WRR) and static priority A photonic switch architecture system and devel­
scheduling are then examined. Next, an ATM flow opments are described in Chapter 8. Photonic switches
viii Preface

are the key to realizing high-performance systems. the design of micromachined temperature-insensitive
Photonic switch architectures can be classified into filters. Temperature-insensitive add/drop filters and
three types: space division, time division packet, and wavelength tunable lasers are indispensable devices for
add drop multiplexer (ADM). This chapter first future optical networks. Next, this chapter deals with
reports an architectural evaluation of photonic VCSELs (vertical cavity surface emitting laser diodes).
switches, and then focuses on a number of optical This decade has seen a continuous increase in the level
devices. An architectural performance study on a of research on VCSELs. To increase interconnection
wavelength division multiplexed network is then speeds, optical WDM and parallel interconnections are
described. Next, two prototype switching systems are being implemented using VCSELs. As is well known,
reported. One is a photonic core node based on a 2.56- WDM technologies are suitable for long-haul trans­
Tbit/s opto-electronic switching fabric, and the other is mission. However, for short-reach transmission, a cost
a large-capacity photonic packet switch prototype limitation occurs because multiple laser sources are
based on wavelength routing techniques with a expensive. Therefore, optical parallel interconnection
throughput of 320Gbit/s. This chapter then presents is a key technology for cost-effective short-reach
an all-optical label swapping technique for the photo­ transmission. Photonic crystals (PCs) have seen
nic label switching router (LSR), an optical code major advances in the last few years. Experiments on
division multiplexing (CDM) self-routing network a variety of structures and devices, as well as modeling
system, and an experimental 5 Tbit/s packet-by­ tools, are then described. Finally, this chapter reviews
packet wavelength switching system. Finally, this the recent progress made by those working on optical
chapter addresses optical label switching. A novel filters and switches for photonic networks based on
concept for an optical label switching network and the dense WDM. Three kinds of optical filters—thin-film
configuration and function of the core nodes are interference filters, fiber gratings and AWGs—are
described.
described in detail.
The final chapter reports on photonic and advanced
switching devices. The chapter covers hardware tech­
nologies to realize backbone networks. There are
several contributions, all of which use state-of-the-art ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
technologies. For realizing a very high-speed backbone
system, photonic devices are key components and I thank Dr. Eiji Oki of NTT Network Innovation
optical wavelength conversion is the next break­ Laboratories for selecting several key papers from
through needed. This chapter first reports several IEICE Transactions on Communications without which
important optical wavelength conversion technologies. this book would not be complete. Finally, I would like
It continues with a discussion of a broadcast-and- to acknowledge Mr. Taisuke Soda and other employ­
select-type optical switch element, a Tb/s ATM switch ees of Marcel Dekker, Inc., and IEICE executives for
architecture that uses both electrical and photonic supporting this project.
technologies, and a 10 Gb/s very high-speed packet
receiver module. This is followed by a description of Naoaki Yamanaka
Contents

Preface V

Chapter 1. O verview 1

1.1 A rchitectural C h oices in Large S cale ATM Sw itches 3

Jonathan Turner and Naoaki Yamanaka
1.2 R equirem ents on ATM Sw itch A rchitectures for
Q uality-of-Service G uarantees 21
Masayuki Murata
1.3 Traffic Issues in ATM LAN: Principle and P ractice 35
Teruyuki Kubo
1 .4 C om petitive T elecom m u n ication s M anagem ent and System D ev elo p m en t 45
Masayoshi Ejiri
1.5 A C onstruction M anager System over an ATM Transport N etw ork
O peration System : V erification o f th e Basic T echnique o f Flow
through O peration in C onfiguration M anagem ent 51
Hiroshi Tohjo and Tetsuya Yamamura
1.6 H igh-Speed M ulti-Stage ATM Sw itch Based on H ierarchical Cell
R esequencing A rchitecture and W D M Intercon n ection 59
Seisho Yasukawa, Naoaki Yamanaka, Eiji Oki, and Ryusuke Kawano
1 .7 H yper-M edia P hotonic Inform ation N etw orks as Future N etw ork
S ervice Platform s 69
Masayasu Yamaguchi, Ken-ichi Yukimatsu, Atsushi Hiramatsu, and Tohru Matsunaga
1 .8 P h oton ic P acket Sw itching: An O v erv iew 77
Rodney S. Tucker and Wen De Zhong
1 .9 ATM VP-Based E conom ical Transport N etw ork A rchitecture for
M ulti-Reliability and Broadband Integrated Service Infrastructure 89
Yoshihiko Uematsu, Hiroshi Ohta, Ryoichi Iwase, Koji Watanabe,
Masayuki Matsuda, Seiichi Takagi, and Toshinori Tsuboi
1 .1 0 N ew Self-H ealing S ch em e that R ealizes M ultiple Reliability on
ATM N etw orks 97
Taishi Yahara and Ryutaro Kawamura
1.11 A u ton om ou sly C ontrolled M ultiprotocol W avelen gth Sw itching N etw ork
for Internet B ackbones 109
Yoshiaki Yamabayashi, Masafumi Koga, and Satoru Okamoto
1 .1 2 N etw ork C ontrol and M anagem ent for th e N ex t G eneration Internet 115
John Y. Wei, Chang-Dong Liu, Sung-Young Park, Kevin H. Liu, Ramu S. Ramamurthy,
Hyogon Kim, and Mari W. Maeda
ix
X Contents

1 .1 3 C hallenges for th e N ext-G en eration Internet and th e Role o f IP over

P hotonic N etw orks 133
Masayuki Murata

Chapter 2. Broadband Networks 147

2.1 Issues in ATM N etw ork S ervice D evelo p m en t, Standardization

and D ep loym en t 149
Hirokazu Ohnishi and Kou Miyake
2 .2 Q uality o f S ervice G uarantees and Charging in M u ltiservice N etw orks 161
James W. Roberts
2.3 A Failure-Resistant Self-H ealing S ch em e in ATM N etw orks 169
Ryutaro Kawamura
2 .4 A Study on VP N etw ork D esign er 1 75
Ayano Yamashita and Satoru Ohta
2.5 Real-Time Traffic C haracterization for Q uality-of-Service
C ontrol in ATM N etw orks 183
Brian L. Mark and Gopalakrishnan Ramamurthy
2 .6 V o ice C om m unication on M ultim edia ATM N etw ork U sing Shared
VCI Cell 191
Toshihiro Masaki, Yasuhiro Nakatani, Takao Onoye, Nariyoshi Yamai,
and Koso Murakami
2 .7 An O ptim al Virtual T opology C onfiguration for M ulticast in ATM and
MPLS N etw orks 197
Sung-Jin Chung, Sung-Pil Hong, Sang-Baeg Kim, and Hoo-Sang Chung
2 .8 A Failure-Resistant ATM Transport M ethod for th e Transm ission
o f H igh-Q uality Real-Time Signals 211
Yukiharu Kanayama, Kazuhiro Fujihara, and Toshinori Tsuboi
2 .9 PNNI Internetw orking A rchitecture ov er ATM Public N etw orks 217
Mitsuaki Kakemizu, Kazunori Murata, and Masaaki Wakamoto
2 .1 0 Phase A ssignm ent Algorithm Based on Traffic M easurem ent for
Real-Time MPEG Sources in ATM N etw orks 223
Shinya Tojo, Fumio Ishizaki, and Chikara Ohta
2.11 Perform ance A nalysis o f Layer3 Sw itch: C ase o f Flow -D riven
C on n ection Setup 231
Kenji Kawahara, Shougo Nakazawa, Tetsuya Takine, and Yuji Oie

Chapter 3. A TM Switch Architecture and Systems 241

3.1 Input and O utput Q u eu ein g N on b lock in g Sw itch w ith Feed-Back Loop 243
Jaewan Choi, Shigeki Shiokawa, and Iwao Sasase
3.2 The O dd-Even ATM Sw itch 251
Christos Kolias and Leonard Kleinrock
3 .3 An A rchitecture Supporting Q u ality-of-Service in V irtual-O utput-Q ueued S w itches 259
Rainer Schoenen
Contents xi

3 .4 Bodhi: A H ighly M odular Terabit ATM Sw itch Fabric A rchitecture 271

Jagan P. Agrawal and Fa Toh Yap
3.5 M ulticast Packet Sw itch Based on D ilated N etw ork 283
Pierre U. Tagle and Neeraj K. Sharma
3.6 PPCN: A H igh-Perform ance C opy N etw ork for Large Scale
ATM Sw itching System s 291
Wen-Tsuen Chen and Yao-Wen Deng
3 .7 A G eneral Expansion A rchitecture for Large-Scale M ulticast
ATM S w itch es 305
Sung Hyuk Byun and Dan Keun Sung
3 .8 A M ulticast ATM Sw itch Based on B roadcast Buses 315
Ming-Huang Guo and Ruay-Shiung Chang
3 .9 Hybrid Transm ission S ch em e on HIPPI-ATM C on n ection and
Its Perform ance 323
Hideki Tode, Shuhei Takimoto, and Hiromasa Ikeda
3 .1 0 ATM Based Broadband A ccess System U sing Bearer
C on n ection Control 331
Hideki Kasahara, Shinichiro Chaki, Hiroaki Sato, and Hiromi Ueda
3.11 A Pipelined M axim al-Sized M atching S ch em e for H igh-Speed
Input-Buffered S w itch es 339
Fiji Oki, Roberto Rojas-Cessa, and H. Jonathan Chao
3 .1 2 D esign and A nalysis o f a Packet C oncentrator 349
Yiu-Wing Leung
3 .1 3 A C ontention-F ree T b it/sec P acket-Sw itching A rchitecture for
ATM over W D M N etw orks 355
Itamar Elhanany and Dan Sadot
3 .1 4 A D istributed Traffic C ontrol S ch em e for Large-Scale M ulti-Stage
ATM Sw itching System s 361
Kohei Nakai, Fiji Oki, and Naoaki Yamanaka

Chapter 4. A TM and IP Integration 367

4.1 A rchitecture o f Cell Sw itch Router and P rototype

System Im plem entation 369
Shigeo Matsuzawa, Kenichi Nagami, Akiyoshi Mogi,
Tatsuya Jinmei, Hiroshi Esaki, and Yasuhiro Katsube
4 .2 Scalable Internet B ackbone U sing M ulti-G igabit ATM -Based
C on n ection less Sw itching 381
Shigehiko Ushijima, Hiroyuki Ichikawa, Katsunori Noritake, and Naoya Watanabe
4 .3 Experim ental D em onstrations o f IP ov er ATM w ith C ongestion
A void an ce Flow Control: CEFLAR 391
Yoshio Kajiyama, Hideo Tatsuno, and Nobuyuki Tokura
4 .4 ATM LAN Emulation for M obile C ellular N etw orks 395
Nen-Fu Huang and Yao-Tzung Wang
4 .5 Sim ulation and M easurem ent o f TCP/IP o v er ATM W id e Area N etw orks 413
Georgios Y. Lazarou, Victor S. Frost, Joseph B. Evans, and Douglas Niehaus
xii Contents

4 .6 Perform ance Evaluation o f SVC-Based IP-Over-ATM N etw orks 421

Zhisheng Niu, Yoshitaka Takahashi, and Noboru Endo
4 .7 Perform ance A nalysis o f Packet-Level Scheduling in an IP-over-ATM
N etw ork w ith Q oS Control 431
Chie Dou, Cheng-Tien Lin, Shu-Wei Wang, and Kuo-Cheng Leu
4 .8 A Study on G en eralization o f Packet D iscard S ch em es for
TCP over ATM 441
Manhee Jo and Yoshihiko Ebihara
4 .9 Perform ance o f TCP/IP over ATM over an ADSL 451
Ryoichi Kawahara and Hiroshi Saito
4 .1 0 Real-Time Cell Arrival S eq u en ce Estimation and Sim ulation
for IP-over-ATM N etw orks 467
Hiroshi Saito, Toshiaki Tsuchiya, Daisuke Satoh, Gyula Marosi,
Gy orgy Horvath, Peter Tatai, and Shoichiro Asano
4.11 A N e w A pproach for Real-Time Q oS Support in IP o v er
ATM N etw orks 477
Ismail Erturk and Elias Stipidis
4 .1 2 ATM and IP Integration by Built-In IP H andling C apability in
an ATM Sw itching System 485
Akira Arutaki, Hiroshi Ikeda, Masahiko Honda, Kazuhiko Isoyama,
Tatsuhiko Amagai, Kenji Yamada, and Tetsurou Nishida
4 .1 3 An Experim ental Study on Perform ance D uring C on gestion for TCP/IP Traffic
over W id e Area ATM N etw ork U sing VBR w ith S electiv e Cell D iscard 491
Shigehiro Ano, Torn Hasegawa, and Toshihiko Kato
4 .1 4 D ev elo p in g C ustom er-F ocused IP N etw ork Services 501
Katsuya Okimi

Chapter 5. Performance Study on Switch and Netw ork 509

5.1 A H igh-Speed T andem -C rosspoint ATM Sw itch A rchitecture w ith

Input and O utput Buffers 511
Eiji Oki and Naoaki Yamanaka
5 .2 The M axim um Throughput o f a N on b lock in g Packet Sw itch w ith
W in d ow P olicy 519
Dye-Jyun Ma
5 .3 Perform ance Evaluation o f AAL2 Sw itch N etw orks 527
Hiroshi Saito
5 .4 Fram e-Based W orst-C ase W eigh ted Fair Q u eu ein g w ith
Jitter C ontrol 541
Yeali S. Sun, Yung-Cheng Tu, and Wei-Kuan Shih
5.5 A daptive Thresholds o f Buffer to Solve th e B eat-D ow n
Problem o f Rate Control in ATM N etw orks 553
Harry Prihanto and Kenji Nakagawa
5 .6 M ethod o f Im plem enting GFR Service in Large-Scale N etw orks
U sing ABR Control M echanism and Its Perform ance A nalysis 561
Ryoichi Kawahara, Yuki Kamado, Masaaki Omotani, and Shunsaku Nagata
Contents xiii

5 .7 C on n ection -W ise End-to-End D elay A nalysis in ATM N etw orks 575

Huei- Wen Ferng and Jin-Fu Chang
5 .8 End-to-End Call A dm ission C ontrol in S ervice G uaranteed N etw orks 587
Yung-Chung Wang and Chung-Chin Lu
5 .9 Perform ance A nalysis o f Fast R eservation P rotocols for Burst-Level
Bandw idth A llocation in ATM N etw orks 599
You-Ze Cho and Alberto Leon-Garcia
5 .1 0 D iffserv-Based Q oS o ver ATM A ccess N etw orks 609
Tomohiro Ishihara, Jun Tanaka, Michio Goto, and Sataro Oda
5.11 Integration o f Sch ed u lin g Real-Tim e Traffic and Cell Loss
Control for ATM N etw orks 615
Chuang Lin and Lijie Sheng

Chapter 6. Traffic Control 633

6.1 The W orst C ase Cell Arrival Patterns in ATM N etw orks 635
Toshiaki Tsuchiya and Hiroshi Saito
6 .2 C on n ection A dm ission C ontrol G uaranteeing N eg o tia ted
Cell-Loss Ratio o f C ell Stream s Passing Through U sage
Param eter C ontrol 643
Shigeo Shioda and Hiroshi Saito
6 .3 A M easured-Traffic-B ased Bandw idth D im en sion in g M ethod for
Internet ATM B ackbone N etw orks 657
Yuki Kamado and Kou Miyake
6 .4 M easurem ent-B ased Real-Tim e Call A dm ission C ontrol in
ATM N etw orks 667
Cheul Shim
6 .5 D esign and A nalysis o f th e GCRA Traffic Shaper for VBR Services
in ATM N etw orks 677
Mingfu Li and Zsehong Tsai
6 .6 Perform ance A nalysis o f W eigh ted Round Robin Cell Scheduling
and Its Im provem ent in ATM N etw orks 685
Hideyuki Shimonishi and Hiroshi Suzuki
6 .7 A daptive R em ote Rate C ontrol U sing Extrapolation and C orrection
M echanism for Periodic N otification o f Link U tilization Ratio 695
Haruhisa Hasegawa, Naoaki Yamanaka, and Kohei Shiomoto
6 .8 VP C ontrol for ATM N etw orks w ith Call-Level Q oS
(Q uality o f Service) G uarantees 70T
Kyamakya Kyandoghere
6 .9 N e w Self-H ealing S ch em e that R ealizes D ifferentiated Bandw idth
R equirem ent on ATM N etw orks 715
Taishi Yahara, Ryutaro Kawamura, and Satoru Ohta
6 .1 0 An Efficient F uzzy Based Traffic P olicer for ATM N etw orks 723
Mohammad Hossien Yaghmaee, Mostafa Safavi, and Mohammad Eager Menhaj
6.11 A Program m able ATM M ulticast Service w ith C on gestion C ontrol 733
Hung Keng Pung and Naftali Bajrach
xiv Contents

6 .1 2 A Buffer M anagem ent M echanism for A ch ievin g A pproxim ately

Fair Bandwidth A llocation in H igh-Speed N etw orks 743
Takashi Miyamura, Takashi Kurimoto, Kenji Nakagawa, Prasad Dhananjaya,
Michihiro Aoki, and Naoaki Yamanaka
6 .1 3 C ontrolling End-to-End TCP Flow U sing ABR Rate Inform ation 751
Arata Koike

Chapter 7. Photonic Network 761

7.1 Robust IP B ackbone N etw ork U tilizing W D M O ptical Paths 763

Atsushi Watanabe, Satoru Okamoto, and Ken-ichi Sato
7.2 U ltrafast O ptical TDM N etw orking: Extension to th e W ide Area 769
John D. Moores, J e ff Korn, Katherine L. Hall, Steven G. Finn, and Kristin A. Rauschenbach
7.3 M ultiw avelength O p aq u e O p tical-C ro ssco n n ect N etw orks 783
Evan L. Goldstein, Lih Y. Lin, and Robert W. Tkach
7.4 Feasibility D em onstrations o f H yper-M edia P hotonic Inform ation
N etw orks U sing P rototype W D M B roadcast-and-Select
Local N etw ork System s 793
Masanori Ogawara, Atsushi Hiramatsu, Jun Nishikido, Masayuki Yanagiya,
Masato Tsukada, and Ken-ichi Yukimatsu
7.5 A D em onstration o f an O ptical Sw itch C ircuit w ith "Bridge and
Switch" Function in W D M Four-Fiber Ring N etw orks 803
Tetsuya Miyazaki, Toshio Kato, and Shu Yamamoto
7.6 A ll-O ptical C ode D ivision M ultiplexing Sw itching N etw ork
Based on Self-R outing Principle 811
Isamu Saeki, Shouhei Nishi, and Koso Murakami
7 .7 A-Ring System : An A pplication in Survivable W D M N etw orks o f
Intercon n ected Self-H ealing Ring System s 819
Yasuhiro Miyao
7 .8 A C om parison on C apacity R equirem ent o f O ptical W D M M esh
N etw ork Protection Strategies 829
Charoenchai Boworntummarat and Lunchakorn Wuttisittikulkij
7 .9 A R ealistically A rchitecture o f W D M Ring N etw ork U sing OXC
and O A D M 839
Masayuki Kashima, Naoki Minato, Satoko Kutsuzawa, and Saeko Oshiba
7 .1 0 Internetw orking Based on W avelen gth A ssignm ent P hotonic
Sw itching System (WAPS) 847
Tadahiko Yasui, Kumio Kasahara, and Yoshiaki Nakano
7.11 IOG: A Protocol for IP over G lass 855
Masataka Ohta, Hideaki Oonaka, Kazuyuki Sato,
Shinichi Aoki, Shigeyuki Takayama, and Akio Iijima

Chapter 8. Photonic Switch 863

8.1 C om parative Evaluation o f P hotonic ATM Sw itch A rchitectures 865

Yoshihiro Nakahira, Hideki Sunahara, and Yuji Oie
Contents xv

8 .2 A H igh-Perform ance Sw itch A rchitecture for Free-Space

P hotonic Sw itching System s 875
Shigeo Urushidani, Masayasu Yamaguchi, and Tsuyoshi Yamamoto
8 .3 Sw itching N od e C onsideration from th e A sp ect o f Transm ission
C haracteristics in W avelen gth A ssignm ent P hotonic N etw ork (W APN) 883
Tadahiko Yasui and Yoshiaki Nakano
8 .4 P hotonic C ore N o d e Based on a 2.56-T erab it/s O pto-E lectronic
Sw itching Fabric 893
Soichiro Araki, Naoya Henmi, Yoshiharu Maeno, Kazuhiko Mtsuda,
Osamu Nakakubo, Masayuki Shinohara, Yoshihiko Suemura, Akio Tajima,
Hiroaki Takahashi, Seigo Takahashi, Hiromi Koganemaru,
and Ken-ichi Saisho
8 .5 Large-Capacity P hotonic Packet Sw itch P rototype U sing W avelength
Routing T echniques 901
Keishi Habara, Hiroaki Sanjo, Hideki Nishizawa, Yoshiaki Yamada,
Shigeki Hino, Ikuo Ogawa, and Yasumasa Suzaki
8 .6 O ptical C od e Based Label Sw apping for P hotonic Routing 909
Hideyuki Sotobayashi and Ken-ichi Kitayama
8 .7 A P hotonic IP Sw itching T echnique U sing C od e D ivision M ultiplexing 917
Shouhei Nishi, Isamu Saeki, Hideki Tode, and Koso Murakami
8 .8 Experim ental 5-T b/s Packet-by-Packet W avelen gth Sw itching
System U sing 2 .5 -G b /s x 8-A W D M Links 927
Kimihiro Yamakoshi, Nobuaki Matsuura, Kohei Nakai, Eiji Oki,
Naoaki Yamanaka, Takaharu Ohyama, and Yuji Akahori
8 .9 O ptical Label Sw itching U sing O ptical Label Based on
W avelength and Pilot T one Frequency 935
Kiyoshi Tanaka, Katsuhiro Shimano, Kyo Inoue, Shigeru Kuwano,
Takeshi Kitagawa, and Kimio Oguchi

Chapter 9. Photonic and Advanced Switching Devices 943

9.1 W avelen gth C onverter T ech n ology 945

Kristian E. Stubkjaer, Allan Kloch, Peter Bukhave Hansen,
Henrik N. Poulsen, David Wolfson, Kim Stokholm Jepsen,
Anders Thomas Clausen, Emmanuel Limal, and Alvaro Buxens
9 .2 Polarization Insensitive SOA-PLC Hybrid Integrated M ichelson
Interferom etric W avelen gth C onverter and Its A pplication to
D W D M N etw orks 955
Rieko Sato, Toshio Ito, Katsuaki Magari, Akira Okada, Manabu Oguma,
Yasumasa Suzaki, Yoshihiro Kawaguchi, Yasuhiro Suzuki, Akira Himeno,
and Noboru Ishihara
9 .3 P olarization-Independent W avelen gth C onversion U sing
Four-W ave M ixing in Single-M ode Fibers Pum ped w ith
C ross-Polarized High Frequency Pulses 963
Kenichiro Tsuji, Hideaki Yokota, and Masatoshi Saruwatari
xvi Contents

9 .4 Hybrid Integrated 4 x 4 O p tical Matrix Sw itch M odule on

Silica Based Planar W avegu id e Platform 969
Tomoaki Kato, Jun-ichi Sasaki, Tsuyoshi Shimoda, Hiroshi Hatakeyama,
Takemasa Tamanuki, Shotaro Kitamura, Masayuki Yamaguchi, Tatsuya Sasaki,
Keiro Komatsu, Mitsuhiro Kitamura, and Masataka Itoh
9 .5 M erging Electronics and P hotonics T ow ards th e Terabit/s
ATM Sw itching 977
Bruno Bostica and Luigi Licciardi
9 .6 A 1 0 -G b /s O ptical A synchronous Packet R eceiver w ith a Fast
B it-Synchronization Circuit 985
Akio Tajima, Hiroaki Takahashi, Yoshiharu Maeno, Soichiro Araki, and Naoya Henmi
9 .7 Tem perature Insensitive M icrom achined GaAIAs/GaAs Vertical
Cavity W avelen gth Filter 991
Takeru Amano, Fumio Koyama, Nobuhiko Nishiyama, Akihiro Matsutani, and Kenichi Iga
9 .8 Para BIT: Parallel O ptical Intercon n ection for Large-Capacity
ATM Sw itching System s 997
Kosuke Katsura, Yasuhiro Ando, Mitsuo Usui, Akira Ohki, Nobuo Sato,
Nobuaki Matsuura, Nobuyuki Tanaka, Toshiaki Kagawa, and Makoto Hikita
9 .9 H igh-P erform ance VCSELs for O ptical D ata Links 1005
Rainer Michalzik, Karl Joachim Ebeling, M ax Kicherer,
Felix Mederer, Roger King, Heiko Unold, and Roland Jager
9 .1 0 3 D C ontrol o f Light in W aveguide-B ased T w o-D im ensional
P hotonic Crystals 1015
Claude Weisbuch, Henri Benisty, Segolene Olivier, Maxime Rattier,
Christopher J.M. Smith, and Thomas F. Krauss
9.11 Passive O ptical D ev ices for P hotonic N etw orks 1023
Yoshinori Hibino

Author Index 1037

Subject Index 1041
Chapter t

Overview
The level of IP traffic is rising dramatically due to the Paper 1.3 deals with traffic issues for ATM switches,
increasing popularity of WWW access, e-mail, and IP- for the ATM-LAN case in particular. The LAN area
VPN service. However, the IP network is still in its first covers many issues such as IP over ATM, Multi­
generation, i.e., it remains a best effort, point-to-point protocol over ATM, Voice over ATM and MPEG-2
based computer network. Many researchers are now over ATM. The ATM transfer technologies are also
enthusiastically tackling the next generation IP net­ detailed in the paper. Emphasis is placed on standar­
work that offers quality of service, high-security, high- dization issues. For those items, traffic control meth­
reliability, and high-performance. The network would ods, such as rate control and packet level control, are
well support business use and mission-critical services described.
as well as digital video stream broadcasting. Papers 1.4 and 1.5 address the operation and
These requirements can only be satisfied by ground­ management of ATM systems. The operation system
ing network transport and switching technologies on (OpS) is one of the key technologies for realizing
IP, ATM and WDM. In other words, combining these flexible and dynamic telecommunication services.
three technologies appropriately will realize the multi- Paper 1.4 overviews operation and management sys­
Quality-of-Service (QoS), multi-functional backbone tems and some development results. Paper 1.5 con­
network. siders a different viewpoint. The network operator
This chapter examines all of these transport tech­ designs and controls the network through the con­
nologies. Paper 1.1 presents ATM switch architecture struction management system. The real network is
reviews with emphasis on the high-speed backbone controlled using this system through the OpS.
switch. The target is classified as the buffering type, Paper 1.6 examines an ATM system that can be
ATM switch architectures studied in the last 10 years. used as the backbone. Any future backbone network
Switch design is moving away from pure theory to will require Tbit/s throughput. The paper shows an
addressing more realistic and more application- innovatively structured ATM-based switch architec­
oriented issues. ture that uses optical WDM technology. The architec­
Technical background topics such as CMOS VLSI ture is based on a 3-stage switch network. Each stage
technology are also explored in detail. A classification is connected by optical WDM interconnection. The
based on general buffer location is introduced and switch has several Tbit/s switching capabilities.
performance is discussed. Next, a multi-stage archi­ Photonic switching technologies are also very
tecture and its performance are described. In addition, important in achieving the same goal of the backbone
sorting network architectures are also explained in network. Papers 1.7 and 1.8 detail photonic network
detail. Finally, realization of the multicasting function and switch technologies. Paper 1.7 describes an
is shown. information network architecture that uses photonic
Paper 1.2 also describes the ATM switch architec­ technologies. The network consists of a two-layer
ture but from the viewpoints of QoS and traffic control switch. The local network is based on an optical WDM
performance. The paper first introduces the QoS broadcasting and selection network. The network can
service categories and describes characteristics in realize point-to-point and multicasting with more than
detail. Next, switching architectures are briefly 10 Mb/s transport capacity. The transit network is
described. In addition, a strategy for controlling the based on photonic ATM over WDM cross connects.
QoS is shown together with a discussion of switch Combining those two networks will yield a future
implementation. backbone network.

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