Turkish

Grammar
in practice

AX Self-Study Reference
& Practice Book

Yusuf Buz
 Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2024

https://archive.org/details/turkishgrammarinOOOOyusu
TURKISH GRAMMAR
in practice

A self-study reference
and practice book
for learners of Turkish

Yusuf Buz

CEFR A1-B1
e 114 two-page units

e 3000 practice questions

e Over 2000 sentences

and dialogues

e Full key to exercises

e Dictionary

e Index
Turkish Grammar in Practice
Yusuf Buz

First published 2016

by Foxton Books, London, UK

© Yusuf Buz 2016

Second impression published 2019

Third impression published 2020

ISBN: 978-1-911481-00-3

Illustrations: Hilmi Simsek and Senol Gunes

Cover Design: Erdal Akcay

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted,

reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including photocopying and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from
the publishers.

A catalogue record for this book is available

from the British Library.

About the author

Yusuf Buz has taught English as a second language for about
10 years, developing extensive experience assessing and
preparing candidates for various proficiency English exams in
Turkey. Since he moved to the UK in 2004, he taught Turkish
for around 5 years, during which he started writing this book.
Yusuf is also the author of several other titles which include:
English Grammar, YDS Exam Pack, YDS Test Pro, Test
Your Comprehension and Vocabulary and Advanced English
Learners’ Tests.

Photo credits
The publishers would like to thank the following sources for
permission to reproduce their copyright protected photographs:
pp13- question images 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,
[SLO aL Oml 9 72057 12 233246 602 7928. 29.( Dollar
Photo Club) pp87- dialogue-1 and 4 (Dollar Photo Club) pp91
question images | and 5 (Dollar Photo Club)

Visit www.turkishgrammarinpractice.com for online grammar exercises.

Contents

Overview of Turkish Grammar in Practice Peni i a eR ico AS A 8

eCOCUCUON Patni pie tin whe 0 ok of Joeciyt.. Sabre aevne OS STIMD 10

UNITS

DINULES PE TUTKCAITADeSie eas ecto oa ene ee cee. on ae 12

Turkish Alphabet
UNITE 2mmmeSeSICUYUMU-Ls octane cae uence a ee 14
Vowel Harmony-1
WNITE-SemmeSesil UYUMU=2 a cee cuca aout oe ee ee 16
Vowel Harmony-2
NITE 4 mmee SOSH CVUIMIU$3 si eccct Ree: ok rh ckPat ee nelroeth nent ade ee 18
Vowel Harmony-3
UNITE-5 = Sessiz Harflerde DOmUsirm— occ cccccccscsessssscsssesssssssnssssssnstssssetssssassssesence 20
Consonant Mutation-1
UNITE-6 = Sessiz Harflerde DOmiistim—20 ccc ccccccscccsscsssssssssssssesssssessssersnseneee rs 22
Consonant Mutation-2
UNITE-7 — ‘olmak’ fiili (gemis zarmamca) oo. ccccccccccccccssccssscccecssscessesscessssseseessanenteseenveneee 24
the verb ‘to be’ in the present tense
UNITE-8 ‘olmak’ fiili (gegrmis ZaMMaMa) 0 ccccccssccccesssccessescssssseessssrssssevessstseesstenesse 26
the verb ‘to be’ in the past tense
UNITE-9 ‘olmak’ (genis zamanli kosul clumlesinde -(y)se/-(y)sa)...................0.00 28
the verb ‘to be’ in the present conditional tense
NEE 10 sfokUla,ise,VS:. (LO SCHOO! LO WOlK cla) ee 30
dative case
UNITE-11 okulda, iste, vs. (at school, at WOFk, CEC.) oo..ccccccccccssssssccssssssssssssssssstsssssesetseneeeee 32
locative case
UNITE-12 okuldan, isten, vs. (from school, from WOFK, Ct.) occ 34
ablative case
UNiTE-13_ ... var. / ... yok. (There is/are ..., There isn’t/Aren’t ... .) caeccccccsscccsssvesssnse 36
UNITE-14 Bir arabam var./yok. (/ have/don’t HAVE A COP) oocccccccccccccsssssssssssssssssssssssssssenee 38
MNIGE:15=..Geliyorum.(kam comings) 28 ae Breet
Gees Gere 40
present continuous positive
UNITE-16> Gelmiyoruma(! am:noticoming:)= S065 0 eine 42
present continuous negative
UNITE-17 Geliyor musun? (Are YOU COMING P)...c.c::ccccccsesssssssssssiesssssseesseie etalon: bec 44
present continuous question
UNITE-18 —iste- (want), bil- (KNOW), SEV- (IOVE) ...cccscssssssssssssesnsesseinstsssinstistinststnein 46
non-action verbs
Contents
CS a OE Ee
UNITE-19 AC AAT...oocccssssccccsssscssseccocscvvsseccecsensontsussssovsobosscesnnsnuesaesessusnsvazersseneserendessercettenamceasstnees#ten=nenesietnaeas 48
SUF
adjectives ;
UNITE-20 sd adteae
SAYA SAVIN... oeseeessssesstesssssseesecnvereneeeeeseaseessersc Bin Pas50
acecnetsseetts
cardinal numbers
UNITE-21 SUPA SYM AD a cssssscsescccsssccsessecevnsesennssseesannnconaneecectnenteceenaseesenssneeescnunnareeaaett gai 52
sig anses
ordinal numbers
UNITE-22 tcconossr
poolcutte
Gellir ir. (1 CONTE. )siscccsssisnsicccccccces eee
ctetivsi latesnors 54
present simple positive
UNITE-23 Gelmem. (/ don’t come.) Gelir misin? (DO YOU COME?) ...c.-ccccccseeeseeiens 56
present simple negative and question
UNiTE-24 Konusuyordum: (/ was talking.) .ccc tp 58
past continuous positive
UNITE-25 Konusmuyordum. (/ wasn’t talking.)
Konusuyor muydun? (Were You talking?)ccc 60
past continuous negative and question
UNITE-26 bazi (some,certain) bitin (all)
hicbir.(no, none of, not...any) COeU (M0st)— 62
UNITE-27 higbir (no, none of, not... any)
hicbir sey (nothing) herhangi Dir (QNY) 0.00... ccc ccc cccssssstesecssseescesssseecsssesees 64
UNITE-28 tane (Piece) cc ee 66
UNITE-29 tuzlu (sa/ty) sansli (lucky) 22 68
the suffix -li/-li/-lu/-lui
UNITE-30 tuzsuz (unsalted) sanssiz (UNIUCKY),.. 70
the suffix -siz/-siz/-suz/-suz
UNITE-31 yazict (printer) kosucu (runner) 72
the suffix -ici/-ici/-ucu/-ticti
UNITE-32 gazeteci (journalist) futbolcu (football Player) .cccccccccccccccssssssssssssccssssseseeeeee 74
the suffix -ci/-ci/-cu/-cui/-¢i/-¢1/-cu/-cli
UNITE-33 ¢agdas (modern) Dilekgil (Dilek’s house) bilimsel (scientific).................... 76
the suffixes -das, -gil, -sel
UNITE-34 arkadaslik (friendship) kardeslik (brotherhOOd) .o.cccccccccccscccccccccsesssssccccssssssseee 78
the suffix (-lik/-lik/-luk/-ltik)
UNITE-35 -ki (as an adjectival suffix) sta... .ee ee ee ee 80
UNITE-36 sifatlarda karsilagtirma ve en UStUNIK oc cccccccccccccccssscccccscseseeetscrsseeeeeecee 82
comparatives and superlatives
UNITE-37 Geldim: (i came) .:.:.... 22: eee A eee ee 84
past simple positive
UNITE-38 Gelmedim. (I didnt comes) eee “pecteopeben¢86
past simple negative
UNITE-39 Geldim'mi? (Did come?) anne 88
past simple question
UNITE-40 olarak (as)
Contents
UNITE-41 igeri (inside, interior) digart (OUtSIAe, CXtELION) .occcccccccccccccccccssccssessssssceesevee 92
UNITE-42 SSALT LOW VUKari(Up)ae es eI eG) IN RISCY SM nn 94
UNITE-43 ¢ok (very, much, many, a lot of, too, so)
DILAZ ISOMER ILC TDIC) te eT ee Tn eee 96
UNITE-44 Come
SCO) =CA/=CC) mtn et cht nate he ee enue 98
adverb-making suffix
UNITE-45 GEIGCERIIM WNL COMICS ess eae ee coped ann Aree cee ea 100
future tense positive
UNiTE-46 Gelmevecegim,..(/.WON.t COMES) i scorers ei ciugeocath-awckbeMpn
cn Se EEE 102
future tense negative
UNITE-47 Gelecekimiyim%(Wilhl:come:)s = 4643..2neae.
m). deme.....2e- ae 104
future tense question
UNITE-48 Once (before) simdi (NOW) SONKA (APTEL) o.oo... cccsscsesessssssssessssesssessstseessereeeeetee 106
UNITE-49 hala, daha, heniiz (sti//, yet)
artik (no longer, Not ANY MOLE; FrOM NOW ON) .........ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssessessseeeeee 108
UNITE-50 daima, hep, her zaman, siirekli (a/ways)
asla, higbir zaman, katiyen, hig (NCVEL) oo... cece ceecesesessssteeeseeeseeeesneeee 110
UNITE-51 HICH TCVEL AOL COL CI titer te pete tn Ate Mri tk ire eee 112
UNITE-52 saniye (second) dakika (minute) saat (hour) gUN (AaY) 00.0...eee114
UNITE-53 Matta Wek) art tre et ee ewe mie cede el min ee eee ae ae eee 116
UNITE-54 Saball (MOrming).OFIC (NOON) 2... ne eee eee ee ee 118
UNITE-55 AKSAM! (CVENING) rhs dooce oA iesbt white weetocle eet’ ea, oe ere 120
UNITE-56 giindiz (daytime, daylight) gece (night-time, NIGH) ...ccccccccccccccssseeeeceen 122
UNITE-57 diin (yesterday) bugiin (today) yarinn (COMOSOW) .o..ccccccscescceccccccsssscsssssssssesieee 124
UNITE-58 Saatikac?(Whatitime /s itr) ek ee. Ate) posed ret... 126
UNITE-59 Saatekacta?i(Whatitime ...°, When ane) see) sane ae eer 128
UNITE-60 BS LTA AU be ssipeseectechsceseaesidecnaniprorescence
RED Se MN ace eee 130
the genitive case-1
UNITE-61 BVO TAU R 2 oc oo.ciectesaicosencecseconronn OIL. oe Ce 132
the genitive case-2
UNITE-62 icine/(fon) Rms iO. IAG ON). Snes aot).eais nit 96... Sea 134
UNITE-63 ettirgenicatizlee ihn. Cnr Re Tea) SOY. ea ee 136
the causative case-1
UNITE-64 ettirgenicat=2e 77). Ae eet) BOIL Oe SOIL... See kewee 138
the causative case-2
UNITE-65 ve (and) de/da (and, also, to0, AS Well) .....sccsccccsesssssesissssssisssstssnnsessennes 140
UNITE-66 hemishem:de(both eand) eas er eis... Renee 142
UNITE-67 ya ... ya da (either ... or), veya, ya da, yahut, veyahut (07) ............0 144
UNITE-68 neleene des(Neithen MNO) s: MEMES ZU0IRL. GS Dok Are AM 146
UNITE-69 ley -(y)le/-(y)la (With y Mari Osea SM FRIOY SMEG OND osc ccnteme: 148
UNITE-70 ama, fakat, lakin, ne var ki (but) ancak, yalniz (but, Only) 0.0... 150
UNITE-71 buna ragmen, (ama) bununla birlikte (despite this, nevertheless).......152
a LUE UU EEE ESET
Contents
UNITE-72 ne var ki, gelgelelim (however), halbuki, oysaki (whereas, though)
ne yazik ki, maalesef (unfortunately) guya (allegedly, supposedly).....154
UNITE-73 ise (Whereas, AS fOr, NOWEVEN) ..cccccccccccsceessssstisseesesenneescesinneeinteinnetiinerstee 156
UNITE-74 meger, megerse (apparently, it seems that... )
yoksa (otherwise, if not, | wonder if... | ee Ee) 158
UNITE-75 ciinkii, zira (because, for) .
bu yiizden, bu nedenle, bu sebeple, bundan dolay! (so, therefore)...160
UNITE-76 hani (you said that, you promised that, you know that)
hele (especially, inf partiCular) cosa 162
UNITE-77 nitekim (just so, just as, likewise, as a matter of fact)
Sakin (don’t VOU GOVE) tree rcecectc ccc cro 164
UNITE-78 demek (it means, that fs to'Say)}\2.. 2). ee 166
UNITE-79 Give (SO CHAE, OS) I COSC). scsecccs ecccsesc
SOR ccscesstssss 168
UNITE-80 -diginda (when)...%.0... 226 [Se a ee eee ee ee 170
UNITE-81 -(y)ince (UPON COING SOMEHING, WHEN).......s:ccsccssssseeseseseessseiisssssseseeeeeesenssssaneeenesees 72
UNITE-82 iken, -(y)ken:(while; when,).0S) #24 295.02)28, ee eee 174
UNITE-83 ki (that) as a conjunctiOn=1aike ic. .cce cece) et. ee 176
UNITE-84 ki (that) as a conjunction-2% 1.209. 2 242 178
UNITE-85 -ki (as a pronominal suffix — benimki, seninki, onunki, etc.) ................ 180
possessive pronouns
UNITE-86 madem (ki) (seeing that, now that, CONSIAErING tht) .............cccccccccceeeeeeeees 182
UNITE-87 -den bert (Since, fOr) 2dcceg i 184
UNITE-88 -den dolayi/6tiirti (because of, due tO, thANKS tO) .....cccccccccccsssssssssssseeseeeeeeere 186
UNITE-89 -digindan dolayl, -digi igin (DECAUSE, SINCE, OS) .....c.cccccccccccsssssssssssessssssesseeeseeee 188
UNITE-90 -den yana (as regards)
-den baska (apart from)
-den itibaren (with effect from). 2. 2 U0 ee ee eee 190
UNITE-91 -a/-e dogru (towards)
-a/-e karsi (against)
UNITE-92 kadar (about, as... as, UnuI, by, as far 0S) a eee 194
UNITE-93 altinda (under, below)
ustunde (on, over, above) ee ... 196
UNITE-94 6n (front) arka (back) 6niinde (in front of) arkasinda (behind)............. 198
UNITE-95 yaninda (beside, NeXt 10) ..o..cccccrc. 110.000 A ee 200
UNITE-96 karsisinda (Opposite) oi. isc. 22k er 202
UNITE-97 icinde (inside) disinda (outside Ale ee )... 204
UNITE-98 ..- hoguma gidiyor. (I like ... .)
... hosuma gitmiyor. (i don‘tlikes=. )ia.0 3 ee ae eee 206
UNITE-99 -meli/-mall (must, should, have fo) a=, =e. .0en.. ee ee 208
UNITE-100 -meliydi/-maliydi (Should RAVE) .occsccccccccccecncccatetscteecsncses.0e. 210
UNITE-101 edilgen cat (genis zaman — olumlu ciimle) cece 212
the passive voice in the present simple positive
UNITE-102 edilgen cati (genis zaman — olumsuz ve soru cumleleri).....00 00... 214
the passive voice in the present simple negative and questions
ee
Contents
UNITE-103 edilgen cat: (simdiki zaman — olumlu ciimle)....000 ce 216
as the passive voice in the present continuous positive
UNITE-104 edilgen cat (simdiki zaman — olumsuz ve soru ciimleleri) 218
a the passive voice in the present continuous negative and questions
UNITE-105 edilgen ¢ati (gegmis zaman — olumlu ciimle) LO SG FREI TANS AM COG 28 220
i the passive voice in the past simple positive
UNITE-106 edilgen gat (gegmis zaman — olumsuz ve soru ciimleleri)..................... 222
en the passive voice in the past simple negative and questions
NUE LO7mse/ esa (fedi-conditiondl) 100 .. e 224
NITE LOSm-se/-sayunredi.conditiondl).. 08 ee 226
UNITE-109 -seydi/-saydi (expressing past unreality with the conditional).............. 228
UNITE-110 -ebil-/-abil- (CaN, be Able to) oo cceccccccssccccccsessssssessssssssesssssssssseesssssssssssnnsssesesessseee 230
ae expressing ability in the present simple tense positive and negative
UNITE-111 -ebil-/-abil- (CaN, be able tO) iii. cccccccccccccccccsssssssssssssvssssssssssssssssssssussssssssessssssssieeeee 232
expressing ability in the present simple tense question
WNITE-112" -ebil-/-abil-(can. be able to)_...5 aan a ee ee 234
expressing offers, requests and permission in the present simple tense
WNIT Est 3ae-mis/-mis/:mus/:mUS!.<......0 ee ee 236
reported/heard past tense positive
UNITE-114 -memis/-mamis
-mis mi?/-mis mi?/-mus mu?/-MUS MUP? oo ccccccecccececceeeseeeeeeeeeeeees 238
reported/heard past tense negative and question

GRAMMAR ESSENTIALS
UNITE-1 burada (here) surada (there) orada (over there) .......ccccccccccssssssssseeeee 242
CINIRE 2am steal! (herr tyis i)2 pete cen he eee ee ee eee ee 243
UNile-3e me binione-oniy,once)= =... ee ee 244
Nie A meee Dirkac.(Gfewsseverci)) 2. 2 ee 2 es 245
UNI Eeommete IDL (OSH IIKE) vate 8 en. ee eee A 246
PINT CsGme oeOre. (CCCOIdING: (0) ee ee ee 247
INI TESTMEMENEN WAT), ch sis da toate eee eile as core ae en 248
HINITESSmeaienasi| (HOW) meer chet ee ese oe ee 249
ONERE Geer tiller Verbs) ie sensmu Bele. occ kel eee ee es 250
UNITE-10 -men/-man gerek(ir) (You need to/should ...)
-men/-man gerekirdi (YOU SHOUIG HAVE ...) ..ccccccccccssssssssssssssssssesssssssssseseesessssstee 251
PINT Est learasinda |DeLWCeNeainOnG) : 1. en eeeee 252
UNITE-12 ister miSiniz? (Would you HIKE 20.2) oo ccccssctscecsssccnscccnseeeerssssesntenrenseiensen 253
expressing polite offers and requests
UNITE-13 _ ileri (forward, ahead) geri (back, DACKWATP) 0.0.0.0... estsseseettteseeeeetn 254
UNITE-14 emir ciimleleri (the imperative) ........::ccccccccccosessssssessssnsssssensetsnsensesnsennee 255
ONDEet SEeer/-lal (the Diusal Mme «fence mn aniacmacience ni eniom cee 256

BSSFCTOO GV Meme me are Nae ences saseanea serch auvacenennndneccecirnneeensbendedsottlppeoresovucbttae 258

PRTAS UCLA ee aeretprreeememeeen ter foguisiiomiasy 284
csc satssaboenccscahshancarhochscereencccsneencnegcdstesenceopecins
Overview of Turkish Grammar in Practice
Gnce (before) simdi (now) sonra (after)

simdi means now:

[A] dnce means before, first, firstly, ago. sonra means after, then, later, afterwards.

Organisation of the book Once 90 kiloydum.

ou ONCE BEN
ee

} ‘
©) e 1Ds\.oadiM|
There are 114 units. Almost all of the units cover os

two pages. The explanations are on the left-hand i

page, and the exercises are on the right-hand page.

Unit titles tell you the main grammar point whose - ONCE ~
* A: Once ben geldim!
* Once 90 kiloydum.

English equivalent or meaning is given next to it in (| was 90 kilograms before.) (I came before (you)!)

B: Hayir, Once ben geldim!

brackets.
* Simdi 70 kiloyum.
(Now |am 70 kilograms.) (No, | came before (you)!)

* Once polis sonra ambulans gelui. A: Sen sonra geldin!

(The police came first and then the ambulance.) (You came later!)

Unit sections (A, B, C, etc.) give you information

* Once gok korktum ama sonra alistim.
(I was first so scared but then got used to it.)

about the form and meaning of the grammar, as CB |We camvalso use Snce or dncelikle to say first (of all):

well as its different uses. + Oncelikle, size tesekkiir etmek istiyorum.

(First of all, | would like to thank you.)

nce and sonra can follow the suffix -den/-dan/-ten/-tan to say before/after something or somebody:

Illustrations show you how to use grammar in * Sizden Once vardik.

(We arrived before you.)
* Kahvaltidan sonra ¢iktyoruz.
(We are leaving after breakfast.)

everyday conversational Turkish. q@ We can also use daha énce instead of nce:

* Daha Once 110 kiloydum.

(I was 110 kilograms before.)

However, if nce means first (of all), then we cannot replace it by daha nce:

Tips in the form of / and x, highlight common ¥ Once isimi bitirdim. Sonra gay i¢tim. X BaheSaceisimi bitirdim. Sonra cay ictir

errors and characteristics of Turkish grammar.

(Ifinished my work first. Then | drank tea.)

102

psi ; med Cob iy

ae ann
nes ze Ng
GRAMMAR
; a
ESSENTIALS-7 R
Nh ead eae
Oi hs le

q@ ne is a question word which means What:

Bu ne? Adin ne? Adin ne?

(What is this?) (What is your name?)
I dim Elif.
Senin adinn

There are also 15 units in the Grammar Essentials

However, ne precedes the verb: ne yapiyorsun? ,
=
adim Betul.
* Bu aksam ne yapiyorsun?
section. The only difference between these units is (What are you doing tonight?)

that they do not have exercises. They are designed * Mine sana ne séyledi?
(What did Mine tell you?)

in the same format as the other 114 units and * Ne oldu?

(What happened?)

learners must study these units as they focus on * Ne oluyor?

(What's happening/going on?)
grammar points which are equally important.
CB |ne also precedes adjectives to say that you think that something is especially good, bad, etc.:

* Ne guzel bir manzara! Ne guzel bir

(What a beautiful view!) manzaral

* Ne yazik!
(What a pity!)

* Ne aptal bir adam!

(What a stupid man!)

* Ne lezzetli bir tath!

(What a delicious dessert!)

ne can take the suffix -(y)le (with, by) to show how or in what way something is done.
In this sense, it can be replaced by nasil (how):
-igin also combines with ne to form the qu
* A: Yarin Ankara’ya gidecegiz, (We will go to Ankara tomorrow.) word nicin (ne+icin) = Why?/For what?
B: Neyle/Nasil gideceksiniz? (How will you go?)
* Nigin aradin? (What did you call for?)
A: Arabayla gidecegiz. (We will go by car.) (Why did you call?)

q@ ne can also take the personal suffixes:

Ne-yim? = What am I? Ne-dir? = What is she/he/it? Ne-siniz?= What are you?

Ne-sin? = What are you? Ne-yiz? = What are we? Ne-ler? = What are they?
(Ne-dirler?)

G ne can help us make the following phrases:

* Ne minasebet! = Far from it! That’s impossible! _ * Burada ne ariyor? = What is s/he doing here?
* Ne haber? = What’s up? What's the news? * Ne pahasina olursa olsun = Whatever the cost, at all costs
SSTIsearSCSrrmees
ane ce ee
248
 IRMALAR

} d -den/-dan/-ten/-tan dnce or sumra to the words below. Alistirmalar (Exercises) page provides you with a
jimden sonra 11 yarin

12 piknik..
number of exercises to practise the new language.
perience nesy esate AS neal alrcerenseeseccvecessercatvese

Porc go eter eras AS kalValQecseescedenscitiecoucsree You should study the grammar explanations on
Ueeerereesstcavareisuzeras AIST Daytaltisrecssniicsersreterss
the left-hand page and then do the exercises on
MG? TSCGID sescscasesssras-ctosvesesss

17
the right-hand page.
WB TESI ABV cesssoets
atereateciaesase:

MOS SAU BOM sccoAsraesesessccvcacesevve

There is a full answer key for you to check your
ZO” IDAMYOlaistesssMuueess
seuss
answers for the exercises in the book.
latch 18 to a-h.

jc Once ders calistm. @ a) Sonra yemek yedi.

i Once yemek yedik. UJ b) Sonra sinemaya gittiler,

yo Once ellerini yikadh. Oe) Sonra biraz eglendik.

The Dictionary presents the English meaning of all
« Once kavga ettiler. d) Sonra oyun oynayabilirsin.
the words used in the book. You can look words
Once alisveris yaptlar. Oo e) Sonra baristlar.
up as and when needed.
a Once yagmur yagdi. f) Sonra yemek servisi yaptilar.

$y Once 6devini bitir. O g) Sonra biraz film seyrettim.

| Once icecek getirdiler. h) Sonra giines acti.

An important feature of this book is that it provides
over 2000 sample sentences and around 3000
©anslate the sentences into English.
practices questions by using the most common
e Selin Gg yil Gnce eviendi. Selin got. married three years age) 1900 Turkish words which are easy to access at the
e Selin Gg yil sonra bosandi.
€ Selin simdi Mehmet’le evii. end of the book.
« Arif iki saat Gnce buradaydi.
Ali simdi tatilde. iki gin sonra dénecek.

103

Turkish-English Dictionary

GRAMMAR sinav exam sonuncu lost, finol

ESSENTIALS-8 sin classroom sonunda finally, at lost
sir secret sormak toask
sira 1) desk 2) queue soru question
sirada in the queue sosis sousage
sil s 2 question word which means How. It precedes verbs to ask or talk about the method of doing something: sirayla In turn sote soute
sirdas confidont soyguncu robber
nu makine nasil calisiyor? sivi Niquid soymak torob
silmek to erase, to wipe séndurmek to extinguish
yiow does this machine work?)
silah weopon, gun sénddriici extinguisher
>.
silgi eroser sdénmek to
| asi] dustin? simdi now sdylemek (fire, light) to die down, to go off
iow did you fall?) simit bagel sbylenti rumour
simitsi bagel seller spor sport
sinema cinema stadyum stadium
sinirlendiricl annoying su water
si cam be followed by any form of the very “to be”:
sinirlendirmek to annoy suglu guilty
siparis order sultan sultan
‘ith “to be” in present simple tense with “to be” in seen past tense iyiyim. sirk circus sunmak to present
-di Tesekkirler sis ‘feo sbpermarket supermarket
asii-im? = How am I? Nasil-di-m? = How was /? sisli fogoy sipdrge broom
asil-sin? = How are you? Nasil-di-n? = How were you? sistem system sipirmek to sweep
slyah black sUpUrtmek to have someone sweep
asil? = How is she/he/it? Nasil-di? = How was she/he/it? siyasi political siratle rapidly, swiftly
asil-iz? = How are we? Nasil-di-k? = How were we? siz you siiratli rapid, swift
asil-siniz? = How are you? Nasil-di-niz? = How were you? sizin your siirekli constant, continuous
Nasil-di-lar? = How were they? sizinki yours sUirmek 1) to last 2) to drive a car (araba
asil-lar? = How are they? Nasil-lar-di? aia anise ‘sUrmek), to ride a bicycle (to ride a
sizle with you (informal) bicycle;
pete)
sOrpriz surprise
sizsiz without you sida ne f
driver
A; Nasilsin? © A: Gezi nasildi?
soba

sofra
stove

table with meal on it, dinner table susarau 10 become thirst

to bi
thirs! y
(How was the trip?) sist decorated
(How are you?) soguk cold susmak to be quiet
sogumak to be cold - susturmak to make somebody stop talking, to
B: lyiyim. Tesekkirler. B: Harikaydi. sogutmak to make something cold, to refrig- slience
(Fine. Thanks.) (It was wonderful.) rae ia
erate
sit milk
sogutucu ridgee sutla milky
sokak street
siltsiiz without milk
asil can also be used with -mis to ask how somebody/something is/was. The meaning depends on the context of the sol left ;
ampiyon "
champion
sola to the left (aE P
nversation topic: sans chance
son lost, end ansh: ee
luc
sonra then, after U
4: Film nasilmis? (You are asking a third person as to how somebody else found the film. ) ganssiz unlucky
sonug result
(How was the film?)

3: Harikaymis! (| am told that it was superb.) 276

(It was superb!) or (It is said to be superb)

sil bir ,.. is used with nouns to say What sort of/What kind of... ?:

Vasil bir kek istiyorsun? * Nasil bir is yaplyorsunuz?

What kind of cake do you want?) (What kind of job do you do?)

sil bir... 2?can also be replaced by Ne tir bir... ?

Ve tir bir / Nasil bir ceket istiyorsun?

What kind of jacket do you want?)

249
Key features

of
Turkish Grammar in Practice is a completely new reference and practice book for learners
Turkish. It comes with the following key features:

e Clear and easy-to-follow explanations

° Over 2000 sample sentences and dialogues
e Around 3000 practice questions
e Around 450 colour illustrations
° A dictionary of 1900 headwords used throughout the book
° Tips highlighting common errors and characteristics of Turkish grammar
° Full key for the exercises
e An index of the grammatical structures

Who is this book for?

Turkish Grammar in Practice introduces grammar to learners at beginner to intermediate level. It

is not a course book, but a reference and practice book which can be used by learners attending
classes or working alone.

What does the book consist of?

This book consists of 114 units, each on a grammatical topic. The units cover the main areas
of Turkish grammar. The explanations are on the left-hand page, and the exercises are on the
right-hand page. Plenty of sample sentences and conversations help you use grammar in real-
life situations. The explanations are followed by exercises that practise the new language in
authentic situations.

There are also 15 units in Grammar Essentials section. These units do not have exercises. They
are designed to focus on grammar points which are important for reading and writing Turkish.

An important feature of this book is that it provides over 2000 sample sentences and around
3000 practice questions by using the most common 1900 Turkish words. The dictionary at the
end of the book presents the English meaning of all the words used in the book. You can look
words up as and when needed.

There is a full answer key for you to check your answers to the exercises in the book. In addition,
an index is available at the end of the book to help you find the pages related to the grammatical
structures.

Moreover, you can visit turkishgrammarinpractice.com for online listening, reading, grammar
and vocabulary exercises that will give you a useful language practice Opportunity.
How should the book be used?

This book aims to serve as a reference and practice book for those working alone or attending
Classes. The units are not organised progressively, but instead attention has been given to
present the most basic grammar topics in the early units. You can start at the beginning of the
book and work through to the end, although the grammar topics are not ordered according to
their level of difficulty. If you are already familiar with the language, you can choose relevant
units. There is a detailed contents section to help you do so easily.

To ensure the newly-presented grammar topic is ingrained in your mind, you are encouraged
to do the exercises on the right-hand page. As there are plenty of example sentences and
dialogues in both pages of the unit, you can also come up with your own dialogues and practice
conversations.

Turkish Grammar in Practice will also be a useful supplementary book for teachers. If you are
already using a course book, present the grammar explanation on the left-hand page and then
ask students to read the example sentences. If there is a conversation, ask two students to read
it aloud.

So, as we say in Turkish “Baslayalim! (Let’s start!)” and have fun learning this beautiful language!
NITE | Turk Alfabesi
Turkish Alphabet

A | The Turkish alphabet has 29 letters:

Capital letters ABCCDEFGGHIIJKLMNOOPRSSTUUVYZ

r
case letters
Lowe abccdefgghiijklmnodprsstuuvyz

| There are 8 vowels in the Turkish alphabet:

Vowels
Unrounded Rounded
Back a O u
Front e i fo) u

There are 21 consonants in the Turkish alphabet:

Letters Pronunciation Letters Pronunciation

A a uasinrun M m Mm as in may
B b bas in boy N n nasinno
G Cc jasinjam O fe) o as in for
c c ch as in chat O fo) ir as in bird or ur as in fur
D d das in dog P p pas in pay
E e e as in bet R r ras in ring
F f f as in fog S S s asin sit
G g g as in gun S 5 sh as in shop
G g lengthens preceding vowel 7 t tasintin
H h has in hat U u uas in put

| e asinopen U u ew as in few or
i as in Uber
| jas in fit V V vas in very
J J Sas in measure Y 2
y y as in yes
K k k as in kiss 7 She
z z as in zip
L | /as in lap

| The lower case i is always dotted when capitalised:

bir BIR =one iz iZe = trace

ee. The lower case | is always dotless when capitalised:

sir SIR =secret sir SIFIR = zero

a Q, W and X do not occur in Turkish but Turkish speakers can easily recognise them:

faks = fax taksi = taxi Vav! = Wow!

iz
’ ALISTIRMALAR

1 Write the missing letters of the Turkish Alphabet.

PemeeEOe2C. De ub Fo G @ He Gl meales Ke MN O® P oR

6. E 7.F a 8. G 9. G _ 10.H |

eh | 12) eee 133). 145 15, \-=

JNITE | Sesli Vyumu-1
Vowel Harmony-1

with each other:

ee There are 8 vowels in the Turkish alphabet. They help us to form words whose vowels harmonise

Vowels

Unrounded Rounded j

Back a | fo) u
Front e i fe) U
guicli

a The Turkish language is highly dependent on its phonological processes. Of these, vowel harmony plays an important role
in forming the grammatical structures:

hiz speed sis fog guc power koku = scent

hizh speedy sisli foggy gucli powerful kokulu scented

For example, in the word pairs above we have shown how the vowel in the suffix -li changes according to the vowel in the
preceding syllable (e.g. hiz = speed > hizli = speedy). Both the root word hiz and the suffix -li have an unrounded back vowel
(1). Similarly, the word koku, which ends in a rounded back vowel (u) is followed by the suffix -lu, to create vowel harmony. |

Back vowels: a, 1, 0, U
A back vowel can only be followed by a back vowel:

Example: sarkicilar = singers

In the example above, the root of the word is ‘sarki = song’. We have added the
suffix -ci to make the word sarkici = singer and the plural-making suffix -lar to
make the word ‘sarkicilar = singers’. All of the vowels in the word sarkicilar are
back vowels: a-i-I-a

Examples: kahvalt

karli = snowy arkadaslik = friendship _—yalniz_—-= /onely komsu = neighbour

satis = sale tartigma =discussion kahvalt = breakfast konu=—_ = subject, topic

Oey, Front vowels: e, i, 6, ti

A front vowel can only be followed by a front vowel:

Example: silgiler = erasers

In the example above, the root of the word is ‘sil- = to erase’. We have added the suffix -gi to make the word ‘silgi
= eraser’
and the plural-making suffix -ler to make the word ‘silgiler = erasers’.
All of the vowels in the word silgiler are front vowels: i-i-e

Examples:

esneklik = flexibility birinci = first zekice = cleverly uzicii = upsetting

sihirli ©= magical Ofkeli = furious cesitlilik = diversity képrii = bridge

$e
14
:
» ALISTIRMALAR
a a a A a

1 The incorrect form of -li/-li/-lu/-lii has been added to the words below. Add the correct form.

| 1 sekerli _ sekerli Fe ORES UCI Same Mee Seti

2.ci.

, DEMO em rakes ccouates Fite OU LUEI eae alba ete ak ntcn es es

Se VARTCT 2 ivcnscconcessvctees Soe SiSltpmen ee) MMe .c.cc ccee tates

é
P LSI a ee ae Oovelektrikiuwe stecit
nescts a Scpahhodpe Ss
é Seuys
BUPOCYNIN ont wana. allan 1OVmantariiameaeoent eek. 64 Un :
é
O36 Sa neae

2 Find the vowel which doesn’t obey the vowel harmony rules in the final syllable of the words below.

PeKAUCAMIR oo Sn he sceeceetnciiasesss PAS COCUK awa Mini var scatevscretee

Pe OASShe tees! Gyo eaunecss Seek LDS VUK ati Syme sueeesy ates caterers:

3 yagmurli yagmurlu LSrikinClstem recta ree ee

Mme SEKENSIZ eecacacesecnoeeancevl LAS TOMUZH Kiem meee eset rearere

1B) SE ee eae ee USeendiseluiemaee es eet

NK roe vs yasidvenstnncreaye dosbelgesaly © tae sccc

rcs te

Tf SATA WeyRE ho aero

eaecrcer P/AECAY Can likemmeeers creo ees

SSE CSC|(epee nessteereeeckecec

cen TS KECICiIK@ey eseaten tiene

QE SALISaimprek the |ccsvantesecesseaesses POSVAZCl Gan iil Sdieesasacaverauetuesnse

POSAUZO = Severatssnesavcuseses ZO0Kahivaltty = 9) eascs.ctseeecees.s

15
Sesli Uyumu-2
Vowel Harmony-2

harmony:
Rounded vowels (0, u, 6, ti) follow syllables which have a rounded vowel, to create rounding

mutlu korkusuz guclu tuzsuz yorucu

oruclu buyuict olumlu bulutlu suslU

For example, the word gtiglii means powerful. The root

of the word is ‘giig = power’. We add the suffix -lU to
make the word ‘gii¢lii = powerful’ because Ui is a rounded ant
and front vowel.

However, we add the suffix -lu to the word bulut = cloud

to make the word ‘bulutlu = cloudy’ because u is a
rounded and back vowel. bulutlu

We obey the rounding harmony rules even when we want to add tense suffixes to the verb:

Distiim. /fell.
(diis- means tofall, -tii is the past tense suffix and -m is the first person ending for /)

Kostum. / ran.

(kos- means to run, -tu is the past tense suffix and -m is the first person ending for /)

Buldum. /found.
(bul- means tofind, -du is the past tense suffix and -m is the first person ending for /)

Gordiim. | saw.

(g6r- means to see, -dii is the past tense suffix and -m is the first person ending for /)

If we add suffixes which don’t contain rounded vowels, then the normal rules of vowel harmony apply:

okulda = at school (-da is the locative case suffix, i.e. in, on, at and it doesn’t have a rounded vowel in it.)

sutte = in the milk (-te is the locative case suffix, i.e. in, on, at and it doesn’t have a rounded vowel in it.)

konusma = speaking (-ma is like the English -ing and it doesn’t have a rounded vowel in it.)

Déviisecek. = S/he will fight. (-ecek is the future tense ending and it doesn’t have a rounded vowel in it.)

16
ALISTIRMALAR
ene ere IE ae

1 Add -lu/-lii to the following words.

1 sorun = problem sorun!... (problematical) 6 sult = milk sit....... (with milk/milky)
2 bor¢ = debt bore....... (indebted, owing) 7 gurultt = noise gurulti ....... (noisy)
3 motor = engine motor....... (engine-driven) 8 UztintU = sorrow uzuntu....... (upset; sorrowful)
4 buz=ice buz....... (icy) 9 buy = magic biyu....... (magical)
5 kum =sand kum....... (sandy) 10 tuz =salt tuz....... (salty)

2 Add -ucu/-iicii to the following words to make nouns out of verbs.

1 sogut-=torefrigerate sogut/4¢¥ (refrigerator) 6 sur-=todrive SUP eo: (driver)

2 yor- = to exhaust yor....... (exhausting) 7 kur- = to found kuraeet (founder)
3 bdl- = to divide bdl....... (separatist) 8 Uz-=to upset UziGre (upsetting)
4 kogs-=torun kos....... (runner) 9 ¢0z- = to solve COZ. (solvent)
5 yuz-=to swim yuz....... (swimmer) 10 sdndur- = to extinguish s6ndi....... (extinguisher)

3 Add -suz/-siiz to the following words to make adjectives out of nouns.

1 kosul = condition kosul$4Z. (unconditional) 6 borc¢ = debt bore....... (debtless)

2 sorun=problem sorun....... (hassle-free) 7 huy = habit; temper huy....... (bad-tempered)
3 glc¢ = power CUCHa es (powerless) 8 UutU=iron utii....... (unironed)
4 sut = milk sit....... (without milk) 9 ¢dztim = solution coziim....... (unsolvable)
5. Wes Solte CUZere (unsalty) 10 yliz = face yiiz....... (shameless, unabashed)

4 Add -luk/-liik to the following words to make nouns out of nouns/adjectives.

1 tuz = salt tuz/uk. (salt-cellar) 7 soguk = cold soguk....... (coldness)

2 giin=day giin....... (diary) 8 huysuz=bad-tempered huysuz....... (bad temper)
3 bol = abundant bol....... (abundance) 9 korku = fear korku....... (scarecrow)
4 yogun = busy yogun....... (density; congestion) 10 sofér = chauffeur sofor....... (chauffeuring)
5 uzun=long uzun....... (length) 11 goz = eye goz....... (eye-glass)

6 yorgun = tired yorgun....... (tiredness) 12 durgun =calm durgun....... (calmness)

:
oo

“We
 Sesli Uyumu-3 Vowel Harmony-3

A Most words borrowed from other langauges do not obey vowel harmoy rules:

nane = mint (borrowed from Arabic) viraj = curve (borrowed from French)

back vowel front vowel front vowel back vowel

There are thousands of foreign words which are commonly used in Turkish:

gazete = newspaper fidan = sapling limon = /emon model = model

ahenk = harmony silah = weapon kitap = book ziyaret = visit
selam = hello balina = whale kanepe = sofa bekar = bachelor

balina

Gy Some native words may also violate vowel harmoy rules:

elma = apple kardes = brother anne = mother

hangi = which sisman = fat, obese

Suffixes added to these words harmonise according to the final vowel:

annelik = motherhood sismanlik = fatness, obesity

elma

Compounds do not have to follow vowel harmoy rules:

bugiin = today acikg6z = shrewd cekyat = sofa bed

Ge. Vowel harmony does not apply to loan suffixes and prefixes such as -izm, -anti, and bi-:

kapitalizm = capitalism | antidemokratik = antidemocratic bigare = helpless

Gs, When the present continuous tense suffix -yor is added a verb, e mutates into i or i and a intot or u:

sdyle- = to say soyle-yor > sdyluyor

e>iort dile- = to wish dile-yor > diliyor
era kutla- = to celebrate kutla-yor > kutluyor
basla- = tostart basla-yor > basliyor

Fal We drop the final vowel of some words (words about body parts, relationship, etc.) when adding a suffix beginning with a
vowel. For example, see below how the possessive ending -im/-im/-um/-iim (my) affects the final vowel of the words:

burun =nose burun-um > burnum = my nose

akil = mind akil-im > aklim = my mind

However, this rule does not apply to proper nouns:

Bahcesehir > Bahcesehir'e = to Bahcesehir

18
. ALISTIRMALAR
1 Use your dictionary to write the words for the pictures. None of these words obey vowel harmony.
Se

fo
|
ABBeRB]
(CS

following words.
2 Add the possessive ending, -im/-im/-um/-iim, which means “my” to the
Remember to drop the final vowel.

1 akil-im alin Bi ORL aig ceed oneaeae Qe Omri ded wee oe ee

Gi DEVIN eve rccorerseresersiae-> serene
recepee
lO aliieirvi Sot weccec
QZ DOYUN-UIMY © ceeearssssennesneroenes
TemSCHICIMIGY oa baassecnarencataorvesers DSO UI-UN ee eee ueececpieseasteernees
SB PULUNMRHUIN ESCo vparconseceressusacanes
Qe KAMIM=IM ole wartceestearsonctesesye PS atcer
ne crea
ae iniies twa contr
A Mie) fo aeisecasaceresseoneees
ORAGNZ

ee eee
19
UNITE Sessiz Harflerde Donusum-1
Consonant Mutation-1

starting with a vowel.

Consonant mutation in Turkish occurs when certain last consonants are followed by a suffix

kitap ——» kitabim = mybook

In the example above, the voiceless consonant p in kitap changes to its voiced
counterpart b when the -im/-1m/-um/-iim suffix (which means my) is added.
kitap

Voiceless consonants and their voiced counterparts

corap — » corabim = my socks
P b agac —» agacim =mytree
¢ Cc simit —» simidim = my bagel
t d tarak —» taragim = my hairbrush
k = renk —» rengim =my colour
8
(n)k (n)g

Some words ending in (n)k do not alternate with (n)g:

/ tank ——» tankim = my tank X tangim-

@ Some loan words are not subject to consonant changes:

ceket —»ceketim = my jacket bisiklet ——-» bisikletim = my bicycle

millet —»milletim = my nation deviet -—»devletim = mystate
késk —»k6skim = mansion sepet —»sepetim = my basket

Most single-syllable words are not affected by consonant changes:

sac —-» sacim my hair top —-» topum = my ball

at —-» atim my horse suit —-» sitim = my milk

Exceptions: yurt, uc, dip, kurt, gok

Proper nouns (e.g. Tokat, Malik, Ahmet, Yozgat) are not affected by consonant changes:

Vv Ahmet’e = to Ahmet JV izmit’e = to /zmit /V Yozgat’a = to Yozgat

X Ahmed’e X 4zmid’e- X Yezgad’a

Most verbs are not affected by consonant changes:

V baktyor = (S/He is looking) V satiyor = (S/he is selling) ¥ uguyor = (S/he is flying)

X -bagtyor X sadtyor X wewyor-

The verbs et-, git-, tat- undergo consonant change when followed by a suffix beginning with a vowel. For example,
let’s add
the present continuous tense suffix -iyor to the following verbs:

et > ediyor See Unite-15I for further details on the verbs

git- ——~» gidiyor et-, git- and tat-.
tat- ——» tadiyor

20
” ALISTIRMALAR
1 Use your dictionary to write the words for the pictures.

i»

1 agac-im agacim Peete OR KAgitelINiseeee eee

tite ae tee dhe “leXelRGAUiAR). « -adsasecsbeascencoonccce
Dee CICCKHIN S oe Putas victiveieesiiates TOFekimekzittie wearer ieee 133 TIMENACRIN = cagesconsombncoionoceee
3 “Glen | Acceso dV UGA iia iret Mee sSeetses tesoaee sear LOW Van akeliniswe eetesceteeesceestecees
AME COCUKCUIN: © Raabe ee ccuee ss 2S DILEK tetirretteateenc
ene:acces. ZO Daca keiiilmimmeece eset ccccteeteaee
SEPRODIKCUIM be SM cctet cewtecosdscoccoss oS CO DAKE Maes trean ee ee erceeee GN MOLES © Jondhbcodatensscnasctcte
© UIRNUEUIan: - eiccuadsanocaeponseare AAAI vo excee antes abeocetebee DIOR SeKOyANOEUINNY — Acoacooadsonacacccosnc
1) UNESP
OST 6 ir oneeee nae LSMaMaGie vse ets tseccceten ss 23 SAUICAKAIT AP aerate cae
SENET On) Saar ee erencea LG SKALOHIIT Mie meer senate
tscrtear 2A laC-Vie pk Reestseaegtreeeceas
cae

3 The following words are single-syllable words and already have the possessive ending -im/-im/-um/-iim.
The consonant of these words should not have mutated. Correct them.

1 sacim (my hair) er ea) AP dosdur (Hiv friend) P ierencest

secre eees
PRESCOT (IMVISCE) 9 Me ercceeteccrsscconetcete 5 Woouaell)) ) ——— acestaeicocscxeccenescce
SMS COUNT CTY SK) Ma |sack cacescrcoeevevenset 6ab CODUM (MVzTUD DISH) oe. see. secre
eae

4 The consonant change in the following words has not been done correctly. Correct them.

1 Nihad’a wa NIhAb a... By) FIKFOd’eins ot orga meet ach a: wienack

Dee NIERINGO Cap eo 9s 1S ©,ansssavacenesonscsecs 6 SAVTAG Bue i tal attinagrciee soatongenes
SMEIOKAG Lele eee aelan yMessssc er oshccacssdocees ToS TOVES Can WA’ Gi pee ainda
MOSS Aiea ott, btseviadinusnieoliunsens 8° Zeyneb'O es) uae tn lelectra

5 The following verbs need to undergo consonant change, as they are followed by -iyor (-ing).
Add -iyor to the verb stem by changing the consonant.

yardim et- to help okula git- to go to school nefret et- to hate park et- to park
rahatsiz et- to disturb corbay! tat- to taste the soup kavga et- to fight kabul et- to accept

i> yardim.et- +) \s..2:.: yardim ediy Ole te ee See MORTOR Cte oocesbenaeanmeeteoas
io vec saccavcs cucnceeteeeton

Pam raliatsizce tame ceasnesccssnssscuceecuireesestcccuaeavsiess GE KAVEa Che sie ire toe ctotaanecsortsssovnnetsenentieand

OR a Cite Stee deeds arace Ses snsaeccGaeus teasesuepesanies TirDANK Clee 0trae etsy ee cacrcenssalenacveoxtecearteentoat’

ME -
cr.s0stteavansvesesatansst®
COL AYN Glb=ober wea lestnccsuers Surikabull eteaictow eeetartnc: aeceseares
a. uccosmtecsse se cate

nn ee Ut Ett ESSE

21
Sessiz Harflerde Donisum-2
Consonant Mutation-2

Similarly, words ending ina

Words ending in a voiceless consonant take a suffix beginning with a voiceless consonant.
voiced consonant take a suffix beginning with a voiced consonant. This mainly occurs as d alternating with t:

ev=home_ ev-de = at home is = work is-te = at work

voiced consonant voiced consonant voiceless consonant voiceless consonant

vin ev is a voiced consonant and it is followed s in is is a voiceless consonant and it is followed

by a suffix beginning with d, which is a voiced by a suffix beginning with t, which is a voiceless
consonant as well. consonant as well.

Voiceless consonants Gate Kise se tep

Voiced consonants Dir One eo. [alanine Vv aez

Examples with the suffixes -de/-da/-te/-ta (in, on, at ) and -den/-dan/-ten/-tan (from):

park = park giines =sun Marmaris

park-ta = inthe park glines-te =inthesun Marmaris’ te = in Marmaris
park-tan = from the park guines-ten = from the sun Marmaris’ten = from Marmaris

okul = school yer = floor 3(¢) =three

okul-da_ = at school yer-de = on the floor 3’te = at three
okul-dan = from school yer-den =from the floor 3’ten =from three

Other suffixes like the simple past tense ending -di/-di/-du/-dii/-ti/-ti/-tu/-tii also follow this rule too:

gel-di =hecame ic-ti = he drank

al-di §=he took bak-ti =he looked
dur-du = he stopped kos-tu) =heran
6l-dii =hedied Gp-ti =he kissed

The consonants b, d, t, k, I, s, z, mand n which come at the end of some loan words are duplicated when a suffix
beginning with a vowel is added to them:

hak ——> hakkim = my right sir ——» sirrim = my secret his ——> hissim = myfeeling

The final k is dropped when we add -cik (i.e. an ending that indicates smallness, or qualities such as youth, familiarities or
affection, as in pig ——» piglet, book ——» booklet)

kiigik = sma// ——» kiiiciik = very small, tiny sicak = hot ——» sicacik = pleasantly warm

22
’ ALISTIRMALAR
1 Add -de/-da/-te/-ta (in, on, at ) to the following words. Pay attention to sound harmony.

| 1 agacta.. a= telefon.:..... 219" Mars’

2 otobis....... 122 uUcaKe. 22° UZay.......
YA 3° kitap.2... 13. sirk....... 23 defter.......
4 internet....... 14 ders....... 24 konser.......
995 iyoL.: 15 aeisaeyes 25ers eee
Ge tsahik vk 16 sistanbul.2 26 asalayeee
Femina 17) Sinop ao 27 bardak.......
8) Bodruim<.....- iS mathe nee 2 Sia CaN eee
Sr OliS.2.-.. 19 televizyon....... 29 demlik.......
10 nehir....... 2OUeSutee 30. evan

2 Add the simple past tense ending -di/-di/-du/-dii/-ti/-ti/-tu/-tii to the following verbs.
Pay attention to sound harmony.

1 gorindin. Ti eeyorul.... 2 evaze

oe Satins: 2 erDul eee: 22 aSlineres
Bap CUS eee TSE |fedtbysesorse 23 SU pees
AS “QUST sanosde AE UV alee 24 kullan.......
Swope IS <ikali. gee 2 Sel Chee
Ge bitin... Ge OtUleee: 25° KUM deers
7. getirnces 47. kalkie.s 21 DOLE
8 sOndur,..... 13° DOL as: 2% dONiteen-
9:5 dog.....:. 19% Dine 29 COL ce
Osta cee: 20° konus....... SON gezee.

23
 ‘olmak’ fiili (genis zamanda)
the verb ‘to be’ in the present tense

after you, we, they:

CA | The present tense of the verb to be in English is am after I, is after he, she, it and are
You are so beautiful.
Ben bir
!am a doctor. We are students. She is a teacher.
doktorum.
However, in Turkish the present ———
Personal Pronouns
tense of the verb to be exists as a suffix:
Ben —>» |

Sen. >You ° O bir 6gretmendir. = S/he is a teacher.

Se . ben bir doktorum. = /am a doctor.
Biz We © Siz cok giizelsiniz. = You are so beautiful.
Siz. You ° Biz 6grenciyiz. = We are students.
Onlar—»> They

O is gender-neutral and can refer to a male or female subject or to an animal or thing.

Sen is the second person singular while Siz is the second person plural. Siz can also be used
as a polite or formal form of Sen.

Gi After soft consonants After hard consonants

Person rahe After vowels
(b,c, de, 8,1, man, V,¥,Z) (¢, fh, k, p, s, §, t)
lam Ben -im/-1m/-um/-um -yim/-yim/-yum/-yim

You are Sen -sin/-sin/-sun/-sun

He/She/It is O -dir/-dir/-dur/-dur -tir/-tir/-tur/-tiir

We are Biz -iz/-1z/-uz/-tiz -yiz/-yiz/-yuz/-yuz

You are Siz -siniz/-siniz/-sunuz/-stinuz

They are Onlar = -dirler/-dirlar/-durlar/-durler or _ -tirler/-tirlar/-turlar/-turler or
-ler/-lar -ler/-lar

You should always remember that the rules of vowel harmony apply to all forms of the verb to be.
Now study the following examples with reference to the table above:

¢ Ben bir gazeteciyim. = /!ama journalist. e Ayla bir hemsiredir. = Ayla is a nurse.
¢ Bu bir bardaktir. = This is a glass. ¢ Selin bir sarkicidir. = Selin is a singer. “hv
¢ Ahmet bir soférdir. = Ahmet is a driver. e Biz arkadasiz. = Weare friends. peat
e Asli bir ressamdir. = As/i is an artist. e Biz yorgunuz. = We are tired. ie) ea
¢ Onlar 6grencidirler. = They are students. ¢ Metin hastadir. = Metin is ill.

The question particle mi/mi/mu/mii helps us form questions. In this case, personal suffixes
are added to the question particle:

¢ A: Sen hasta misin? = Are you ill? e A: Ben guzel miyim? ii} Am | beautiful?
B: Evet, ben hastayim. Yes, lam ill. B: Evet, sen cok giizelsin. iT] Yes, you are so beautiful.

'o We use degil to make negative sentences. The personal suffix is added to dejil:

¢ Metin ¢aliskan degildir. = Metin isn’t hardworking. ¢ Ben a¢ degilim. = /amnot hungry.
¢ Ben zengin degilim. = lam not rich. ¢ Biz hazir degiliz. = We aren’t ready.
¢ Onlar fakir degiller. = They aren’t poor. ¢ Ali Ogrenci degildir. = Ali isn’t a student.

GF -dir/-dir/-dur/-diir/-tir/-tir/-tur/-tiir can be omitted in spoken Turkish:

Metin hastadir. or Metin hasta. = Metin is ill.

24
 ALISTIRMALAR
1 Add the personal suffixes to the words of profession in the box.

polis futbolcu v
-6gretmen- pilot hemsire firinct

,
,
|

ASE BEDI eerie

at cee ; SMC CHLOlGrire terete terete é 6 Beni bine ote :

2 Add the personal suffixes.

A B C D E
1 Ben yorgunum.. . TP BeniaG sec , 1 Ben Uuzgin......... ; 1 Ben Galiskan......... . 1 Ben hasta......... ;
2 Sen yorgun......... : ZESCN AG ayes ; 2 Sen Uzgun......... : 2 Sen ¢aliskan......... e 2 een fasteners é
3 Oyorgun......... : 3 1O'aGecate: ' 3. OUZBUN sss. : 3 Ocaliskan......... ; 3°O hastaw.ae :
4 Biz yorgun......... : A BiZiaGie-sses . 4 Biz uzgun......... ; 4 Biz caliskan......... Ae Bizaastaseees :
5. Siz yorgunisa.:. : 5 2SiZaGen tit : 5 Siz uzgtin......... ; 5 Siz caliskaniis:.:... : 5 Siz hasta :
6 Onlar yorgun......... peo ON ahd ies : 6 Onlar Uzgun......... . 6 Onlar caliskan......... MORO at aSta sees :

3 Correct the personal suffixes of the sentences below.

1 Ahmet bir dgretmensin. . Anmet bir Ogretmendir — g Betill bir Sgrenciler, —esessesssssssssssesstsessretseseetene
PMY NUS: DITGheS SAIN seb cticectsscisicestesecets rocheascerestecateedces : 7 Siz'cok guzellets” covert teceeeereee ;
> (aud aiavaneumnscucctansecceey

BOOK OLR UNNUIZ han oes!coats creiausrndnevucsGusassoadecas sonstssoansts , Be BIZ ACH FE” pensretvase nome neon :
siceshasvecscuonecsssecoteh
cadre+s ;
AMESIZ DITACOKCOSUM ameetie eet notre secs ce rerceatasteniecsmcccetite OF ETD seerseenennee :
SATKICIV Us) |. Saccccv<diueasenduesveseveunesonconnn

BMC Ta StAVIC fe eet tesswnare ua’ :

ie sa cee crane Seocteivecdanhiedata sot otereeee ‘
1O (Ben Dir gazetechyizs 272 csc caseccactperecsssuosnencnavesy
 ‘olmak’ fiili (gecmis zamanda)
the verb ‘to be’ in the past tense

you, we, they:

EAL The past tense of the verb to be in English is was after I, he, she, it and were after

| was a teacher. He was a doctor. They were late.

However, in Turkish the past tense of the verb to be exists as a suffix:

© O bir 6gretmendi. = S/He was a teacher.
e Ben bir doktordum. = / was a doctor.
e Biz Ogrenciydik. = We were students.

B| After soft consonants After hard consonants

After vowels
Agi (bec. d, geil m,n Vay ac) (CG, tk. S to, L)
| was -dim/-dim/-dum/-dtim -tim/-tim/-tum/-tum -ydim/-ydim/-ydum/-ydim

You were -din/-din/-dun/-dun -tin/-tin/-tun/-tuin -ydin/-ydin/-ydun/-ydtin

He/She/It was -di/-di/-du/-dii -ti/-t/-tu/-tii -ydi/-ydi/-ydu/-ydi

We were -dik/-dik/-duk/-duk -tik/-tik/-tuk/-tuik -ydik/-ydik/-yduk/-yduik

You were -diniz/-diniz/-dunuz/-diinuiz -tiniz/-tiniz/-tunuz/-tunuz -ydiniz/-ydiniz/-ydunuz/-ydiinuz

-diler/ -dilar/-dular/-duiler or -tiler/-tlar/-tular/-tiler or -ydiler/-ydilar/-ydular/-yduler or
They were -lerdi/-lardi -lerdi/-lardi -lerdi/-lardi

You should always remember that the rules of vowel harmony apply to all forms
of the verb to be. Now study the following examples with reference to the table above:

e Ahmet Uzgtindi. = Ahmet was sad.

e Elif diin hastaydi. = Elif was ill yesterday.
e Ben muhasebeciydim. = /was an accountant. See Unite 2, 3,
e Biz arkadastk. = We were friends. apcagcueound
harmony.
¢ Onlar cok yorgundular. = They were so tired.
e Yemek nefisti. = The food was delicious.

The question particle mi/mi/mu/mii helps us form questions. In this case, personal suffixes are added to the question
particle. The buffer letter -y- is inserted between mi and the personal suffix:

e Ben iyi miydim? = Was! well?

¢ Sen iyi miydin? = Were you well? Ben iyi mi- y - di - m?
© 0iyi miydi? = Was he/she/it well? wl | a
personal suffix for/ |
e Biz iyi miydik? = Were we well?
uestion particle buff. “al
e Siz iyi miydiniz? = Were you well? i ‘ nihibbibers aa,
¢ Onlar iyi miydiler? = Were they well?
or Onlar iyiler miydi?

Ge We use degildi to make negative sentences. The personal suffix is added to defildi:

¢ Ben iyi degildim. = | wasn’t well. ° Biz iyi degildik. = We weren’t well.
¢ Sen iyi degildin. = You weren’t well. ¢ Siz iyi degildiniz. You weren’t well.
¢ O iyi degildi. = He/She/It wasn’t well. ¢ Onlar iyi degildiler. = They weren’t well.
or Onlar iyi degillerdi.

26
 -di also follows the locative case marker -de/-da/-te/-ta (in, on, at):

Positive
e Evdeydim. ¢ Partideydik. ¢ Okuldaydi.
(i was at home.) (We were at the party.) (S/He was at school.)

| Negative
e Evde degildim. e Partide degildik. ¢ Okulda degildi.
r (| wasn’t at home.) (We weren’t at the party.) (S/He wasn’t at school.)
»
G -di is also added to question words such as nasil (how) and nerede (where):

| e Dun gece neredeydin? ¢ Din hava nasildi?

(Where were you last night?) (How was the weather yersterday?)

ALISTIRMALAR
1 Add the correct form of -di. Insert the buffer letter -y- where necessary.
A B C D
1 Ben yorgundum Ie Ben AG ese ; 1 Ben hasta........ : 1 Ben futbolcu........ é
2 Sen yorgun........ : 2 Senactin... 2 Sen hasta........ : 2 Sen futbolcu........ ;
3 O yorgun........ : 350 acees. : 3 0 hasta... 3.0 futbolcu...2.. ;
4 Biz yorgun........ 4 4 Biz ac........ ; 4 Biz hasta........ ; 4 Biz futbolcu........ ;
5 Siz yorgun........ : 5 5SiZ aC aan : 5 Siz hasta........ ; 5 Siz futbolcuyaunuz,
6 Onlar yorgun........ : 6 Onlar ac........ : 6 Onlar hasta........ : 6 Onlar futbolcu........ :

2 Complete the dialogues.

Dialogue-1 Dialogue-3
A: Dun okulda miydin? A: Din gece partide miydin?
B: Hayir, okulda degildim opie eee : Be Eveta cee eet cena oman cuateeo cents 5

Dialogue-2 Dialogue-4
A: Cumartesi giini tiyatroda miydin? A: Gecen hafta tatilde miydiniz?
[BIR SAVE) eet ata ne pe a er ; BoeHaytrees terrence tcneemacnecaccrcacacnenest: :

3 Add the correct form of -di. Insert the 4 Read the email. Choose the word with the
buffer letter -y- where necessary. correct form of -di.
Dialogue-1 —-
‘ Merhaba Elif,
A: Sen diin gece neredeydin?
Ben din evde ‘degildim /degildik. Amcam ve
B: Sinemada........ : |
A: Film nasil > - yengemin eviilik yil d6nimiuydu. Her sey cok

eB iarika | 2 glizeldim / guzeldi. Senin dogum giinu partin *

Divalog-2 nasildi / nasildin? Kalabalik miydi?

iyalog-
A: Siz pazar glint nerede........ ? _ Yarin saat 11’de bulusalim. )

B: Piknikte secccene . | Selamlar,

A: Hava nasil........ ?
_ Berna
B: Muhtesem........ ! - re
aa
el ee ee
20
 ‘olmak’ fiili (genis zamanli kosul ciimlesinde -(y)se/-(y)sa)
‘to be’ in the present conditional tense

word or as a suffix -(y)se/-(y)sa added to a noun or an

CA | We use ise to indicate a condition. ise can be written as a separate
adjective:

e idebilirsin. Yorgunsan
Person ise as a separate word Nereus pues oe
(if you are tired, you may go home.) eve gidebilirsin. Re
i
Ben isem
Peo ¥
isen or F
Sen

O ise e Yorgunsan eve gidebilirsin.

Biz isek (If you are tired, you may go home.)

Siz iseniz

Onlar iseler

8 ise as a suffix: -(y)se/-(y)sa -

A MERHABA ELIF. (MERHABA SERAP.
b A pment After vowels z as
Person pen ait B, Bs rik, ) (2 e1,1,0,8,u, 0) BUGUN EVDE MISIN? BILMIYORUM.
aioe aaa EVDEYSEN SANA GELMEK NEVE aaa
B en - sem/-sam
= ysem/-y
-ysem/-ysam isthYORUM.
pees : {

Sen -sen/-san -ysen/-ysan 7. :

O -se/-sa -yse/-ysa

Biz -sek/-sak -ysek/-ysak

Siz -seniz/-saniz -yseniz/-ysaniz

-seler/-salar or -yseler/-ysalar or
Onlar -lerse/-larsa -lerse/-larsa

e Magaza kapaliysa kafeye gidecegiz. e Bu magaza pahaliysa baska bir magazaya gidebiliriz.
(If the store is closed, we will go to a cafe.) (We can go toa different store if this store is expensive.)

e Hava soguksa ceketimizi giymemiz gerekir. ¢ Oda daginiksa duzeltmelisiniz.

(We should put on our jackets if the weather is cold.) (If the room is untidy, you should tidy it up.)
As seen in the examples above, the conditional clause always precedes the main clause.

We use degilse or degil ise to make negative sentences:

¢ Mesgul degilseniz biraz gdrUsebilir miyiz?

Person ise as a suffix ise after degil Mesgul degilseniz
(Can we talk a bit if you aren't busy?)
biraz gorusebilir
Ben degilsem degil isem miyiz?
Sen degilsen degil isen e Yemek hazir degilse film seyredelim.

O degilse degil ise (Let's watch a film if the food is not ready.)

Biz degilsek degil isek

Siz degilseniz degil iseniz

degilseler or
Onlar degillerse degil iseler

28 See Unite-107, 108 and 109 for further details on how tc

 -(y)se/-(y)sa also follows the locative case marker -de/-da/-te/-ta (in, on, at):
Positive
Evdeysen, .... isteysen, ... . Okuldaysa, ... .
(if you are at home, ... . ) (If you are at work, ... .) (If s/he is at school, ... .)

Negative
Evde degilsen, ... . iste degilsen, ... . Okulda degilse, ... .
(If you aren’t at home, ... .) (If you aren’t at work, ... .) (If s/he isn’t at school, ... .)

ALISTIRMALAR

1 Match 1-7 to a-g to make sentences. Do this exercise after studying Unite 107 and 110.

1 Hava soguksa a) daha sonra goruselim.

2 Hazirsan L] b) igemem.
3 Mesgulseniz LJ c) satin almayacagim.
4 icerisi sicaksa faa] d) cikabiliriz.
5 Cay sekersizse L] e) ceketini-giy.
6 Bu ceket pahaliysa O f) biraz dinlenebilirsin.
7 Yorgunsan LO g) pencereyi acabilirsin.

2 Add the correct form of -(y)se/-(y)sa for all persons.

Aa 2 3} 4 5 6 i

Ben hazir.$@M™.. —-yorgun............ KYM seccieecese UZBUIE: sesceeese hasta s-- CaliSkans..cstvseces ZENGiINe cee
Sen cazitse..cs: VOPEUN 22...-0s00- MUTE cases: UZBUN cacsroeeeee Rasta Caliskan............ ZENSiMe sees
O IFAT bcnccbaoccce MOL OUM 22. cxcncens IQUtl eens UZOU Meese aStaseresees CaliSkalere nese ZeENgin..........+.
Biz EVAN Press csbecen VOTEUMs cececces DCE] Ulseeeeenenees PFET Mocnesendadar: MaStaeerssesees CaliSkaneesetees ZENS teeeeeereees
Siz Mazi aeneree VOUSUMeececeeeress (ANU Wiscoansocer (OPASAUN Msctspnnoeeks NaSta.....22.-2.- Cali$kaMiseccsreees AANA Miceo:1000000-
COMME INEPT acsoscsocce VOPDUN ccchcccesos ANU Whincsosecou. UZOU Meee MaStavemeseses CallSkalieeess eee ZENBIN........000

3. Write the correct form of degilse for the persons in brackets.

DEV CG Ss foasesseneeoan
stones sonra geliriz. (onlar)
SHAVE SOPUK Sei easicecsennscoss20 yuruyls yapabiliriz. (o)
MRVOLOU Nien css ssereecevncact bana yardim eder misin? (sen)
BUYEMEK NAZI v..secbessceseaseoceasefilm seyredelim. (0)

29
 okula, ise, vs.
to school, to work, etc. (dative case)

The ending -e/-a corresponds in

Al We add -e/-a to the word to indicate the direction somebody/something is headed to.
meaning to English prepositions of direction such as to, for, and at:

okula = to school ise = to work izmir’e = to izmir pazara = to the market

Words ending in a syllable containing a, 1, 0, u, take the ending -a while words ending ine, i, 6, i take the ending -e:

istanbul’a = to /stanbul __ kéye = to the village sinifa = to the classroom eve = to the house

Voiceless consonants (p, ¢, t, k) change to their voiced counterparts (b, c, d, g, 8) when we add -e/-a to them.
See Unite-5 and 6 for further details.

mutfak -a > mutfaga = to the kitchen

rE If the word ends in a vowel, then we insert the buffer letter -y- between the dative case marker and the word:

araba-y-a = to the car iniversite-y-e = to university parti-y-e = to the party

It is used to make question words like Nereye = ( to) Where and Kime = (to) Whom.
Nereye Parka
e A: Nereye gidiyorsun? (Where are you going?) gidiyorsun? gidiyorum.
B: Parka gidiyorum. (! am going to the park.)

e A: Kime gilUyorsun? (Who are you laughing at?)

B: Arif’e giluyorum. (I!am laughing at Arif.)

rD | It is used with post-positions like -e/-a dogru (towards) and -e/-a kadar (until/as far as):

° Markete dogru yurtiyorum. ° Képek bize dogru geliyor! Kopek bize

(lam walking towards the market.) (The dog is coming towards us.) dogru geliyor!

¢ Din gece saat 3’e kadar ders calistim. * Otobls Hatay’a kadar gidiyor.
(1 studied until 3 o’clock last night.) (The bus is going as far as Hatay.)
:
» ALISTIRMALAR
1 Add -(y)e/-(y)a to the following words.

i marketé... 6 banyo..... 1T kolej..... 16 kafe.....

A iSeeeee 7 tuvalet..... 12 restoran..... 17 konser.....
3 Londra’..... 8 sinema..... 13 konferans..... 18 Ayse’.....
b>
4 park..... 9 deniz..... Aseria Cree 19 bahce.....
5 Marmaris’... 10 Turkiye’... 15 magaza..... 20 komsu.....

toe

2 Complete the dialogues with the following words. The dative case suffix forms are already given.

parti sinema Betil mac

Dialogue-1 Dialogue-3
A: Nereye gidiyorsun? A: Nereye gidiyorsun?
Bigisuseecteececeer: ya gidiyorum. Bigeeacccoteree ye gidiyorum.

Dialogue-2 Dialogue-4
A: Selim nereye gidiyor? A: Bu hediyeyi kime aldin?
B: Teer nee Tones a gidiyor. [Bibs Seepage
aaa fore’e aldim.

3 Add -(y)e/-(y)a to the following words.

Ahmet’é... bir hediye aldim.

Saat 7’de konserv..... gidiyoruz.
Yarin mac..... gidecegiz.
Yuzme..... gidelim mi?
Tuvalet..... gidebilir miyim?
Saat 10’..... kadar ders calistim.
N Mine
BP
MW
DO
WN is..... cok ge¢ geldi.

31
INITE | okulda, iste, vs.
at school, at work, etc. (locative case)

e/-ta and it corresponds to English

ae The locative case indicates a location. The locative case marker in Turkish is -de/-da/-t
prepositions like in, at, on, or by:

okulda = at school iste = at work evde = at home arabada = in the car

,B -de/-da after soft consonants: b,¢,d,2) Sip iatta, Maeva vas

-de/-da after vowels: e) |), 0, Ul, ani, O, U,

istanbul’da = in Istanbul denizde = in the sea

yolda = on the road evde = at home
masada = on the table Turkiye’de = in Turkey
telefonda = on the phone sehirde = in the city

-te/-ta after hard consonants: CG) Ke, Seo t

bardakta = in the glass otobiiste = on the bus

agacta = jn the tree ofiste = jn the office
kitapta = in the book Marmaris’te = in Marmaris
mutfakta = in the kitchen iste = at work

Kedi agacta.

& Personal pronouns (i.e. ben, sen, o, biz, siz, onlar) can also be followed by -de/-da, to say for example “Kalem bende.” = “!
have got the pen.”

¢ Telefon bende. =/ have got the phone. ¢ Telefon bizde. = We have got the phone.
e Telefon sende. = You have got the phone. e Telefon sizde. = You have got the phone.
¢ Telefon onda. =He/She/It has got the phone. ¢ Telefon onlarda.= They have got the phone.

GF It is used to make question words like Nerede = (in) Where and Kimde = Who has got ...?

e A: Ogretmen nerede? = Where is the teacher? ¢ A: Metin nerede? = Where is Metin?

B: Ogretmen sinifta. = The teacher is in the classroom. B: Metin mutfakta. = Metin is in the kitchen.

¢ A: Anahtar kimde? = Who has got the key? ¢ A: Araba kimde? = Who has got the car?
B: Anahtar bende. = / have got the key. B: Araba Selim’de. = Selim has got the car.

G Personal suffixes (See Unite-7.) follow the locative case ending. Where necessary, we insert the buffer letter -y- between
the personal suffix and -de/-da/-te/-ta:

e Evde-y-im. = / am at home. ¢ iste-y-im. = |am at work. ¢ Ali okulda. = Ali is at school.

32
ALISTIRMALAR

1 Add -de/-da/-te/-ta to the following words.

1 arabada Basinit:... 16 bardak.....

Zon Carsiows 7 mutfak... 17 konser.....
3 ingiltere’..... 8 Antalya’. 18 Londra’...
4 park..... Secenizee 19 bahce.....
5 Marmaris’... 10 Turkiye’. ZOEY es

2 Complete the dialogues with the following words.

Tatil Araba Mutfak Aga¢

Dialogue-1 Dialogue-3
A Cocuklar nerede? A Kedi nerede?
Boer ee eet da bekliyorlar.

Dialogue-2 Dialogue-4
A Komsular nerede? A Annen nerede?

ive) SORE de. Yarin dénuyorlar. Beaters ta. Yemek yaptyor.

3 Add -de/-da/-te/-ta followed by the personal suffix.

1 2 3
Ben arabadayim, ; BeMee@Veraiences: BenmtiSir..ccn.

SMa araDas..ccctaeasete 4 SCNIMGCVE Lite SOmiRalsittecwscetee

O araba..........e : O CVG fcnneeter O ISe ree seateasecs

Bizere tdbdDastccats.ciex« : Biz OV siete ese Biz IStteeetccuonets

SiZureeatabatcscats : SiZS PeOV a tcrarse: : Siz IS; te. seesuee

Onlar-araba...<:.-..-.-.. : OnlanweVierece eres : OnlatggiSeereee

4 5 6

Ben _ yol......... . Ben... -tatil.:....... é Ben _ park.........

Sena VO lve. ‘ Senicetatilccs..: : Seniesa ener

O Wel epee ; O Latiteecesns: ; O Dates

BIZ ee VON sere : Biz ae tatilsncses. ; Bizeepalkanea.

SIZ eVOl ccces. as : Sizmetatil.ene : Sizaa park: .s ;

Onlar voliscas:; ; Onlaretatil aca : Onlar park... :

 okuldan, isten, vs.
from school, from work, etc. (ablative case)

physical movement. This ending corresponds to

PA We add -den/-dan/-ten/-tan to the word to indicate a starting point of a
English from:

okuldan = from school isten = from work

evden = from home arabadan = from the car

ise = to work isten = from work

-den/-dan after soft consonants: b,c, d,g, 8, j,|,m,n,1V,y, Z

ee Nereden ingiltere’den
-den/-dan after vowels: G, | OpUsas non yee ess: | geliyorum.
| Passport Controt

istanbul’dan = from Istanbul denizden = from the sea

yoldan = from the road evden = from home
masadan = from the table ingiltere’den = from England
telefondan = from the phone képriden = from the bridge

-ten/-tan after hard consonants: _f, s, t, k, ¢, $, h, p

bardaktan = from the glass otobisten = from the bus

agactan = from the tree ofisten = from the office
kitaptan = from the book Marmaris’ten = from Marmaris
mutfaktan = from the kitchen isten = from work

| It is used to make question words like Nereden = (from) Where and Kimden = from whom?:

e A: Nereden geliyorsun? (Where are you coming from?) e A: Nereden ucuyorsun? (Where are you flying from?)
B: Okuldan. (From school.) B: Marmaris’ten. (From Marmaris.)

e A: Kimden aldin? (Who have you got it from?) ¢ A: Hediye kimden? (Who is the present from?)
B: Nevin’den. (From Nevin.) B: Erhan’dan. (From Erhan.)

GF We can add this ending to abstract nouns to indicate the cause or source of something:
Yorgunluktan
¢ Yorgunluktan dluyorum. dluyorum.
(lam dying from/because of tiredness.)

e Yagmurdan tslandim.
(I got wet from/because of rain.)

34
ALISTIRMALAR

1 Add -den/-dan/-ten/-tan to the following words.

1 tatilaen. 6 banka......... 11 alisveris......... 16 magc.....

REE DAZ AL. .caaetee TEENS costes DZ eiOtOnemnnne 17 tiyatro.....
3 ispanya’......... 8 Almanya’......... 13 internet......... 18 sinema.....
Be SOnIs.<cce: 9 piknik......... 145 |stanbul eee 19 gezi.....
BAK OV Seapace 10 savag......... PS SVeIMeKeerecers 20 -lzmitiees

2 Complete the dialogues with the following words.

Motor Mac Parti Magaza

Diyalog 1 Diyalog 3
A: Nereden geliyorsunuz? A: Bu ses nereden geliyor?
Baar eseccrscrsesstnens tan geliyoruz. 3-0 yendik. Bioere
tescatecs dctdan geliyor.

Diyalog 2 Diyalog 4
A: Nereden geliyorsunuz? A: Bu elbiseleri nerede aldin?
Bieri re cce-susceicses den geliyorum. Cok eglendik. Bienen een. dan aldim. indirimdeydiler.

3 Add -den/-dan/-ten/-tan to the words below.

Komsular yarin tatil .........

Turkiye’......... baklava aldim.
Sinema......... aksam saat 10’da ciktik.

un
FP
&
WN henuiz cikmadi.

1 evden ise.
2 Turkiye vena: ingiltere’.........
3 -OkKUb cs: CWasecnes
4 Alisveris......... restoran.........
Ss SEM
OV Mgaconaben bahce.........
6 Postane......... banika.........

39
... var. / ... yok. (There is/are ..., There isn’t/aren’t ... )

/ There aren't... .
var corresponds in meaning to There is ... /There are... while yok corresponds to There isn’t...
They are used at the end of the sentence: Vata

kaza var.
e Sinifta iki 6grenci var.
(There are two students in the classroom.)

e Bahcede bir kdpek var.

(There is a dog in the garden.)

e Kasede seker yok. e Yolda bir kaza var.

(There isn’t sugar in the bowl.) (There is an accident on the road.)

e Cizdanda para yok. e Evde bir hirsiz var.

(There isn’t money in the wallet.) (There is a burglar in the house.)

As you can see in the examples above, we need to use the locative markers -de/-da/-te/-ta on the word indicating location
as we want to say that someone/something is in a particular place (e.g. sinifta = in the classroom,
bahcede = in the garden.) Now, let us make an analysis of an example sentence:

Sinif ta iki ogrenci var.

classroom in two students there are

(There are two students in the classroom.)

We use ...var mi? = /s/Are there ... ? and ... yok mu? = /sn’t/Aren't there ... ? to ask questions: Hayir, maalesef
KUnefe var mi? kiinefe yok.
e A: Burada Turkce kursu var mi? e A: Bugtin parti yok mu?
(Is there a Turkish course here?) (Isn’t there a party today?) 0

B: Evet, burada Turkce kursu var. B: Hayir, bug parti yok. Sal
(Yes, there is a Turkish course here.) (No, there isn’t a party today.)

e Satici: Kinefe var mi? Musteri: Hayir, maalesef kiinefe yok.

(Is there kunafah?) (No, unfortunately, there isn’t kunafah.)

We can use the following words with var and yok:

biri/birisi var = There is somebody kimse yok = There isn’t anybody

birisi var mi? = /s there anybody? kimse yok mu? = /sn’t there anybody?

e A: Evde biri var mi? - We can also say Kimse yok mu? while we
(Is there anybody in the house?) are asking for help or knocking on the door.

B: Hayir, evde kimse yok. ¢ Kimse yok mu?

(No, there isn’t anybody in the house.) (Is anyone out there?)

36
ALISTIRMALAR
1 Complete the sentences with the name of the objects in the pictures followed by var.

1 Disarida bir aslan var

wen

ASMIVIU tata: Dlieecomerncre cee MO ReVOIa Dito earn : 6a Tarladalbitetcacccscrecce cece é

Wm Ab akaDit rstiernccciecaselestucscetese Ste SINE DES ce eeereee

ieee eee aera s ; 9) Sokaktai bint eee eines ;

2 Answer the following questions with var or yok.

Dialogue-1 Dialogue-7
A: Ekmek var mi? A: Bugtn okul var mi?
B: Evet, ékmek var Bit HAYA Sa: Seciticect scene nc cexvacssnettersdesstesadcecssnensonacceuns 4

Dialogue-2 Dialogue-8
A: Burada postane var mi? A: Gazete var mi?

EMMA Uitmeecce ce csueatarcn ders ccovcs csnondenscveatearcenealaerencesebncders : Bet EVet a rwckeniecn acters tnccucermssscasoocesttay
saettsarticemene :

Dialogue-3 Dialogue-9
A: Dolapta sit var mi? A: Yeni kitap var mi?
(82 TR ENVIR Acannacans tosesedcoencarcoccnencrencb
anieeenoeo scone teead:acooeee : Bee HAIG eccessstescctecnieseretcccerttesectssecne
uatee Neercoerscence :

Dialogue-4 Dialogue-10

A: Arabada benzin var mi? A: Buaksam bir program var mi?

BEV trent ce rcrcae sss ter saesnececocece icc Sbanresevancccucrteesmeetas: Bae EVOU acoss.cossessacosesteacsuensepacsnu
ss assrecaeeceteneetnssseas ;

Dialogue-5 Dialogue-11

A: Cuzdanda para var mi? A: Ofiste yazici var mi?

BG. TTRIBIN
IG:eosoosnonabdnspecoosdapa¢eooBasote
agancoeedocanne sadadenogacurecee 3 BT AVN aeccctiae te creacortecsstn tuse gare: suoals sett si ayetoeaceeysee :

Dialogue-6 Dialogue-12

A: Sinemada yeni bir film var mi? A: Tost var mi?

BPE G Up prce scene rneateese yee sicens vSascnccctec scuciesstessausentesncoet : Bale EVGtiers scrsticeserecccsesscatstovenst ansersnecsiscecdonenercrscoeun: :

EEE EE EES
 Bir arabam var/yok. (/ have/don’t have a car.)

Gs var and yok are used to say somebody/something owns, holds or possesses something:
As usual, pay attention
We add the possessive case marker to the word indicating the item possessed followed by var/yok.
to the sound harmony.

after vowels after consonants

(a, 1, 0, u, e, i, 6, U) (bec d, £272, n,K
m,n, p, 5, S, $, t, V, y, Z)
Benim — araba-m Benim —_ev-im
Senin araba-n var./yok. Senin ev-in var./yok.
Onun araba-si Onun ev-i
Bizim araba-miz Bizim ev-imiz
Sizin araba-niz Sizin ev-iniz
Onlarin araba-st Onlarin § ev-i

In the table above, the possessive case marker is added to araba to indicate who its owner is. Hence, even if we don’t use
benim, senin, onun, etc, we would still know who the owner is by looking at the marker on araba, such as -m, -N, -SI.

e (Benim) bir arabam var. e Yarin (sizin) sinaviniz var.

(1 have a car.) (You have an exam tomorrow.)

e (Bizim) bir villamiz var. e (Onun) cok parasi var. gimdi

(We have a villa.) (He/She has plenty of money.) zamanim
yok.
e (Benim) param yok. ¢ (Bizim) biletimiz yok.
(1 don’t have money.) (We don’t have a ticket.)

e (Onun) arkadasi yok. ¢ Simdi (benim) zamanim yok.

(He/She doesn’t have a friend.) (| don’t have time now.)

- If we know the name of the owner, we add -(n)in/-(n)in/-(n)un/-(n)iin)

to the name. The item possessed takes the usual case markers listed above.

e Elif’in iki kardesi var. e Ali’nin bir bisikleti var.

(Elif has two brothers.) (Ali has a bicycle.)

Be We use ... var mi? or ... yok mu? to make questions:

after vowels after consonants

(a, l, O, Uu, e, i, 0, ui) (b, Cc, g d, f, g, g, h, rf k, I,

| m,n, p, FS, $, t, V, y, 2)
Benim — araba-m Benim — ev-im
Senin —_araba-n var mi?/yok mu? Senin ev-in var mi?/yok mu?
Onun araba-si Onun ev-i
Bizim araba-miz Bizim ev-imiz
Sizin araba-niz Sizin ev-iniz
Onlarin araba-si | Onlarin — ev-i

e A: Araban var mi? e A: Paran var mi? ¢ A: Onlarin bir plani var mi?
(Do you have a car?) (Do you have money?) (Do they have a plan?)

B: Evet, arabam var. B: Hayir, param yok. B: Evet, onlarin bir plani var.
(Yes, | have a car.) (No, | don’t have money.) (Yes, they have a plan.)

38
 ALISTIRMALAR
ec
ee ee

1 Complete the sentences by adding the possessive case marker on the item possessed followed by
var.

1 Benim bir laptopuUmM VAC... . 1 MSEMINUC al KadaS...-.c0<-.:0008 5

29 °Sizin yeni bir kKOMSU...<.:0.:000:000.. s 8S BizimiMaGnesrccaee :
3 Onlarin giizel bir villa... : 9 #Onun toplante..:s. ;
4 Benim bir kedi.................. : 10 Benim uzun sagclar.................5 :
7 SepONUN Dir tavsanee..&: acccseos cee : 11 Onlarin yarin bir parti.................. :
6 —sizin bir problem.icz.....05..... : 12% Senin, Gok parait? ate... ’

2 Complete the conversations.

Dialogue-1 Dialogue-5
A: ZAMAN
VA Meee ? Arisa Bed to) selacuaiie
«Oh emis ?
B: Evet, zamanim var. B: Hayir, ehliyetim yok.

Dialogue-2 Dialogue-6
TNS ost ot sbslaecece aA ES ARECACEAE
EREEES enerE? AR I Rats SOLE Ei, une RaReeee fr
B: Hayir, onun telefonu yok. B: Evet, onlarin bir sirketi var.

Dialogue-3 Dialogue-7
PAM eercc OR acs ci'osadcccaaseecemcheante
sinene? PNG Ri Penny in hve ioiigrascecoo eae bb eporcdabeee ?
B: Evet, bizim bir evimiz var. B: Evet, onun cantas! var.

Dialogue-4 Dialogue-8
JING! scarab aca AMAR AN tr eae eee i? P
NEG PA eset i he SA aren ii Hen earn Aa 3 ?
B: Evet, kalemim var. B: Hayir, onun adi yok.

3 Add the possessive case markers on the possessor and the item possessed.

1 Nuray’a... bir kediSl.... var.

Ze FIKFOU sccccs- iki kardes....... var.
3. Nesrin’...:.- guzel bir elbise....... var.
4 Murat’....... cok paras... var.
5 Kerem’....... bir tavsan....... var.
6 Selim’....... kardes....... yok

39
 Geliyorum. (/ am coming.)
present continuous positive

a limited time in the future:

ea Present continuous tense is commonly used for actions happening now or for

=/am coming. Oturuyorum. = /am sitting. Ucuyoruz. = We are flying.

Geliyorum.
= They are running. Oynuyorlar. = They are playing. Uyuyor. = S/He is sleeping.
Kosuyorlar.

Structure: verb + i/i/u/ii + yor + personal suffix

Ne
yapiyorsun?
gil-
Person ec
(to come)
Or
(to take)
Kors
(to run) (to laugh)
Ben gel-i-yor-um. al-i-yor-um. kosg-u-yor-um. gul-U-yor-um.
Sen gel-i-yor-sun. al-i-yor-sun. kos-u-yor-sun. AUB (ele nevere
O gel-i-yor. al-i-yor. kos-u-yor. gul-U-yor. yaplyorum.
Biz gel-i-yor-uz. al-i-yor-uz kosg-u-yor-uz. gul--yor-uz.
Siz gel-i-yor-sunuz. — al-i-yor-sunuz. kog-u-yor-sunuz. gul-ii-yor-sunuz.
Onlar — gel-i-yor-lar. al-i-yor-lar. kos-u-yor-lar. gul-U-yor-lar.

Verbs ending in a syllable with -i or -e are followed by -(i)yor and the personal suffix:

e Kerem sit iciyor. = Kerem is drinking milk. e Ekmek kesiyorum. =/ am cutting bread.

Verbs ending in a syllable with -1 or -a are followed by -(1)yor and the personal suffix:

e Burak simdi ders calisiyor. = Burak is studying now.

e Alisverig yapiyorum. = / am doing shopping.

Verbs ending in a syllable with -o or -u are followed by -(u)yor and the personal suffix:

¢ Cocuklar kosuyorlar. = The children are running. e Turkcge konusuyorum. = / am speaking Turkish.

Verbs ending in a syllable with -6 or -ii are followed by -(ii)yor and the personal suffix:

e Ahmet gilliyor. = Ahmet is laughing. ¢ Bebek biiyiiyor. = The baby is growing up.

If a verb ends in -e, we drop it and replace it with -i or -ii followed by -yor and the personal suffix:

V Arabada bekliyoruz. = We are waiting in the car. X Arabada-bekleyoruz-

A
The final -e in the verb bekle- (to wait) was replaced by -i as it is an unrounded front vowel like -e in the preceding syllable.

¥ Yalan soyluyorsun! = You are lying! X Yalan séyleyersun.

A
-e in the verb séyle- (to say/tell) was replaced by -ii as it is a rounded back vowel like -6 in the preceding syllable.

If a verb ends in -a, we drop it and replace it with -i or -u followed by -yor and the personal suffix:
/ Ahmet ariyor. = Ahmet is calling. X Ahmet arayor.
A

The -t in the verbs git- (to go), et- (to do/make), tat- (to taste), seyret- (to watch) change to -d:
¥ gidiyorum X -gityerum- ¥ tadiyorum X tathyorum-. ¥ ediyorum X-etiyerum-
A A
This rule does not apply to all of the verbs ending in -t. There are many verbs such as 6rt-, sat-, bat- which are
not affected
by the change above: / Gemi batiyor. = The ship is sinking. X Gemi badtyor.

40 See Unite-5G for further details on the verbs -et, -git, -tat.
 ALISTIRMALAR
eS a A a

1 Add the present continuous tense ending followed by the personal suffix.
1 2 3
Ben otur.Ugorum , Ben” SOVeni ree ; Bent micalismerenrctce i
She A@MU Rectrocsereteoe SYein GaN Assesccnsocaccns Sena: CallSomemees:
O Ola accoadsaenanacte O SE Vincuiauasnarente O CaliSsrceneress
Dizm OU Geevcancscs
as. BIZ eeSCVinneneretrs: BiZgapeCallScece-serecanes
SI ZMmOROUU Iestesdeve.oscee. : SIZPPISSEV tee aes . Size CaliSerseer serrate 2
Mar, OCU. edi esacne ONISIESEV teen ee OnlatecallSmeamsmen rere

4 5 6
Behe KONUS srssssseercese: Bengersatvercr nics. Benue Velen
) Semieer KOMUSH ees. scessoones SeMiiSa Ueencees cence Sen) Velasecesececs

O KOMUS.ccsesescisssoee O Satara O N=) Beccraedseoradce

ize KOU Seeeceentes BizgearSatin.c-ccvee Bizee {Veecoee
Siz KOMUS meee : SiZin beSatentnrrcateises ; SIZ PeVelaemanemers :
ROA KOMUS caer cattocnssst ; Onlat tSatncn. tere: : Onan Vetere: :

2 Drop the final vowel and add the correct form of the present continuous tense ending followed by
the personal suffix.
1 (izle- to watch) 2 (bekle- to wait) 3 (sdyle- to say/tell)
Ben ...(Zli“orum... . Benheeuniniiescauee : Benin aviitees tte ter :
Sen Bosncdenaceneeneo errs SOM dae ersravesccatonacte
noes SOM tinct eatatecacs
Oe Pcccacccases thswsatices On alulsstie Beene ahd Onn coddsieeatiqasdespeomvanss
IZ Baar fener ee cactite veeaesinedies BiZyifaae tesen sce: rocotoesmerase BIZ} ditevecpressccerermteraesevs
SIVA}? a rentereeae
a eee SIZ emiers teas secciatiaava
teats SIZI at eee enna cecetees
Ommlatiarte tere acces Onarga renee: Onlara eee aes

4 (anla- to understand) 5 (basla- to start) 6 (dinle- to listen)

BON oessitecicanttearaneesoss i BQi irsee ches ccasssss.
cscs ; Ben vie e...teeinees F
sneseeae one
SCimate cesses SOM japessccitassesdevacorcornes SOM: | Gtsdticccannreeessesasss

Gh Sees ere OE OS ae ae hae eae Cle Oineett erates

BiZMentirectatscccottesencecetess BiZai tees
esse ses sts svcesen BIZSe ieee ceetee certeeusnssesees

S IZM fee eo ser vostawe sees Siz Sey eececeectecteeeesees SIZ CL eA eae

CORN acs Senaascinns

eseheie Ol aly retin oretvee: ONIAR sRner cnc torent

3 Complete the sentences by adding the present continuous ending followed by the personal suffix to
the verbs in brackets.
1 Kate biraz Tiirkce anligor (ania-)
2 Cocuklar televizyon ...........:66 . (seyret-)
TI SUM saeec.ceonaseeeente: . (basla-)
AM BETTI SIMA! MUZIK erases... ---0+0e . (dinle-)
5 Benve Kerem bu aksam sinemaya ..........:c0006 . (git-)
GwSIZ COK BUSUITH «..cereseneee . (yap-)
nn nda
41
UNITE | Gelmiyorum. (/ am not coming.)
present continuous negative

tense marker -yor, followed by the

A | We insert -mi/-mi/-mu/-mii between the stem of the verb and the present continuous
personal suffix:

Gelmiyorum. = /.am not coming. Oturmuyorum. =/am not sitting. |Ugmuyoruz. = We aren’t flying.

Structure: verb + (mi, mi, mu, mii) + yor + personal suffix

pereon gel- al- kos- gil-

(to come) (to take) (to run) (to laugh)
Ben gel-mi-yor-um. al-mi-yor-um. kos-mu-yor-um. gul-mU-yor-um.
Sen gel-mi-yor-sun. al-mi-yor-sun. kos-mu-yor-sun. — gll-mU-yor-sun.
O gel-mi-yor. al-mi-yor. kos-mu-yor. gul-mu-yor.
Biz gel-mi-yor-uz. al-mi-yor-uz. kos-mu-yor-uz. gul-mU-yor-uz.
Siz gel-mi-yor-sunuz. al-mi-yor-sunuz. kosg-mu-yor-sunuz. gUl-mU-yor-sunuz.
Onlar — gel-mi-yor-lar. al-mi-yor-lar. kos-mu-yor-lar. gul-mu-yor-lar.
Yunus yemek yemiyor.

We insert -mi between the stem of the verb and -yor if the last syllable of the verb contains -i or -e:

e Yunus yemek yemiyor. = Yunus isn’t eating.

ei) We insert -mi between the stem of the verb and -yor if the last syllable of the verb contains -i or -a:

¢ Burak simdi ders calismiyor. = Burak isn’t studying now. ¢ Alisveris yapmiyoruz. = We aren’t doing shopping.

rE | We insert -mu between the stem of the verb and -yor if the last syllable of the verb contains -0 or -u:

¢ Cocuklar kosmuyorlar. = The children aren’t running. ¢ Turkce konusmuyorum. =/ am not speaking Turkish.

Ge We insert -mi between the stem of the verb and -yor if the last syllable of the verb contains -6 or -ii:

e Ahmet gilmtyor. = Ahmet isn’t laughing. ¢ Tekerlek d6nmiuyor. = The wheel isn’t turning.

Seni hic
cee ; i |
The verb sev- to love/like is mostly used in the present continuous tense in tN ere
Turkish. However, in English it is used in the simple present tense (i.e. without -ing):

e Seni cok seviyorum. = / love you so much.

Seni hi¢ sevmiyorum. =/ don’t love you at all.

¢ Pelin’i cok seviyorum. = / love Pelin so much.

Pelin’i hig sevmiyorum. =! don’t love Pelin at all.

¢ Turkiye’yi cok seviyorum. =1/love/like Turkey so much.

Turkiye’yi hig sevmiyorum. =/ don’t love/like Turkey at all.

See Unite 18 for non-action verbs.

42
 ALISTIRMALAR
a a

1 Make the verbs negative.

1 2
Ben _ biliyorum. bilmiyorum. | Ben Konusuyoruime Vent sccsctene
BONMMONIVOESUM, 2 9 cies sisesecevescoxesncre : Senmskonusuyorsuni a) eae :
O EVATDMOTE SU Tact tea neat aaa . O KORUSUVOl mine me, otoermen
scene apes :
Bi ceMADUIVOCUZ 2 © 9) onc Aecieeeteiacsess : Bize eaKONUSUVO
UZ. Muncie
eeeeea eee 5
Siz biliyorsunuz. SAS aeRO ECE : SIZ KOMUSUVORSUMUZ aan eeerentetesaeee :
MAT MOINVOMAR 2 Uecctstssssccecctrsscese ; Onlap KonuSsuyOniaG . gece eee ;

3 4
Benin SCVIVONUM. Marsal ies accceeetsaaces ‘ Benge eCiVOnUTi sen eee :

SCieeeSCVIVONSUM an wieceerets
near eeeee : Sen) Sgidiyorsums) Aes sees :

O SCV IVO amMneN BUEtoc ens ceer acs .5, 8 : O SIDIVORDD Seas Guinn cee
ee es ;

Bizaeme SCVIVOCUZ |a .ceetc ere : Biza -SidiVOruzs yes ee. See ee ere :

SiZa CVIVOLSUMUZ Serer eeteren rete: s Se TACIIOTRSUINWZ4:, ———_Ssedextcticeaanocnonciocinc :

Omlarlsevivorlareoimtakciscakeenisasenes : Onlantgidivoriatsmie: Soi acct ;

2 Complete the sentences using the verbs in brackets in the present continuous negative.

1 Leyla bugiin ders LFAIISMIGON . Ciinkti cok yorgun. (calis-)

PABCDEK... hast areieescites
sess . (agla-)
SINE) ce won ee . Cunkti benzini bitti. (¢alis-)
BUCO VOMMGK oatkeed.
0.0:levcnasesesaesed . Cunku ac degil. (ye-)
By Shall checteeanaetereren redceee ! CUnkU bana hediye almadin. (sev-)
BBCOCUKIALRTULDO srcscicts stssesveeBesecanccnns . (oyna-)
7h Totpa re a Se serenconoceconeseaeeoes . CunkU babam c¢alistyor. (git-)
BS BOCHHDIZE IVE ccc, ecdntavelercanveastet ? (bekle-)
9 Pelin bu aksam sineMaya ..........::ccceesseeceeeees . (gel-)
MOPAGZU TALI CESV Cliertetetecrsaecncer«-eaanestos . Ona kusmius. (konus-)
PPIOSSICA TULKCO Mei ieeeacescnetoseeh
siaease . (anla-)
AD BumMagaza ClDiSeC vacccsdevsssessntctssnsaunnee . (Sat-)
ID Ber KALI a acs
uronecs caatnc tes . (yaz-)
TA PAINZCE: ccc. sssecgeseiwccsevoetes . Ama Almanca biliyorum. (bil-)
15 Babam simdi televiZyOn ...........ceeceseeeeeseees . Gazete okuyor. (seyret-)

43
UNITE | Geliyor musun? (Are you coming?)
present continuous question

by the personal suffix. The

CA | We make questions in the present continuous tense with the question particle mu, followed
question particle always follows the main verb as a separate word:

Geliyor musun? = Are you coming? Calistyor musun? = Are you working? Oynuyorlar mi? = Are they playing?

| Structure: verb + (i, 1, u, i) + yor + mu + personal suffix ?

(The only exception is onlar. See below.)

Dereon gel- al- kos- giul-

(to come) (to take) (to run) (to laugh)
Ben geliyor muyum? alryor muyum? kosuyor muyum? guluyor muyum?
Sen geliyor musun? alryor musun? kosuyor musun? guluyor musun?
O geliyor mu? aliyor mu? kosuyor mu? guluyor mu?
Biz geliyor muyuz? aliyor muyuz? kosuyor muyuz? guluyor muyuz?
Siz geliyor musunuz? —_aliyor musunuz? kosuyor musunuz? =giilUyor musunuz?
Onlar geliyorlar mi? aliyorlar mie kosuyorlar mi? guluyorlar mi?

It’s clear from the examples above that the present continuous tense marked verb is followed by the question particle mu,
which is suffixed by the personal ending.
Bu aksam
Examples: sinemaya geliyor
musun?
e A: Bu aksam sinemaya geliyor musun? Hayir bu aksam
(Are you coming to the cinema tonight?) sinemaya gelmiyorum.

B: Hayir, bu aksam sinemaya gelmiyorum. Neden?

(No, |!am not coming to the cinema tonight.)

A: Neden? Cok yorgunum.

(Why)

B: Cok yorgunum.
(lam so tired.)

¢ Kerem simdi kitap okuyor mu?

(Is Kerem reading a book now?)

¢ Bugiin alisverise gidiyor muyuz?

(Are we going shopping today?)

¢ Telefon simdi calisiyor mu?

(Is the phone working now?)

We can make questions with question words such as ne (what), nerede (where), kim (who), nasil (how),
ne zaman (when)
and niye/neden (why). It is more common to use the question word before the verb:

¢ Bugtn kim geliyor? ¢ Telefon niye calismiyor?

(Who is coming today?) (Why is the phone not working?)

¢ Nerede yasiyorsunuz? ¢ Ne yiyorsun?

(Where are you living?) (What are you eating?)

44
ALISTIRMALAR
ag a a i

1 Write the question form of the sentences below.

1 Fatma simdi ders calisiyor. 6 Biz piknige gidiyoruz.

Pe ceceneeccosedocvasccsevceececcsccsdecccc eho bdecccscccsnecscceccececccce |

“she sso osit tol HEN ec Saco AA Ge Biss RIS ee ee ?

3 Burak mag seyrediyor.

geass aa coe rani aP creases nes iciversticasnndeoh odes ?

4 Gocuklar oyun oynuyorlar.

DE nates canes RESON Sian cy ac negatnieees saber eas ?

5 Kitap okuyorum.

2 SURE PAE ae ELE Ihc SR ?

2 Answer the following questions.

1 Cocuklar bah¢ede top oynuyorlar mi? 6 Beni seviyor musun?

ENCBer ecusnc near cscemarn cn heaceen nsec ckosc aderescie sinter ens EVOL seectwcsccotes sscceteve tecsetueccchensccotutenctse
crmeceesmecee 5

2 Simdi yagmur yagiyor mu? 7 Misafirler egleniyorlar mi?

AVS eceerean sc ecco an otecnce couatter ers wunesstocunntenTones’ : FLAVIN A ake ae Sieve ohclccce oa cane a ctanuansemscaenacmece
vein ‘

3 Meral bugiin bize geliyor mu? 8 Araba calisiyor mu?

ENCEee ear ca sso aa ace an be

eNercctectccosqananveaeacen
tesislasceeise : FAV iranecccceceringsetevtecs
atees peceoncteseorevessesspoececcesceestes :

4 Korkuyor musun? 9 Muzik dinliyor musun?

BAVA phere sere caknicaceeaeose sa oamsereescasssseesisatdacauetzene ; EVGU seecce tu ccisccttawtcess

ccctenes creseaweaseccetsrsnanccomannate é

5 Benimle geliyor musun? 10 Parti basliyor mu?

LAVUren ee eee cerse eche cscs sescoanaacScutssicete

osssas: EV GU racte orthoses occas Serer cee Ua nena ee eer Ea cee eeon es ae :

3 Fill in the following sentences with the questions words niye, nasil, kim, ne zaman, and nerede.

Te Araba a. WY nn. calismiyor?’ ‘Cunkii bozuk!

Rad ail(0 bos eh eee basliyor?’ ‘Saat 10’da’’

Be RN Scat yaslyorsunuz?” ‘istanbul’da.’

AOU AKINC .. <cnhss.cssaspusaneessas calisiyor?’ ‘Elektrikle.’

LARSAM oricectsncreks
ony Sti geliyor?’ ‘Ahmet.’
ne eet dEEEEtEEEESSSSSSS

45
 iste- (want), bil- (know), sev- (ove), vs.
non-action verbs

be used in the present continuous tense (i.e. with -yor):

UA Contrary to English, non-action verbs in Turkish can

Seni seviyorum. = / love you. Su istiyorum. = / want water.

ingilizce biliyorum. = / know English.

used with the present continuous tense

In the examples above, the verbs bil- (know) and sev- (love) are
in the present simple tense (i.e. without -ing).
marker -yor, but their English equivalents know and love are used

BI Common non-action verbs that are used with -yor in Turkish:

ingilizce Evet, ingilizce
bil- know nefretet- hate biliyor musun? biliyorum.

anla- understand kork- fear, be afraid of

fark et- realize kiskan- envy
hisset- feel sev- love
zannet- suppose hoslan- like
inan- believe hoslanma- dislike
tani- recognize duy- hear
diistin- think kok- smell
tercih et- prefer gor- see
hatirla- remember gorun- look, seem
iste- want consist of,
unut- forget iger- contain

¢ Cok korkuyorum. e ingilizce anliyorum.

(Ifearso much./lamso scared.) (I understand English.)

e Bir ses duyuyorum. e GUzel gorUnUyorsun. Ben magaraya

(/ hear a noise.) (You look beautiful.) SUNN

ets girmiyorum.
¢ Cok yorgun gorUnUyorsun. e Zeynep’i seviyor musun?
Korkuyor
(You look so tired. ) (Do you love Zeynep?) musun? Evet, cok
korkuyorum.

e A: Beni seviyor musun? (Do you love me?)

B: Evet, seni seviyorum. (Yes, | love you.)

e A: Ben magaraya giriyorum. (/ am entering the cave.)

B: Ben girmiyorum. (/ am not entering.)
A: Korkuyor musun? (Are you scared?)
B: Evet, cok korkuyorum. (Yes, |/am so scared.)

46
»a
ALISTIRMALAR a a

1 Use the verbs in the present continuous tense to complete the sentences. The verb should end with
the suffix for the person in brackets.

b) hoslan- c) duy- d) icer-

. g) tani- R}kok- i) hisset-

1 Buyemek cok kotii ....Kekuyor....! ( 0) OmAVIIMNCeiieeerctresctececeeto: . Cok guzel bir kiz. (Ben)
»
| eeeeAs Ml ZSUN cae vances
scsux-csante . (Ben) ee KENCITMICO KaKO UU Reeteereen
esetsenare: . Erken yatacagim. (Ben)

BRON cso scnvssce eee, . Cok iyi arkadasiz. (Ben) Sa Gani OlmSCS eecmeeeeerert
trees sts . (Biz)

4 Bu yorurt jelatin ...5.2......00cccscoses . (O) QRMSeNIGOKierr ee meaner . (Ben)

DPA: COK rscstesecscrsescncerses . Benimle yatar misin? (Ben) 10 Jane bitaz TUCKCeeieise.ccore cere. (©)

2 Complete the dialogues.

Y
A: Turkce biliyor musun? A: Kendini iyi hissediyor musun?
B: Hayir, Turkce bilmigorum Be eVetaKendinniiCOKily lmresseresereteceneessst ‘

A: Beni seviyor musun? A: Biraz ekmek istiyor musun?

BaEVEEASEMlecesccccsen
tensor coer roacees : Bo Havin .ekiMeK sa ececeet
seve. cctaeecee ee :

A: Giuzel goruniyor muyum? A: Onu kiskaniyor musun?

EV EC PHCOK BULL o. csrcenovecanssiocdeusvesnsss ; Bet lAaVIGOMU ni Giesscecterccermteeteeeeerencs :

10

A: ingilizce anliyor musunuz? A: Onlari hatirliyor musun?

Ba Hayir ingilizce in)...

a)aces Biv EVeE ONlar laine ee eeeeernce
eae :

ci
A: Cocuklar korkuyorlar mi? A: Kedi sit istiyor mu?

BeREVEU COCUKIOL COK isarissacacscrecocevoeess

ene’ : Be Evet) Kedisuthamenecccrt scence. :

A: Bu cikolata alkol igeriyor mu? A: Ucagi goruyor musun?

BMavil, 0 CIKOlAta AKON nscctesctennneasextarvizeceess : BS EVOU, UCAGI... ceisustecceveuanerrnanccore ;

47
 sifatilar
adjectives

in siyah araba (black car)

A Sifat (adjective) is a word that describes a person or thing. For example, the word siyah (black)
is an adjective.

guzel elbise = beautiful dress k6tu adam = bad man yasli kadin = old woman
In the examples above, giizel, kétii and yasli are adjectives.

B | We can create adjectives by adding prefixes or suffixes to the word:

Nouns Adjectives Nouns Adjectives

yas = age = yasli = aged, old hiz = speed > hizli = speedy, fast
bilim=science > bilimsel = scientific baska = other => bambaska = totally different
fark = difference > farkli = different cocuk = child > cocuksu = childish
dar = narrow = daracik = very narrow gunes = sun > gunesli = sunny
lig = three > Uglinct = third kar = snow ee karli = snowy
seker = sugar => sekersiz = without sugar | bos = empty yy bombos = altogether empty

As in English, adjectives in Turkish precede nouns:

eski ayakkabilar = o/d shoes buyUk ev = big house mavi araba = blue car
guzel ayakkabilar = nice shoes o kitap = that book sari sayfalar = yellow pages
kirmizi elbise = red dress iki kilo = two kilos bu gocuk = this child

6. We can use adjective + noun combinations to describe a noun: kiictk beden gomlek = small size shirt

adjective noun noun

a Noun phrases ending in -li/-li/-lu/-lii can also describe a noun:

Uc katli ev kirmizi renkli araba Uc boyutlu televizyon

(three-storey house) (red colour car) (three dimensional television)
iki katli otobtis

eG Noun phrases ending in -lik/-lik/-luk/-lik are used to describe a noun:

on kilometrelik bir yol bes gunluk bir gezi iki haftalik tatil
(a ten-kilometre road) (a five-day trip) (a two-week holiday)
The suffix -lik in the examples above is used to tell the value, price, weight, duration, length etc. of the noun.

EG! -lik is also added to the word kisi (person) to tell something is “for
X number of people”:

dort kisilik siparis on alt kisilik minibUs iki kisilik oda

(a four-people order) (a sixteen seater minibus) (a room for two people / double room)

CH We add the suffix -ki to words ending with the locative case marker -de/-da/-te/-ta to define a noun:
mutfaktaki masa = the table in the kitchen
bardaktaki su = the water in the glass mutfak-ta-ki masa
Read the English
bahcedeki kedi = the cat in the garden Whe \ ~ equivalents in
¢antadaki kalem = the pen in the bag
kitchen Miiiiaay wig © See
Ge -ki (and its mutated form -kii) is also added to words of time:
yarinki mag = tomorrow’s match dunk program = yesterday’s programme

ae Most adjectives can be used as nouns in Turkish. -ler/-lar is the plural making suffix:
yasli= old > yaslilar=the elderly giizel = beautiful > giizeller = the beautiful
mavi = blue > maviler = the blues

48
ALISTIRMALAR
1 Describe the following pictures with the adjectives in the box.

a) kirmizi b) yesil c) rahat d) yuvarlak

e) yiksek f) pahali ehboyok h) giinesli

Uneaten
ae pes nN bir masa

bir bina

2 Fill in the sentences with a word in the box.

a) glinesli b) UcUncu c) nefis

d) yorgun e) iki kath giizel

f)
oda istiyorsunuz? oda istiyorum.
1 Bu elbise pahali ama cok equUZEL Ce ;

JZeeBUVOEMEK COK co... cncssecceseeseseucs . Biraz daha istiyorum.

SaPAliKen Gini ater eceeee hissediyor. Biraz dinlenmeli.

APOE ESI OUI cacetitanncs

sanasaevse bir gun. Piknige gidelim.

Paka sq hlenae eee katta oturuyoruz. Ya siz?

Geltondhadapercec se otobusler cok yaygin.

3 Complete the dialogue on the right and

translate it into your language.

Danisma gorevlisi:

Miusteri

49
 sayma sayilar!
cardinal numbers

3:
CA A cardinal number (sayma sayilari) is an ordinary number such as 1,2, or
Kac¢ seker iki seker,
sifir 0 onbir 11 otuz 30 istiyorsun? - lutfen.

bir 1 oniki 12. kirk 40

iki 2 ontc¢ 13 elli 50
uc 3. ondort 14 altmis 60
dort 4 onbes 15 yetmis 70
bes 5 onalt 16 seksen 80
alt 6 onyedi 17. doksan 90
yedi 7 onsekiz 18 yuz 100
sekiz 8 ondokuz 19 bin 1000
dokuz 9 yirmi 20 bir milyon 1000,000
on 10 yirmi bir 21 birmilyar 1000,000,000

rB It is very easy to form numerals from 11 to 99. Higher numerals must always come before numerals from 1 to 9:

on alti = sixteen yirmi d6ért = twenty-four elli dokuz = fifty-nine

yiiz (one hundred) and bin (one thousand) do not require bir (one). However, we have to use bir before milyon (one
million) and milyar (one billion):

V yuz araba = one hundred cars V bin kitap = one thousand books _ / bir milyon araba = one million cars
X-bir yuz araba X-bir bin kitap JV bir milyar insan = one billion people

Gy We don’t use ve (and) between numbers as we do in English:

V yuz elli bir = one hundred andfifty-one V bin dort yiiz elli Ug = one thousand four hundred and fifty-three
X yuz elli ve bir X bin dort yuz-ve elli U¢

GF Nouns are always singular after numerals. In other words, they do not take the plural suffix -ler/-lar:

/Y on cocuk = ten children V Ug kalem = three pencils

X on cocuklar X tig kalemler

G@ However, some fixed expressions such as movie titles, religious days and street names may take plural nouns:

lig aylar (the three holy months of Recep, Saban and Ramazan) Yedi Ciiceler (Seven Dwarfs)
Kirk Haramiler (Forty Thieves) Uc Silahs6rler (The Three Musketeers)

rG | We use the question word of Ka¢ (How many) to ask the quantity of something. The noun after Kag is always singular:

V A: Kag seker istiyorsunuz? X Kag sekerter istiyorsunuz?

(How many sugars would you like?)
VB: iki seker, litfen. X iki sekerler, litfen.
(Two sugars, please)

V A: Partiye kac kisi geliyor? X Partiye kag kisiter geliyor? See Grammar Essentials
(How many people are coming to the party?) 15 for the plural suffix
JV B: Partiye yirmi kisi geliyor. X Partiye yirmi kisiter geliyor. -ler/-lar.
(Twenty people are coming to the party.)

50
e
' ALISTIRMALAReee ee eee erm ie Wn See

' 1 Write the following numbers in words.

BE I fe fa:CAS pele SE EIEN <p ae 11-870 eee a ee ee

| SNE SAS aS eee TENS [Mes este, co aaah nt 12- S001 Aiast cos eoennne
men ae
> BDI ater ci aane'Uutinsiaiget
ieok
hecx Bap AS Mae etanicaescicansmntevace
neasieee 3-020LOmitre tecccussacneneeecvse-coceresatteete

WMD BSE Sw sendg passer se tecavike Da) GRO, Jessact ceed cent premene
aoke 14-35:1 0,000 Pee rca ccoccteceecatr eae
:
RON SR re ned avin suede wnediaeaeacsvosst LO =O sonaseendane
qadcncrse secs eauncceTe 15-9910, SOOM cerccnesaeteaencccauctoteet
ie

2 Write the missing numbers.

1 onalt 6 yirmi bir 11 yirmi alti 16 otuz bir 21 otuzalt

2 onyedi Tae ahs

rySie Derr srennneraeteed 1
OP oer
ts Pe PE ESO
petinh

3 On sekiz. BS eae 1a Ae eek Leama eeranke 23 heehee se

4 on dokuz 9 yirmi dort 14 yirmi dokuz 19 otuz dort 24 otuz dokuz

Dee eatiaaks LOB eer eee: LS agti teense: UAW ie errr trrea nes 2D Pachavte eerie

1 Bir futbol takiminda .......... OV DI ean eu futbolcu var. (11)

2h» “BALE Eaa LES SN a I eet Norra parmak var. (5)

ML UNAV
ACLclteeace cet cocciictie secrasctes suamteaereene ulke var. (196)

ABD eC AKI
KalGaleeste tiessee aexc stats sevs avatee sues: saniye var. (60)

Be Bi Vilda ..ksccscscs: se
RRERSE ie MME ay var. (12)

(S. .RIGIFTIMISEIINGEs sntseteseadeeacockeosaencueebecasaranaee el var. (2)

WME CUS cc ncreinre teccceerse wesc ccowscunracs saat var. (24)

4 Circle the correct phrases written in italic.

1 Masada lic kalemler /‘ig kalemvar.

2 Bir yilda elli iki hafta / elli iki haftalar var.

3. Kirk Haramiler / Kirk Harami filmini seyrediyorum.

4 Babam bana yi7z liralar/ yuz lira verdi.

5 Disarida iki polis / iki polisler var.

51
 sira sayilari
ordinal numbers

in Turkish,
CA An ordinal number is a number such asfirst, second or third. To make an ordinal number
we add -inci/-inci/-uncu/-iincii after consonants and -nci/-nci/-ncu/-ncii after vowels:

birinci or ilk 1* on ikinci 12% otuzuncu e(Ov

ikinci 2 ~~ on diciincil 13 kirkinci 40"
ugtincii 3° = on dodrdiinci 14° ellinci 50% 4

dérdiincii 4 on besinci 15 altmisinci 60" TEKIRDAG

besinci 5 on altinci 16 yetmisinci 7.0: ULUSLARARASI

altinci 6" — on yedinci 17" sekseninci so" KI RAZ

yedinci 7 on sekizinci 18" doksaninci go" 5 5

sekizinci 8 ondokuzuncu 19" yiziinci hundredth GofNever Perret, ® FESTIVALI

dokuzuncu 9 yirminci 20° bininci thousandth 12-16 HAZIRAN 2013
onuncu 10° yirmi birinci 21% bir milyonuncu millionth
on birinci 11° yirmi ikinci 22” bir milyarinc billionth

besinci soru = the fifth question ikinci sokak = the second street __ ilk sag = first right
kirkinci yild6ntimd = the fortieth anniversary Ucinct kez = the third time yirminci deneme = the twentieth trial

rB We use (.) after numerals to make them ordinals as we use -th in English ordinals:
5. yarismaci = the 5" contestant 10. yil = the 10 year 2. sayfa = the 2"% page

30. Uluslararasi istanbul Kitap Fuari = The 30" International istanbul Book Fair

We can also use -inci and -nci after an apostrophe as follows:

6inel=60"" 21ine| 221" 4’iincu = 4" 80’ inci = 80% 12'ncl = 12"

Gs We attach the ordinal suffix to the last element:

otuz ikinci = thirty second yuz on besinci = one hundred andfifteenth

rE | Ordinal numbers are used to answer the questions made with kacinci:
Dordiinct
; kat, lutfen.
e A: Kacinci sokak? = Which street (in order)? —P~
B: Uctincii sokak = Third street.

e A: Kacinci ay? = Which month?

B: Sekizinci ay = The eighth month.

e A: Kacinci kat? = Which floor?

B: Dérdiinct kat, lutfen. = Fourth floor, please.

ilk may be used instead of birinci:

ilk/birinci gin = first day ilk/birinci sokakta yasiyorlar. = They are living in the first street.

rG | son and sonuncu are also used to refer to the position of something in a series and it means
/ast orfinal:
son/sonuncu gun = the last/final day son/sonuncu soru = the last/final question

52
b ALISTIRMALAR
1 Write the missing ordinal numbers.

1 altinci 6 yirminci 11 otuzuncu

. Mise,
, 2 yedinci ee Ae nea eS ie et
p
| Sei eam aneese
eanont, Gina atyare ncunier
Adee 13 otuz ikinci

- ATS Saeee ee 9 yirmi U¢gincti LA irish re eeeeeeaes

5 onuncu ae hatente
AO ee are AMS PEsee hee Uae

2 Write the ordinal numbers for the following.

1. sekizinci At tee 6 yirminci Aa Paes

2 on u¢uncu Spree nea 7 yirmi dérduncu a widteameress

3 on dokuzuncu Sareea 8 otuzuncu mathe meres

4 besinci oe Se ear 9 otuz besinci EH eat ated

5. ikinci A ee a 10 kirkinci SEW eee eonstas

 Gelirim. (/ come.)
present simple positive

also represent a widespread truth:

CA | Simple present tense expresses unchanging, repeated, or reoccurring actions. It can

Turkce konus-ur-um. (/ speak Turkish.) Sen cok hizli kos-ar-sin. (You run so fast.)

present simple personal present simple personal

tense marker suffix for / tense marker suffix for You

See the tables below for full details on the structure.

e Her sabah erken uyanirim.

-ir/-it/-ur/-ir (| wake up early every morning.)
after multi-syllable verbs ending in a consonant (See C for exceptions)

Person eglen- uyan- konus- guldir- * Jane biraz Turkce konusur.

to have fun towakeup ___tospeak/talk —tomakesomeonelaugh (Jane speaks Turkish a little.)
Ben eglen-ir-im. uyan-ir-im. konus-ur-um. guldir-ir-Um.
Sen eglen-ir-sin. | uyan-tr-sin. konus-ur-sun. — giildiir-iir-siin. e Cocuklar parkta eglenirler.
O eglen-ir. uyan-ir. konus-ur. guldir-iir. (Children have fun in the park.)
Biz eglen-ir-iz. uyan-ir-iz. konus-ur-uz. guldir-iir-iiz.
Siz__ eglen-ir-siniz. uyan-ir-siniz. _konus-ur-sunuz. |giilddir-ur-stiniz. e Babam bana her gin seker getirir.
Onlar eglen-ir-ler. = uyan-ir-lar. _konus-ur-lar. guldir-iir-ler. (My dad brings me sweets every day.

-er/-ar e Ates yakar. ¢ Her giin iki litre su icerim.

after mono-syllable verbs ending in a (Fire burns.) (| drink two litres of water every day.)
consonant
parca kon a eae e Her sabah posal: e Cenk boroy bana bir mektup yazar.
es ray ialere (I run every morning.) (Cenk writes me a letter every month.)
Ben _kos-ar-im. sev-er-im.
: rm : : - There are some exceptions. The verbs gel-, g6r-, bul-, ol-, 6l-, bil-, vur-, dur-,
Smee LOSgengeltl seve: san-, kal-, var-, al-, ver- are not followed by -ar/-er but followed by
|O- kos-ar. Sev-er. -ir/-ir/-ur/-iir as in the table in section B above:
Biz kos-ar-iz. sev-er-iz.
Siz kos-ar-siniz. sev-er-siniz. ¢ Mike Turkce bilir. e Her sabah gazete alirim.
Onlar _ kos-ar-lar. sev-er-ler. (Mike knows Turkish.) (| buy a newspaper every morning.)

re e Program her gun 8’de baslar.

after verbs ending in a vowel (The programme starts at 8 every day.)
Person. basla- bekle-
to start to wait ¢ Her aksam bir film izlerim.
Ben _basla-r-im. _bekle-r-im. (/ watch a movie every night.)
Sen basla-r-sin. —_bekle-r-sin.
oO basla-r. bekle-r. ¢ Ogrenciler her sabah kitap okurlar.
Biz basla-r-iz. bekle-r-iz. (Students read books every morning.)
Siz basla-r-siniz. _ bekle-r-siniz. ;
Onlar basla-r-lar. bekle-r-ler. * Balinalar okyanusta yasarlar.
(Whales live in the ocean.)

rE | Remember that the final letter -t in git- (to go), seyret- (to watch) and et- (to make/do) mutates to -d:

* git- » giderim. (I go.) ° seyret- » seyrederim. (/ watch.)

54
 ALISTIRMALAR
ee
ee oe ere nna ee ee ee eee eee

Add “ir/-ir/-ur/-iir followed by the personal suffix.

1-6gret-toteach — 2- bitir- to finish _ 3- goster- to show 4-savun- to defend _5- kullan- to use

|a OBretlMIM..., DIU caeereease Ktilanigeeeccn rere

“Sen OBretiKSIN.......... DiGi eit neelssctrs: OSC Ieeerareee

seates
Dp
|O OBretl iscsi ltl Rarcaterseatee
veces ME OSTC Mare ec ect cccasces

Biz OBretlIZ. ees DiI ec wwektetrnae: BOSteieete

Siz Ogret!KSINIZ. ..... DIEIy eer rrercnes e BOSTEL...2.cececerenees

| ae ogret!le..... biti fiatiescaehetkae.

6- gotur- to take 7- kapat- to close

fBen BOtUL....seeeeeeees

) Sen (240)
AU Gre tateeencresD

0 BOtUitireereceeeeceeee
1 Biz POU eee ecenees

Siz POUUTes one es

Onlar e(@
il [Rosendesneodtccce,

1 Sinan bir 6gretmendir. Kimya .......... 6gretir . (68ret-)

peeBen NerakSaln-Kitap iiccacsacecccscsesscdssccedece . (oku-)
BESeCV TAD uDINDaMKaC aicersncecascasecsssvoncemcascseeens . (calis-)
4 Mehmet ddevini her zaman erken ...........ccceceessssseeeeeeeeeees . (bitir-)
POET GOD IVE SCVIEK S fectccc-ccestecteesteesntaasavees . (dUstin-)
Add -er/-ar followed by the personal suffix.
1- i¢- to drink 2- gul- to laugh _3- yuiz- to swim

[Ben || igQHiWn...:....
Sen ICES. aes.
|
O | IGEMssesesssees

Bees hy ichhIae
siz igersiniz.....
“onlar iceler. aan

Add -r followed by the personal suffix.

1- yaga- to live _2- oyna- to play 3- dinle- to listen A agla-tocry | 5- basla-tostart _

Ben Va Sa ee atc OYA... ssesseseseesseees Cinle..........s000 ABlA........seessseeens . basla.........ee i |

| Sen vagal ola ia. OYMA.-osesseescsserseeeees Cinle..........2.sse+ | aga ieee... |Daslacescrceentes

|O VOSA eect acest OYMA.......sesssessseesee Cinle.........ssesse ABLA......-seesseereees _basla NEN Race Sak

Biz
| | yasall4......<.. seats OYMA.esseeseesersersersens DiMle......eeseereesees AIA... sseereeseerees | basla.....sssererreens |

si __| |yasaKsinid........ OYMA...--sssssessesessee Clin aes ara ABIA......-rssserseeee Dagla......--sese-er00s ae |

Onlar yasaHlari...ooooee. OYNA....+0044. serssereesee GUIMMC.resseesseeeenees ABA ......ssesseerees || bagla...... esses |

EE aR a ee, a ae eee ee eee ee ee
55
 Gelmem. (/ don’t come.) - Gelir misin? (Do you come?)
present simple negative and question

between the verb stem and the

DA In order to make present simple negative sentences, we insert -me/-mez or -ma/-maz
personal suffix:
Muzik dinle-me-m. (/ don’t listen to music.) Ben cok hizli kos-ma-m. (/ don’t run so fast.)

present simple personal present simple —_personal

negative marker — suffix for/ negative marker — suffix for/

Negative
e Serkan sit i¢mez.
-me/-mez -ma/-maz ee ;
after verbs with e, i, 6, U after verbs with a, 1, 0, u (Serkan doesn’t drink milk.)
in their final syllable in their final syllable .
: . e Kerem 6dev yapmaz.
Person dinle- to listen kos- to run (Kerem doesn’t do homework.)
Ben dinle-me-m kos-ma-m

Sen _dinle-mez-sin kos-maz-sin * Onlar televizyon seyretmezler.

O dinle-mez kos-maz (They don’t watch the television.)
Biz dinle-me-y-iz kos-ma-y-iz
Siz dinle-mez-siniz kos-maz-siniz : re)saa er
Onlar dinle-mez-ler kos-maz-lar one ey

- The word hig (which means never) is commonly used in present simple sentences. The verb is always in negative form:

¢ Ben hic et yemem. ¢ Sen hic giilmezsin. ¢ Mert hic futbol oynamaz.
(I never eat meat.) (You never laugh.) (Mert never plays football.)

Gs To make questions in the present simple, we use the question particle mi/mi/mu/mii followed by the personal suffix:

Muzik dinle-r mi-sin? (Do you listen to music?) e Kitap okur musun?
(Do you read books?)
present simple question personal
marker particle suffix for You ¢ Dondurma sever misin?
(Do you like ice-cream?)
Question
mi after verbs mi after verbs with mu after verbs with ml after verbs with ° Nazli tiyatroya gider mi?
withe oriintheir aorsintheirfinal ooruintheir final 6 or Win their final (Does Nazli go to the theatre!
final syllable syllable syllable syllable ‘
Person bil- to know kos- to run oku- to read diistin- to think © Onlar balik yerler mi?
Ben bilir miyim? kosar miyim? okur muyum? diisiniir miiytim? (Do they eat fish?)
Sen bilir misin? kosar misin? okur musun? diistniir miisuin?
O bilir mi? kosar mi? okur mu? diisiiniir mii? * Turkce bilir misiniz?
Biz bilir miyiz? kosar miyiz? okur muyuz? diistniir miiyiiz? (DG You ks awal arch
Siz bilir misiniz? kosar misiniz? okur musunuz
i $ Usiniir musiiniiz?
dusindy musunuzs' «Cenk basketbol oynar mi?
Onlar _ bilirler mi? kosarlar mi? okurlar mi? dusiinirler mi? (Does Cenk play basketball?)

¢ A: Pop muzik dinler misin? ¢ A: Gokhan sinemaya gider mi?

(Do you listen to pop music?) (Does Gékhan go to the cinema?)

B: Hayir, dinlemem. / Evet, dinlerim. B: Hayir, gitmez. / Evet, gider.

(No, | don’t listen. / Yes, | listen.) (No, he doesn’t go. / Yes, he goes.)

The question form of the present simple is commonly used for making polite requests:

e A: Cay yapar misin? B: Tabii ki, yaparim.

(Can you make tea?) (Of course, | can (make).)

56
”ALISTIRMALAR
pe a a a

Add mi/mi/mu/mii followed by the personal suffix. The present simple marker is already added.
1- galis- to work 2- sev- to love/like 3- oyna- to play 4-yap- to do/make _5- git- togo
Ben Galigir WALYIWAL | Sever ceecscccecssessee GV Mala eer deenstee.or, VAD Alon sere sicceearecen PICET cccscuie eeties
Sen calisir WAISINE. ..... SCVGligiecsn teamisceesan OV Ma limpenenesste.vess Va aligecccsccssccmercnt SIGE Reinet

‘ O calisir: WMP... 2... SEVGIrs esiatccstacias OVMaliecescesencat: Vaal eetsiecinsuens SIAOW caccsarsemstentanns

. Biz calisir WAIYIZ?...... SEVE enoniuniaioraant OVNal ocbeeaeeecee Vala Naan tetas as
pideinnne

| Siz GaltsuMAISINIZS 1) SeVEL crescoccssncccaness OV Naligeercmeeeene VaDalteetcstnrsr pide

Onlar calisirlar. mle eer SEVIER ceauertecans OVild eee nance Vapal eres PIGS Wien crete tc

6- konus- to speak __7- ic- to drink 8- sat- to sell 9- al- to take/buy 10-dustin- to think

Ben KOMUSUIeeeerncsetrmes: ICOM ede teetsteecrs Sat alters so eineoane E\ireseaseser etree CLUSUMU taeseeeeees

Sen KOMUSUIE cp scsovessevesee ICGliese ores raarses Salan tiaievseossees AliWizasseesasateercss ORUOIMUN? soccsancaacocace

O ROMU SUM ci csasc enieass IGON scatencuteanes Sal aFasscesecyee oeec Ele CISCUNee emceeete

Biz KOMUSUhemeesessrsseees ICON pe tee cees Salaineent ene alifeette eee CUSU MU eer eneess

Siz KOU SUlacet atrecaet seks: iCClaaemer ene Sal atnestesvencs: ll leresscscoctoscote: GUSUIUtreecntreseees

nian | |KONUSUMT .:..5::...-...... cer satinee.t. Sdtate.ian.anee alia iets eee ) GUS UMUTANcee cee

Add mi/mi/mu/mii to the verbs in brackets followed by the personal suffix.

1 Seningilizce ...... bilir misin? (bil-)
Pmesiz Her Saban kalValth <icic...0s00.ccasvacese.seadenace ? (yap-)
MME ETA SALT ANIC <ocsoct cssyaneZsccscesscvernscasee ? (oyna-)
PMMMSEMAl CVS c.ccccccsjeseonescessdschecccrecte ? (calis-)
SEL ASI OU grea rote cscacancacsteesupesets: ? (yap-)
POUT TEIEVIZVON ccsccesdssscctvessseanesasseneaesce ? (seyret-)
Be DOM CF KON cvs crccescsars sesadsnreverseesesnes ? (yat-)
RESIS SITMCTINAVAix nceche is pec asvacarnuncsesacas ? (git-)
3) OETKS aS eae ee eee ee ? (ye-)
ME SIZES SIK weceescveadteesncesiacuaviase
nes? (gorus-)

Complete the conversations.

Dialogue-1 Dialogue-4
A: Sen iyi yuzer misin? [eet eer MORNE NBR aE IRCCS 2A Nial tro REA 2

B: Evet, ben cok iyi GUZerln Fite ere rere ere : B: Evet, ben her giin kitap okurum.

Dialogue-2 Dialogue-5

A: Burada semsiye satarlar mi? A: Sedat cok ders caligir mi?

DP HAVIG DULAC A SEMSIVE <.ecsvcccssodetsrs.sassdseorsteessreeross : Be Hayily, SEGAL MiCutectrs same ottesanesleonacetour eap :
eseeere

Dialogue-3 Dialogue-6

A: Antalya’ya cok kar yagar mi? A: Sen erken yatar misin?

Beeravik, AntalyaVa COK Kar iii ..scnecscsncevedenescautiseres- : BREVet DEM COK ELKO wistscs-.ctesenusisuedevrevesnenentocansss¥s .
ee
Ee
57
Konusuyordum. (/ was talking.)
past continuous positive

time in the past. The tense

The past continuous tense is commonly used for actions which were going on at a particular
marker is -(i)yordu. The English equivalent is “was/were doing”.

Telefonda konus-u-yordu-m. (/ was talking on the phone.) Kek yap-t-yordu-n. (You were making a cake.)

past continuous personal past continuous __ personal

tense marker suffix for / tense marker suffix for You

Structure: verb + (i, 1, u, U) + yordu + personal suffix

See the table below for full details on the structure and use.

Positive
¢ Kahve iciyorduk.
-i-yordu after -I-yordu after -u-yordu after -u-yordu after (We were drinking coffees
verbs with e oriin verbs witha ortin verbs with o oruin verbs with 6 or Win
their final syllable their final syllable their final syllable __their final syllable > Berkethivendes

Person ig- to drink yap- todo/make _ oku- to read gil- to laugh (Berk was laughing.)
Ben ig-i-yordu-m yap-i-yordu-m oku-u-yordu-m gul-U-yordu-m
Sen ic-i-yordu-n yap-I-yordu-n oku-u-yordu-n giil-ii-yordu-n ¢ Onlar konusuyorlardi.
O ig-i-yordu yap-i-yordu oku-u-yordu gul-U-yordu COREY eee
Biz ig-i-yordu-k yap-!-yordu-k oku-u-yordu-k gul-ti-yordu-k * Sen uyuyordun.
Siz ic-i-yordu-nuz yap-!-yordu-nuz oku-u-yordu-nuz _ giil-ii-yordu-nuz (You were sleeping.)
Onlar _ ig-i-yor-lar-di yap-i-yor-lar-di oku-u-yor-lardi gul-ii-yor-lar-di

- If a verb ends in -e, we drop -e and replace it by -i or -ti followed by -yordu and the personal suffix:

bekle- bekliyordum soyle- soyluyordum

(to wait) (I was waiting.) (to say/tell) (Il was saying/telling.)

- If a verb ends in -a, we drop -a and replace it by -1 or -u followed by -yordu and the personal suffix:

basla- basliyordum oyna- oynuyordum

(to begin) (| was beginning.) (to play) (I was playing.)

Past continuous tense is commonly used with a clause whose verb has the suffix -diginda (when) or -ken (while) to say
what was happening before and after another action in the past:

e Eve girdigimde cocuklar oynuyorlardi. ¢ Sen uyuyorken ben kitap okuyordum.

(When | entered home, the kids were playing.) (While you were sleeping, | was reading a book.)

¢ Sen beni aradiginda banyo yapiyordum. * Biz film seyrederken, babam kek yapiyordu.
(When you called me, | was having a shower.) (While we were watching a film, my father was making a cake.)

- See Unite-80 for full details on -diginda and Unite-82 for -ken

Remember that the final letter -t in git- (to go), seyret- (to watch) and et- (to make/do) mutates to -d:

© git- gidiyordum. (/ was going.) ° seyret- ~ seyrediyordum. (/ was watching.)

Note that the Turkish equivalents of all the English non-progressive verbs can take the past continuous ie
marker: |

¢ Biliyordum. (I knew.) ¢ Goruyordum. (I saw.) ¢ Duyuyordum. (/ heard.)

58
’a ALISTIRMALAR
_ Add -iyordu/-iyordu/-uyordu/-iiyordu followed by the personal suffix.
1- bil- to know 2- kullan- to use 3- kos- to run 4- yaz- to write 5- yuru- to walk
Ben -pillyerdum......... Rullanicee ye sees Rogteht
iia 2a ae,lee coe Vu Use eee ee
Sen billyordun.......... Kullanveretce Kosmar rere. yar porn ann Teaser sere
|O bill Yord.u severnenss, KUN fates cczatteont
tae KOS etre et: AZo Atel css VULU sc sesec teen, eee
; Biz biliyorduk....... Kuillareetese
oecs Koga
tue we Ng 2 EE ee VUPLL eee
teen meee
| i Siz biliyord.unuz ace CEET eSannem KOSp omer ere Vil Zeer
enetecesateares VU RU steerer anton ees

Onlar biNYOMaal.. kulllanicccccccccccsseeoses Kose eee ee Vaz tee sees yard ae eee
6- sat- to sell 7-al- to take; buy _—8- gel- to come 9- calis- to work 10- eglen- to have fun

Ben Eas eo penis ARE

FRET Selntel. pele Geet... Calisnaie. ase 18 CRIN eeriecee

‘Sen Sal Corratere

cedesecerciatela’ 7 ciel chet A Rea bent f cele COUS eee tea eBlCN see nemaee

0 Saltaesasncscereesitureeces Fen esr ani a ai Delores

ue eaters CallSiaererac neces (S724
(2)9 en erat
ranee

Biz Sale ee ee ote ciees Alc Maree

eeeee celeste: Fee CaliStitesae mes eplanwiretatas.a.

| Siz Salen men ener tartectests © ers arai reineei Pel aerate eee. CallSmemeeren
ces eres eglentercnere

_Onlar Chae eee ea eae ereene al eel Reich

tere. rely Riera Meher
te oaeee CaliSUaarnee ence + ||OBIEN.. eee. settee

- Add -iyordu/-iyordu/-uyordu/-Uyordu to the verbs in brackets followed by the personal suffix.

1 Leyla ve Serpil parkta guiriyorlard (yurt-) Bae Misatirler: PAbUCGt nae aes
eee ene . (eglen-)
Deer NALATWCVE cere anscccesavsisiesesnecossss . (git-) Gee Sarhostura marae balmeeeeeesceeeenee
se eee eee : (kullan-)
MAC AIMEKAT
DU Zasccrcestsossesenesccsorteateenscn . (Sat-) me GOKSECIIDIGMEKCUPirssee eee tee eeeeenece
eee . (yaz-)
See DEL GUN. AKSAM GEFS 5..ccccccceesscenecseseccarsaneonca . (calis-) SUSTUNCAV VeIMICKt SDOR scence oneness . (yap-)

; Add -iyordu/-iyordu/-uyordu/-iiyordu followed by the personal suffix. Remember to replace the final vowel.

1- dene- to try 2- oyna- to play 3- hazirla- to prepare —_4- dinle- to listen 5- ala to cry

Br CRI OCAUI iiss Sica AY AER yephe oi eter ee Seat bese Ses esas! | tone ee
|Sen ACOACOLOONO eet ew ene ie PN er vn ee ER not are Ls ene taser
one
De | deniyordu ede ||Suess ag he ae ie ea peer ecte peermedia: |TA ai eee titer pvnipetel ee
|Biz Ora |e ete wiloucaneh odie) tela eee et ee eee
Isiz 1A ete |eee, |aes Cer er ec |
ae deniyorlardi ee Mite een pete cal Nall.cA a, ac tokeich dsglaceaas eter4-04"faked soma meager eas ROMIN ea gee SR nee

. Add -iyordu/-iyordu/-uyordu/-iiyordu to the verbs in brackets followed by the personal suffix.

1 Mehmet magazada bir gomlek Aenigordy ....., . (dene-)
DEBE DOK COK vss ovcannncvsnccctsesscsneaxsepenve . (agla-)
PE BADAIII, VEIMICK =:ahicstanets
Snes pectssnest seessne . (hazirla-)
PBC VCcatKAC ASI (MUZIK 4200 ccecsessansencassaocvanesoates . (dinle-)
BE COCUKIan WalICCCE COP) sisc..cscrcsve-rtssavedaresuneser' . (oyna-)
MOST DU SaDAIPOLODUS o2e00.h.c.
Sees: catessevanceoneesss . (bekle-)
nn eee U EEE SESE

5g
UNITE | Konusmuyordum. (/ wasn’t talking.) Konusuyor muydun? (Were you talking?)
past continuous negative and question

verb stem and -yordu followed by

tA |To make past continuous negative sentences, we insert -mi/-mi/-mu/-mii between the
the personal suffix. .

Telefonda konus-mu-yordu-m. (/ wasn’t talking on the phone.)

negative past continuous personal

marker | tense marker suffix for /

Structure: verb + (mi/-mi/-mu/-mi) + yordu + personal suffix

Negative

-mi-yordu after -mi-yordu after -mu-yordu after -mi-yordu after

verbs with e oriin verbs withaortin verbs with o oruin verbs with 6 or Win
their final syllable their final syllable their final syllable _their final syllable

Person ig- to drink yap- todo/make _ oku- to read gil- to laugh

Ben i¢-mi-yordu-m yap-mi-yordu-m = oku-mu-yordu-m___ giil-mii-yordu-m
Sen ig-mi-yordu-n yap-mi-yordu-n oku-mu-yordu-n _—_ giil-mii-yordu-n
O ig-mi-yordu yap-mi-yordu oku-mu-yordu gul-mii-yordu
Biz ig-mi-yordu-k yap-mi-yordu-k oku-mu-yordu-k _ giil-mii-yordu-k
Siz i¢-mi-yordu-nuz = yap-mi-yordu-nuz_ oku-mu-yordu-nuz giil-mi-yordu-nuz
Onlar — ig-mi-yor-lar-di yap-mi-yor-lar-di =oku-mu-yor-lardi = giil-mii-yor-lar-di

e Babam gazete okumuyordu. e Ayse temizlik yapmiyordu. e Bebek sut i¢miyordu.

(My dad wasn’t reading a newspaper.) (Ayse wasn’t doing cleaning.) (The baby wasn’t drinking milk.)

Structure: verb + (i, 1, u, ii) + yor +muydu + personal suffix? —

Question
muydu ¢ Dun parkta kosuyor muydun?
after verbs already suffixed (Were you running in the park yesterday?)
by -(i)yor (except Onlar)
¢ Serkan okula gidiyor muydu?
woe) aber. (Was Serkan going to school?)
Ben gel-iyor muydum?
Sen gel-iyor muydun? ¢ Kahve i¢giyor muydunuz?
O gel-iyor muydu? (Were you drinking coffee?)
Biz gel-iyor muyduk?
Siz gel-iyor muydunuz? ¢ Cocuklar futbol oynuyorlar miydi?
Onanmircervariainic? (Were the children playing football?)

¢ A: Dun parkta yUruyor muydunuz? ¢ A: Telefonda konusuyor muydun?

(Were you walking in the park yesterday?) (Were you talking on the phone?)

B: Evet, yuriiyorduk. / Hayir, yurumiiyorduk. B: Evet, konusuyordum. / Hayir, konusmuyordum.

(Yes, we were walking. / No, we weren’t walking.) (Yes, |was talking. / No, | wasn’t talking.)

We can ask questions using the question words such as Ne (What), Nasil (How), and Nerede (Where):

° A: Parkta ne yapiyordunuz? (What were you doing in the park?) © A: Nasil yuzUyordum?
(How was | swimming?)
B: Futbol oynuyorduk. (We were playing football.) B: Cok iyi yuzyordun. (You were swimming very well.)

60
:
Ss
ALISTIRMALAR
SE Sc a

| Put the verbs in past continuous question form.

1- ¢alis- to work 2- gel- to come 3- uyu- to sleep 4- bekle- to wait

a AA ccc
er) | bocce [eet

ara ce eelsee eecasei

9 ticnais ee Lf mat
a)Beanesomaani ene
acaetcscoan ofc
Ml a, aaetes Rade
) SIC ICCLE ERAT 54 | gaa a
i |Biz
SE Pen
ee BN UCUaii
Cami Siesta
eneraac ke ee seeme
Vi editemnien
d ae a Raa
eihSiz LGU STC GISIE MITT. Seat Nm a (Re A es ER Os
Be OIAUG ree semen a le ot Se nape ote wom iat)
5- yap- to do/make 6- izle- to watch 7- git- to go 8- agla- to cry

EL uae epEach sta Sie RL een EL baSion. RR ID Te Vier eta nee D en ail (MMMM nb ener MTL |Z

USED geen itech anata ea ciate ta Coa con te Oe (eI OE Aa RANT GS NIA earn aan ee ade TD

(eae aot Scan cee eM gee, RET (Pet ta Po es ON ee Rs en! MO Rene orion ren

MN ere ree EAD 5 act hea at sa sideceashe sion AeLS soede ee coeeeecks ceoivinisiahiDeodeasce Le UPabate eee

7, 0) | RS Sve aR ial a aS ee el cnt ROA Hine nein ENT as oie ee td Ee (AAR CO OR ARR EARN BOR MCR RRR aie GI

DDE | nk Beh ao ea dec ls in a lS le Aa een OR Riri |afl CERO! Sr Lavi din' Tr

Add muydu followed by the personal suffix.

1 Adam hizli kosuyor .......: WA, uydu Sees) ? GeeEeiinat OLODUS DEKIIVOlmesesemresssnenettessteereeee ?
Py SIZ TPPLIZHYON <ac00cscssoeoseetconuaeenes ? Ya Ben Guniders callS\VOtmcctsseeseee nesta: ip
3 Bebek diin gece agliyOr .........cccceccessseesseeesees ? 8 Siz gecen sali alisveris yAPIYOF .........ccccsccccessssceeeseeees ?

Br SINERVOKUIS BICIVON ..65cisiassccncksecstocososes ? De Sen GUN Pazar SIGIVOL ioc ces ee scenes cere trnerare- 2
Be Sen atit saat 9 da UVUYOF sdisc ecectecciststescensecaess ? TOsHasan' parkta OVnUVON c..cccc-ceneccecee fecesodece ?

_ Use the verbs in brackets to complete the questions.

1 Sen dtin magazadan bir gomlek aliyor. muydun a Pia yee eSOMMCUMBCCE CES cct.. cence see ve sepacerodenescoiceers ? (calis-)
Pe Din sen VeAlt Kafede icc eiisiicsentacsessnsacesasesenceas ? (otur-) 5 paBiz Seen CuUMG-aAlISVENIS cca -ccc.<seee-tseeere eee ee ? (yap-)
Bem TCU DISIKIC tierce de a Mae casqeicnsnpmnose'ne ? (kullan-) Sue KOmSulancum: PIRMIK Retain melee ? (yap-)
<ceeters

Complete the dialogues with the questions in the box.

a) nasil gidiyorlardi b) ne vaniwordunuz c) nereye gidiyordu d) nerede kosuyordunuz

Dialogue-1 Dialogue-3
A: Gecen cumartesi ne. yapiyordunuz Serie hn aan 2 Weaekorayoursabahtc scsekt eo. wetter cunts cee a ?
B: Gecen cumartesi alisveris yapiyorduk. B: Koray bu sabah okula gidiyordu.

Dialogue-2 Dialogue-4
2N2 LD.Ai ractseéds cio uo a aaa ce aCe ReRr eee LEE eeee vucesheennss ?
Pe On lat DIKMIBC tee Batasen sess cccascesvicnaesannass

B: Duin parkta kosuyorduk. B: Onlar piknige arabayla gidiyorlardi.

a ——

61
 bazi (some, certain) bitin (all)
hicbir (no, none of, not... any) cogu (most)

bazi means some or certain. It is followed by a plural noun:

bazi insanlar = some/certain people
bazi arkadaslar =some/certain friends
bazi Ulkeler = some/certain countries
bazi yazarlar = some/certain writers

e Bazi arabalar cok ekonomiktir.

(Some/Certain cars are very economical.)

e Hayatta bazi kurallar vardir.

(There are some/certain rules in life.)

e Bazi mantarlar cok sagliklidir.

(Some/Certain mushrooms are very healthy.)

e Bazi Ulkeler ruzgar enerjisi kullaniyor.

(Some/Certain countries are using wind energy.)

- bazi can be replaced by bir kisim or kimi.

biitiin means all and it can be followed by a singular or a plural noun:

Butiin paralar
butUn gun = all day ealtal
butUninsanlar =all/ people Bugiin tum a Hayir, baz!
butlin magazalar = all shops magazalar kapali mi? | magazalar acik.
buttn ucuslar =<all flights
bitun paralar* =all the money

e A: Bugln tum/buttin magazalar kapali mi?

(Are all the shops closed today?)

B: Hayir, bazi magazalar acik.

(No, some shops are open.)

We use hicbir to say no/none of/not ... any. It is followed by a singular noun. See Unite-27 for full details.

hic¢bir 6grenci = no student

/ none of the students Vv higbir 6grenci X hicbir 6grenciter
higbir magaza_ _=no shop
/none of the shops V hicbir magaza X hicbir magazalar

¢ Buguin hi¢cbir magaza acik degil. ¢ Hicbir 6grenci 6dev yapmadi.

(No/None of the shops are open today.) (No/ None of the students did homework.)

gogu means most/most of them. The nouns cogu modifies are always singular:

Y Cogu cocuk bilgisayar oyunlarini sever. X Cogu cocuklar bilgisayar oyunlarini sever.
(Most children like computer games.)

¥Y Cogu banka hafta sonu kapalidir. X Cogu bankalar hafta sonu kapalidir.
(Most banks are closed at the weekend.)

* para (money) is a countable word in Turkish. That is, it is used with the plural suffix -lar to say paralar.

62
*ALISTIRMALAR
1 Look at the chart. Use bazi, biitiin, cogu, or hicbir to complete the sentences.

MILLIYET

17-20 yasinda Avrupall 17%

21-24 yasinda Amerikall /
25-30 yasinda Afrikali

> 31-40 yasinda Asyali

YAS MILLIYET
L, eS eee reneaten Ogrenciler 17 ve 20 yas arasindadir. Gao aay cores ogrenciler Afrikalidir.

2b >Gis StS ee eo ogrenciler 21 ve 24 yas arasindadir. er Aee Heh) hho Rae ogrenciler Avrupalidir.

Oe htaatcts
tess oacticates seco Ogrenci 25 ve 30 yas arasindadir. f2)) ie ahsbetereeed baanaaESe aon ogrenci Amerikalidir.

ee See erer rc eitaricces ogrenci 30 yas Uzeri degildir. Spi ar cameronetl ogrenci Asyali degildir.

Ae Pee eee Ogrenciler 17 yas Uzerindedir.

2 The chart indicates the percentages of the language activities liked by students.
Use bazi, bitin, cogu or hicbir to complete the sentences.

Dil Bilgisi

Konusma

Okuma

Yazma
O210% 20 30" “40°5 505760 (70, 80. 90,

"cs Sp hte ie ang A Ogrenci 'okuma' aktivitesini seviyor.

Be ysis
ee oe ogrenciler ‘dil bilgisi’ aktivitesini seviyor.

APT ois aanamhns

ae sence eRR 6grenci 'yazma’' aktivitesini sevmiyor.

Uo ae ec ee ee Ogrenciler 'konusma' aktivitesini seviyor.

3 Translate the following sentences into English.

1 Bazi insanlar cok konusur. Some people talk too much.

2 Bugiin biitiin yollar kapall. Uifeye P(e Deere ave closed.
Ok SS ee Rein
3 Bugiin bazi yollar agik. URC OS rns coi are: ar oe are open.
cenetn
AS HICHIT OLODUS CANSYIMVON Se eeceewev enone scvsnccenevenerohososeneraneservenr” is running.
SME AZINE KECK ACI me eee cv eysdevtessebsnratbaveneroressrotscviietescesve are open.

BC Se CICA Me rs assent nas osangereersernee meertsezé ave on holiday.

I shat CC ar caeats Gatercuvdsehwrapedsevvorteendtores are on the floor.
8 Coguinsan akilli telefon Kua cc ceceececessnnnneneeeessees use smart phones.
Te
re
63
 hicbir (no, none of, not ... any) herhangi bir (any)
hicbir sey (nothing)

hicbir means no/none of/not ... any. It is followed by a singular

noun (i.e. without -ler/-lar): Bugiin trenler Hayir, 2 bugtin
hicbir tren
e A: Bugiin trenler calisiyor mu?
calistyor mu?
Saligmuyor.
gmly
(Are the trains operating today?)

B: Hayir, bugtin hicbir tren ¢alismiyor.

(No, No train is operating today.)

-We do not say hicbir trenler as higbir is always followed by a singular noun:

V hicbir tren X hicbir trenter

-The verb must be in the negative when we use hicbir:

e Bugun hicbir tren caligmiuyor.

hicbir sey means nothing or not... anything:

Buzdolabinda
hicbir sey yok.
¢ Hicbir sey bilmiyorum. e Filiz higbir sey s6ylemiyor.
(I don’t know anything.) or (Filiz is not saying anything.) or
(I know nothing.) (Filiz is saying nothing.)

e Buzdolabinda hicbir sey yok. e Televizyonda hicbir sey yok.

(There isn’t anything in the fridge.) or (There isn’t anything on TV.)
(There is nothing in the fridge.) (There is nothing on TV.)

¢ Hicbir sey duymadim. ¢ Hicbir sey gOrmedik.

(I didn’t hear anything.) or (We didn’t see anything.) or
(I heard nothing.) (We saw nothing.)

higbir zaman means never. It generally occurs in negative simple past tense or imperative sentences:

e Ozlem beni hicbir zaman sevmedi. ¢ Hicbir zaman ona guvenme!

(Ozlem has never loved me.) (Never trust him/her!)

hi¢gbir yerde means ... not anywhere or nowhere. It generally occurs in ae

sentences ending with dejil or yok: Kedi hi¢bir
yerde yok.

¢ Kalem hicbir yerde yok/degil.

(The pencil is not anywhere/nowhere.)

¢ Kedi higbir yerde yok/degil.

(The cat is not anywhere/nowhere.)

higbiri means none/neither of them:

e A: Hangi gomlek daha giizel? = Which shirt is better? e A: Hangi cevap dogru? = Which answer is correct?
B: Higbiri. = None of them. B: Higbiri. = None of them.

herhangi bir means any. It is used when it is not important to say which person or thing we are referring to:
¢ Herhangi bir sikayetiniz var mi? ¢ Herhangi bir haber var mi?
(Do you have any complaint?) (Is there any news?)

64
e+
ALISTIRMALAR
a SS a ee eee ee eee

' 1 Circle the correct word.

pany Sinifta hi¢bir 6grenci /6grenciler yok.

| 2 Buzdolabinda hicbir yiyecek / yiyecekler yok.

> 3 Bugtin pazar. Hi¢bir magazalar /magaza acik deil.

ey Buradan hicbir arag¢lar/arag gecmiyor.

wn Bugun hi¢bir ucak/ ucaklar ug¢muyor.

2 Match 1-5 to a-e.

1 Ben gercekten hicbir sey LJ a) yemedi.

2 Sevim o saatte uyuyordu. Hicbir sey Tel b) yapmadik.

3 Hafta sonu evdeydik. Hicbir sey LJ c) soylemedi.

4 Ali’ye sordum ama hicbir sey L] d) bilmiyorum.

5 Ona yemek verdim ama hicbir sey LJ e) gormedi.

3 Complete the dialogues using hicbir.

Dialogue-1 Dialogue-2
Doktor : Herhangi bir sikayetiniz var mi? Garson: : Herhangi bir arzunuz var mi?
Hasta _—_: Hayir, higbir sikagetim yok SESE eS Mea esa de : MUStenIR HAVING misses sete ects taeenearenectaascheeeseeates
seestaces :

Dialogue-3 Dialogue-4
Metin : Herhangi bir sey anladin mi? Neslihan: Herhangi bir gelisme var mi?
Alp MAA vacant ness arti hire ie sacuaecnedia css snesteonndeeceiosese : Hande -(e HaVyitiiracisasstsecsasemn
sane eer ce, Cenc ereeeeee :

Dialogue-5 Dialogue-6
Berk : Herhangi bir problem var mi? Berk : Herhangi bir gazete var mi?

GMa MMC) AVI eas ree cep aescenens Mao ube ethnics vansceueseeenivesas : TOKE, nmmeneecsmonccran 5
ez HAYNocc cons dencvarscte orca tcastencrectetsner

65
tane means piece and is used between numerals and nouns:

lic tane kalem or Ug kalem = three (pieces of) pencils

e Yirmi (tane) kitap istiyorum. ¢ Bu posette yliz (tane) top var.

(| want twenty books.) (There are hundred balls in this bag.)

e Dort (tane) sinema bileti alryorum. ¢ Sepette on (tane) yumurta var.

(lam buying four cinema tickets.) (There are ten eggs in the basket.)

Although it is optional to use tane, you may commonly hear it in everyday Turkish. Also note that tane is always followed
by a singular noun, regardless of the quantity of the object. / yirmitane kitap yirmi tane kitaplar

tane is not used with units of measurement:

¥ Ug kilo elma X igtane kilo elma / bes metre kablo X bes tane- metre kablo
(three kilos of apples) (five metres of cable)

We use the question word Kag with tane: iki tane ekmek
Kac tane ekmek
istiyvorum.
e Burada kac tane magaza var? istiyorsunuz?
(How many shops are there here?)

e Sinifta kag tane Ogrenci var?

(How many students are there in the classroom?)

e A: Sepette ka¢g tane yumurta var? = How many eggs are there in the basket? |
B: Sepette on tane yumurta var. = There are ten eggs in the basket.

We may omit the noun after tane as we already know what object we are talking about:

e A: Kacg tane yakaladin? = How many (fishes) did you catch?

B: Uc tane yakaladim. = / caught three (fishes).

tane can follow numerals like ikiser (two each), iger (three each) and dérder (four each):

ikiser tane lolipop = two lollipops each uger tane seker = three sweets each

tane can also take the possessive marker -si while the noun is in the genitive case:
Karpuzun tanesi
karpuz-un tane-si = each watermelon Ralnuzall a 10 lira
lfer-in tane-si = each bluefish kag lira?

¢ A: Karpuzun tanesi kag lira? = How much is each watermelon?

B: Karpuzun tanesi 10 lira. = Each watermelon is 10 liras.

We can also say:

Tanesi 10 lira. = Each is 10 liras.

66
» a
ALISTIRMALAR a a a A a

| 1 Answer the questions using the numbers in brackets. Use tane after numbers.

1 4
A: Kag tane bilet istiyorsunuz? A: istanbul’da kag tane AVM (Alisveris Merkezi) vardir?
| p: U¢ tane bilet istiyorum . (tic) Bip Se Sec scelt AROR.Betc . (yz on dért)
>
2 5
- A: Dunyada kag tane iilke vardir? A: Bu mahaliede kag tane cami vardir?
2G: gaghdas Raced arts eure rn a a A (VUZLCOKSAIT All) pe Be avec terete casos ctcchoce
eee cter
ee ee . (bes)

3 6
A: Kag tane yumurta yersin? A: Dunyada ka¢ tane kita vardir?
Ppomee ee ores ene Creer cael soa iveisiuetatascasscccates . (iki) Bei Seanaccinsbeassbeteeee
tt eases een eee recs . (yedi)

2 Circle the correct word.

1 Kahvaltida Uc tane yumurtalar /yumurta yerim.

2 iki tane muz / muzlar istiyorum.

3 Ug tane kavun / kavunlar istiyorum.

4 Bes tane baliklar/ balik yakaladim.

5 Dort tane portakal / portakallar istiyorum.

3 Ask the questions for the answers. 4 Ask the questions for the answers.

a: Kag tane ekmek istiyorsunuz > a: Limonun tanest kag lira. ?

. . Al . . .

B: iki tane ekmek istiyorum. B: Limonun tanesi bir lira.

2 2
Me eh aN Grey acolo aednisaiiaddsshenss ? Ol Shi henley fate
TR Ra A ?

B: Bu otelde yetmis tane oda var. B: Kavunun tanesi bes lira.

3 3
Bee nee erat ye eke lastuaiRniigiiescesmeccTanaeseh> tf DiSteee rRte crn trtctcte cca cate ren Lee abe nani Revanaes ?

B: Uc tane salatalik istiyorum. B: Yumurtanin tanesi bir lira.

67
 tuzlu (salty) sanshi (lucky)
the suffix -li/-l/-lu/-lii

We can make adjectives or adverbs by adding -li/-li/-lu/-li to the noun:

hiz = speed > hizli = speedy yagmur=rain — yagmurlu = rainy See ee
> ortilii = covered saglik = health — saglikli = healthy : oe
Ort = cover
taraf = side + tarafli = sided, biased tuz = salt > tuzlu = salty Ke ee
seker=sugar > sekerli= sweet gurilti = noise > giriltiilii = noisy, loud SIE
telas = fuss > telasli = fussy endise = anxiety > endiseli = anxious
et = meat > etli = meaty suit = milk > sttlii = milky
korku = fear > korkulu = fearful yag = fat > yagli = fatty
akil = mind > akilli = clever cizgi = stripe > cizgili = striped
sans = /uck > sansli = /ucky umut = hope > umutlu = hopeful
anlam = meaning anlamli = meaningful sis = fog > sisli = foggy

e Bu cok anlamli bir hediye. ¢ Dikkatli ol! Hava cok sisli.

(This is a very meaningful present.) (Be careful! The weather is so foggy.)

e O araba cok hizli gidiyor.

(That car is going so fast.)

We can add -li/-li/-lu/-lii_ to words of colour to say “... dressed in...”

pembe pink > pembeli dressed in pink

pembeli kiz (the girl dressed in pink)

pembeli kiz

Words ending with -li/-li/-lu/-lii also tell us that someone or something belongs to a place or institution:

Antakya > Antakyal = from Antakya istanbul > istanbullu = from Istanbul
sehir —> sehirli = from the city ingiltere > ingiltereli = from England

e Ben ingiltereliyim. =!am from England.

e Ben Misirliyim. = lam from Egypt.

Phrases ending with -li/-li/-lu/-lii are quite common in Turkish:

30 Agustos tarihli anlasma__

yesil kapakli kitap mavi gozlU gocuk uzun sacli kiz
(green cover(ed) book) _—_(blue-eyed child) (long-haired girl) ai | | |

ak sagli adam kisa sacli kiz iki yonlu trafik 30" August dated apreement
(white-haired man) (short-haired girl) (two-way traffic)

We can also make adverbs by adding -li/-li/-lu/-lii to words of opposite meanings:

geceli gunduzlli = night and day ¢ isciler geceli gundizlii calisiyor.

(Workers are working night and day.)

arkali Onl = back and front (double-sided) ¢ Kitabi arkali GnlU fotokopi cekiyorum.
(lam photocopying the book double-sided.)

The opposite of -li/-li/-lu/-lii is -siz/-siz/-suz/-siiz:

sans = /uck gansli = /ucky ganssiz = unlucky
tuz = salt tuzlu = salty tuzsuz = unsalted

68
 ALISTIRMALAR errr
eine
| 1 Look at the picture on the right and answer the question in the dialogues for yourself.

Dialogue-1 Merhaba.
A: Merhaba.
B: Merhaba Merhaba.

A: Nerelisiniz?
Nerelisiniz?
Fen eee meant ee eereeseeecsescesesseses &

Ingiltereliyim.
Dialogue-2
A: Merhaba.
B: Merhaba
A: Nerelisiniz?
B: DE ome s PReRMunicaGvare neeseedes . Ya siz?
A: BO(leeasaeee denies, eeise Roan osavdane ;

Dialogue-3
A: Merhaba.
B: Merhaba

A: Nerelisin?
8g OEE SS i ae . Yasen?
Bei On sue iret reste scans :

b) sans e) cizgi
i) seker 1) giines

AZUIA gercae
voce aeneateanasd adam

LOK artes. trafik

SOR, eri pilav Pee e eee nee reece sesseuaeas

KINTERA ey coteracconsesapesabse- eee meee senses eeeeenene

COK pacar
mtara tee peynir Seance eee eneewennceeenes

SSA OO So nels sandalye eee een neeneeeeeneeeeneee

tuzsuz (unsalted) sanssiz (unlucky)
the suffix -siz/-siz/-suz/-suz

It tells
-siz/-siz/-suz/-suiz is the opposite of -li/-l1/-lu/-li and it is equivalent to the English without, -less, un-, etc.
us that someone/something does not possess the quality of something:
MILLI
tuz = salt > tuzlu = salty > tuzsuz = unsalted PIYANGO
saglik =health — saglikli = healthy > sagliksiz = unhealthy
taraf = side > tarafli = sided, biased > tarafsiz = unbiased, impartial
seker = sugar > sekerli = sweet > sekersiz = sugarless
endise = anxiety > endiseli = anxious > endisesiz = unworried, calm Biylk Ikramiye
et = meat > etli = meaty > etsiz = without meat 10.000.000 TL

sit = milk > siitlii = milky > siitsiiz = without milk

korku = korku =~ korkulu = fearful > korkusuz = fearless
yag = fat > yagli = fatty > yagsiz = without
fat or oil
akil = mind > akilli = clever > akilsiz = foolish, witless
sans = luck > sansli = /ucky > sanssiz = unlucky sansliadam
umut = hope > umutlu = hopeful +> umutsuz = hopeless, desperate

Ug
anlam = meaning > anlamli = meaningful > anlamsiz = meaningless
MiLLi
PIYANGO
e Sekersiz gay i¢iyorum. e Etsiz yemek istiyorum.
(lam drinking tea without sugar.) (| want food without meat.)

GS,
e Bugtin cok sanssiz bir gin. e Nuray cok sanssiz bir kiz. _ 4N
(Today is a very unlucky day.) (Nuray is a very unlucky girl.) :

bagcikli ayakkab bagciksiz ayakkab sanssizadam

As in -li/-li/-lu/-li, words made with -siz/-siz/-suz/-siiz can also function as adverbs. That is, they tell us how the action is done:

e Hakem tarafsiz davrantyor. ¢ Bu araba petrolsiiz calisiyor.

(The referee is acting impartially.) (This car is running without petrol.)

¢ Cok dikkatsiz yUrilyorsun. e Niye ceketsiz cikiyorsun?

(You are walking very carelessly.) (Why are you going out without a jacket?)

We can also add -siz/-siz/-suz/-siiz to pronouns or names (i.e. ben, sen, o, biz, siz, onlar):

bensiz = without me onsuz = without him/her/it sizsiz_ =without you Faruk’suz = without Faruk
sensiz =withoutyou _ bizsiz = without us onlarsiz = without them Ayse’siz = without Ayse

e Kerem’ siz hicbir yere gitmiyorum! ¢ Sinemaya bensiz gidiyorlar.

(lam not going anywhere without Kerem!) (They are going to the cinema without me. )

70
ALISTIRMALAR
a a
1 Add -siz/-siz/-suz/-siiz to the words in the box to desribe the nouns below.

a) davet b) kakao c) diigme e) sans

g) seker h) yemek i) perde j k) problem

a) benzin b) semsiye -e}bilet-

biletsiz
BS IMCMAV Alcccccsscsus
cesses cscs girilmez. Aw BiGiKil Ofsemmecractcsteece
tees et istiyorum.
22 SB eee cay ig¢mem. 5 =YaRMUF VaRIVOls asccrcecescceriteseet ¢ikma.
BU ALAA ese cen cee .mcccceizcncsee gidiyor. Elektrikle calistyor. GeBu yemek COK wr c.cscesaseeccerss . Biraz tuz alabilir miyim, lGtfen?

3 Fillin the blanks by adding -siz/-siz/-suz/-siiz to the pronouns in brackets.

4 Bensiz. denize gidiyorlar. (ben)
IS yee ie tatile gitmeyecegim. (sen)
Seine sieisoasss hi¢bir yere gitmem. (o)
A BUMP EAUIV ete cess cose nccnconaceneee yediniz. (biz)
Bile. aia eeeeee bu mac! kazanamayiz. (onlar)

4 Fillin the blanks by adding -siz/-siz/-suz/-stiz to et and saglik.

2 Hayir, istemiyorum.
Yemek
istiyorum. O yemekler cok
istiyor musun?
Sebze yemeklerimiz
cok nefis.

O zaman mantarli
domatesli makarna
istiyorum.

a1
 yazici (printer) kosucu (runner)
the suffix -ici/-1ci/-ucu/-licti

this suffix refer to a person or thing

CAL -ici/-ici/-ucu/-iicii is added to verb-stems to make adjectives and nouns. Words with
that does something. As always, we need to follow the vowel harmony rules to decide which form of -ici to add to the
word:

yaz- write> yaz-ici printer

kos- run — kog-ucu runner, racer

e Bu kaliteli bir yazici.

(This is a quality printer.)

¢ O kosucu cok basarili.

(That runner is very successful.)

e Bu durist bir satici.

(This is an honest seller.)
kosucu yazici

sat- se// > satici seller yarat- create > yaratici Creator, creative

vur- shoot > vurucu shooter, striker inandir- convince => inandirici convincing
goster- show > gdsterici demonstrator utandir- embarrass > utandirici embarassing
sik- bore > sikict boring sasirt- surprise > gasirtici surprising

Gx To separate the vowels, we insert the buffer letter -y-:

tara- scan > tara-y-ici scanner

temizle- clean — temizle-y-ici cleaner

bagla- bind > baglayici binding

koru- protect > koruyucu protector
biiyille- fascinate > biyileyici fascinating
ane
More examples:

acikla- explain aciklayici explanatory

asagila- insult asagilayici insulting
bin- ride binici rider, jockey tarayici
bol- divide, separate b6liicii separatist
dinlendir- relax dinlendirici relaxing
izle- watch izleyici audience, viewers, spectator
korkut- scare korkutucu scary
sinirlendir- annoy sinirlendirici annoying
uz- upset uzucl upsetting

w2
*ALISTIRMALAR
1 Make nouns by adding -ici/-ic\/-ucu/-iicii to the following verbs.
Insert the buffer letter -y- where necessary.

i aidat.....;; Se sOndur...:.. LSe Koruna

. ae 9 temizle....... 16 yak.......

: BS eaVUZarars.. AO! Sil esanane SENG Ipeeecte

BOK S00. chi) eae LSMisitaeen

Se Kullanic-..s. A DeralKeeects LSRSOSUTees

parlat....... 13 calistir....... 20 karistir.......

Waar Va ecces 14 e2in: PL CEM Alieodcose

2 Choose the word that best describes the image.

a) patlayici b) sondurtict ce) binici d) yuzUct

e) sogutucu f) cekici g) okuyucu h) struct

DS Ze eae

73
UNITE | gazeteci (journalist) futbolcu (football player)
the suffix -ci/-ci/-cu/-cu/-¢i/-¢1/¢cu/-¢ui

as a job.
as This is another popular suffix used to refer to someone who is involved or concerned with something, especially
It is added to nouns:

gazete = newspaper > gazeteci = journalist

sarki = song > sarkici = singer
gitar = guitar > gitarci = guitarist
is = work, job > isci = worker
dis = tooth > disci = dentist

e Nuray bir discidir.

(Nuray is a dentist.)

e Bu sirkette elli isci calisiyor.

(Fifty workers are working at this company.)
simit¢i

simit = bagel > simitci = bagel seller kebap = kebab —- kebapci= kebab seller/maker
dag = mountain > dagci = mountaineer as = food +> asci=cook, sef
gozliik = glasses > gozlikcii = optician davul = drum > davulcu = drummer
temizlik = cleaning > temizlikci = cleaner baklava = baklava> baklavaci = baklava seller

Ge The plural suffix -ler/-lar follows -ci: Gazeteciler

O zaman arka
disarida bekliyorlar,
disciler = dentists kapidan ¢ikalim.
efendim.
futbolcular = football players
gazeteciler = journalists

¢ Bizim futbolcular cok yorgun.

(Our football players are so tired.)

e Dagcilar yardim bekliyorlar.

(The mountaineers are waiting for help.)

e A: Gazeteciler disarida bekliyorlar, efendim.

(The journalists are waiting outside, sir.)

B: O zaman arka kapidan cikalim.

(Then, let’s leave from the back door.)

-ci can also be added to adjectives:

hazir = ready > hazirci = one who expects everything to be handed to him on a silver platter
bedava/beles = free > bedavaci/belesci = scrounger

Ge Please study Unite-40 to learn, for example, how to say ‘! work as a journalist’:
¢ Gazeteci olarak calisiyorum. ¢ Hasan asc olarak calisiyor.
(| work as a journalist.) (Hasan works as a cook.)

eS See Unite-31 for a detailed explanation on the use of the suffix -ici, which functions
the same as -ci but is added to verbs:
sat- to sell > satici = seller sasirt- to surprise > gasirtici = surprising

74
“ALISTIRMALAR
1 Make nouns by adding -ci/-ci/-cu/-cii/-c¢i/-ci/-cu/-cii to the following nouns.

1 saz.Cl. 6 odun..... 11 televizyon..... 16 yorum.....

2. goziuk..... 7 ‘gazete..... AS A al eit 17 tasarim.....

= kilap,.... 8 elektrik..... IBS cane isemoda

> 4 telefon..... 9 eczane..... 14 basketbol..... 19 halts.

Be takst;.... 10 ayakkabo..... See teniSuer: 20 baklava.....

2 Choose the word that best describes the image.

a) disci b) futbolcu c) pazarci d) gitarc!

e) temizlikci f) ddnerci g) davulcu

i
fone a pA fates
peicruees Deena | FI 7

75
 cagdas (modern) Dilekgil (Dilek’s house/family) bilimsel (scientific)
the suffix -das the suffix -gil the suffix -sel

ex We add -das/-des/-tas/-tes to some nouns to say that someone

shares the same nation, profession, religion, cause, etc. with others:

cag = time, age +> cagdas = contemporary, modern

din = religion > dindas = of the same religion
sir = secret > sirdas = confidant
yurt = homeland > yurttas = fellow citizen

, eo Yurttaslarim! Az zamanda cok ve biiyuik

e Cagdas bir Ulkede yasiyoruz. islenrapale
We are living in a modern country. |
Me % ye My fellow citizens! We have accomplished
: ; many and great tasks in a short time.
e Ingilizce’de ‘die’ ve ‘dye’ sestestir.
ak GPS ee, (From a speech delivered by Ataturk on the
MARAE USUAL a ALON TT ee) Ta) tenth anniversary of the foundation of the
Republic.)

cc When added to proper nouns (e.g. Ahmet, Banu, Dilek), -gil refers to
someone’s home or family: Bu aksam Bu aksam
nereye Ahmetgile
e A: Bu aksam nereye gidiyoruz? gidiyoruz.
gidiyoruz?
(Where are we going tonight?)

B: Bu aksam Ahmetgile gidiyoruz.

(We are going to Ahmet’s house tonight.)

¢ Neclagil simdi tatilde.

(Necla’s family are on holiday now.)

e Dilekgil bu aksam bize geliyor.

(Dilek’s family will come to us tonight.)

We can also use -ler/-lar instead of -gil:

e Ahmetgile gidiyoruz. or Ahmetlere gidiyoruz. ¢ Salihgil bizi davet etti. or Salihler bizi davet etti.
(We are going to Ahmet’s house.) (Salih’s family have invited us.)

q -sal/-sel is a suffix which helps us make adjectives or nouns:

kum = sand > kumsal = beach

duygu = emotion > duygusal = emotional
evren = universe > evrensel = universal
kir = countryside > kirsal = rural
bilim = science > bilimsel = scientific
gelenek = tradition > geleneksel = traditional
say! = number > sayisal = digital, numeric
diis = dream > dussel = fictional

duygusal anlar = emotional moments kirsal alan = rural area

kumsal

76
“ALISTIRMALAR

1 Add -das/-des/-tas/-tes to the following words.

1 yol das. 5 anlam........ 9 emek........ 13 meslek........

BP SES oc c..2 Ge aKOKa e.g 10 yan... 14 fikir........

eeSOV. cree TEES eeecnce Pippayeer. LOA dil.

Bee CUNY ces nc SaaCaP sce DERN) Ul ptaeeeeee TGTIKK eo

1 kurumsal., Se kimivase = 9 yOre..i.:.55 13--UVicn

DaeNaescscccs me ilies: AL Omzitni theese AUR KS omen

3° -hukuk.:...... PF AUKENE Seas 11 deney........ TSotarine.:.

MS BICKi,..2..02 OM fIZIKss.c005, AD CUD ence T6VKutHae.

Match the words from 1-6 to their collocations in a-f.

Some words may collocate with more than one words.

1 deneysel a) yiyecekler
2 kentsel b) esya
3 kutsal c) k6dpek
4 yoresel d) kitap
5. kisisel e) calismaiar
6 uysal f) dodnu So kel

|
oe
fe \a
ABBEEBE
EEE
ES

_«'\
seeee
ln
aun
Vee
jy eee
EES A)
a
BEBE
EES

Translate the sentence into English.

1 Keremgilistanbul’da yasiyor, §ssssesvssscssencnscnssseveneelecnntecatsutsedVisssesvsvnescnenesnensnesnens ;

2 Nuraygil yeni bir ev alacak, «| seasensssessenseneeseescsresetstesarsseneenecnetecnetnerassesienessesenseny :

3 Semragil yarin ingiltere’ye gidiyOr, ———sssssesesessessseeeneseenensenenestseenssnsssesaesnsasenensenenseneneneeees ;

A Ozangilbugiin piknige gitti. §— saeanencseeseseeseseseessssesenesssensenenecasnenscaenecassesssnesssesnens :

5 BuaksamHakanlara gidiyOruZ, §—ssacanescecessssesessesensseneeesseseeseneneenenesasnetensenesassnsesasenys ;

6 Aytengil bizidavet ediyor, «= seaeacencscensscensssestsetsestesentsnenenetseneeassaeesssesaseesseneeeeney :
 arkadaslik (friendship) kardeslik (brotherhood)
the suffix -lik/-lik/-luk/-liik

We generally make abstract nouns by adding -lik/-lik/-luk/-lik to nouns or adjectives:

arkadas = friend > arkadaslik = friendship

dindar = religious dindarlik = religiousness, piety
iyi = good iyilik = goodness; favour
—
sessiz = quiet sessizlik = silence
arkadaslik
yurttas = citizen yurttaslik = citizenship
kardes = brother v
VUVV
kardeslik = brotherhood

e Sessizlik beni UrkUtUyor.

(Silence scares me.)

e Bana bir iyilik yapar misin? Sessizlik Lutfen!

(Could you do me a favour?)

BI We can also make nouns or adjectives by adding -lik/-lik/-luk/-lik

to nouns to say “someone/something is intended for ...”:

geker = sugar > sekerlik = sugar bowl

kira = rent > kiralik = for rent, to let
tuz = salt > tuzluk = salt cellar
mezar = grave > mezarlik = graveyard
kalem = pencil > kalemlik = pencil case
meyve = fruit > meyvelik = fruit bowl; orchard

We can also add -lik/-lik/-luk/-lik to numerical expressions:

Bir saatlik
yetmis seven > yetmislik septuagenarian internet kag lira?
bes five > beslik fiver, a five lira note
saat hour > saatlik hourly, one-hour Bir saatlik
invicta BS Fetinfuk daniy internet 5 lira.

ay month > aylik monthly

yil/sene yi/ > yillik/senelik yearly

78
 LISTIRMALAR
BUENO
1 Add -lik/-lik/-luk/-lik to the following words.

| 1 meyve. lik... AREVAP

ha Uaeeeee 7 kalem........ 10 asker........

2. kitap....... Bak Kia 8 yemek........ 1ieavukatecac

>
. 3 seker........ Gieiv ieee Se SO2 roe 12. kahvalt........

a) kalemlik b) kitaplik c) sekerlik d) tuzluk

3 Complete the dialogues with one of the words in the box.

a) yillik b) aylik c) abonelik d) kiralik

Dialogue-1 Dialogue-2

Pee BUCADAMUIMANS cz. cecciccsavscustareeqeeaeee 1 daire var midir? VNR Bh tea doe torre 3 icreti ne kadar?

B: Evet var. aio snerai tee Meaty cenaes‘604k;

Ne ese
annvowneteacts * kiras! ne kadar? A: Yani 12 aylik toplam 60 TL. Oyle mi?

B: 800 TL. B: Evet. Dogrudur.

fA)
 -ki (as an adjectival suffix)

A -ki is added to an expression of time or place to make an adjective:

bahce - de - ki aga¢ yarin - ki parti Read the English equivalents

| | \ in reverse order.
| | | ‘
garden in (whichis) tree tomorrow (whichis) party Bardaktaki su
temiz degil.
bu aksamki mag = the match (which is) tonight or tonight’s match

parktakiadam = the man (who is) in the park

evdeki giiriiltii += the noise (which is) in the house

yarinki sinav = the exam (which is) tomorrow or tomorrow’s exam

¢ Bardaktaki su temiz degil.

(The water in the glass is not clean.)

-ki is a very useful suffix that helps us describe the word that follows it.
In the example above, -ki is added to bardakta (in the glass) to describe
the word su (water). The speaker specifies that it is the water in the glass,
not somewhere else which is not clean.

Agactaki kus
bir sercedir. ¢ Sisli’deki evler cok pahali.
(The houses in Sisli are so expensive.)

¢ Agactaki kus bir sercedir.

(The bird on the tree is a sparrow.)

e Pazardaki saticilar cok yardimsever.

(The salespeople in the market are very helpful.)

ay -ki does not change except after bugiin (today) and diin (yesterday):

V yarinki X yarinks ¥ parktaki X parktak+

bugiin and diin are exceptions:

JY bugiinkt X bugtink? ¥ diinkii X diinkt

Remember -ki as an adjectival suffix is always added to the word it is related to:

V yarinki sinav X yarin kisinav

ae
80 See Unite-83, 84 and 85 for other uses of
 ALISTIRMALAR

1 > Put the words in the correct order.

1. tertemiz
/hava / onmandaki Ormandaki hava tertemiz

2 sinav / cok zor / yarinki

3 bu aksamki / saat kacta / parti / basliyor eee ee cee ee eee cere ee eee ee eee eee eee eee ee eee 2

4 ilging / kitaptaki / hikaye / cok

5 disaridaki / kim / adam ?

6 odadaki / cok kot / koku eee eee e eee meee etter eee eee ears anes tees eee neeeseseeaesteesesesases &

Bae miseren (Cok CuZeIY DUMagAZACAKI 0 Ae acai. ides todaosaseey utah oncae sorieadecaulsysh'scusiconeachussdeonanies :

EMECONGSIKICH PLOSraitl.; LCleVIZVOMNGAKIN |ao ete te, hits, thee cance cpessvosccrvnate coasecamerceeaees :

SRCOCIR AGM aAGKt AKI ACOK IMU Unsa.aikad enti ncs. t's .dextr.crucasi messnoncemedaneessnmenctenssescnensreteadene :

MUreazarecrekin cok Sasitticn/ haber <7 thcsscicetiecdive, aetgee Aude sasovoovcas cds cncweseccaqstsv ceeds :

DeaneIMI MINT) VETOUCKI Me ee 8Mu Nao. canea sacs svouadayaeeeanrinoas

avuhayalasboddases sasageteuna dete? ?

2 Write the correct forms of the words in bold.

yarinki
PvAarIOKWOnOchal weely elms fee Mamta Nc Wlatgctstaorcaulpesenanqcretcs-doerenceenssaesieveves-eyanetennnonacee

Pee UEP UKA CENS Gackt OR Malte) OPVMiah |strsaceears see-seemtneepatheceonrtine-gens-2s3etarcsanetesssoonsenafes

3 gelecekhaftakitoplanth —satucncsseanatcncesseanencstescennscracetaucnnrstenecntssucesenenanensonss

A gecenaykitmaas «§«-_—— | aaeaateaseespsapernencenstncencesscncvsnsncnesessonncassasensansndonssas

Bru yilkp Kat FT adceesctsbasencercetcoenonossnevorsirsncensesnnnessaressnnessgnseatans

6 gelecek aksamki kon i eaeaneaseateactscncenetscesssesstssssesseeseeesseeseeenecseeenstseneey

UTM IADC Te ianeenceveavaptonrnccartunncreancnencesbocanrsenneanaceonsoaseneennesdacs

Sa husababkikalvaltiy 25 ee oo iepeseaestsensne-nndsberssimenterctenceasvcreacvorsdesastnseconasnsaprence

9 geleceksezonku maclar ——__eseaeeseattecnctstseetsevsestseeseneceeneesatneraeneerseneressaneess

10 budGnemki performans = raeeseestenseesctteaceesersteateseessenecnsensetneraeeaeeseesesnstensnes

SSI ac en NE

81
 sifatlarda karsilastirma ve en iistiinliik
comparatives and superlatives

a daha is used before adjectives to indicate comparison. :

It corresponds to English more or -(i)er: Bu karpuz daha agir.

daha lezzetli = more delicious daha faydali = more useful

daha hizli = faster daha kolay = easier
daha soguk = colder daha sicak = hotter
daha agir = heavier daha hafif = lighter

¢ Bugiin hava daha soguk. e Bu sinav daha kolay.

(Today the weather is colder.) (This exam is easier.)

B | We can use ¢ok (very) or biraz (a bit) before daha:

¢ Bugiin hava cok daha soguk. ¢ Bu sinav biraz daha kolay.

(Today the weather is much colder.) (This exam is a little easier.)

¢ Bu rota biraz daha kisa. e ingiltere cok daha yagmurlu.

(This route is a little shorter.) (England is much rainier.)

We add -den/-dan/-ten/-tan to the second member of the comparison:

e Erzurum, istanbul’dan daha soguk. ¢ Metin, Tarik’tan daha uzun.
(Erzurum is colder than Istanbul.) (Metin is taller than Tarik.)

daha can be omitted:

e Erzurum, istanbul’dan soguk. e Metin, Tarik’tan uzun.

(Erzurum is colder than Istanbul.) (Metin is taller than Tarik.)

We use en to express the highest degree of something. It corresponds to the English most or the superlative suffix -(i)est:

en pahali araba =the most expensive car en ucuz ev = the cheapest house
en uzak sehir = the furthest city en yakin istasyon = the closest station
en basarili takim =the most successful team en ilging hikaye =the most interesting story
enzengin adam =the richest man en fakir Ulke = the poorest country

¢ Cin en kalabalik Ulkedir. ¢ Bu sezon en basarili takim Galatasaray’dir.

(China is the most populated country.) (Galatasaray is the most successful team this season.)

To ask the highest degree of something or people, we say En ... hangisidir? (Which one is the most... ?):

e A: En yakin istasyon hangisidir? B: En yakin istasyon Taksim’dir.

(Which one is the closest station?) (The closest station is Taksim.)

If we are comparing two things or two people, we use Hangisi daha ... ? (Which one is more ...?):

¢ Hangisi daha hizli? ¢ Hangisi daha pahali?

(Which one is faster?) (Which one is more expensive ?)

¢i Words ending with the locative case and the adjectival suffix -ki are commonly used before en:

¢ bahcedeki en uzun aga¢ ¢ Ulkedeki en zengin adam h

; bahcge-de-ki . en uzun Eat”
(the tallest tree in the garden) (the richest man in the country) a .i \C a

¢ sehirdeki en guzel yer * siniftaki en zeki 6grenci Ae

garden in bunch De tallest . i
(the best place in the city) (the cleverest student in the class) . —

82
» ALISTIRMALAR

| 1 Compare the following pairs in each picture by using the -den/-dan/-ten/-tan daha ... structure.
Use the adjectives in the box.

2 Put the words in the correct order.

PmGOK MAL eC ecCANSKabiigAll CCN eeeGokhan

ee Al?'den daha caliskan
coca dsedtuncautinsstecess
Beeaeanece tutors :
Peerevia vine GeMmndaliaakillivn sy ety: os wgebicee Lire eck ek, 1 8, 5. ad aat'h CMO ion cupiene dm aaa AN at :
OVECAIMIHAPALAD ITA SOM AGE «tS Yoke ee gee pvecreras pole atnest faeenaaon ome banae atone cae :
mE RAST ZapsUl eKACA ee mes es 0 ae igo Rhee oye eh reas eeSeueatncemare ea wet taatet ges tuesee same
SR CAVACICN 1 SHsO DEC asSORUK ttm. Guam cure mestit ha vieecenaceune sane Gavaste nenstemaeciasisvaadtocon-e :

3 Look at the information to answer each question.

1 Hangisi daha kalabalik? 2 Hangisi daha yakin? 3 Hangisi daha ucuz?

Turkiye : 88 milyon Postane : 100 metre Fiat > 50 bin TL

ingiltere : 54 milyon Banka : 50 metre BMW =O ibinwe

Turkiye daha kalabalik

4 Look at the information to answer each question.

1 En ucuz icecek hangisidir? 2 En yiiksek dag hangisidir? 3 Enuzun nehir hangisidir?

Ayran Hite Agri Dag : 5137 metre Nil : 6650 kilometre

Fanta sats 1al Uludag : 2543 metre Amazon : 6400 kilometre

Su : 75 kurus Erciyes Dagi :3916 metre Mississippi : 6275 kilometre

Su en ucuz icecek.
Aen meee meee eee eee eaeenaeeneneeneereneeeesenaenes ©
 Geldim. (/ came.)
past simple positive

is also known as the

We add -di/-di/-du/-dii or -ti/-ti/-tu/-tii to the verb to say that something happened in the past. This
about. We use time expressions like din (yester-
‘seen’ past tense, as the speaker has witnessed the action s/he is talking
day), gegen yil (last year), iki giin 6nce (two days ago) with this tense:

e Adam iki giin Once dldii. (The man died two days ago.) _* Ge¢gen yil bir 6dUl kazandim. (/ won an award last year.)

/-di/- u -dii o1 +ti/-ti/-tu/-tii + personal suffix Buldum!

pisariaee wi
Buldum!
If the last syllable of the verb ends in, f, h, k, p, s, $, t we add -ti/-ti/-tu/-tu’ to the verb.
In all other cases, we add -di/-di/-du/-dii. See the examples in the table below.

Person | al-(take; buy) |ver- (give) |dur-(stop) |gr- (see)

Ben |al-di-m. |ver-di-m. |dur-du-m. |gor-dii-m.
Sen |al-di-n. |ver-di-n. |dur-du-n. |gor-di-n.
Oo |al-di. |ver-di. |dur-du. |gér-dii.
Biz |al-di-k. |ver-di-k. |dur-du-k. |gor-di-k.
Siz |al-di-niz. |ver-di-niz. |dur-du-nuz. |gor-dii-nuz.
Onlar |al-di-lar. |ver-di-ler. |dur-du-lar. |gr-dii-ler.

Person |sat- (sell) |gec- (pass) |tut- (hold) |dis- (fall)

Ben |sat-ti-m. |gec-ti-m. |tut-tu-m. |diis-tii-m.
Sen |sat-ti-n. |gec-ti-n. |tut-tu-n. |diis-tii-n.
O |sat-t. |gec-ti. |tut-tu. |dis-tu.
Biz ‘|sat-t-k. |gec-ti-k. |tut-tu-k. |diis-tii-k.
‘Siz |sat-ti-niz. |gec-ti-niz. |tut-tu-nuz. |dis-tu-niiz.
Onlar |sat-t-lar. |gec-ti-ler. |tut-tu-lar. |diis-tii-ler.

e Gecen cumartesi sinemaya gittiler.

(They went to the cinema last Saturday.)

e Polis hirsizi yakaladi.

(Police caught the thief.)

e Arkadasim bana bir hediye verdi.

(My friend gave me a present.)

e Yeni bir araba aldim.

(| bought a new car.)

e Ali din gece saat 10’da yatti.

(Ali went to bed at 10 last night.)
Ali diin gece saat 10’da yatt. Ali bu gece saat 9’da yatiyor.

Note that Turkish doesn’t have a different tense for actions that have just/recently been completed
or for actions whose
completion time has not been stated. In other words, we use the same past tense for the
English sentences like / read two
books yesterday. and | have read two books this week.

¢ Din iki kitap okudum. ¢ Bu hafta iki kitap okudum.

(| read two books yesterday.) (! have read two books this week.)

84
»
d
ALISTIRMALAR
rc ee

1 Add the past simple positive ending followed by the personal suffix.

1 2 3
Ben kostum. Belin ugit.eudt anc ke : Bent CallS sear vices 2
BSETIPUEKOS eo sade: cuade : SElia pe itstecueeerct : Seni calisaten
eet :
O KOSeatr tee O Dit estes O CANS eset saee es
Bizere KOS tees nes Bizem recites. BizeemeGallGueeer tse
SiZeer KOS! eeetttensss : SiZaaee Cite eee ; Sizeaee CaliSwec
te :
Onan KOS secsetiecss.scck : Onlate citeeee eat: : Onlata Caits sccrere aeerer. :

4 5 6
BEN + Bel ieatesacc.:. : Beige OViarerieaeecnrrs : Biel) Wiel Bapaccaaceccocens ;
Shir BER. cos 5 Selim OV Masrercntresnee ; SONU VOYs ncteeeecers :
O Belarceee we ; O OV are ities j O VER tose tices 3
ier Bel as wert ae : BIZq OV Nakai aww : Biz) eetVORn ust tects ‘
Sie POL Ges ten ; SIZAMPOYiids heaters : Siz aeVeres. ere ;
OMitar BEd cies sasc cose : Onlareoyna-sawsanxee.s : Onlar Verna.tavesc. :

2 Write the past simple positive form of the verbs in brackets followed by the personal suffix.
oynadilar
MNCOCUKAG hahtalSOMU tOP sssv.-.cccstisaeesseeeereee . (oyna-)

2 Ben ve arkadaslarim diin askam SineMaya ...............000e0eeeeeeee . (git-)

3, Babam bana bir hediye’...........c..c..ccss0e.00 . (al-)

4 Ahmet partiye gee ......cccccceeesseeceeeee . (gel-)

EB Hasal dun SECC GEMS \.....20sser.nc.esecscersees . (calis-)

RE KODEK COK DIZWaauitsecc-navsvent-cscore22 . (kos-)

7 Ben gecen Nafta Iki Kitap'.<....-.ccs.s-.ss000-0-.0000 . (oku-)

8 Kerem yeMeBini ......... eee cece . (bitir-)

G PEGE AML SAAT B.CO's, inssdorathccecsseubandos. (basla-)

10 Hirsizlar dUin gece eVIMIZE .............seeeeeeeeeeeees . (gir-)

MicKomsiilar Dize tathiss...:sescersracs<x.svsese.s . (getir-)

iil <-cesaulesesoosaeetvaseo
EZ BilgiSaVar soctss . (bozul - / gotur-)
oe BL AIIN CIVE bit.atesanepeeeceacs

13 Babar arabayi vices. .etidese-.sccenseoe . (Sat-)

14 Filiz diin bana bir e-posta ..............ceesseeeeee . (gOnder-)

D5 WEES Saat 5 Lem teiversace:-teses

ote . (bit-)

85
Gelmedim. (/ didn’t come.)
past simple negative

suffix:
We add -ma/-me between the verb and the past tense suffix (-di/-di) followed by the personal

e Diin ders calismadim. e Ali beni aramadi. Bu sabah kahvalt

(Ali didn’t call me.) yapmadim. O zaman senin icin
(I didn’t study yesterday.)
Cok acim. iki porsiyon d6ner
ismarliyorum.

Person al- (take; buy) ver- (give)

Ben al-ma-di-m. ver-me-di-m.
Sen al-ma-di-n. ver-me-di-n.
O al-ma-di. ver-me-di.
Biz al-ma-di-k. ver-me-di-k.
Siz _al-ma-di-niz. |ver-me-di-niz.
Onlar — al-ma-di-lar. ver-me-di-ler.

If the last syllable of the verb has e, i, 6, i, we add -me-di between the verb and the personal suffix:

¢ Onlar bugiin okula gitmediler. e Serkan diin gece eve gelmedi.

(They didn’t go to school today.) (Serkan didn’t come home last night.)

e Bugtin cocuklar yemek yemediler. ¢ Film daha bitmedi.

(The children didn’t eat today.) (The film hasn’t ended yet.)

If the last syllable of the verb has a, 1, 0, u, we add -ma-di between the verb and the personal suffix:

e A: Bu sabah kahvalti yapmadim. Cok agim!

(| didn’t have breakfast this morning. |am very hungry!)

B: Tamam, o zaman senin icin iki porsiyon déner ismarliyorum.

(OK. Then! am ordering two portions of doner for you.)

¢ Bebek diin gece hig aglamadi. e Duin top oynamadik.

(The baby didn’t cry at all last night.) (We didn’t play football yesterday.)

We can use time expressions like daha and heniiz to say that something
has not happened but that we expect to happen. In this case, Cocuklar daha
the English verb is in present perfect tense: yatmadilar. Hala oyun
oynuyorlar.

e Mac daha/hentiz baslamadi.

(The match hasn’t started yet.)

e Film daha/henuiz bitmedi.

(The film hasn’t ended yet.)

e Cocuklar daha/henuz yatmadilar. Hala oyun oynuyorlar.

(The children haven’t gone to bed yet. They are still playing games.)

86 See Unite-49 for other time expressions that we ca

use with the past tense.
’aALISTIRMALAR a

1 Add the past simple negative ending followed by the personal suffix.

1 2 3
Ben gitmedim. Bena Daslansmie: Benet Vapsaee ee ,
| STERN) SiR eens
See ae : SOM OASasctscnrseese
ae. : Semmes Valera ee: :
> O Pilsen ccna : O baslacaeceree : O Va Pesteeersteee ;
Blzerine Bile scctro +k ; Biz DaSidieminccc : Biz cet Va Demeter :
> Feta a ae e ene Pe ee : SIZ, ee DaSlalter catectsse.d ‘ Siz? * Yap Meret 3
| OilaN Cites sncsts, : Onlarsbaslaiee..... cs. : Onlart Vapi eee :

4 5 6
BOMia Calsvandeeicassiatan : BengmValsticcue-tancss : Benin gel..Goe eine ;
BOI Al cncncesciavesncne : sce :
Selige Valecercescer S@Nigs Bl seccce scree ;
O CCR Iae eras E O Val sheets - O pels sos :
Biz Al iiccccsconstecess , BizmeeValeortaacnc ; Biz7 reelee sate :
be GE) eee : SiZGeeeVatten ce canes : SiZ Soe Bel aera. :
CVMAT Al eo tasececctcs : Onlarevyate ein ; Oniar, gel:nom-. sane :

2 Write the past simple negative form of the verbs in brackets followed by the personal suffix.

1 G6niul bana bir sey soylemedi Be . (soyle-)

Dee UST VACITIU sos<eccccsxtesdessseccsseces . (yag-)

BCORUIK IAI ONKEN tro setecresicenne

lrers . (yat-)

Ae Serkan VOMeK .v.ccozccscssessoncesoorsoee . (ye-)

5 Ben ve Merve yaramaZlik ............:eseeeeeeeeeeeee . (yap-)

GE KOCISUT cre.) nccsnievcmnannnt . (i¢-)

Foe BeEDeEK. CUM BECO tic s..-...+0-<repseenweacs . (agla-)

8 Onlar gecen yaz tatile oe cece . (git-)

DeMae Saat osUC. .6Sier a2 iasteneatonssande . (basla-)

TOVAmabulans ZamManinda <e.c-rcc.c.ce2-02-200-00+0- . (gel-)

‘TA Pelin DUgUN- DENI, ............c0nsceseossn0> . (ara-)

2 SIAC hag ist? tes aes esos . (anla-)

PS AAD ENI ces eee occecaes

pak . (duy-)

MAT POMSSESIZ esses esutscceeseastetenece . (gor-)

15 Babam bu aksam bana Kitap ...............00eceee . (oku-)

87
Geldim mi? (Did | come?)
past simple question

We put mi?/mi?/mu?/mii? after the past tense marked verb to ask questions in the past:
past simple positive + Diin top oynadim. (/ played football yesterday.)
past simple negative > Diin top oynamadim. (I didn’t play football yesterday.)
past simple question > Diin top oynadim mi? (Did | play football yesterday?)

Structure: verb + -di/di + personal suffix + mi/mi/mu/mu?

Baba bana Evet sana

Person al-to take/buy _ ver- to give vur- to hit gor- to see lolipop aldin mi? /\ lolipop aldim.
Ben aldim mi? verdim mi? vurdum mu? ~— gordim mu?

Sen aldin mi? verdin mi? vurdun mu? gordun mu?

O aldi mi? verdi mi? vurdu mu? gordi mu?
Biz aldik mi? verdik mi? vurduk mu? gorduk mu?
Siz aldiniz mi? verdiniz mi? vurdunuz mu? gdrduinuiz mu?
Onlar — aldilar mi? verdiler mi? vurdular mi? ~—sgOrdiiler mi?

¢ A: Otobiis gecti mi? (Has the bus passed by?)

B: Hayir, otobUs gegmedi. (No, the bus hasn’t passed by.)

e A: Yemek bitti mi? (Has the foodfinished?)

B: Evet, yemek bitti. (Yes, the food has finished.)

e A: Bana hediye aldin mi? (Did you buy me a present?)

B: Evet, sana hediye aldim. (Yes, |bought you a present.)

e A: Baba, bana lolipop aldin mi? (Dad, did you buy me a lollipop?)
B: Evet, sana lolipop aldim. (Yes, |bought you a lollipop.)

In short answers, we use the verb only:

¢ A: Bugiin kitap okudun mu? (Did you read a book today?) A: Hilya parka gitti mi? (Did Hiilya go to the park?)
B: Evet, okudum. (Yes, | did.) or B: Evet, gitti. (Yes, she did.) or
Hayir, okumadim. (No, | didn’t.) Hayir, gitmedi. (No, she didn’t.)

We can make questions with question words such as ne (what), nerede (where),
kim (who), nasil (how), ne zaman (when) and niye/neden (why).
In this case, the question particle is not used:
Neden cok gec
ae
° Patron : Neden cok gec geldiniz? geldiniz?
(Why have you come so late?)

isci : Cok trafik vardi, efendim.

(There was too much traffic, sir.)
Cok trafik vardi =
efendim.
e Leyla : Cumartesi ne yaptiniz?
(What did you do on Saturday?)

Ceren_ : Sinemaya gittik.

(We went to the cinema.)

88
a
ALISTIRMALAR
lL Add the past simple question marker.

1 2 3 4

| Ben bildim mi? anladim ....... ? duydum ....... 4 déndim....... ?

Sen bildin ....... ? anladin ....... fs duydun....... te dondin....... ?

O bildin see. ? anlad) ....... ? duyducane ? dOnGU ser ?
- Biz bildik ....... (2 anladik ....... ? duyduk....... ? donduk....... i,
; Siz bildiniz ....... ? anladiniz ....... Fd duydunu2z....... ? dondutintz ...... ?

Onlar _ bildiler.......2 anladilar......2 duydular .......? donduler ....... pe

2 Choose the question for the answer in the dialogues.

a) Kahvalt yaptin mi? c) Filmi begendin mi? e) izmir’e nasil gittiniz?

b) Nezamar-eviendiniz2 d) Duin ne yaptin? f) Dizi basladi mi?

Dialogue-1 Dialogue-2
Berna: N@ zaman evlendiniz > Baris i oi ae cee ee ?
Aylin : Gecen yil eviendik. Tarik : Dun sinemaya gittim.

Dialogue-3 Dialogue-4
INGZI irl eies vas 8 os eceetameeneeecerteretrencrec
sere ? NECA nh inct.cgrete
nea a oeeeetee eee ee i
Fazil : Ucakla gittik. Seher — : Hayir, kahvaltt yapmadim.

Dialogue-5 Dialogue-6
Eyup SE ae Rae VAAON ARES MSY OSE ? Tulin Dae ie ie ok, Ci era Ss tbe ett iP
Fatih : Hayir, beSenmedim. Seher _ : Evet, basladi.

3 Complete the conversations using the past simple forms of the verbs otur-, kal-, al-.

Haftasonu Yeni bir araba

Dun

eas
e yaptiniz? Piknige gittik. aldim.
gece nerede Nereden
Eine
meet an ne yaptiniz?
J
Galeriden aldim
Otelde
kaldim.
G_a
 olarak (as)

A olarak is used to describe the fact that somebody/something

job or function. It corresponds to English as:
has a particular Garson olarak calisiyorum.

Ogretmen olarak = as a teacher

sofor olarak = as a driver
garson olarak = as a waiter
kahraman olarak = as a hero

e Garson olarak c¢alisiyorum.

(I work as a waiter.)

e Mehtap sekreter olarak ¢alisiyor.

(Mehtap works as a secretary.)

e Kahraman olarak 6ldu.

(S/he died as a hero.)

e Turkiye’ye turist olarak geldim.

(I have come to Turkey as a tourist.)

garson (waiter)
gazeteci (journalist)
miuhendis (engineer)
olarak — ¢alisiyorum.
alas ifabes) (as) (lam working)
6gretmen (teacher)
postaci (postman)
berber (barber)
e A: Ne olarak calistyorsun?
Read the sentence in the table above in reverse order and
(What do you work as?)
try to find out if one of the occupations applies to you. If not, (What do you do?)
use a dictionary to find the word that describes your occupation
and use it as in the example above to say: B: Postaci olarak calisiyorum.
| work as a postman.
... olarak galistyorum. = / work/am working as a... . ( 4 )

rB | olarak is also used to say that an action is done through the collective involvement of somebody/something:

e Ulke olarak hizli gelisiyoruz. ¢ Takim olarak bugtin daha iyi oynadik.
(As a country, we are developing fast.) (As a team, we played better today.)

e Sirket olarak yeni yatirimlar yapiyoruz. e Siyasi parti olarak cok basarililar.
(As a company, we are making new investments.) (As a political party, they are very successful.)

tam (olarak) means exactly and it can be used with question words such as nerede (where) and kag (how many):

e istanbul’da tam olarak nerede yasiyorsun? ¢ Tam olarak kac kisi geliyor?
(Where exactly do you live in istanbul?) (Exactly how many people are coming?)

ilk olarak means firstly, first of all: son olarak means Jastly:
e ilk olarak size tesekkiir etmek istiyorum. e Son olarak gsunu eklemek istiyorum.
(First of all, | would like to thank you.) (Lastly, |would like to add this.)

90
 LISTIRMALAR
1 Use the following profession related words followed by olarak to answer the questions
in the dialogues.
| muhabir -kasiyer— disci sekreter

Dialogue-1 Dialogue-2
A: Ne olarak ¢alisiyorsun? A: Filiz ne olarak calisiyor?
B: Kasiyer..olarak.calisiyorum.... . EERE tea Oe Sat epee are etn Se

Dialogue-3 Dialogue-4
A: Berna ne olarak calistyor? A: Ne olarak calisiyorsun?
Ease Pinot neetcrivse os ooeeee ian te See nusmcaehesisaticden : Beate saaitatowain es aengne nue a cncaseseam at ernaneseee race ;

2 Use the phrases to complete the sentences.

tatli olarak normal olarak icecek olarak arkadas olarak takim olarak

ilk ha AGS MEP P R oaaP a aT haftada 40 saat calisiyorum. Bazen 45 saat ¢alisiyorum.

2 TNAIR
RYE eG cease ee aeeea aa ee Ce cok iyi bir insan.

mea ee nee ROSE Thos Bn a os aa ikinci siradayiz. Bu sezon sampiyon olabiliriz.

AUBED UGAKS
AliWemssrscsse cence ceoccessskaveetaateanmesnte revani yapacagim.

Beet ee Beer cer oe ea ahas say aus ne istersiniz?’ ‘Bir ayran, lUtfen,’

91
 iceri (inside, interior)
disari (outside, exterior)

occur as in igeri gir- (come/go

iceri means inside/interior whereas disari means outside/exterior. These words commonly
inside) and disari cik- (come/go outside):

* Polis! Disari cik yoksa iceri girecegiz.

(Police! Come outside, otherwise we will come inside.)
POLIS! DIGARI CIK
YOKSA ICERI
e Polis iceri girdi ve her yeri aradi.
(Police went inside and searched everywhere.)

e Yangin alarmi caldi ve herkes disari ¢ikt.

(The fire alarm went off and everybody went outside.)

We can use iceriye instead of igeri and disariya instead of digari:

igeri gir- or igeriye gir- disari cik- or disartya ¢ik-

(come/go inside) (come/go outside)

e Polis iceri/iceriye girdi. e Herkes disari/disariya cikti.

(Police went inside.) (Everybody came outside.)

e iceride iki saat bekledik.

(We waited inside for two hours.)

e Disarida iki adam var.

(There are two men outside.)

e iceride misafirler var.

(There are guests inside.)

e Ltitfen iceri gir. Disarida durma.

(Please, come inside. Don’t stand outside.)

With the ablative case marker -den/-dan (from) igeriden means from inside, from within
whereas disaridan means from (the) outside:

e iceriden bir ses geldi. ¢ iceriden dort kisi cikt..

(A sound came from inside.) (Four people came from inside.)

e Disaridan yemek ismarladim. e Annem kapty! disaridan kitledi.

(I ordered food from outside.) (My mother locked the door from the outside.)

igerisi refers to the interior while disarisi refers to the exterior of a place:

¢ A: icerisi cok sicak. ¢ Disarisi Gok soguk. Pardestind giy.

(The inside (of the room) is so hot.) (The outside is very cold. Put your coat on.)

B: Tamam. Pencereyi aciyorum. e Disarisi karanlik.

(OK. | am opening the window.) (Outside is dark.)

* In everyday Turkish, it is very common to hear igerde instead of igeride, igerden instead of igeriden, disarda
instead of
disarida and disardan instead of disaridan.

* In English, we would say “Police went inside.” as an onlooker watching the incident, but as someone
inside we would say
Police came inside.” However, in Turkish, for both situations, we say “Polis iceri girdi.” It is the speaker’s
point of view tha’
will tell us how to translate igeri gir-. The same rule applies to disari cik-.
$e
92
LISTIRMALAR
cs a a
L Complete the sentences with iceri or disari.

1 Annem....../G@l......... girdi ve televizyonu kapatt.

MORCOCUKIAL ss. ssacracsscoscseses giriniyorlar. Bahgcede oynamak istiyorlar.

4 © NG eee cikiyorum. Sonra goriistiriiz.

Mee DULASE COKSOBUK. ....:::.c.c..000esceeee girelim.

5 OBrenciler bes dakika sonra ......cccccessseeseeees cikacaklar.

OMB AIS Ztecce

tteerascocceececses nasil girdi?

BPP ALFON:. SHTIGI 5..2022scseses0ccicrnens cikt.

PG SINVUE DASIACK, <,..ces000s:esse0cdeu- girmeliyiz.

Bema TADHtACIKe 2220, 03 fesesadeheasos gir.

iO): eR super
eee eee cikma. Hava cok soguk.

2 Complete the sentences with iceride or disarida.

1 Biz disarida.... bekleyecegiz. iceri girmeyecegiz.

DEPINTIMONM zassecseseacsccccseeecet hazirlik yaptyor. Biz disarida oynuyoruz.

BMC ULLENVec: cusctestscssasceens bekleyin. Simdi musait degilim.

MER AMS recurs scan teense seni bekliyor. Acele et.

ESE ee eeree eee ehe a. UsUrsUnuz. LUtfen iceri girin.

3 Complete the sentences with icerisi or disarisi and then translate the sentences into English.
1 Digarist Pomtenlikcimicer ide Kaliitaliviz. ait ches |lbs ancescescavetopstssaisost- Cou eree aout oar uaanat ooh eeasags erecta irony ee ee

2, SSR ae: ie ene Ditaz NAVASIZ ALUTTEMPCMCCTEVL ACIMa. Nt ce carocsavssccesesnasceyaeoetpeeeossschsvastaaaecosssnassaeaesaacapnoneneacessanteserosmsgocanmadta :

ce it ee aR Pei ad Rarer emivelna rite Lien iaiie meaner Mt eh ee. oa cctant Atesetascosesgoetery accensnercczense ree anayetereerea tote setear vee ;

Boscia
ssndessections POR ARHNIKS TODA
IAVane wie ee NED BRchecce-vontocee cnasdesmeag enc: saacecdadencettaceatuayararchctsanateceemeraaa
tucson =</stners 5

Cygne Ee ME ROR CUPBIEUet Cericle OLUTAlin veDeben WO noytes watgats aancamradstuecenees

ierte sO leceeP Saaccnacccas’voazsessconarrocsanspasseeteps

93
 ae

asagi (down)
: yukari (up)

ee, agai means down, below, downstairs. Its opposite yukar! means up/above/upstairs :
Hemen

yukari cik- to come/go up asagi

sagl gsgel! BY
asagi in- to come/go down/get off
yukart gel- to come/go up foe
asagi gel - to come/go down
asagi bak- to look down yukart bak- to ook up Tamam
asagi dus- to fall down yukari getir- to take something/somebody upstairs anne. Heme
yukart tasi- to carry something upstairs or one geliyorum.
asagi gétiir- to take something downstairs
or one level down level up

e Enflasyon asagi indi. e Enflasyon yukari cikt.

(Inflation has come down.) (Inflation has gone up.)

e Uc kat asagi indik. e Uc kat yukari ciktik.

(We went down three floors.) (We went up three floors.)

¢ Hemen asagi gel! e Hemen yukari gel!

(Come downstairs immediately!) (Come upstairs immediately!)

TB We can use asagiya instead of asagi and yukariya instead of yukari:

e Asagi/Asagiya bakma!
(Don’t look down!)

We can also use asagi and yukari as an adjective as in asagi kat (lower floor) and yukari kat (upper floor).

With the locative case marker -da (in, at, on), asagida means at a lower place or downstairs. Its opposite yukarida mean
at an upper place or upstairs:

¢ Cocuklar asagida oynuyorlar. ¢ Kocam yukarida kitap okuyor.

(The kids are playing downstairs.) (My husband is reading a book upstairs.)

e Oyuncaklar asagida. e Kitaplar yukarida.

(The toys are down there.) (The books are up there.)

| With the ablative case marker -dan (from) asagidan means from below, from downstairs whereas yukaridan means fron
above, from upstairs:

e GurultU asagidan geliyor! ¢ Yukaridan su damliyor.

(The noise is coming from downstairs.) (Water is dripping from above.)

Ga asagisi refers to a place at a lower level while yukarisi refers to

a place at an upper level: Useful expressions:

bastan asagi = from top to bottom

e Asagisi cok korkunc! bas asagi = upside down, head down
Asagisi cok
(It is so scary down there!) yokus yukart = uphill
korkunc!
yokus asagi = downhill
e Yukarisi daha rahat.
(It is more comfortable up there.)

G We can also say yukarda instead of yukarida and yukardan instead of yukaridan:
¢ Babam yukarda/yukarida. * Yukardan/Yukaridan fotograf ¢ekiyorlar.
(My dad is upstairs.) (They are taking photos from upstairs.)

94
.LISTIRMALAR
Fill in the blanks with the expressions in a-g.

HBPASANSOP oxc.2. cc teecnersteS)

costsecaoee , a) Yukari geliyorum

Meer
oancencscanesvoce ! Bir ugak. b}agagtiniyer

: BEEPACTIMNEL, SUPULZEYl ...0.......sesrcseeveessocess lUtfen. Ben simdi yukaridayim. c) Yukari gel

MR ee ga oanences nsessionay!! Mag seyrediyoruz. B: Asagida biraz isim var. d) Asagi bak

S sohagdetaas
aes eee ! Deniz harika gortintyor. e) yukari getir

6 Magaza yukarida. Bes kat ..........cccceeseeesneeees : f) Yukari bak

PeeAGLEtiiial METECESIN® Bowerieccsseseccesscceeesese

sone . Kaginci kattasiniz? g) yukari cikmalisiniz

2 Describe the pictures with the sentences in the box.

a) Kutular asagi dist. b) Adam yukari cikiyor. c) Adam yokus asagi yuruyor.
d) Araba yokus yukar1 gidiyor. e) Adam asagi iniyor.
 cok (very, much, many, a lot of, too, so)
biraz (some, a little, a bit)

cok is used before adjectives, adverbs and verbs to say very, much, too, so:

cok soguk = very cold cok biiytk = very big cok pahali = very expensive
cok kalabalik =very crowded ok ucuz = very cheap ¢ok hizli = very fast

¢ Cok hizli gidiyorsun! Yavasla! e Bu araba cok rahat.

(You are going too fast! Slow down!) (This car is so comfortable.)

e Selim cok yoruldu. e Sen cok yakisiklisin.

(Selim got tired so much.) (You are so handsome.)

e Elif’i cok 6zluyorum. e Hava cok soguk.

(I miss Elifso much.) (The weather is very cold.)

cok also means many/a Jot of. It modifies singular nouns:

cok araba = many cars JV Burada cok araba var. X Burada cok arabatar var.
cok insan = many people (There are many cars here.)
cok kitap = many books
JV Bu kiittphanede cok kitap var. X Bu kutuphanede cok kitaptar var.
(There are many books in this library.)

We can make words like birg¢ok (most, many, plenty of), pek cok (most, many, plenty of), az cok (somewhat):

¢ Bircok/Pek cok insan akilli telefon kullantyor. ¢ Bu sehir son birkag yilda az cok gelisti.
(Many people use smart phones.) (This city has improved somewhat in the last few years.)

az means little/not much/not enough and it is generally used with cok:

e Cok az Turkce konusuyorum. ¢ Cok az bos vaktim var.

(I speak very little Turkish.) (I have very little free time.)

en cok means (the) most:

PARKTA EN COK
ORDEKLER/
e En cok Tamer’i seviyorum.
(I love Tamer the most.)

° Parkta eh cok Ordekleri seviyorum.

(In the park, | like the ducks the most.)

gogu means most, most of them. The nouns ¢ogu modifies are always singular:

¥ Gogu cocuk bilgisayar oyunlarini sever. — X Cogu cocuklar bilgisayar oyunlarini sever.
(Most children like computer games.)

Y Cogu banka hafta sonu kapalidir. X Cogu bankalar hafta sonu kapalidir.
(Most banks are closed at the weekend.)

Common expressions with cok:

cok bilmis sriarty Cok sukiir! Thank God! cok gor- to grudge somebody something
¢ok yonlui versatile, multifaceted ¢ok ol- to go too far cok katli otopark multi-storey car park
cok gec¢meden soon, before long ¢ok ¢ok at the very most

96
»

biraz is used to refer to an amount of something. It corresponds

to the English some, a little, a bit, any: Biraz seker
istiyvor musun?
biraz para = some money biraz seker = some sugar _biraz sans = some luck
biraz yardim = some help_ biraz tuz = some salt biraz zaman = some time
Biraz para istiyorum. Biraz seker istiyor musun?
» (| want some money.) (Would you like some sugar?)

We can use biraz before adjectives to say a bit:

¢ biraz soguk =a bit cold _ biraz sicak = a bit hot biraz sacgma = a bit silly

Hava biraz soguk. Bu hikaye biraz sagma.

(The weather is a bit cold.) (This story is a bit silly.)

4 We can also use biraz to modify a verb:

Cocuklar biraz oynuyorlar. (The children are playing a bit.)
Biraz korkuyorum. (/ am a little scared.)

-ALISTIRMALAR
1 Put the words in the correct order.
1 pahali / magaza / bu Bu magaza cok pahall bar aaetheres enact é
PERCU CUE VOLOLIOUINGEC StMiop ier knit Marre iree tes ntti eset case teres: 4
SAKE UNSeILEeCOK Matta acPubne ey rh ip ccc le cect astvensscceaceressiceoratelnctasdosesnee
secaseretsetnct :
BOVECSME OU TINE ACOK qa rem) eae at Minter ee ee tere es aL oS eh eae taaee :
Se ETC ODL Cay Mitre cats Uri WAT eee ete te PON Fac on cod nienscch ones ataltanions ose ;
SCT RELZILEPCOK pace weniee a CR gue Wench acd eccet ands scisgcstbeees oriisd othe saSeh dnosoamastnoea GR SS :
EEO ADUIOUN. COCUKIAIL/JOVMACllaly, «cvaiks izscestucsacsacsevanievics
(sisswanevevesdcodneceeesiiacseaces deaseatvace ;

2 Fillin the blanks with the words in the box below.

a) yaramaz b) sicak c) yuksek d) zengin elsoaul f) tembel

BUSUM MAVACOK@resssssetnce
cccscectencene. . Denize gidelim.
BANOS COK cciaecsscccsiestsncaenass bir Ogrencidir. Hig ders caligsmaz.
3 Hava cok eee SOgU Cae . Paltonu giymelisin.
MPC OUAIKIATICOK .. .-20- cts. -dch.sceusssece . Her tarafi dagityorlar.
Be PCIEVIZVONUN SEST GOK o.i.c.casecssssossnsentooase . Lutfen biraz kis.
BMA NCOM ere scach capacancnacensnne0 . Cok parasi var.

3 Complete the dialogues with the statements in the box.

a) Turkce biliyor musun? b) Bu yuzden cok endiseliyim. c) Simdi kaloriferi agiyorum. d) Cok az insan geldi.

Dialogue-1 Dialogue-2
A: icerisi biraz soguk. Fh Pee ape oak a gee iret hss ae
BEA AIM eee tose ncc ae ences ch eee eetec cater entice nesosicoesaes B: Cok az biliyorum.

Dialogue-3 Dialogue-4
A: Parti kalabalik miydi? A: Yarin zor bir sinav var.
‘32° FIEINATE isathqtenaieaecc senate SecuaSe anBSnocater PReNindE onba ruceoncaaace BatEVGl str ceccastetestdacssttencencescOncrten cnaecessneacraceseuenens
4 Translate the following into English.
SEIN OO SUZEIS iy nce nceccesannnns sneer srentnrrvnensouracesnssonaesncaanecenansiuncncs :
2 Hava birazsoguk. Littfen kaloriferi ag. §«- _ssasanensssencecencectecsceensceressseneescsnssasezsssneessecassaseons ‘
3 Stadyumda cok azseyirci Var, na teetaetttsteteetetseteseteasertseetteeerseetteeeteeenaeenaeeties ;
= resneesscensteneetssteseessteeseeneesseenseeteetneetaesnaeeneeteeaes ;
4
RR ee eeeYarin evleniyOrUM.,
Cok heyecanliyim. ree oes ee eS
97
-ce/-ca/-ce/-¢a
adverb-making suffix

We can make adverbs by adding -ce/-ca/-ce/-ca to adjectives, adverbs and nouns:

yavas = slow > yavasca = slowly dikkatli = careful > dikkatlice = carefully
arkadas = friend + arkadas¢a = friendly insan = human > insanca = humanely

| = Si |
Arif bahceye gizlice girdi. Kapiy! yavasca kapatt.
(Arif secretly entered the garden.) (She closed the door slowly.)

bir sekilde (ina... way) or bir bigimde (in a... manner) can follow adjectives to give the same meaning as -ce does:

¢ Bahceye gizli bir sekilde girdim. or e Bahceye gizlice girdim.

(I entered the garden in a secret way.) (I secretly entered the garden.)

Repeated adjectives can also indicate how the action has taken place:

e iceri sessiz sessiz girdim. or ¢ iceri sessizce girdim.

(I went inside quietly.) (I went inside quietly.)

-ce is added to words of time like giinlerce (for days), haftalarca (for weeks), aylarca (for months) and yillarca (for years)
to indicate the duration of the action:

e Mesut’u yillarca bekledim. e Patron bize saatlerce ayni seyi anlath.

(| have waited for Mesut for years.) (The boss told us the same thing for hours.)

-ce helps us make words like bence (in my opinion), sence (in your opinion), bizce (in our opinion):

¢ Bence Ali hakli. e Bizce problem yok.

(In my opinion, Ali is right.) (In our opinion, there is no problem.)

We add -ce to nouns to indicate that an action is done collectively:

¢ Toplumcea siki caligmaliyiz. e Sirketce yeni kararlar aldik.

(As a society, we must work hard.) (As a company, we have made new decisions.)

-ce is added to words like iilke (country) to make the word iilkece (country-wide, nationwide) and diinya (world) to make
the word diinyaca (worldwide):

¢ Honda dinyaca Unlu bir markadir.

(Honda is a world-famous brand.)

-ce helps us make words like yiizlerce (hundreds of), binlerce (thousands of), milyonlarca (millions of) and milyarlarca (billions 5

¢ Disarida yUzlerce gosterici var. * Sirket milyarlarca dolar kaybetti.

(There are hundreds of demonstrators outside.) (The company lost billions of dollars.)

98
*ALISTIRMALAR
Baa
eA i a

_1 Make adverbs by adding -ce/-ca/-¢e/-ca to the following words.

i korkak...... Gu Sizileeere: te Hizieens

2 COSUiie aoe UW WEN ES cca de ESCSS\Zeeeere
» 2 dikkatsiz...... 8 dikkatli...... 13° bencil:s...
4 aptal...... Om akillinece 14 isteksiz ......

| 5 kibar...... 10 guzel...... 15 korkusuz ......

a) korkusuzca }-dikkatlice c) kibarca d) bencilce e) dikkatsizce f) yavasca

1 Nesrin sorulari _aikkatlice ae cevapladi ve basarili oldu.

Dia lineseac scceccecceasaees cess kapattim. Cunkti bebek uyuyordu.

MU Slserrceeccs-tccsccscoeeccces soru sordu ama memur yardimci olmadi.

PEC ADA Gece crs snsctacosesssenss kullandi ve kaza yapt..

BM DUSI
AM Amercc
trem ttssttaccsce: saldirdilar ve kazandilar.

GROTEZCAMencestsrectmrerrereenecsdavrandi.
Tum cikolatalari yedi.

3 Complete the dialogues with bence and sence.

Dialogue-1 Dialogue-2

WENA -Bieascsaieseeee hangi ayakkabilar daha guzel? NUNS a ates veer: bugUn yagmur yagacak. ..........0.+ 2

VERSTA fe ceteeeconaeiere siyah ayakkabilar daha guzel. Elif Sees eee neeee buguin yagmur yagmayacak.

4 Complete the sentences with the words below.

a) haftalarca b) milyonlarca c) duinyaca d) binlerce

Reecsssees gosterici yuruyus yapt.

2 SEY TERY Wella aasenoeua senda liralik masraf yaptyorlar. Simdiye kadar 700 milyon TL harcadilar.

SmBabalMprnces hastanede yatt.

4 Denzel Washington ............. inl bir sanat¢idir.

a I ee a a
99
Gelecegim. (/ will come.)
future tense positive

(tomorrow), gelecek
The future tense is used for actions which will take place in the future. Expressions of time like yarin
hafta (next week) and 6gleden sonra (in the afternoon) are used with this tense:

e Festival yarin bitecek. e Gelecek hafta Ankara’da olacagim. Endiselenme.

(The festival will end tomorrow.) (| will be in Ankara next week.) iyileseceksin.

° Endiselenme, iyileseceksin. (Don’t worry, you will get well.)

Structure: verb + ecek/acak + personal suffix —

Person ver- to give al- to take/buy

Ben ver-ecegim. al-acagim.
Sen ver-ereceksin. al-acaksin.
O ver-ecek. al-acak.
Biz ver-ecegiz. al-acagiz.
Siz ver-eceksiniz. al-acaksiniz.
Onlar ver-ecekler. al-acaklar.

Note that k of -ecek/-acak in first singular person (ben) and first plural person (biz) mutates to g as it is followed by a vow-
el. See Unite-5-6 for consonant mutation.

If the last syllable of the verb includes one of the vowels e, i, 6, , then the future tense suffix will be -ecek, followed by
the personal suffix:
Seni daima
¢ Sertap yarin konser verecek. sevecezim.
(Sertap will give a concert tomorrow.) ~(

e Seni daima sevecegim.

(/ will always love you.)

e Film yarim saat icinde bitecek.

(The film will end within half an hour.)

If the last syllable of the verb includes one of the vowels a, 1, 0, u, then the future tense suffix will be -acak, followed by
the personal suffix:

¢ On dakika iginde yatacaksiniz! e Yarin sabah parkta kosacagim.

(You will go to bed in ten minutes!) (/ will run in the park tomorrow morning.)

e Gelecek ay yeni bir araba alacagiz. ¢ Bir mektup yazacagim.

(We will buy a new car next month.) (1 will write a letter.)

If the verb ends in a vowel, then we insert the buffer letter -y- between the verb and the future tense suffix:

basla- start > basla-y-acak oku- read > oku-y-acak bekle- wait > bekle-y-ecek

e Film yarim saat sonra baslayacak. ¢ Babam bana bir hikaye okuyacak. ¢ Disarida bekleyecegim.
(The film will start after half an hour.) (My dad will read me a story.) (1 will wait outside.)

The letter t in verbs like seyret-, git-, et- mutates to das in the examples below:

seyret- watch > seyred-ecek git-go - gid-ecek et- do, make > ed-ecek
¢ Cocuklar 6gleden sonra bir film seyredecekler. * Yarin istanbul’a gidecegim.
(The children will watch a film in the afternoon.) (! will go to istanbul tomorrow.)

* Note that you can translate future sentences by using will or be going to.

100
*ALISTIRMALAR
Bc a

1 Add the future tense positive ending (-ecek/-acak), followed by the personal suffix.

1 2 3
Ben kosacagim. Beng iGoeisscsisscine Bend Calisaceesat
BEM KOS ecckesbee dues : SON ae RE tee hacen ne : SQN CallSetnceeac ;
> O KOSS ees esse ; O Lease
antan maya: O CallSisterece eee .
EON 0 ie
a oa : Biz iChemeunenen : Biz" CaltSsssatetitcee }
> Be ee KOS icc Bessec; ; SIZmay Gunes tee ; SiZ#=9 CaliSn.e rete :
| Ofalar KOS cc. ssiatsvensase : OnlanAacerane seco) : Onlar calisiteaceon ‘

4 5 6
BORE SCVsSeecentisass ‘ Bel weVazerrecar ees ; Benin CONGe ieee: :
SEH SCV. Kaccnccnsss.s.: : SO NVaZ aerescctnete : Seti POMC eteneteeeaess :
O SOVitn tess etueeeivs ; O WEP Assqsuecsisstense : O BONCChee ees :
Be SOV iisescnt
cdeese : Bizet VEZ eee ee : BiZ7 SGOndeis.. ees :
SI ae SOV estsedcxedessccie : SIZw Va tusnterancuctacs ; SiZp 1. BONGEL sconce ;
ONE SOViet eesccecien : Onlareyazn aoe ‘ Onlar gOnder................. :

2 Write the future simple positive form of 3 Write the future simple positive form of
the verbs in brackets, followed by the the verbs in brackets, followed by the personal
personal suffix. suffix. Remember to insert the buffer letter -y-.
1 Annem bu aksam kek .....Y4PAC4K. (yap-) 1 Film saat 8’de....2aslayacak. _. (basla-)

2 Ben yarin sabah parkta .........scccsscovcsssosees . (kos-) DeBabamibaniaikite Oeeeseeenssessecesesees . (oku-)

Seen Ver Dl ATADA |.a.cascawecncontenccesnens . (al-) 3 BebDeK ee ete tetas: . (agla-)

4 Zeynep hafta SONU DiIZe oe...

eee eeeeeeees . (gel-) Am Onlasizievdese cree . (bekle-)

Se KOMSUlal Vari PIKNIK c2ccscaicccssstsseets

eesoane . (yap-) SmBizahartarsOMmulltta Geeceseseereee tesa . (izle-)

4 Write the future simple positive form of the verbs in brackets, followed by the personal suffix.
Pay attention to the t-d mutation.

BECOCUKIAL DAlKA So
ccseccssnversescveneecevne . (git-)

2 Sedef yarin bana yardim ...........c...ccoeress . (et-)

3 Biz buraksam yeni bir film: ...cc5citccesscautes . (seyret-)

101
Gelmeyecegim. (i won’t come.)
future tense negative

We make negative future tense sentences by inserting -me/-ma between the verb stem and the future tense suffix.
each other:
Additionally, the buffer letter -y- is used between -me/-ma and -ecek/-acak as two vowels cannot follow

e Yarin tatil! Okula gitmeyecegim. Yatin tatil!

(Tomorrow is the holiday! | won’t go to school.)
Okula
gitmeyecegim.

Person ver- to give al- to take/buy

Ben ver-me-y-ecegim. al-ma-y-acagim.
Sen _ver-me-y-eceksin. al-ma-y-acaksin.
O ver-me-y-ecek. _al-ma-y-acak.
| Biz ver-me-y-ecegiz. al-ma-y-acagiz.
Siz |ver-me-y-eceksiniz. _al-ma-y-acaksiniz.
~Onlar = ver-me-y-ecekler. —al-ma-y-acaklar.

Note the consonant mutation in first person singular (ben) and

first person plural (biz):
verecek - im > verecegim verecek-iz > verecegim

If the last syllable of the verb includes one of the vowels e, i, 6, U, we insert -me between the verb stem and the future
tense suffix and the buffer letter -y-:

e Sertap yarin konser vermeyecek. e Yusuf cay icmeyecek.

(Sertap won’t give a concert tomorrow.) (Yusuf won’t drink tea.)

¢ Meral sinemaya gitmeyecek. e Ben gelecek hafta burada olmayacagim.

(Meral won’t go to the cinema.) (| won’t be here next week.)

If the last syllable of the verb includes one of the vowels a, 1, 0, u, we insert -ma between the verb and the future tense
suffix and the buffer letter -y-:

e Arabay! satmayacagim. ¢ Galatasaray bu aksam oynamayacak.

(I won’t sell the car.) (Galatasaray won’t play tonight.)

¢ isciler yarin calismayacaklar. ¢ Bu aksam Turkiye’ye ugmayacagim.

(The workers won’t work tomorrow.) (| won’t fly to Turkey tonight.)

The future tense is commonly used as in the following examples in spoken Turkish:
standard positive form in spoken Turkish standard negative form in spoken Turkish
gelecegim => gelcem gelmeyecegim > gelmiycem
geleceksin > gelcen gelmeyeceksin > gelmiycen
gelecek 2 gelcek gelmeyecek => gelmiycek
gelecegiz = gelcez gelmeyecegiz = gelmiycegiz
geleceksiniz =. gelceniz gelmeyeceksiniz => gelmiyceksiniz
gelecekler = gelcekler gelmeyecekler > gelmiycekler

102
2
ALISTIRMALAR aaa a

1 Add the future tense negative ending, followed by the personal suffix.

1 2 3
Ben yemeyecedgim. SUT P13 Bi Wer ee Benue Situs eames
| SCN VCs secretes: : Senwe rele. ccna : Serine itseeetesenesee :
> ae Weriiee eyes O (Sl tee eae O Bit saceecnces
[di A SS ci ear i alyay yay 4 bles aeraa Biz ee lt teeneteee
> SS7 eV Coe crs cece c : Si7aee CCl ome access: : Siz WauGitheeee ce ;
ETAT VO. sesnscocaessevns Onlarsceleaceea:.ces0s Onlameciteeeeecers

4 5 6
Bee iiGeereren ests, BenieeVatiteccrscsccats BenggmOUU tresses
Sei Cteesse
ensce: SYS{a) PE ee concacanessanas SSN WU eacesccecccascurrs
O [Creicnresmeereneee O Valuers rctes O OCU eressteecn:
Biz IGremedectesecetess Biz Vat eeretccee BiZmuerOUU Kieren rca:
Sigel Crete tee creacecss : Size ea titre ceca : SiZ sn OUU learesceeeeeccne :
(BiETa Tocqeeepeceaoee : Onlarcyatie oa... : Onlarcotura aes :

2 Write the future tense negative form of the verbs in brackets, followed by the personal suffix.

1 Arsenal bu aksam oynamayacak | (oyna-)

2 ABOM VAFIN PALUlVe wriscncsedioniccstvsonccoses . (gel-)

SM BIZADUICUITOD acekcerscee
tees ceerran se. (oyna-)

PE IMZTALLIK SIQALA’ jc. heer ts oot acess es . (i¢-)

BMCOCUKIAU TIT Yes. tecer-occsssaeceatoness . (seyret-)

USES DUB UN Cotes tees crcaescocstesess . Yarin gideceksiniz (git-)

RRO CAKGSIINClsssetr teens cose onsvcwcose . Biraz gecikecek. (kalk-)

8 Isciler gelecek hafta ..........-.s.s1éaecnese0e . (calis-)

SD Cumartesi GUNU KONSEL .......--0cecesvieeeneenese . (ol-)

10. Ben bu aksam erken ...:............ccecvoesee . (yat-)

103
 come?)
|ll
‘UNITE | Gelecek miyim? (Wi
future tense question

the personal suffix. The question

A | We make questions in the future tense with the question particle mi/mi, suffixed by
particle always follows the main verb:

¢ Gelecek misin? e Yarin futbol oynayacak miyiz?

(Will you come?) (Will we play football tomorrow?)

Yarin kogacagim. > | will run tomorrow. Bu aksam gelecek. > He will come tonight.
Bu aksam gelmeyecek. —> He won't come tonight.
Yarin kogmayacagim. > / won't run tomorrow.
ee
weer miyim? Bu aksam gelecek mi? — Will he come tonight?
YarinMn kosacak = > ~Will | run tomorrow?

Partiye gelecek
Structure: verb + -ecek/-acak + mi/mi + personal suffix? misin?

Hayir, partiye
Person § gel- to come al- to take/buy gelmeyecegim.
Ben gelecek miyim? alacak miyim?
Sen gelecek misin? alacak misin?
Yarin sinavim
O gelecek mi? alacak mi?
Biz gelecek miyiz? = alacak miyiz?
Siz gelecek misiniz? alacak misiniz?
Onlar geleceklermi? alacaklar
mi?

e Partide sarki soyleyecek misin? e Ali kebap yiyecek mi?

(Will you sing at the party?) (Will Ali eat kebab?)

e Yarin sabah kosacak misin? ¢ Ahmet ile konusacak misin?

(Will you run tomorrow morning?) (Will you speak to Ahmet?)

¢ Hafta sonu evi temizleyecek misin?

(Will you clean the house on the weekend?)

B| We can use question words like ne zaman (when), nasil (how) and nerede (where) with future tense sentences:
e Murat ne zaman gelecek?
Anne, yemek Yemek bir saat
(When will Murat come?) iginde hazir
ne zaman hazir
olacak? olacak.
e Yagmur yagiyor. Okula nasil gideceksin? ‘
Cs Biraz sabret
(It is raining. How will you go to school?)

¢ Cocuk: Anne, yemek ne zaman hazir olacak?

(Mom, when will the food be ready?)

Anne: Yemek bir saat iginde hazir olacak.

(The food will be ready in an hour.)

Cocuk: Cok acim.

(lam so hungry.)

Anne: Biraz sabret canim.

(Be patient a bit, sweetie.)

104
*~LISTIRMALAR
eee
Teen

L Add the future tense question particle followed by the personal suffix.

1 2 3
Ben gelecek miyim? Bens icecek 5.os.::s000-5. ? Ben. akosacakcrenneae ees ?
sen / gelecek ....c...60.0050: fe SONIC CEK teetevcrect
esse ? Serine kOSacakine sesreciae ?
O gelecek ...........000 ? O IGECEK ar ccsts tiasnees: ? O KOSaCak 4onacceat ?
BIZ™ BEICCEKT: yo..ceeseoves ? BIZMRICECE Kins, ssesscavesns ? BiZ a kOSaCAKr neck. conneets ?
piz. -gelecek ........cc.dsce0 ? SiZae mriCOCE Keetettsscscn-sce ? Siz) koSacak =. 4a ?
Onlar gelecekler ............00. 2 Onlar icgecekler ..............0 fe Onlamikosacaklaneessereset ?

4 5 6
Ben = yUZEce Kies aceon ? Ben gidecek .............066 & Ben — calisacak .............6605 ?
Seni VUZECCKineseresieee ? S Crimes idee Kerss sacseeccnecs ? Sena Galisacakeecnes ae ?
O WUZECEK oc. scoucceeeesss? O BIdECEK cisactcterere: ? O GaliSACAK ez-seusecneeeeee ?
Bizeu VUZCCEKE.-cctst.cetteeesre BiZmeGide@CE Kana ssecaorns ? BizmeGaliSaCakecuecnssceeans #
IZM VUZECEK 22:2. tess ecures fy Sizem SIGECCKearccnceereetee ? SizZaCallSaCa kaeeeeeeeteeeeeee ?
Onlar ylizecekler ................. ? Onlar gidecekler ................. ? Onlar calisacaklar ............... iP

Complete the dialogues with the future tense form of the verbs in brackets.

Dialogue-1 Dialogue-2
A: Nerede top ....CYUMAYACagiZ ? (oyna-) A Nedim Dartiven a: aetnaree ? (gel-)
B: Bahcede top oynayacagiz. B: Hayir, gelmeyecek.

Dialogue-3 Dialogue-4
PY OBFENCIEN BEZIVE ......:.c0-cesceecsesesscesceaceasess ? (katil-) AG SEN DIKNIBG ss cceat- core seen nccevartersoerares ? (git-)
B: Evet, katilacaklar. B: Evet, gidecegim.

Dialogue-5 Dialogue-6
PE Uiiaasca, SOMU IMAC wocecsedesovcnvscteeonvsendvsaseosnses ? (seyret-) IS Varin VaRMUl ccseec eet coxr costes co petces ncn teee ? (yag-)

B: Evet, bu hafta sonu mac seyredecegim. B: Hayir, yarin yagmur yagmayacak.

Dialogue-7 Dialogue-8
GRIGG eeccte scents: ? (var-)
ZAI ict tekcsetcesethees cree: setrectones meters? (basla-)
ANFilmssaatikactanncncen

B: Tren 10 dakika iginde varacak. B: Film saat 8’de baslayacak.

Dialogue-9 Dialogue-10

PR IVIACTS aA UIKACLA Neder te sesacoss oxennssevincosonstiens ? (bit-) AESOMSALK Wrovvetetnae ecco eaceenes ? (soyle-)

B: Mac saat 10’da bitecek. B: Evet, sarki soyleyecegim.

105
 6nce (before) simdi (now) sonra (after)

means now:
AG dnce means before, first, firstly, ago. sonra means after, then, later, afterwards. simdi

Once 90 kiloydum.
Simdi 70 kiloyum.

- ONCE-
e Once 90 kiloydum. ¢ A: Once ben geldim!
(I was 90 kilograms before.) (| came before (you)!)

e Simdi 70 kiloyum. B: Hayir, Once ben geldim!

(Now lam 70 kilograms.) (No, | came before (you)!)

e Once polis, sonra ambulans geldi. A: Sen sonra geldin!

(The police came first and then the ambulance.) (You came later!)

e Once cok korktum ama sonra alistim.

(I was first so scared but then got used to it.)

Be We can also use Once or Gncelikle to say first (of all):

e Oncelikle, size tesekkur etmek istiyorum.

(First of all, | would like to thank you.)

Once and sonra can follow the suffix -den/-dan/-ten/-tan to say before/after something or somebody:

e Sizden Once vardik. ¢ Kahvaltidan sonra cikiyoruz.

(We arrived before you.) (We are leaving after breakfast.)

tD | We can also use daha Once instead of 6nce:

¢ Daha Once 110 kiloydum.

(| was 110 kilograms before.)

However, if Once means first (of all), then we cannot replace it by daha 6nce:

JY Once isimi bitirdim. Sonra cay ictim. X Bake Once isimi bitirdim. Sonra cay ictim.
(Ifinished my work first. Then | drank tea.)

106
 SEE

Add -den/-dan/-ten/-tan Snce or sonra to the words below.

1 filmden 6nce/sonra TPAVARIM ee ee et es

, 1 ORSTER cash Oi Sea UDREDIKIKarel soteet cme:

5 EMG cteetcn cess sinteevsoeve PSMRCCK atrilalcuernencst

hoes ee

PME AGCterete sett ccsseccence DA Rea Valtl.<.1-tcsics-ccscaleseesete

pe a Sena ee
eT bonsaananet LSS nessaav..
DaVralinei moe

2 A ee ee TOMB recht cscs cake

PEA ZO eee oes cosas sasiowssson iL/eeetO Diantite ct ssc eens es

secsseataceds
Rae Oi caericcccscs thsi “CINEWasansaerior nssoapostoncsbooe

OV UNORTS Gee an eee 1 OS SdUeUMere.. steer

BROMSHCI deere: ccceccccscvesssss05see 2 Oi meDaNyOm ner ete

2 Match 1-8 to a-h.

1 Once ders ¢alistim. a) Sonra yemek yedi.

2 Once yemek yedik. b) Sonra sinemaya gittiler.

3 Once ellerini yikadi. c) Sonra biraz eglendik.

4 Once kavga ettiler. d) Sonra oyun oynayabilirsin.

-5 Once alisveris yaptilar. e) Sonra baristilar.

6 Once yagmur yagdi. f) Sonra yemek servisi yaptilar.

7 Once ddevini bitir. g) Sonra biraz film seyrettim.

8 Once icecek getirdiler. ees)

[el
le
|e
ee
ele
Clr
Segme
LS h) Sonra giines act.

3 Translate the sentences into English.

1 SelintigyilOnce eviendi, eT i a eenenceretbecrenscnesseDlecessseessesenseseneesesseneesenensenenereceanennenenseaes .

2 Selinticyilsonra bosandi. «= eaennessscvanssssecscssscscenencecscunencacncscuaeevecseneosonsessssussssausonsneatsessssssenenenenensarenenensaserenensses :

3 Selinsimdi Mehmet’le evli, —eacasenecvsssssssscscseseecenenestseseesenenenecacaensssnecensesssssssevecacsnseseerenssaesensaeseenseneneasacenenensetees ‘
A Arifikisaat Gnce buradaydi. —§——reaeencecessssesseccsssecscecencsceneusencacssensescneesseseescssussessscsnssesenensssenessesensnseseacensneaensenenensaeea® ;
5 Ali simadi tatilde. iki giin sonra COMECEK. .....eessessecessssessessesecsscsesssenecnecucsucsneneenesnesuecnsssssnesnssncsucsussessessesscsenecnecneaneanenncenenteety :
TS
a

107
 hala, daha, heniiz (still, yet)
artik (no longer, not ... any more; from now on)

A hala and daha mean still or yet:

Hala evde Hala ayni arabay!

e Metin : Hala evde misin?
misine kullaniyorum.
(Are you still at home?)

Erhan_: Simdi cikiyorum.

(lam leaving now.)

e Hala ayni arabayi kullaniyorum.

(lam still driving the same car.)

e Mac daha baslamadi.

(The match hasn’t started yet.)

8. heniiz, daha yeni, simdi or daha simdi tell us that an action happened only a short time ago:

e Eve henuz geldim. ¢ Mag daha yeni basladi. Patron daha simdi cikt.
(I have just come home.) (The match has just started.) (The boss has just left.)

heniiz and daha are also used in negative sentences and questions for talking or asking for something
that has not happened yet:

e A: Baban geldi mi?

(Has your dad come (home) ?)

B: Hayir, hentiz/daha gelmedi.

(No, he hasn’t come yet.)

D! artik means no longer, not...any more and it is used in negative sentences:

e Artk onunla konusmuyorum. e Artik burada yasamiyorlar. e A: Bana hala kizgin misin?
(| do not speak to her any more.) (They no longer live here.) (Are you still angry with me?)

e Artik seni sevmiyorum! e Sen artik gocuk degilsin. B: Hayir sana artik kizgin degilim.
(I do not love you any more.) (You are no longer a child.) (No, |!am not angry with you any longer.

rE | artik can also mean from now on like bundan sonra or bundan béyle:

e Artk yeni kanunlar gecerli.

(From now on, the new regulations are in place.)

* Yasasin! Piyangoyu kazandim! Artik zenginim.

(Yippee! | won the lottery! From now on, lam rich.)

108
LISTIRMALAR
Fill in the conversation bubbles with the sentences below.

| a) Hayir, hala uyuyorlar. b) Saat 12 ama Yesim heniiz gelmedi. c) Hayir, heniiz gelmedi.
d) Artik seni sevmiyorum. e) Yasasin! Piyangoyu kazandim. Artik zenginim.

Cocuklar
uyandilar mi?

Patron
burada mi?

2 Fillin the dialogues with the sentences below.

a) Hayir, hentiz ulasmadi. b) Evet, hala ayni sirkette calistyorum.

c) Hayir, hala uyuyor. d) Hayir, artk yapmiyoruz.

Dialogue-1 Dialogue-3
A: Her pazar mag yaplyor musunuz?
A: Kerem uyandi mi?
ners EO or dl SR En a ROS OR CUE IoriBRE REE onacaatr
idee @doqrotinoostGodedcceseadé
Uren nee Ply ite a cuecrpaqnteaeharcucamnteganses

Dialogue-2 Dialogue-4

A: Hala ayni sirkette mi calisiyorsun? A: Paketim ulasti mi?

109
 daima, hep, her zaman, siirekli (a/ways)
asla, hicbir zaman, katiyen, hig (never)

CAG daima, her zaman and hep mean always, every time, forever, constantly:

° Hande cok tinldi bir sarkicidir. Daima/Her zaman/Hep bir koruma ile dolasir.
(Hande is a very famous singer. She always wanders around with a bodyguard.)

¢ Daima/Her zaman/Hep kitap okur.

(S/he always reads books.) SENI f
: DAIMA SEVECEGIM,
¢ Ben daima/her zaman/hep bir aktor olmak istedim.
(| have always wanted to be an actor.)

e Bu sehir daima/her zaman/hep soguktur.

(This city is always cold.)

e ise daima/her zaman/hep vaktinde gelirim.

(| always come to work on time.)

e Seni daima/her zaman/hep sevecegim.

(I will always love you.)
(I will love you forever.)

e Seni daima/her zaman/hep hatirlayacagim. = e Seni hic/asla unutmayacagim.

(I will always remember you.) (I will never forget you.)
(I will remember you forever.)

Gs In the box on the right is an excerpt from a Turkish song called Hic durmadan, ebediyen
Hep Sevecegim. =/ Will Always Love. 7 words out of 11 have Daima, miitemadiyen
almost the same meaning: ilelebet, lene dek
Seni hep sevecegim.
hig durmadan = non-stop, constantly . |
ebediyen = everlastingly Constantly, everlastingly
daima = always, forever _ Forever, all the time
mutemadiyen = ail the time Eternally, tilldeath
ilelebet = eternally ! will always love you. ih
dlene dek = ti// death (An except from the song Hep |
hep = always Sevecegim by Levent Yiiksel. out
may wish to listen to it on the
internet.)

her vakit = all the time, at all times

e Eski sevgilim beni her vakit artyor. ¢ Bu supermarket her vakit acik.
(My ex rings me all the time.) (This supermarket is open at all times.)

tD | surekli = constantly
Although surekli (constantly) can replace daima and her zaman in most cases, it specifically refers to regularly
and repeatedly happening actions:

¢ Moda surekli degisiyor. ¢ Kemal sirekli sikayet ediyor.

(Fashion constantly changes.) (Kemal constantly complains.)

Y Seni daima/hep sevecegim. X Seni srekli sevecegim.

(I will always love you.)

I
ee ee
110
»asla and katiyen mean never, under any/no circumstances. We use them in negative sentences to say that an action or a
‘situation should not happen in any circumstances:

|¢ Kapiy! asla/katiyen acma!

, (Don’t open the door under any circumstances!)
KAFIY1 ASLA
—¢ Cocuklarimi asla/katiyen terketmem.
- (I! will never desert my children.)
p

»e Ona asla/katiyen givenme.

(Never trust him/her.)

© Ben asla/katiyen yalan séylemem.

(I never tell a lie.)

-¢ Oglum asla/katiyen ispanak yemez.

(My son never eats spinach.)

Like asla and katiyen, hicbir zaman means never, at no time: he

:
e Seni hicbir zaman affetmeyecegim.
(I will never forgive you.)

e Seni hicbir zaman aldatmadim. petberpe

riste
eri
sete
c
ret LAN
os
beeke
Btn a) .;:
(Ilhave never cheated on you.) or
peace
tiesto
_ (At no time have | cheated on you.) Never ca

® Onu hicbir zaman Uzmedim. :ca

(I have never upset him/her.) :N
ee :

seat Eats $3 :
ttror S a tt

res i ss i : Ag pat ;
watt

In addition to its other meanings, hi¢ means never as well:

¢ Turkiye’ye hic gitmedim. e Cin yemegi hic denemedim.

(I have never been/gone to Turkey.) (I have never tried Chinese food.)

Please see Unite-51 for further details on hig.

ae SS KK

111
 hic (never, (not) ... at all)

PA | hic means never like asla. It is the opposite of her zaman, daima, surekli, hep which mean always:

e Buraya hic yagmur yagmaz. e Buraya her zaman yagmur yagar.

(It never rains here.) (It always rains here.)

:z—

rB | When used in questions, hi¢ means ever:

e A: Hic kinefe yedin mi?

(Have you ever eaten kunafah?)

B: Hayir, hic kunefe yemedim. '

(No, | have never eaten kunafah.) kunefe

In questions or negative statements, hig means any, (not)...at all:

e A: Anne, ben cok hastayim. Hic iyi degilim. \

(Mom, lam so ill. |am not well at all.)
ANNE, BEN OK HASTAYIM. TAMAM CANIM,
Hi¢ lyi DEGILIM. IYILESECEKSIN.
B: Tamam canim. lyileseceksin.
\5 =
(OK, honey. You will get well.)

Gey When we want to avoid giving a full answer to a question, we just say Hic (Nothing.):

e A: Ne dedin? (What did you say?) B: Hic. (Nothing.)

Ea hig kimse = no one, nobody; hig yoktan = for no reason; hig degilse or hig olmazsa = at least

e A: Anne, ac degilim. e Evde hic kimse yok. ¢ Hig yoktan kavga cikardilar.
(lam not hungry, mom.) (There is nobody at home.) (They picked a fight for no reason at all.)

B: Hic degilse, sut ig.

(At least drink milk.)

1
MLISTIRMALAR
eee Eee ea

1 Fill in the blanks with the sentences below.

a) Hep kitap okur. c) Her zaman buraya geliriz.

d) Ders calismam gerek. e) Hep ayni ceketi giyiyorsun.

1 Bu otoblis cok dakiktir. Pama zamaninda gelir....

SE SUEESROSOCHECEEDCEERE DEG EOS REE REECE ENE . Galiba ¢ok hosuna gidiyor.

3 Bu restoran cok iyi yemekler yapar. .........c..ccscccesssceeeseeeeees

= Nazi Kitap OKUIMAYNEOK SOVEM, .:.c..ccccsescccsscevevoneessuosueneesneneee

SeBUTeNIMeVAKIUDeMibakAaNa. ccscstsss0ccescecscessecteotecen
eee

2 Match 1-10 to their opposites in a-j.

Onlart hic yenemedik. a) Burak beni strekli arar.

Bebek hig aglamiyor. b) Seni hep aldattim.
Bana hic hediye almaz.
Burak beni hi¢ aramaz. d) Ben daima emniyet kemeri takarim.
Ben hic alkol almam. e) Sen hep tatile gidiyorsun.
Sen hic tatile gitmiyorsun. f) O daima sigara icer.
O hic sigara igmez. g) Ben her zaman alkol alirim.
Seni hi¢ aldatmadim. h) Biz her zaman ders ¢alisiriz.
DHBen
Oo
BP
An
WN hic emniyet kemeri takmam. i) Bana hep hediye alir.
10 Biz hic ders caligmayiz. isis
si
Be
aS
a j) Bebek hep agliyor.

3 Answer the questions to complete the dialogues.

~ Dialogue-1 Dialogue-2
A: istanbul’a hic gittin mi? A: ingiltere’ye hic gittin mi?
Bm AVI erree terete teetce. cat dene.ccasscessesuaaine
suaes Satiduae : B: Evet, Ingiltere’'ye gittim.

Dialogue-3 Dialogue-4

A: Hig ingilizce anliyor musun? A: Hic lahmacun yedin mi?

BIS [RIEWYATA Pttiodtioicec dace sseReS neat aaee Ea HEERneR Renn annie ; BREVGt ma ie.ccestnunecdaeetsudte
eteeertee meee ener :

4 Fill in the blanks with hic or her zaman.

Dialogue-1 Dialogue-2

A: Faruk’u taniyor musun? A: Ona giivenir misin?

Bre AVL ONE Cops arsconnncsPenpeearaets tanimiyorum. BREVEL, OMe Biteet

sessceccons eters’ guvenirim.

Dialogue-3 Dialogue-4

A: Hig alkol alir misin? A: Seni hi¢ arar mi?

RCH sitions
tigledabe 3.teehee alkol almam. BeEVet iDOMliz.d toca ccsecceteasecsess arar.

113
 saniye (second) saat (hour)
dakika (minute) giin (day)

A saniye =second dakika = minute saat = hour

e On dakika iginde ofiste olacagim. e Ucak iki saat sonra kalkacak.

(I will be at the office in ten minutes.) (The plane will take off two hours from now.)

e Bir dakikada 60 saniye var. e Bir saatte 60 dakika var.

(There are 60 seconds in a minute.) (There are 60 minutes in an hour.)

re saniye and dakika commonly occur in spoken Turkish:

e Bir dakika. Bir saniye litfen.

e Bir saniye.
(Just a second.) (Just a minute. /Just a moment.)

e Bir dakika litfen. e Bir saniye bekleyin.

(Just a minute, please.) (Wait a second.)

e Bir saniye lUtfen. e Bir dakika bekleyin.

(Just a second, please) (Wait a minute.)

saniyesi saniyesine means exactly on time, on the dot:

e Program saniyesi saniyesine basladi. e Tren saniyesi saniyesine hareket etti.

(The programme started on the dot.) (The train left on the dot.)

rD | Word combinations with dakika and saat:

son dakika = /ast minute, breaking news dakika basi= every minute, frequently
saat basi = every hour on the hour yerel saat =/ocal time
cay saati/vakti = teatime saat farki =
time difference
calar saat = alarm clock duvar saati= wall clock
kol saati = watch mesai/caligma saati = working hour

¢ Otobusler hafta igi dakika basi gecer. e istanbul’a saat basi bir tren var.
(Buses pass by/run every minute on weekdays.) (There is a train to Istanbul every hour on the hour.)

¢ Simdi cay saati/vakti. e Yeni bir calar saat aldim.

(It is teatime now.) (I bought a new alarm clock.)

e Bu is yerinde calisma saatleri esnektir.

(Working hours are flexible at this workplace.)

kol saati calar saat duvar saati

114
» gun means day:

e Her gun tenis oynarim.

(I!play tennis every day.)

¢ Metin bitiin giin televizyon seyreder.

(Metin watches the television all day.)

@ Gun daha bitmedi.

(The day hasn’t finished yet. =
4 f yet) Metin butun giin televizyon seyreder.

We generally use the word giinii with days of the week, although it is optional:

pazartesi
azartesi ggiini’ Mond ay GON
‘a Pia
Ps
sali guni Tuesday a
¢arsamba glint’ Wednesday ‘

persembe giinii’ Thursday

cuma gunu Friday
cumartesi gun’ Saturday
pazar guint Sunday

Pazar gunU sinemaya gidiyoruz. Her Sali

(We are going to the cinema on Sunday.) 2 Al 1 Ode

The first letter of the day is capitalised only when there is a specific date in the sentence:

e 20 Nisan Cuma gin tatile gidiyoruz.

(We are going on holiday on Friday, 20 April.)

giin takes the suffix -diir to say how many days something lasts or continues:

bir gundir = for a day iki gUndur = for two days uc gundir =for three days

e Ayse Uc glndir hasta. e iki gUndir elektrik yok.

_ (Ayse has been ill for three days.) (There has been no electricity for two days.)

giinlerdir means for days and it tells us the action has been happening continuously
for days. Hence, the verb is usually in
the present continuous tense (-yor):

e Ginlerdir yagmur yagiyor. e Giinlerdir beni aramiyor. Neden acaba?

(It has been raining for days.) (S/he hasn’t called me for days. | wonder why?)

Like giinlerdir, giinlerce means for days. However, it tells us that an action happened continuously in the past.
Hence, the verb is usually in the simple past tense:

e Festival cok giizeldi. Kutlamalar giinlerce surdu. X Kutlamalar gunlerdir surdu.

(The festival was very good. The celebrations lasted for days.)

e Festival cok guzel. Kutlamalar giinlerdir suruyor. X Kutlamalar gunlerce suruyor.

(The festival was very good. The celebrations have been lasting for days.)

son giinlerde means in recent days, recently, lately:

e Son guinlerde ¢ok mutsuz gorunuyorsun. e Son ginlerde dolar cok yukseldi.
(You look so unhappy in recent days/lately.) (The dollar has gone up in recent days/lately.)
ne

115
 hafta (week)

Cs hafta means week:

Honda servisi.
bu hafta = this week gecen hafta = /ast week
gelecek hafta = next week her hafta = every week Bu hafta arabami

e A: Honda servisi. Buyrun.

(Honda service/garage. How can | help?) Uzguinum ama bu
hafta cok
yogunuz.
B: Bu hafta arabami servis icin getirebilir miyim?
(Can | bring my car in for a service this week?) hafta misait
misiniz?

A: Uzgiinim ama bu hafta cok yogunuz. Evet, gelecek

(lam sorry, but we are very busy this week.) hafta misaitiz.

A: Peki. Gelecek hafta mUsait misiniz?

(OK. Are you available next week?)

B: Evet, gelecek hafta mUsaitiz.

(Yes, we are available next week.)

Gy haftada bir means once a week:

e Haftada bir yuzerim. e Haftada bir bulusuruz. e Ali’yi ancak haftada bir gorurim.
(I swim once a week.) (We meet once a week.) (I see Ali just once a week.)

We can also say haftada iki kez/ii¢ kez/d6rt kez... (twice a week, three times a week, four times a week ...):

e Haftada iki kez badminton oynarlar.

(They play badminton twice a week.)
- kez and kere mean the same: bes kez/kere = five times

haftalardir means for weeks:

e Haftalardir yagmur yagiyor. ¢ Betul haftalardir benimle konusmuyor.

(it has been raining for weeks.) (Betul hasn’t talked to me for weeks.)

e Bu yol haftalardir kapali.

(This road has been closed for weeks.)

oO: We can also say:

hafta arasi = midweek hafta bagi = at the beginning of the week

hafta sonu = weekend or at the weekend _ hafta igi = weekday or on weekdays, during the week

e Hafta ici sana ugrayacagim. ¢ Bu hafta sonu piknige gidiyoruz.

(I will call on you during the week.) (We are going ona picnic this weekend.)

116
"ALISTIRMALAR
1 Complete the sentences with the phrases in the box.

a) dakika basi b) haftalardir c) saniyesi saniyesine d) calar saat e) duvar saati

| f) haftada bir g) biitiin gin h) mesai saati -i}-dakika- j) haftada iki kez
)p

Tee Bes ec, dakika icinde ofiste olacagim.

, EEO MAS Hee, fee PieE eA ects ecckecovsea ects hareket etti.
Mim Uradaria erat
eee Sie cos minibus gecer. Biraz bekleyin.
SEMLENIAZ |DAFA LYNG cea heeAdah cca ss nats eeess vossatcvavss svocdnns hediye etti. Artik gec¢ kalkmiyorum.
VO SStail Fak Js ces 20 bane ee on 08:00-17:00.
6 Pazartesi ve carsamba giinleri havuza giderim. Yani ...........ccccccsssscsssesssscesnseseneeeeens yuzerim.
Bae OU SALOME ICM: llterseteetees sescesecdssysovileeisssseuliecues almaliyiz.
SSMENCOCUIKI
AT ce etntee trea ete cdecesesia sock cneiuce oyun oynadilar. Simdi ders calismalilar.
Baa Nilay her-cuma gunu Deni arar. Yani ....i.:0.dececnsecscasesssessssovascsesenoes telefonda konusuruz.
THO): TEXUTAW C0)Fe eee acca a acs ate toe yol calismasi var.

2 Translate the sentences into English.

Ginlerdir kar yagtyor. It has been snowing for days

BukaGaihantalanGlmvolCaliSMmast Valc. ewe 0a Secanccechesstestescccslootees
seccaceseesseacteceausuecscessseuuustescaccecste csAccmeee Penseetsee eeesnceneaemnens
Demme CuUMierdir INTEMETS BIFMIVOR™ —90 2% ajdpceincs oeancdvessesend cdesodcsteiieactesaat (ceecese sesifuscncenscotbansapbahuicss Semonasnnscedea corte cane eeeanem
AMMEURUNICTOIR EVO. DISA CIKIMIVOT.. «1 4)” Scenes aonaatenssechssneseatucesearonensconsttdees
Negiscebie ttstvs. heed. tes,wants ttahsosWineSane mh aaceemateest
Bu hafta cok yogunum.
Her hafta sinemaya giderim.
Gecen hafta hastaydim.
Bir haftada yedi gtin var.
WNGelecek
S&S
Ol
oO)
SI.
CO
oO hafta tatile gidiyoruz.
10 Haftada iki kez ma¢ yapariz.

117
 sabah (morning)
dgle (noon)

CA | sabah means morning:

bu sabah = this morning yarin sabah = tomorrow morning her sabah = every morning

e Bu sabah Fatma’y! gordum. e Yarin sabah izmir’e uguyorum. e Her sabah yuzerim.
(I saw Fatma this morning.) (lam flying to izmir tomorrow morning.) (I swim every morning.)

tB | sabahlari means “all mornings” and refers

to an action done every morning or in the Sabahlar Sabahlari
morning. \t is generally used in the present erken kahvalti yaparim.
simple tense: kalkarim.

e Sabahlari erken kalkarim.

(| wake up early every morning.)

e Sabahlari kahvalti yaparim.

(Ilhave breakfast every morning.)

sabahleyin means in the morning. We can use it for past or future action. Unlike sabahlari, it rarely occurs in the present
simple tense:

¢ Sabahleyin yola ¢ikacagiz. X Sabahtart yola cikacagiz.

(We will set out in the morning.)

e Sabahleyin eve vardik. X Sabahlart eve vardik.

(We arrived home in the morning.)

rD | sabahtan beri means since (this) morning:

e Sabahtan beri burada bekliyorum. ¢ Adam sabahtan beri artyor.
(| have been waiting here since morning.) (The man has been calling since morning.)

Note that the Turkish verb is in present continuous tense (-yor) while the English translation is in the present perfect
continuous tense (have/has been doing). The English translation is affected due to the presence of beri (since) which
indicates an ongoing action from a time in the past until now.

sabaha kadar means till morning:

e Sabaha kadar agladim. ¢ Sabaha kadar televizyon seyrettik.

(I cried till morning.) (We watched television till morning.)

sabaha means by morning. We usually use it with present simple verbs:

e A: Ne zaman varirlar? B: Sabaha varirlar.

(When will they arrive?) (They will arrive by morning.)

This is a good example for a present simple verb telling us of a future action.
We could also use the future tense with no change in meaning:

e A: Ne zaman varacaklar? B: Sabaha varacaklar.

(When will they arrive?) (They will arrive by morning.)

118
» Ogle (also 6Zlen) means noon. It usually occurs in the following word combinations:

) 6gle arasi/tatili/paydosu = /unch break dgle vakti = midday

/ Ogle uykusu = siesta dgle yemegi = /unch

E sabah

. © Ispanya’da gle uykusu cok popilerdir.

(Siesta is very popular in Spain.)

| We can also add suffixes to Ogle to say:

dgleden beri = since midday 6gleye/déglene kadar = till midday

ogleye = by midday

© Nazli ogleye kadar uyudu.

(Nazli slept till midday.)

e Ogleden beri elektrik yok.

(There is no electricity since midday.)

° Ogleye burada olurlar. Nazli 6gleye kadar uyudu.

(They will be here by midday.)

6gleden Once means before midday, a.m. :

. © Bu ddevi Ogleden Once bitirmeliyim.

(I have to finish this homework before midday/lunch time.)

dgleden 6nce and d6gleden evwvel are used interchangably.

dSgleden sonra means in the afternoon, p.m. :

e A: Program ne zaman basliyor? Program

Program ne
(When is the programme starting?) Ogleden sonra
zaman basliyor?
basliyor.
B: Program ogleden sonra basliyor.
(The programme is starting in the afternoon.)

e Ogleden sonra bulustuk.

(We met in the afternoon.)

¢ Bu ogleden sonra Tirkiye’ye uguyorum.

(lam flying to Turkey this afternoon.)

119
 aksam (evening)

Gs aksam means evening: Bu aksam Bemde

. ; 5 sinemaya f
bu aksam = this evening, tonight geliyorum.
yarin aksam = tomorrow evening
her aksam = every evening/night

e Pelin :Buaksam sinemaya gidiyoruz.

(We are going to the cinema tonight.)

Berna : Ben de geliyorum.

(lam coming too.)

¢ Esim ve ben her aksam film seyrederiz.

(My wife and | watch a film every evening/night.)

e Yarin aksam size geliyoruz.

(Tomorrow evening we are coming to your place.)

B | aksam and aksamleyin can function as adverbs and tell us that the action takes place in the evening:

e Aksamleyin/Aksam ne yapiyorsun?
(What are you doing in/for the evening.)

aksamlari means ‘all evenings’ and it informs us of a habit or action that happens every evening/night.

e Aksamlari erken yatarim.

(I go to bed early every evening/night.)

Gs aksamdan beri means since evening:

e Aksamdan beri internet yok.

(There is/has been no internet since evening.)

GF akgsama kadar means till evening:

¢ Cocuklar aksama kadar top oynadi.

(The kids played football till evening.)

Ge aksama means by evening:

¢ Yemek aksama hazir olacak.

(The food will be ready by evening.)

ee We can also say:

aksama dogru = towards evening aksam Uzeri = nightfall

aksamt bulmak = to Jast ti/l evening aksama kadar = until evening

120
“LISTIRMALAR

L Complete the sentences with the words in the box.

a) sabaha b) sabahtan c) sabah d) sabahleyin -e}sabahlart

, 1 Benve annem wn sabahlart....... yuruyiis yapariz.

MMC ORBIZ ICN Go cccascccsusnsaseetncescseenis gazete alir.
i. ee ere ae havuza gittim.
tccusadelisdeeninaes kadar ders calistlar.
f Pee
PBC eneeenry coun; beri toplantidalar.
eiess Srcupev

2 Complete the sentences with the words in the box.

a) 6gleye b) 6gleden c) kadar d) Once —e)} ogle—

1 Bu fabrikada ......... pale tatili saat 12 ile 1 arasindadir.

BeReser diicomovaaps kadar okulda olacagim.
OOS Cy a re ¢alisiyorum.
OS. Stee aan eee sonra bir randevum var.
Bee ar ON OR ITCCCN) 2. <2... sscacdaesosteeneese
andes buradaydi.

3 Complete the sentences with the words in the box.

a) aksama b) aksam- c) yarin d) uzeri e) aksamlari

1 Sezginher........ AKSAIA oa eeccee. film seyreder.

ale Sons eee Cee aksam Ankara’ya uguyorum.
DRONA ee So inca i tasnvusanacse cok kitap okur.
BP COCUKAlasnis. ccustaitssavencnedesseose? kadar top oynadilar.
BYEC CTI IGNAKSAIN cons ss ssosetessessrstenadesnss bulustuk.

4 Put the following words in the correct order.

Peeaiailanionce./ cittim: / OBleden pls ee skeet ssatevannsepeovepsonucntsensecuened¥unasucendetsgeresanoqassesnyor ns ‘

ncetnretersezcssassabtbewsusestoreres
Be rsabahlart/ Vapariz fYUrUYUS cenensenscssssocsnescecencccsosencncotecenerossnestuedeuocsonensorceussssscusvensssensesnenenestessserenanezedans :
3 sinemaya/sonra/ gidiyoruz /GBICAer —vaacsesvscsesesnseseseseseseseseseensnsrsnseensvevsvsvevssarevenenensnsissesesesesesesececeeneseenenenenenenge® :
A aksam/yarin/Keremgile / gidiyOruz, — rasasseseseseseseseneseseneneneneseneneienenenenssssesesenenesensassessseseseasssseceesenseseesesntacacagaeasens :
Beesabah / Metin (Her / yuzer © res entassnsssesscnnsceseececsenconeoencsseneteutnensnsunnncesvossssassababnonssonessuesteaarereastaunensnessneney ;

6 Ogle/saat/arasi/12’de /baslar = asaseassenenesneneseseneseencasstsnsanssnsansveneevesssssesssavenssueseseenenecneaecnsnencaconsacnsensnetaes ?

7 gitmiyorum/bu/aksam /partiye §————eaeasesessenenesnenencenencnessencatsvsscsnensacsvaneaesessesuasesecnenecuenconsncnscacueesaacenseceesseseosint® :

121
UNITE | giindiiz (daytime, daylight)
gece (night-time, night)

Al giindiiz means daytime, daylight—the period of time when it is light outside. It is the opposite of gece:

glindiiz isi = daytime job gece isi = night-time job

gundiz aktiviteleri = daytime activities gece aktiviteleri = night-time activities

6 As an adverb, gundlz means

during the day, by day, in the daytime, by daylight:
GUnduz sana
ugrayacagim.
e Berna: GUnduz sana ugrayacagim.
(1 will pop into your place during the day.)
GuUnduz musait
deGilim.
Suzan: GUndUz mUusait degilim. Calisiyorum. Calisiyorum.

(1am not available during the day. |am working.)

Aksam musait
misin?
Berna: Aksam mUsait misin?
Evet musaitim.
(Are you available in the evening?)
Tamam.
Goérusuruz.
Suzan: Evet musaitim.
(Yes, |!am available.)

Berna: Tamam. Gorusuruz.

(OK. See you.)

-Note that we can’t say giindiizde:

VY GUndiz yola cikacagiz. X Gendtizde yola cikacagiz.

(We will set off by daylight.)

We can also use giindizleri instead of giindiiz.

¢ GUnduzleri evdeyim ama geceleri calisryorum. * Cocuklar gunduzleri okulda.

(lam at home during the day but | work at night/every night.) (The kids are at school during the day.)

e Annem gunduzleri evde.

(My mother is at home during the day.)

Gy gunduz gozlyle means by daylight, in broad daylight:

LS Be Giindiiz gozyle —CHERReERSe
¢ GUnduz gozuyle adam kaciriyorlar! FH ae adam kaciriyorlar!
(They are kidnapping a man by daylight/in broad daylight.) ‘

* Simdi yatalim. Bunu gUnduz goziyle halledebiliz.

(Let us go to bed now. We can sort this out by daylight.)

\~<<= [S
gupegundiz is similar in meaning to giindiiz géziiyle.

122
As a noun, gece means night. It is the opposite of giindiiz:

bu gece = tonight o gece = that night

diin gece = /ast night gecen gece = the other night
-yarin gece = tomorrow night her gece = every night

*
*e O gece cok korktum. e Her gece dua ederim. .
(Il was so scared that night.) (I pray every night.) Ww Yi Id iZ

a. 6
@ Istanbul’da iki gece kaldik. e Dun gece erken yattm. * Otel
(We stayed for two nights in istanbul.) (I went to bed early last night.) *

a cet 2K KOK K
/e Geceyi nerede gecirdin?
6 Gece 7 Gun
(Where did you spend the night?)
Kisi bagi sadece
600 TL
_e Gecen gece onu sinemada gordum. * Hemen Arayin!
02121234567
(I saw him/her at the cinema the other night.)

e Yarin gece Ankara’ya uguyorum.

(lam flying to Ankara tomorrow night.)

As an adverb, describing the verb, gece means at night. Note that we can’t say gecede:

e Ben gece gec¢ uyurum. e Gece disari ciktilar.

(I sleep late at night.) (They went out at night.)

/¥ Gece cok soguk olacak. X Geeede cok soguk olacak.

(It will be very cold at night.)

We can also use geceleyin or geceleri instead of gece to say that an action is done every night:

¢ Geceleyin/Geceleri kitap okurum. ¢ Geceleyin/Geceleri televizyon seyretmem.

(i read books at night.) (I don’t watch television at night.)

¢ Bebek geceleri agliyor.

(The baby cries at night/every night.)

We can also say:

geceligi = per night

tiim/bitiin gece/gece boyunca = all night
gecenin bu vaktinde = at this time of night
iyi bir gece uykusu = a good night’s sleep
gece giindiiz = day and night
iyi geceler. = Good night.

Bu supermarket gece giindiiz acik.

123
 diin (yesterday) bugiin(today) —— yarin (tomorrow)

AL diin = yesterday bugiin = today yarin = tomorrow

Sali Carsamba Persembe

¢ Dun kar yagdi. ¢ Bugtin yagmur yagiyor. e Yarin kar yagacak.

(It snowed yesterday.) (It is raining today.) (It will snow tomorrow.)

CB. We use the simple past tense in sentences made with din,
Diin ise neden
as it refers to actions or situations that took place yesterday: gelmedin?

e Patron : Diin ise neden gelmedin?

(Why didn’t you come to work yesterday?)

Isci : Hastanedeydim. Kiigiik bir kaza

(I was in hospital.) gecirdim.

Patron : Neden?
(Why)

iscsi: Kick bir kaza gecirdim.

(| had a minor accident.)

We can use almost every tense with bugiin, depending on when the action or situation takes/took place:

¢ Buguin cok mutluyum. Ciinki bugiin benim dogum gtinim. Cok endiseliyim. Bugiin cok zor bir sinavim var.
(lam so happy today. For today is my birthday.) (1am so nervous. | have a very difficult exam today.)

e A: Ne zaman ucacaksin?
(When are you going to fly?)

B: Bugun ucgacagim.
(lam going to fly today.)

Ga We generally use the future tense with yarin, however it is common to use the simple present tense to refer to actions
that will happen tomorrow:

e A: Ne zaman gelecekler? e A: Bunu ne zaman bitirirsin?

(When will they come?) (When will you finish this?)

B: Yarin gelecekler. B: Yarin bitiririm.

(They will come tomorrow.) (I will finish it tomorrow.)

124
ELISTIRMALAR
a ireesinnep nermUU
Complete the dialogues with the questions below.

a) Hakan bugiin ise neden gelmedi? f) Bu otelin geceligi ne kadar?

b) Sevgi ne zaman geldi? g) Dun ne yaptin?

c) Nezaman-vardiniz> h) Bu aksam tiyatroya gidelim mi?

d) Projeyi ne zaman bitirdiniz? i) Fenerbahce ne zaman oynayacak?

e) Ne zaman aldin? j) Selim giindtizleri ne yapar?

Dialogue-1 Dialogue-2
a: Ne zaman vardiniz oo... ? RR ES at eS ON 2
B: Dun vardik. B: Dun aksam geldi.

Dialogue-3 Dialogue-4
PM ECO PUZEIOIT COKEE. Ffasccrscacies saccvutntsisuerocssncecuvessusotnone es ot a aa a nar eS ee is Bie ?
B: Bugtn aldim. B: Ders calistim.

Dialogue-5 Dialogue-6
OC git ae eee ? 1G see he nae te rt Se ORS ee Ars A tee e
B: CUnku kaza gecirdi. B: Bugtin oynayacak.

Dialogue-7 Dialogue-8
INS» JaSsaacdeSec nce ple Sees aR en Ana cot enaeeeae temas i? |AO ea aa Setar Basse Pee OACOE A SOABEEC TS auOaT Ee ?

B: Din gece bitirdik. B: Genellikle evde televizyon seyreder.

Dialogue-9 Dialogue-10
AES SE Se eee Pe ane EOE rd Te oe era Pare Pe meee eee eae ?
B: Hayir, gitmeyelim. Cok yorgunum. B: Tek kisilik oda 90 TL.

Put the following word into the correct order.

A ney aril Witt) BeliyOry/ OUCAya Vecemt mls fk.

Mithat yarin aksam Gostessenegs
buraya
Masetvccecscihed¥erssavansacaasctaeeee
geliyor
Seendyayccpuetetcceeeorandetreeenrar@thectr cary;
Peeee nNaniziiy MIKSIZMe CCE EVE (CINAL 88k acsescocotabsnsasnesensacoos eraneraharsnqceruinsessvetencammee res sniieterPemipretaazcasecgets :
Beery Nova COC COKmmm rs )— 6 cy) aN, csccvcssathetaatcsctacrensecaceeceantsete-sexcncanotaraiugetnas
#2 Miata tesdeer=czncrane-tueg ;
BMT alt /-DUGUD (OCEINEE SN 1 inaegr ececneos sevens :
Feccnsvushacnsecnencnsnpencnnansnescerenaderorecorocecvesasqnsssuamaesbene
Pee tay babanay aksamiy OKUr /Hep Fs ssdtaschucseasasscucnencncacucnpuedesetaneseneneneaeastetosotenestareparasasnovonssonersaarenst :
GumAntalvada/ gece;/ UG) Kaldik <9 955 6556 5 Padesevesesdcscuenatenscennemnceentecaetasntstecbevotonvpndvssstonnsdgachensnnssseeaseateesonsaaay :
7. bizimfparti/evde [bustin (Var sasanasnesscnstencncnerenctecnsorsnerssnesstsrvcncnsensnssesnvsascecserseveasasacaceuavensnuaios :
8 ne/bu/gecenin/saatinde /yaplyOrsun —_easasasssssssnetseseeteeseesesesssssssesesorssssensnsseasacaesssesessseseseseecnenenenenenens

125
 Saat kac? (What time is it?)

es Let’s familiarise ourselves with the following words before learning how to tell the time in Turkish:
bir = one iki = two lic = three dort = four bes = five alti = six

yedi = seven sekiz = eight dokuz = nine on=ten onbir=eleven oniki = twelve

tam = exactly, on the dot of ceyrek = a quarter bucuk/yarim = half

var = to geciyor = past

B | If the clock indicates that the time is on the hour, we simply say the numeral related to the hour.
Fraction words like ceyrek (a quarter) and bucuk (half) follow the numeral indicating the hour:

e A: Saat kag? What time is it? e A: Saat kag? What time is it? e A: Saat kag? What time is it?
B: (Saat) bes. It’s five. B: (Saat) on iki. (It’s twelve.) B: (Saat) dokuz bucuk. /t’s half past nine.
As seen above, we may omit the word Saat in the answer when telling the time.

We use var (there is/are) after the minute to say it’s ... to.... The numeral indicating the hour takes the suffix of -e/a:

Structure: hour + -e/-a + minute + var

Uc-e on var. (It's ten to three.) Dokuz-a ceyrek var. (It's a quarter to nine.

three to ten(minutes) there are nine to quarter there is

The logic behind this structure is to indicate how many minutes are left for the hour. That’s why we use the word var,
which literally means there is/are. Read the English words in the examples above, in reverse order.

[Di We use geciyor after the minute to say /t’s ... past .... The numeral indicating the hour takes the suffix of -i/-i/-u/-ii:

Structure: hour + -i/-i/-u/-ii + minute + geciyor

Py x geciyor. we five past ten.) i ceyrek gegiyor. (/t's a quarter past five

ten accusative five (minutes) past nine accusative quarter past

G To say at what time/ when an action takes/took place, we use the locative suffix of -de/-da/-te/-ta:
saat birde = at 1 o'clock saat onda = at 10 o’clock
saat Ucte = at 3 o'clock saat dokuzda = at 9 o'clock

e Mag saat yedide baslayacak. e Metin saat sekizde kalkar.

(The match will start at seven o'clock.) (Metin wakes up at eight o’clock.)

126
 J

re
eeaan

‘ellthe time in words.

2 A: Saat kac? 3 A: Saat kac?

Beer eee eer eerieries Pig adSess erate oy Pern raed sae :

L A: Saat kac? 5 A: Saat kag? 6 A: Saat ka¢?

cele aa 5 anor ieee ever ee Se ABE SNe en pr Aan acre eres Cie emretec : Betsic te Ue ccc OMEe eee res ;

/ A: Saat kac? 8 A: Saat kac? 9 A: Saat kac?

ee ee ees 0 ah potent ea ne RY gem ony eg eI Oa : Iori egret ae eda cee hs :

10 A: Saat kag? 11 A: Saat kac? 12 A: Saat kag?

cares eal ee Ne Deen cvecs tre tasPl aio eteest Hs : |B OPAMP a ea eRe vieleCl wn ont :

3 A: Saat ka¢ 14 A: Saat ka¢? Ei 15 A: Saat kag?

rece ets ieaviten ce ARI paces aa aan ap Were Ry Cee : Baa crams ts cutie rete
 Saat kacta? (What time ...?, When...?)

the hour:
Gs] To say at what time / when an action takes/took place, we add the locative suffix of -de/-da/-te to

saat birde = at one o'clock saat onda = at ten o'clock Saat sekizde
saat licte = at three o'clock saat dokuzda = at nine o'clock kalkarim.

e Mac saat yedide baslayacak.

(The match will start at seven o’clock.)

e Saat sekizde kalkarim.

(I get up at eight o'clock.)

e Her giin saat onda yatarim.

(I go to bed at ten o’clock every day.)

Gy If we want to state the minutes past the hour, then we have two options:

1) hour + minutes + -de/-da/-te Film saat bes

yirmide
Film saat kacta
bes yirmi-de baslayacak? Saat |Film baslayaca k.
17:20

e A: Film saat kacta baslayacak?

(What time will the film begin?)

B: Film saat bes yirmide baslayacak.

(The film will begin at five twenty.)

2) hour + minutes + -i/-1/-u/-ii + gece

bes-i yirmi gece

y
five accusative twenty

e Pizza besi yirmi gece gelecek.

(The pizza will come at twenty past five.)

If we want to state the minutes remaning to the hour, then we use kala (remaining)
after the minute. In this case, we add the suffix of -e/-a to the numeral indicating the hour:

3) hour + -e/-a/ + minutes + kala Mag saat bese

Mag saat kacta
yirmi kala
Coe baslayacak.

wae |
bes-e yirmi kala baslayacak.

five to twenty

e A: Mag saat kacta baslayacak?

(What time will the match begin?)

B: Mag saat bese yirmi kala baslayacak.

(The match will begin at twenty to five.)

128
|
hISTIRMALAR
I
en

| Answer the questions using the hours in brackets.

' Dialogue-1 Dialogue-6

! A: Ankara ugagi saat kacta inecek? A: Program saat kacta baslayacak?
, B: Ankara ucagi saat sekizde inecek | (og.99)
, Dialogue-2 Dialogue-7
_ A: Her gun saat kacta kalkarsin? A: Cocuklar saat kacta kalktlar?
:. aes NOUN cig, LOM . (07:30) Bee ce. ee en ie ee eee ae . (09:30)

- Dialogue-3 Dialogue-8
| A: Otobiis saat kacta gelecek? A: Film saat kacta bitti?

Dialogue-4 Dialogue-9
A: Yemek saat kacta gelecek? A: Ozge saat kacta aradi?
Mr aarp toesax ae rare ce caso) Wea cs vscdesaveuns+cieees . (12:00) Bp a et Napa ote se i ee a _ (04:50)

Dialogue-5 Dialogue-10
A: Konferans saat kacta bitecek? A: Saat kacta yatacaksin?
cade dae Ce ARB Sad NORE cutissobecen eae ease ae ieee Ne . (10:50) BIE ee PR ero ee RE Ot AO tn A mens . (10:30)

Put the following words into the correct order.

saat / gelecek / sekizde/ Fikret Ane e eee tenet eee e eee eee eee Eee E SOE EHO E eee ee EES eHH eee sEHe ees ses russes eeseenssessasseseeessate &

dokuzda / yatti/ saat / babam eee eeeee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee ere errr rrr reer rere ee

yaris / saat / baslayacak/ birde Poem eee e meee eee e eee eee ee Hee Eee EEE HESS TEER EE SEE EEE SEED eases eee EsesesEesEreseeHssesseeeessens ©

konser/ bitti / saat / on ikide Peer eer rere reer reer reer err er errr rrr rrr rer rrr rrr rer rr rere reer rrr errr

Sosaat
OT
Ole / ucak / ticte/ kalkt

Match 1-10 to a-j.

saat altly! yirmi gece a) at a quarter to four

saat dokuzda b) at twenty to two

saat besi on gece c) at a quarter past six

saat onbire bes kala d) at twelve o’clock

saat altiyi ceyrek gece e) at nine o’clock

saat ikiye yirmi kala f) at five to eleven

saat onu bes gece g) at ten past five

saat on ikide h) at twenty past six

WYsaat
Oo
BP
BF
ON
Do dorde ceyrek kala i) at five to seven

10 saat yediye bes kala mae

Bal
Sle
EP
eS j) at five past ten
 iyelik durumu-1
the genitive case-1
G
another noun. In Turkish, both the possessor a
CA |The genitive case is the case that marks a noun as being the possessor of
the possessed carry markers to indicate a possessive relationship:
Haylr,
bu oyuncak
Bu oyuncak

Personal Pronouns Possessive Adjectives

ben | benim my
sen you senin your
fe) he/she/it onun his/her/its
biz we bizim our
siz you sizin your
onlar they onlarin their

8 Possessive Case markers after a

maiectives Case markers after a consonant ar a
benim -im/-im/-um/-iim -m Benim adim Benim adim
senin -in/-in/-un/-tn -n Sed fade Nihat.
onun -i/-1/-u/-U -si/-si/-su/-su
bizim -imiz/-imiz/-umuz/-Gmuz -miz-/-miz/-muz/-muz
sizin -iniz/-iniz/-unuz/-Unuz -niz/-niz/-nuz/-niz
onlarin -i/-1/-u/-U or -leri/-lari -si/-si/-su/-su or -leri/-lari

ev = house ad = name
benim evim my house benim adim my name
senin evin your house senin adin your name
onun evi his/her/its house onun adi his/her/its name
bizim evimiz our house bizim adimiz our name
sizin eviniz your house sizin adiniz your name
onlarin evi their house onlarin adi their name
okul = school diigtin = wedding
benim okulum my school benim duginim my wedding
senin okulun your school senin dugtiniin your wedding
onun okulu his/her school onun dugunii his/her wedding
bizim okulumuz our school bizim duginimtiz our wedding
sizin okulunuz your school sizin dugininiiz your wedding
onlarin okulu their school onlarin dugtinii their wedding

The examples above indicate that in addition to the possessive adjectives (e.g. benim = my) we should add case markers.
the word possessed as well, as in okulum (i.e. -um indicates that the possessor is the first singular person, benim = my).

We don’t necessarily have to use the possessive adjectives benim, senin, etc. because we are already using case markers
at the end of the word possessed:

¢ Benim adim Ali. or ¢ Bizim okulumuz cok guzel. or

Adim Ali. Okulumuz cok giizel.
(My name is Ali.) (Our school is very good.)

130
 a) benim kedim b) senin kedin c) onun kedisi
d) bizim kedimiz e) -sizinkediniz f) onlarin kedisi

2 Put the following words in the correct order.

1 bu/arabam / benim 6 cok guzel / evi /onun

Bu benim arabam
litatetelaiste iavals uals uisialalaie\sia uateislelbieieleis\elols(sle sielelsisicisisigio'eis\viaisie-siciuicisiesisiscaclnawasicie ec -° | «««—s—s—s«s MEM MRM NL || soldreleloje eleSip's'u nieelaje'wials\olelelslelelele(ee\e/s\eleleieieieies\s\a'e.cinle.cin 0/0\s-a eleie gle einleleieeeieieieiciaiele) ia)

2 Turkiye /memleketin / senin 7 evi / Ankara’da / onlarin

3 cok giizel / eviniz / sizin 8 okulumuz / bizim / cok uzak

4 onun/ cok yaramaz / cocugu 9 cantasi /onun / cok pahali

5 benim / takimim / favori / Arsenal’dir 10 nerede / biletim / benim

Mblalsia'alalaiel pists sisie'sin(aleisie s\pivioisisi sisieiels/a'b/sia(u\o\n\sloiaisjalsvelea'sinlaie/aeleisliacleisisieeejpiecem-cl’ if) © | | | , |s0810\610\6[p.e\u,01n/4 siviviais.e ejvieia's d:eleieie © o(eie/o 0/e.e\4\o:e/a/u\n\a/s\e\s\en\e vieis/e.e sieisie/eje)e siesieie'nieie aie
 iyelik durumu-2
the genitive case-2

noun. In Turkish,
CA | The genitive case is the case that marks a noun as being the possessor of another
both the possessor and the possessed carry markers to indicate a possessive relationshi p:

a) okulun adi b) Kerem’in kalemi

the possessor the possessed the possessor the possessed

(school's) (name) (Kerem's) (pencil)

Kerem’in kalemi yerde.

Okulun adi Fatih iIkégretim Okulu.

As you can see from the example (b) above, in Turkish both the possessor (Kerem) and the posssessed (kalem) take
genitive case markers. In English, only the possessor takes a case marker (’s).

tB | Remember:
Possessive Case markers after a
ealemirce Case markers after a consonant er

benim -im/-1m/-um/-tim -m
senin -in/-in/-un/-tin -n
onun -i/-\/-u/-t -si/-si/-su/-sii
bizim -imiz/-imiz/-umuz/-Gmuz -miz-/-miz/-muz/-muz
_sizin -iniz/-iniz/-unuz/-Unuz -niz/-niz/-nuz/-nuz
onlarin -i/-\/-u/-i or -leri/-lari -si/-si/-su/-su or -leri/-lari

As you can see from the table presented above, if the word indicating the possessor ends in a consonant, then we add
-in/-in/-un/-iin.

Ahmet’in bisikleti = Ahmet’s bicycle Pinar’in elbisesi = Pinar’s dress

Umut’un arabasi = Umut’s car Betul’tin evi = Bettil’s house

e Ahmet’in bisikleti bozuk. e Pinar’in elbisesi muhtesem.

(Ahmet’s bicycle is broken.) (Pinar’s dress is wonderful.)

e Umut’un arabasi cok giizel. e Betil’tin evi Kadikoy’de.

(Umut’s car is so beautiful.) Ahmet’in bisikleti bozuk. (Betul’s house is in Kadikéy.) —_Pinar’in elbisesi muhteser

ay With reference to the table above, if the word indicating the possessor ends ina vowel, then we add
-nin/-nin/-nun/-niin. In other words, we insert the buffer letter -n- between the two vowels to create harmony:

Ali’nin kardesi Leyla’nin arkadas) Duygu’nun yeni telefonu Ulki’niin isi

(Ali’s brother/sister) (Leyla’s friend) (Duygu’s new phone) (Ulkii’s job)

° Ali'nin kardesi cok hasta. e Duygu’nun yeni telefonu cok pahali.

(Ali’s brother is so poorly.) (Duygu’s new phone is very expensive.)

e Leyla’nin arkadasgi disarida bekliyor. ¢ Ulkii’niin isi cok sikict.

(Leyla’s friend is waiting outside.) (Ulkii’s job is so boring.)
GF We use the question word kimin (whose) to ask who something belongs to:

A: Bu kimin arabast? (Whose car is this?) B: Ahmet’in arabasi. (Ahmet's car.)

132
iLISTIRMALARea
Se EE

Add possessive case markers to the words below.

1 bilgisayarin kablosu 11 annem..... yemekler.....

Faruk’..... ayakkabo..... 12 Izmir’..... nufus....

13 Marmaris’..... hava.....

14 Melih’..... gitar...

T5yoteler adres.....

Yasar’..... kalem..... 16 Erdem’..... kardes.....

kart..... sifre..... 17 ¢ay..... koku.....

eV..... adres..... 18) Elif<-2: bisikletiz..

Otellawadac. 19 cocuklar..... okul.....

20 Kemal’..... ceket.....

2 Add possessive case markers to the words below.

Tiirkiye’nin nifusu 11 Londra’..... nifus.....

ingiltere’..... hava..... 12 Hatice’..... saat.....
Ayse’..... araba..... 13 Arda’..... arkadas.....

Duygu’..... okul..... 14 banka..... ad.....

cami..... minare..... 15 Burcu’... elbise.....
cadde..... ad..... 16 villa..... adres.....
kapl..... sifre..... 17 magaza..... ad.....

araba..... yas..... 18 diinya..... nifus.....

WNAli’.....
Oo
FB
WN
DOD
On Turkee..... 19 Berna’..... amca.....
20 daire..... fiyat.....

Je EN cee adresi aklimda degil.

Burcu’nun elbise........ muhtesem! 8 Ali’nin kardes........ cok caliskan.

Marmaris’in hava........ harika! 9 BOvokulay-.- adi ne?

ieee bisikleti bozuk. 10 Arkadasinin ev........ nerede?

Yasar’in kalem........ cok giizel. 11 Kerem’... oyuncagi masanin Uzerinde.

FP
wo
Dn
WN Suzan’In telefon........ nerede? 2 Otelere. adresi nedir?

133
PA icin means for and follows the noun it indicates:
Bu magazada
Mehmet icin = for Mehmet cocuklar icin = for kids 6grenciler icin
annem icin = for my mother sirket icin = for the company indirim var.

e Mehmet icin bir hediye aldim. e Bu oyun cocuklar icin.

(I bought a present for Mehmet.) (This game is for kids.)

e Bu magazada Ogrenciler icin indirim var. e Sirket icin galisiyoruz.

(There is a discount for students at this shop.) (We are working for the company.)
Ra

GS] icin follows the words benim, senin, onun, etc. to form the phrases below:

benim icin = for me onun icin = for him/her/it sizin icin = for you
senin icin = for you bizim icin = for us onlar icin = for them

e Ayse bizim icin kahve yapiyor. e Sizin icin bir paket var.
(Ayse is making coffee for us.) (There is a parcel for you.)

e Herkes onun icin bekliyor. e Takimimiz bugtin oynuyor. Onlar icin dua ediyoruz.
(Everybody is waiting for him/her.) (Our team is playing today. We are praying for them.)

We can make phrases like bunun icin = because of this, so and onun icin = because of that, so:
e Aki bitmis. Onun/Bunun icin araba ¢alismiuyor.
(The battery has run out. So/Because of that, the car is not working.)

as icin also means about:

¢ Bu teklif icin ne dusUnUyorsun?
(What do you think about this proposal?)

rE | icin after verbs is used to express purpose or intention. In this sense, it is translated as to, in order to or so as to:

¢ Et almak icin kasaba gittim. konusmak icgin = in order to speak konusmamak icin = so as not to spea
(I went to the butcher’s to buy meat.) 9g8renmek icin = in order to learn ogrenmemek icin = so as not to learr
oynamak icin = in order to play oynamamak icin = so as not to play
e Vaktinde kalkmak icin saatikurdum. _ ¢allgmak icin = in order to work calismamak icin = so as not to work
(I set the clock to get up on time.)

el igin can be used with the question word kim:

Senin icin

¢ Cocuk : O hediyeyi kim icin aldin? O hediyeyi

(For whom did you buy that present?) or kim icin
(Who did you buy that present for?) aldin?

Baba _: Senin icin aldim.

(I bought it for you.)

-igin also combines with ne to form the question word nigin (neticin) = Why?/For what?

e Nicgin aradin? (What did you call for?)

(Why did you call?)

134
.ISTIRMALAR
a a

Put the words in the correct order.

1 = ders /sinav/ icin / calistyoruz 11 minibUs / okul / yeni / icin / bir/ aldik
MOD e cece cece nee racenseseseseeeseceeseteeTasaee Wee ewe cence reer erenees

12

13
POO e meme e nena eee eee teen ee eee eee e eee ee eee eee eeseeeseeseneteeeseee®

14
OOO e emcee eect tere eee eee n eee eeseeese seer eeeeesens

15
SPORE meee merece eee ee eer en esses reese ess seseeseesessetesesesersesseses

16
eRe eee eee e eter e meee eee e eee eater esse eee Eee eee ee reese nesses eeeseeses

17
MONE MN aa ce eats sc catlee vse lose thoes aa vet os ?
8 degil / burasi / cocuklar/ icin / giivenii 18

9 alisveris / nereye / icin / gidiyorsunuz 19

RRM eee ere aan ee ee eck e a vacceccsacsesset cicceteortteet ties e
20

. Fill in the blanks with the positive verbs below. 4 Fill in the speech bubbles with the
correct form of possive adjectives + icin.
a) igmek -e}yapmal- e) 6grenmek
b) calismak d) oynamak

1 Kek ..4YaP™MA4K. icin un ve seker lazim.

ne aldin?
POT URKCE o.is.sce.scoscpents igin kursa gidiyor.
BR COCUKIAL TOP secewicecouasseosecs icin bahceye indi.
OTS 20.5. .csbchacennesat icin kutuphaneye gittim.
‘Sh ASUS
TaeWiese reeniareee Ones icin disari cikt.

a) calismamak -e}izmemek e) harcamamak

b)etmemek — d) yapmamak

1 Onu Bzmemek icin partiye gidecegim.

PIM ALP CONS ccc: scasissehasesexacees icin bir bahane uydurdu.
EMRAKAZ A enaiesustieccizessnscies icin dikkatli gitmelisiniz.
AS SEEAGG \not seater tere eee icin bizimle gelmiyor.
MME CUENT RVIAUSIL coccsanracesencvceresaws icin Isig1 ag¢madim.

135
ettirgen ¢ati-1
the causative case-1

do
We use the causative structure when we want to say that one thing or person causes another thing or person to
something. The causative verb in Turkish is formed by adding one of the following suffixes:

Arabay! yikadim. > Arabayt yikattim.

-dir/-dir/-dur/-diir -ir/-ir/-ur/-ir —-er/-ar i washed theeeey ‘gotthe carwasheam
-tir/-tir/-tur/-tiir -t -it/-it/-ut/-it

-dir- is a commonly used causative suffix. Some of the verbs that can take suitable forms of -dir-:

sus- to be quiet sustur- to make somebody/something quiet

dik- to plant diktir- to get something planted
ac- to open acur- to get something opened
ol- to die oldir-_ to kill
giul- to laugh guldiir- to make somebody laugh
dur- to stop durdur- to make somebody/something stop
don- to freeze dondur- to make somebody/something freeze
ye- to eat yedir- to feed
kir- to break kirdir- to get something broken Polis arabayi durdurdu.
bin- to get in/on bindir- to get somebody to get in/on a car, bus etc.

eArabadurdu. > e Polis arabay! durdurdu.

(The car stopped.) (Police stopped the car. or Police made the car stop.)

e Kek yaptim. > ¢ Kek yaptirdim.

(| made a cake.) (| got a cake made.)

e Agacdiktim. > e Agag diktirdim. e Herkes gildi. > e Kerem herkesi guldtirdu.
(I planted trees.) (I got trees planted.) (Everybody laughed.) (Kerem made everybody laugh.)

e Kadin oldu. => e Kadini dldurduler. e Pencereyi actim.> ¢ Pencereyi actirdim.

(The woman died.) (They killed the woman.) (Ilopened the window.) (I got the window opened.)

-t- is added to polysyllabic verb stems ending in a vowel.

agla- tocry aglat- to make somebody cry

boya- _ to paint boyat- to get something painted
oku- to read okut- to get somebody to read something
buyu- togrow buyut- to make somebody/something grow; to raise
bekle- to wait beklet- to keep somebody/something waiting
temizle- to clean temizlet- to get something cleaned
izle- to watch izlet- to make/have somebody watch something
Kerem bebedi aglatt.

Polysyllabic verb stems ending in | or r can take -t- too:

urper- to shudder Urpert- to make somebody shudder ¢ Oses beni Urpertti.

supUr- to sweep supurt- to have somebody sweep a place (That sound made me shudder.)
bagir- to shout bagirt- to make somebody shout
kugul- to shrink kugult- to make something smaller; to humiliate ¢ Cocuklar beni yine bagirttlar!
(The kids made me shout again!)

136
 i -it/-it/-ut/-iit- is added to monosyllabic verb stems ending
in -k:
Beni korkuttun!
ak- to flow akit- to leak; to shed Nicin igeri
kork- to be scared korkut- to frighten sessizce girdin?
kok- to smell kokut- to make smell

¢ Beni korkuttun! Nigin igeri sessizce girdin?

(You scared me! Why did you come in quietly?)

|ee
ae
ii
i

-ir/-ir/-ur/-iir also helps us create causative verbs. It is added to monosyllables:

as- to surpass asir- to cause to surpass

bat- to sink batir- to make somebody/something sink
duy- to hear duyur- to make something be heard; to announce
dog- to be born dogur- to give birth to
dus- to fall diisur- to make somebody/something fall; to drop

¢ Berna kitaplari bilerek dUsurdu.

(Berna knowingly dropped the books.) eo
Berna kitaplari bilerek dusurdu.
¢ Hatice bir kiz dogurdu.
(Hatice gave birth to a girl.)

-ar/-er- also helps us create very few causative verbs:

cik- to go out; to go up; come off cikar- to take something away from somewhere or off something; to remove

¢ Bu deterjan eski lekeleri bile cikariyor.

(This detergent removes even old stains.)

137
 ettirgen gati-2
the causative case-2

A The meaning of the causative

You should now be
We have covered all of the causative suffixes in the previous unit with plenty of example sentences.
no different from any other verb- forming suffixes. These verbs
able to understand that the causative suffixes in Turkish are
show that somebody/something causes something to happen:

agla- tocry > aglat- to make somebody cry

yaz- to write = yazdir- to have somebody write / to get somebody to write something
yika- to wash > yikat- to get something washed

While the Turkish causative case occurs in the form of suffixes added to verb stems, English causative structure is formed
through several structures as follows:

to make somebody do something : She made me clean the whole house. (Tim evi bana temizletti.)
to have somebody do something : ¢!had the secretary write a letter. (Sekretere bir mektup yazdirdim.)
or (| got the secretary to write a letter.)
to get something done : © | got the car washed. (Arabay! yikattim.)

B | The syntax* of the causative

Causative structure-1: subject + accusative object + agent inthe dative form + verb + causative ae oe
so Bey (ie. -i/-i/-u/-)— (i.e. -e/-a) — (i.e. -dir, -ir, t ueer) a
tite
Pel, hs eee

Ben ev-i Filiz'e temizle-t-tim. (/ had Filiz clean the house.)

+ \
subject object accusative agent dative causative
suffix suffix suffix

| arranged for Filiz to clean the house. The agent is Filiz and in this case it must take a dative case suffix (-e/-a). The objec
(ev) takes the accusative suffix (-i) as we know which house the subject is talking about.

If the object (ev) is not a specific one, then we should say: Ben Filiz’e ev temizlettim. (I had Filiz clean a house.)
In this case, the object (ev) follows the agent (Filiz).

- Causative structure-2: subject + accusative object + verb

+causative suffix _ ik hit suing pL:
(i.e. -i/-1/-u/-U) (i.e. -dir, -ir, -t, -it,-er) mn

Ben ev-i temizle-t-tim. (I had/got the house cleaned.)

1
subject object
¥\ accusative causative
suffix suffix

| arranged for somebody to clean the house. We don’t know who the agent is. The object (ev) takes
the accusative suffix (-i) as we know which house the subject is talking about. Otherwise we would say:

¢ Ben ev temizlettim. (I had/got a house cleaned.)

* The grammatical arrangement of words in a sentence

ee eee
138
 AALISTIRMALAR
a a

1 Write the causative forms of the verbs below by adding the correct form of -dir.

1 begen- (to like) +» begendir— (to make somebody like something)

2 ¢alts- (to work) PMs sleckncvns sohs (to make somebody/something work; employ)
. 3 bul- (to find) Sse ae (to get somebody to find somebody/something)
, 4 ac- (to open) =) eee (to get something opened)
_ 5 inan- (to believe) Son ee (to make somebody believe; to persuade)
_ 6 baris- (to make peace) 2 .5ea (to make people become friends again; to reconcile)
q 7 kes- (to cut) Ot ee (to make somebody cut something, to get something cut)
» 8 sus- (to be quiet) ST 353 (to make somebody/something quiet)
9 kapat- (to close) ts eee (to make somebody close something; to get something closed)
10 sat- (to sell) ST Sean Era es (to get something sold)
11 hisset- (to feel) CURESttena (to make somebody feel something; to get something felt)
argle aeRO
- 12 diistin- (to think) a Ae Oe (to make somebody think about something)
13 s6n- (fire - to die down ; light - to go out)> eee (to extinguish; to turn off)
14 gil- (to laugh) OM ERS
Soe AARON (to make somebody laugh)
15 Op- (to kiss) ray acre
teHCHO (to make somebody kiss)

2 Complete 1-7 with appropriate verbs in a-g.

1 Dedem bir mektup 4azdal a) sattrdi
Pmeoctikiar DENI COK ....<:ss0c..se0c0s : b) -yazdirdt+
See ANG tuim ISIKlalll......ccseectece : c) durdurdu
4 Kocam yeni arabam) ...........00000 ; d) kizdirdilar
SyePous Her arabayl :..s:.csseeecennane : e) kapattrdi
6 Ben hediye paketini ................05 4 f) giydirdim
7 Cocuga yeni bir elbise ................0.. : g) actrdim

3 Complete 1-6 with appropriate verbs in a-f.

TMA EA) SELIM .5.-.0008ss0teeeee- : a) -bayutte
2 Annem bittin oyuncaklart ...............0 : b) beklettiniz
3 Annem ve babam oldu. Beni amcam buyutti .. : c) izletti
4 Neredesiniz? Bizi Gok .............0 : d) boyatacagim
5 Sacimi yeni bir renge ..............000 ‘ e) baslath
6 Ogretmen bize giizel bir belgesel 0.0.0.0... ; f) toplath

4 Write the causative forms of the verbs by adding the correct form of -ir.
1 doy- (to be full) => _doyur= (to satiate hunger; to feed; to fill up)
2 i¢- (to drink) ea tasnauns yah (to make somebody/something drink)
3 yat- (to go to bed) On ee ea are (to put somebody to bed)
4 duy- (to hear) acbenauel cea (to get something heard; to announce)
Dial citeish
5 bat- (to sink) Skis a a aioe A (to cause somebody/something to sink; to immerse)

5 Fill in the blanks with the accusative form of the words in brackets.
1 Arabay!............ yikattm. Simdi tertemiz. (araba)
NLR SS oo ideailvvescssacesssaes: sondiirdu. (yangin)
BE OMI ec ociei ee. ets cinstavaceon boyatti. Bu renk ona yakist.. (sa¢)
BEEP Ota te tes seesteuscstecsecsesse ucurdu. (u¢ak)
IS) PNAYRVETRR) csccnasuoanoceeocnseeneeaceee kapattirdi. (bilgisayar)

139
 ve (and)
de/da (and, also, too, as well)

cA |ve is a conjunction which corresponds in meaning to the English word and. It co-ordinates words, phrases and clauses:

e Elif ve Ahmet bahcedeler.

(Elif and Ahmet are in the garden.)

e istanbul ve Bursa cok giizeldir.

(istanbul and Bursa are so beautiful.)

e Hizli ve Ofkeli benim favori filmimdir.

(Fast and Furious is my favourite film.)

Masada iki kitap ve bir kalem var.

¢ Masada iki kitap ve bir kalem var.
(There are two books and an eraser on the table.)

a In most situations, we can use ile/-(y)le instead of ve:

Tavuk ile
¢ Elif ile Anmet bahcedeler. Mentide pilav var.
(Elif and Ahmet are in the garden.) ne var?

e Musteri: Mentde ne var?

(What is on the menu?)

Garson: Tavuk ile pilav var.

(There is chicken and rice.)

e Tezcan: Kahvaltida ne yedin?

(What did you have for breakfast?)

Rifat : Peynirle zeytin. See Unite-69 for

(Cheese and olives) further details on ile.

ve also co-ordinates clauses:

e Supermarkete gittim ve elma aldim.

(! went to the supermarket and bought apples.)

¢ Babam odaya girdi ve bilgisayari kapatti.

(My father entered the room and shut down the computer. )

q We can also connect clauses by adding -ip/-1p/-up/-iip to the verb. In this case, we don’t need ve:

¢ SUpermarkete gidip elma aldim. ¢ Dedemi goriip dénecegim.

(I! went to the supermarket and bought apples.) (I will see my grandfather and come back. )

¢ Babam odaya girip bilgisayari kapatti. ¢ Cocuk bana vurup kact.

(My father entered the room and shut down the computer.) (The child hit me and ran away.)

140
 de/da is a conjunction which means also, too, as well, and. |t co-ordinates words and clauses.
It is not a suffix.
) It is a separate word which comes after the word it modifies:

» Ben de dondurma istiyorum. Funda da partiye geliyor.

q j
CIKOLATALI

(| want ice-cream too.) (Funda is coming to the party too.) " se

»

| The position of de/da may change the meaning of the sentence: < \ : BEN DE DONDURMA
| AK ISTIYORUM. |

fa) Nuray da dondurma yiyecek. (Nuray too will eat ice-cream.) ar ss

2

b) Nuray dondurma da yiyecek. (Nuray will eat ice-cream as well.)

In (a), da modifies Nuray, so we understand that Nuray is one of those people who want to eat ice-cream.
In (b), da modifies dondurma. Therefore, it is clear that Nuray will eat ice-cream as well as other things.

More examples: Canta da kitap

da ceket de
e Ali de sinemaya gelecek. (Ali will come to the cinema too.)
e Annem de geliyor. (My mother is coming too.)
e Yarin da yagmur yagacak. (/t will rain tomorrow too.)
e Salata da ¢ok lezzetli. (The salad is so delicious too.)
e Ekmek de bitti. (The bread has run out too.)
¢ Gomlek de cok sik. (The shirt is so smart too.)
® Kitap da yerde. (The book is on the floor too.)

‘Note that te/ta are not conjunctions and should never be used as de/da. You may see this error is commonly made even
by native Turkish speakers:

V Kitap da yerde. X Kitap ta-yerde. V Ekmek de bitti. ¢e bitti.

X Ekmek
(The book is on the floor too.) (The bread has run out too.)

You may also see that de/da is written at the end of proper nouns with an apostrophe. This is wrong:

V Leyla da ag. X Leyla’da ag. V Ahmet de geliyor. X Ahmet’te-geliyor.

(Leyla is hungry too.) (Ahmet is coming too.)

| Remember that the locative case marker -de/-da/-te/-ta, which is added to the end of a word is a suffix. It cannot be used
as a conjunction:

/ Cocuklar da geliyor. X Cocuklarda geliyor.

(The kids are coming too.)

When de/da is repeated, it means both ... and:

° Kalem de defter de yerde. or Kalem de yerde defter de. e Fatma da Ayse de hakli. or Fatma da hakli Ayse de.
(Both the pencil and the notebook are on the floor.) (Both Fatma and Ayse are right.)
y
mre se en
141
 hem... hem de (both ... and)

hem ... hem (de) is a conjunction which means both ... and. It can also be translated as on the one hand, ... on the other
hand... . It is optional to use de after the second hem. <8} ae

e Berk hem giinesleniyor hem (de) kitap okuyor. a ma

(Berk is both sunbathing and reading a book.) chy,

e Hasan hem araba kullaniyor hem (de) telefonla konusuyor.

(Hasan is both driving and talking on the phone.)

e Arif hem zeki hem (de) caliskandir.

(Arif is both clever and hard-working.)

e Sana hem iyi hem (de) kdtt bir haberim var.

(| have both good and bad news for you.) Berk hem giinesleniyor hem de kitap okuyor.

e Hem bana ‘Sakin ol’ diyorsun, hem (de) kendin telaslaniyorsun.

(On the one hand, you are saying to me, “Calm down”. On the other hand, you are yourself making a fuss.)

e Hem bana “Cok acim.” diyorsun, hem (de) masaya gelmiyorsun.

(On the one hand, you are saying to me, “lam so hungry.” On the other hand, you are not coming to the table.)

e Hem calismiyor hem (de) yakiniyorsun.

(You are both not working and complaining.) or
(On the one hand, you are not working. On the other hand, you are complaining.)

It is commonly used in adverts:

e Hem eglen hem para kazan!

(Both) Have fun and earn money!

e¢ Hem cok konus, hem az 6de!

(Both) Talk more and pay less!

e Hem dil 6gren hem tatil yap!

(Both) Learn a language and have a holiday!

It is used to make the following expressions which are common in spoken Turkish:

¢ Hem suglu, hem giiclu. (He’s guilty himself, yet he acts innocent.)
° Hem Ziyaret, hem ticaret. (Both pilgrimage and trade) or (Combining business and pleasure)

hem (de) can be used on its own to say ‘moreover’; ‘and indeed’:

e Feyza cok ¢alisiyor, hem de sabahtan geceye kadar.

(Feyza is working too much; and indeed, from morning till night.)

e Sen delisin, hem de zir deli!

(You are mad; and indeed, barking mad!)

Hem can also mean ‘by the way’:

e Hem sen onu nereden taniyorsun? (By the way, how do you know him/her?)

142
ALISTIRMALAR
et

1 Write what you see in each picture. Use the words in the box.

| inek atki tavsan -keyun- kedi cizme deve kaplumbaga kdpek eldiven esek semsiye |

be

2 Answer the questions using the words in brackets. Connect them with ile/-(y)le.
Dialogue-1 Dialogue-2
A: Kim evleniyor? A: Kahvaltida ne yedin?
B: SedePle Kemal (Sedef, Kemal) Bivartnrnertt
cance synecaertseriiice eeenenance (yumurta, bdrek)

Dialogue-3 Dialogue-4
A: Bu aksam kim oynuyor? A: Partiye kim gelmedi?
Be agobascubdaSouneeo
tea Sinn eeSeee seen eee (Galatasaray, Besiktas) Biizsssctiasdvacawsseesseute
Retsaoee Beteeteer eee Bees (Berrin, Nazli)

3 Make one sentence from the two sentences in each question by adding the correct form of -ip
to the first verb.
1 Supermarkete gittim. Sut aldim. 2 Evi sUpurecegim. Uti yapacagim.
inn Sererrererrererr ere rere. orn! Pero

sec ect een cccccerensceceeesesssesesessesesesssesssesssssssssesssssesessessseses ©

4 Fill in the blanks with de/da.

1 Sinemaya gidiyoruz. Sen Ae ae geliyor musun? 2 YEMeCK vy scccneeess tatiipereoeses cok nefis.
SPV ALIN Gi ss csneicis yagmur yagacak. ASE ALK Gizeee cere: eldivenin ............. cok sik
ET BADAND tevacsve enn KALOCSIM tuctocennse:- hasta. Be ENT arcccene enc BeV ita cacetscicse burada.

5 Fill in the blanks with hem... hem de.

1 Cocuk hem hasta nem. de, cok yaramaz. Dee Vielte tierce: kita DrOKUY Oleeemestceeressers muzik dinliyor.

Mite eascncssesCOUSIVOLUI <-sncscseecsere0. egleniyorum. UE sseesaniene SEMANVOuecarccerorsnsbees oyuncular harikaydi.

SVEN tS ecintceste ZENON 220. speeronewees mutlu bir adamdir. 6 a Bularac acs: cen deni Zdessy nwnrestes: karada gider.

143
 ya ... ya da (either... or)
veya, ya da, yahut, veyahut (or)

or:
Gig ya ... ya (da) is used for showing two or more possibilities or choices. It means either...

ya Pinar ya da Mehtap = either Pinar or Mehtap Ya cevizli ya da

ya evet ya da hayir = either yes or no fistikli
ya simdi ya da asla = either now or never baklava istiyorum.
ya Galatasaray ya da Besiktas = either Galatasaray or Besikas
ya cevizli ya da fistikli baklava = either walnut or pistachio baklava
ya trenle ya da otobusle _ = either by train or by bus

e Yarin ya Pinar ya da Mehtap gelecek.

(Either Pinar or Mehtap will come tomorrow.)

¢ O kadin ya Ingiliz ya da Amerikali.

(That woman is either English or American.)

e Ya bir laptop ya da bir tablet bilgisayar alacagim.

(1am going to buy either a laptop or a tablet PC.)

e Ya Galatasaray ya da Besiktas sampiyon olacak.

(Either Galatasaray or Besikas will be champion.)

Ankara'ya ne e Ya cevizli ya da fistkli baklava istiyorum.

zaman gideceksin? (| want either walnut or pistachio baklava.)

Ya carsamba ya da
persembe.
e A: Ankara’ya ne zaman gideceksin?
Peki nasil (When will you go to Ankara?)
gideceksin?

B: Ya ¢arsamba ya da persembe.
Ya trenle ya da
otobusle. (Either Wednesday or Thursday.)

A: Peki nasil gideceksin?

(OK, how will you go?)

B: Ya trenle ya da otobisle.
(Either by train or by bus.)

Be In most cases, ya ... ya da can also be replaced by veya, ya da, yahut (or):

° ya Garsamba ya da persembe or c¢arsamba veya/ya da/yahut persembe

(either Wednesday or Thursday) (Wednesday or Thursday)

144
h veya, ya da, yahut, veyahut all mean or.
/ya da and veya are more common than yahut and veyahut.
They are used to introduce another possibility: Mavi ya da kirmizi
: Hangi renk renk bir araba
araba alacaksiniz? alacagim.
B° Satigelemani —: Hangi renk araba alacaksiniz?
(What colour car will you buy?)

7 Musteri : Mavi veya/ya da/yahut/veyahut kirmizi renk bir araba alacagim.

(I will buy a blue or a red car.)

1 e A: Oraya nasil gidecegiz?

(How are we going to go there?)

B: Oraya otobUs veya/ya da/yahut/veyahut trenle gidecegiz.

(We will go there by bus or by train.)

_ @ A: Kahvaltida ne istiyorsun?
(What would you like for breakfast?)

Bence o gomlek
B: Kahvaltida omlet veya/ya da/yahut/veyahut sosis istiyorum. Sence bu gomlek
60 ya da
(| would like omlette or sausage.) ne kadar eder?
80 lira eder.

e A: Partiye kiminle gideceksin?

(Who will you go to the party with?)

B: Partiye Firat veya/ya da/yahut/veyahut Murat’la gidecegim.

(I will go to the party with Firat or Murat.)

e A: Sence bu gomlek ne kadar eder?

(In your opinion, how much does this shirt cost?)
(How much do you think this shirt costs?)

B: Bence o gomlek 60 ya da 80 lira eder.

(In my opinion, that shirt costs 60 or 80 liras.)
(I think that shirt costs 60 or 80 liras.)

You may encounter veya written as ve ya and ya da written as yada. Both of them are wrong uses:

VY bugtn veya yarin X bugtn ve-ya yarin

V bugtn ya da yarin X bugiin yada-yarin

You may be interested to know that veya, ya da, yahut and veyahut all come from either Persian or Arabic. For example, ve
is an Arabic word while yahut is a Persian one. Turkish combines the two quite nicely to form the word veyahut. Similarly, ve

is Arabic and ya is Persian. They both combine to create the word veya in Turkish. These four words, veya, ya da, yahut and

veyahut are testament to the fact that the Turkish language has had a welcoming approach to words and even grammatical
structures of other languages.
rer
ee res

145
 ne ... ne de (neither ... nor)

can be either
AL ne ... ne (de) is a conjunction which means neither...nor. The words connected with ne ... ne (de)
the subject, the object or the verbs of the sentence.

Ne ekmek ne de sit aldim. Ciinkii ikisi de taze degildi.

(| bought neither bread nor milk, for both of them were not fresh.)

3 ne ... ne (de) connects words. The verb is positive although the meaning of the sentence is negative:
Ne laptop ne de
e Ne laptop ne de tablet bilgisayar ¢alistyor. tablet bilgisayar
(Neither the laptop nor the tablet PC is working.) calisiyor.

e Bugiin ne Trabzonspor ne de Besiktas gol atti.

(Today, neither Trabzonspor nor Besiktas scored a goal.)

/ Ne Selin ne de Petek adresi biliyor.

(Neither Selin nor Petek knows the address.)

X Ne Selin ne de Petek adresi-bimiyer

* When ne... ne (de) funtions as the subject, the verb is singular

as in the examples above.

ne ... ne (de) connects clauses. The verb is positive although the meaning of the sentence is negative:

Sentence a) Oyun oynamiyor.

> Ne oyun oynuyor ne de televizyon seyrediyor.
Sentence b) Televizyon seyretmiyor. (S/he is neither playing games nor watching the telly.) @
} WS,

Ga, Ne can also be used before adjectives to intensify them:

e Ne kétii bir adamsin! Ne guzel

(What a bad man you are!) bir gin!

¢ Ne guzel bir gun!

(What a beautiful day!)

See Grammar Essentials Unite-7/B on page 248.

146
 Complete 1-8 with a-h.
1 Bu oyunda..... ; a) ya Sema ya da Aylin
2. Ratitii.... 5 b) ya lspanya’ya ya da Fransa’ya
3 Ya kitap okuyacaksin ..... '
4 Bu restoranda ..... yerim. d) ya bir Audi ya da bir BMW
bs Raporu ..... yazacak. e) ya sinemaya ya da tiyatroya
6 Ahmet ..... alacak. f) ya evde ya da kafede olacak
Vy Haftasonu ..... gidecegiz. g) ya kebap ya da iskender
8 Tatil icin ..... gidecekler. an
Se
a h) ya da yazi yazacaksin
2 Write what forms of transport Giizel family may take for their holiday. Use veya/ya da as a conjunction.
a)
= gay
“nyUl, uu on

= al
=.
\| A Cc
©e ws @°
©&

“1 TETWIID cccoheccoS hone eee 2 Tatile DEviachueditec set esaescenecas cere sere 3 latilOpaeats-Noeeeace
sere coment coerce eecestnes
ile gidecekler. ile gidecekler. ile gidecekler.

3 Complete 1-8 with a-h.

Ne Tekin ne de Cemal iyi top oynuyor. ...... a) Cok zor bir soru
Ne annem ne de babam okuma biliyor. ..... . b) ikisi de bozuk
Ne Ferda ne de Tilin ingilizce biliyor. ..... . c) Dun evimi tasidim
Bu soruyu ne Sefa ne de Yilmaz anladi. ..... . d) Orta buytklikte
ue . Ne arkadaslar ne de akrabalar yardim etti.
Ev ne buyiik ne de kiiciik. ...... f) Uyuyorduk
Ne TV ne de laptop calisiyor. g) Onlar sadece Turkce biliyorlar
Kapiy ne ben ne de esim duyduk. ..... . CRS
h
OVE
SB
ag h) ikisi de okuyamaz

4 Connect the two sentences in each question by using ne ... ne de.

1 Yemek yemedik. Cay i¢medik. 2 Gtlmedik. Aglamadik.

rere rh eee rere ees eee ee eee eee Cee

neem emer eee se neers e ease ese eereaeesesessseseeesesssssseseessasesseeee

Suaeehinae yemekler ............... igecekler hazir. (ne ... ne de)

eed Salih ............... Akif cok iyi ingilizce bilir. (hem ... hem de)
eRe balik ............... tavuk ismarlayacagiz. (ya ... ya da)
P cshic tet Pinar ............... Nazan vejetaryendir. (hem ... hem de)
6 Alisveriseé ........+ annemlle ............44 babamla gidecegim. (ya ... ya da)
srr
[ir nn

147
ile, -(y)le/-(y)la (with, by, and)

consonant and as -yle/-yla after a vowel.

ile is a postposition which means with or by. It may be suffixed as -le/-la after a
As a conjunction, ile means and:

ucak-la by plane kalem-le with pencil

It denotes the instrument:

: Sinemaya
otobus-le araba-yla
Sinemaya nasil arabayla
| | | | gidelim? gidelim.
bus by car by
(by bus) (by car)

e Ankara'ya otobiusle gittik. e Sinemaya arabayla gidelim.

(We went to Ankara by bus.) (Let’s go to the cinema by car.)

We can also use ile instead of -le/-la in the examples above.

(... otobis ile ..., ... araba ile ...)

It is used with the question word kim (who), followed by the genitive case (-in) to indicate that an action happened/hap-
pens in the company of a person:
e Berna : Pazara kiminle gittin? Funda: Pazara annemle gittim.
(Who did you go to the market with?) (| went to the market with my mother.)

It indicates the manner of an action:

e Haberi Uziintuyle dinledik. e Sizi yanlislikla aradim.
(We listened to the news with sorrow.) (I called you by mistake.)

It also means and like ve:

¢ Pelin’le Murat birbirini seviyor. e Ahmet ile Metin buraya geliyor.

(Pelin and Murat love each other.) (Ahmet and Metin are coming here.)

It is used with the word arasinda (between), to make the construction between A and B:

e Evie garajin arasinda bir agac var.

(There is a tree between the house and the garage.)

It also helps us form the words below:

benimle = with me onunla = with him/her/it sizinle = with you

seninle = with you bizimle = with us onlarla = with them
e Filiz benimle tiyatroya geliyor. (Filiz is coming to the theatre with me.)
It is common to hear people say benle instead of benimle, senle instead of seninle, onla instead of onunla,
bizle instead
bizimle and sizle instead of sizinle in colloquial Turkish.

148
 LISTIRMALAR
. Add -(y)le/-(y)la to the following words.

1 kalem/é....... 11 soba
Ben pOStalic...ss5. Dt DAKO cs eccccs
VOCODUS -2..20.00. 13 DENZIN a...
> AR TEN 05 .cc000e TAMER OZ ee
Be Kal
gO: 2.5.5 c0ns USamSCDZe se
- = bisiklet .....,.... owe UCaKe oe
preg telefon .......... Dy BAL ADA s-. ba: cs
8 minibis .......... aL ReIKAMVON sss -ces
SE SOM sess. occ UO Alae
10 internet.......... 20 esek..........

a) deterjan b) soba c) internet d) bardak e) ucgak

f) benzin g) bisiklet h) kargo iH-etebts- j) kalem

1 Tatile .otobusle gitti. CinkG ugaktan korkar. Gor KUCUK ns hee, ete cay ictim.
2. -ECTELSE eae eee calisir. Mazotla calismaz. 7Petabaklart.:cne ee temizledim.
BRE BLL CVOG oacsccscceccesceeses isintyorlar. Sie Paketifees-cucsacees gonderdim. Yarin ulasir.
ICU SUM ISS sercsezscccestccoees gider. iS) TROTAAMU! scuisccocnassosadcnee doldurdum.
Beeankara dan istanbul’a ......-..c.ser0000s 1 saat surer. TORR ers alisveris daha kolay. Bir cok sanal magaza var.

3 Answer the questions adding -(y)le/-(y)la to the words in brackets.

Dialogue-1 Dialogue-2
A: Alisverise kiminle gidiyorsun? A: Yarin kiminle bulusacaksin?
p: Aligverise annemle gidiyorum. (annem) BWR cack assets totes oeeoce ater certo aac (Firat)

_ Dialogue-3 Dialogue-4
A: Kiminle oyun oynuyorsun? A: Cengiz kiminle evlendi?
Mee eee retreat ea kasi sues emnamecesesericestanels (kardesim) Bo sa 8 havea sacien tntiad Geeteee eoeae emete (Berna)

Dialogue-5 Dialogue-6

A: Kiminle kavga ettin? A: Telefonda kiminle konusuyorsun?

Eo pene ru Re Ler en fA I tLe © STS oan devs ect (Ayse) Sees he eee ten Rearend ee een the re ct rd 5 (arkadasim)

4 -(y)le/-(y)la helps us create many idiomatic expressions in Turkish. Look up the words below in
your dictionary and write their meanings in your language.
1 yanlislikla Ee AE rd Whats dod tucueaneereoaiend 8 saskinlikla ee arti: Mote Ace REALAGE

2 dikkatle SM Ath battneeia nts act oilseegusvan yuevdoReNi 9 sabirla sSi sidten sh ne ire sa to cumneaaath es nenavctvask
3 itinayla Ser e ee a cat nenetet cer ecuemanescommuenien TOENCVOCAM A a te Ska co strcp cee sseecat ne racer secede:

4 aceleyle SBM ret Syater Orang occeceer aucdessseeanaes 11 sevgiyle San eA estes eee netwaaes seee set stee ce

5 suratle Ss ota ad adie ah dredarter oer 12 nefretle SU Scat ee nate came tats eeacesneeseetattes

6 korkuyla COR SS RR ee ETE eT Ore ee 13 sirayla Seca wh eyeeaerte PGES PEC Cre BATS

7 guvenle Nao
aeSere aateattember iseraseees 14 zamanla Se fenteecoitresenmatimtonde
cassduanven tWecereaes
NN
149
 ama, fakat, lakin, ne var ki (but)
ancak, yalniz, (but, only)

A ama, fakat and lakin all mean but. ama is the most popular of the three.

zengin ama mutsuz = rich but unhappy guinesli ama cok soguk = sunny but very cold

Gy ama, fakat and lakin are used to introduce a word or phrase that contrasts with what was said before

e Mithat zengin ama mutsuz. e Bugtin hava guinesli ama cok soguk.
(Mithat is rich but unhappy.) (Today the weather is sunny but very cold.)

e Telefon caldi ama kimse cevap vermedi. e Zeynep cok calisti ama basarisiz oldu.
(The phone rang but no one answered it.) (Zeynep worked hard but failed.)

ama is also used to say we are sorry about something.

It generally occurs with Uzgiiniim (/ am sorry) at the beginning of the sentence: Uzgiinim
ama size ceza
e Uzgiinim ama partiye gelemem. Ders calismaliyim. Ben kesmeliyim.
(lam sorry but! cannot come to the party. | have to study.) milletvekiliyim.

e Uzgiinim ama bunu ddemelisiniz.

(lam sorry but you have to pay for this.)

e Uzgiiniim ama daha fazla indirim yapamam.

(lam sorry but | cannot offer you more discount.)

e Uzgiiniim ama size ceza kesmeliyim.

(1am sorry but! have to give you a ticket.)

@ It is quite common to hear/see the word ama pronounced/written as ammain such expressions as:

e Amma da yaptin ha! or Amma yaptin!

(Do you really expect me to believe this?)

This is used to indicate that you don’t believe what s/he has just said because they are either exaggerating or lying.

150
 ancak and yalniz can be used as conjunctions like ama, fakat and lakin to say but. Both are used to introduce a word
ora
phrase that contrasts with what was said before:

» ¢ Ona ug defa seslendim ancak beni duymadi.

| (I shouted across to her three times but she didn’t hear me.)

» ¢ Onu Cok uyardim ancak beni dinlemedi.

(| warned her so much, but she didn’t listen to me.)
4
r
+ © Bu yemek lezzetli yalniz biraz tuzlu.
(This dish is delicious, only it is a bit salty.) RARE AEU ct CAL Oe

' ancak and yalniz are also used as an adverb like English only:

' e Bugiin ancak/yalniz on sayfa kitap okudum.

(Today | have read only 10 pages of a book.) BU YAKITLA ANCAK80 KILOMETRE
DAHA GIDEBILIRIZ.
e Bu yakitla ancak/yalniz 30 kilometre daha gidebiliriz.
(We can go only 30 kilometres more with this fuel.)

e Bu kutuyu ancak/yalniz Rifat kaldirabilir.

(Only Rifat can lift this box.)

ancak also refers to the time before which something cannot happen:

© Projeyi ancak yarin tamamlayabilirim.

(1 can complete the project only tomorrow. or
(I can complete the project tomorrow at the earliest.)

ancak also means barely, and not more than:

e Konserde ancak 100 kisi vardi.

(There were only/not more than 100 people at the concert.)

ancak also means a while ago, just, yet:

¢ iki saat Once yola ciktim. Eve ancak ulastim. e Yagmur ancak dindi.
(I set off two hours ago. | have just arrived at home.) (The rain has just stopped.)

yalniz can also be used to say alone or Jonely:

¥ Ahmet yalniz yasiyor. X Adam-aneak yastyor. V Filiz cok yalniz. X Filiz cok aneak.
(Ahmet lives alone.) (Filiz is so lonely.)

Peer
EerustEIUneEEENETEMNINCRS
S ————————————————e
151
 buna ragmen, (ama) bununla birlikte (despite this, nevertheless)

CAL We can also use buna ragmen to say despite this/in spite of this:

e Hava cok soguk. Buna ragmen, cocuklar disarida oynuyorlar.

(The weather is so cold. Despite this/In spite of this, the kids are playing outside.)

° Benzin fiyatlar! cok yiikseldi. Buna ragmen, insanlar araba kullaniyorlar.

(Petrol prices have gone up so much. Despite this/In spite of this, people are (still) driving.)

e Ferda, ayda sadece 1000 TL kazaniyor. Buna ragmen, mutlu.

(Ferda earns 1000 TL a month. Despite this/in spite of this, she is happy.)

¢ ibrahim ders calismiyor. Buna ragmen iyi notlar altyor.

(Ahmet doesn't study. Despite this/In spite of this, he gets good grades.)

¢ Onu partiye davet etmediler. Buna ragmen partiye gitti.

(They didn't invite him. Despite this/In spite of this, he went to the party.)

¢ Beni cok Uzduler. Buna ragmen onlari affettim.

(They upset me so much. Despite this/In spite of this, |forgave them.)

8 We may also use (ama) bununla birlikte or (ama) bununla beraber to say despite a fact or idea that has just
been mentioned:

¢ Bu kiigtk (ama) bununla birlikte 6nemli bir degisiklik.

(This is a small (but) nevertheless an important change.)

¢ Ibrahim ders calismiyor (ama) bununla birlikte iyi notlar aliyor.

(Ibrahim doesn’t study (but) nevertheless gets good grades.)

132
| Combine 1-5 with a-e to make a meaningful phrase.
1 pahall..... : a) ama tembel
2 yorgun ..... ; b) -ama-kaliteli-
3 zeki ..... ; c) ama bozuk
4 d) ama miutlu
2 BaP
aes e) ama lezzetli

Complete 1-5 with a-e.

1 Bu adam guclu..... : a) ama yapamadim
2 Gunun sonunda yorgundum ..... ; b) ama basketboldan hoslanmaz.
3 Soru kolayd) ..... ‘ c) ama gec kaldim
4 Ugur futboldan hoslanir ..... ; d) -amakerkak
5 Acele ettim ..... 3 BY
bs
Laie: e) ama mutluydum

Fill in the blanks with ve or ama/fakat.

Araba durdu ...V@... bir adam indi.
Dondurma almak istiyorum .......... param yok.
Evde oturduk .......... film seyrettik. Belkiz muzikten hoslanir .......... dans edemez.
Arabam var .......... yurumek istiyorum. oO)
SI
co
wr” Birlikte parka gittik .......... kostuk.
Televizyon acik .......... kimse seyretmiyor. 10 Hava bulutlu .......... SOCUKtUMeatetees kar yagmadi.

Complete 1-5 with a-e.

Stadyumda ..... 3 a) ancak/yalniz bir kere tatil yapariz
Mert cok az maas alir. Ayda..... : b) ancak/yalniz bir kere arar
Aylin fit degildir. Haftada ..... : c) ancak/yalniz bir kere spor yapar
Serkan beni yilda ..... : d) ancak/yalniz 1000 TL kazanir
S&P
mn
FR
WN Biz yilda ..... 3 Boas e) ancak/yalniz
bin seyirci-var-

In some of the sentences below, the conjunction ancak has been used incorrectly. Find it and
replace it by yalniz.
Adam ancak yasiyor. Kimsesi yok.
Elbise guzel ancak cok pahali.
Mine partiye ancak gitti. Arkadasi gelmedi.
Es
MS)
ES Arif ancak oynuyor. Kardesleri televizyon seyrediyor.

Complete 1-5 with a-e.

Kerem cok ¢alisti. a) Buna ragmen ise gittim.

Cok hastaydim. b) Buna ragmen satin alacagim.

Bu elbise cok pahall. c) Bunaragmen-basarisiz oldu.

Cok a¢ degildim. d) Buna ragmen geg kaldik.

NY
Ww
B&B
mW Cok erken kalktik. OOOOS e) Buna ragmen bir pizzay! bitirdim.

153
ne var ki, gelgelelim (however) halbuki, oysaki (whereas, though)
ne yazik ki, maalesef (unfortunately) gilya (allegedly, supposedly)

Ne var ki and Gelgelelim have the same meaning as ama (but) and they are used to introduce a sentence that contrasts
with what was said before. However, unlike ama they indicate some hopelessness:

° Hasan arkadasiyla cok iyi oynuyor. Ne var ki/Gelgelelim kardesiyle hep kavga ediyor.
(Hasan plays with his friend very well. However, he always fights with his brother.)

e Yunus cok giizel okuyor. Ne var ki/Gelgelelim yazisi! cok kotu.

(Yunus reads very well. However, his writing is very bad.)

e Her seyi denedim. Ne var ki/Gelgelelim, onu ikna edemedim.

(I tried everything. However, | couldn’t persuade him/her.)

¢ Her gin egzersiz yapiyorum. Ne var ki/Gelgelelim kilom hep ayni.

(I do excercise every day. However, my weight is always the same.)
Hasan arkadasiyla ¢ok iyi oynuyor.
Gelgelelim kardesiyle hep kavga ediyor.

Ne yazik ki and Maalesef are closest in meaning to Unfortunately. They are used to say that something is sad
or disappointing:

° Asli : Bu aksam partiye geliyor musunuz?

(Are you coming to the party tonight?)

Kim kazandi? Maalesef

Meltem : Ne yazik ki/Maalesef gelemiyorum. kaybettik.
(Unfortunately, |!
am unable to come.)

e Burak : Kim kazandi?

(Who won?)

Selim : Ne yazik ki/Maalesef kaybettik.

(Unfortunately, we lost.)

¢ Ne yazik ki/Maalesef Nevzat sirketten ayriliyor.

(Unfortunately, Nevzat is leaving the company.)

¢ Ne yazik ki/Maalesef yarin evi bosaltmalisiniz.

(Unfortunately, you must evacuate the house tomorrow.)

154
 halbuki and oysaki are used to compare or contrast two facts. They both mean whereas or though. It is optional to
add -ki
« to oysa:

e Salon cok daginik, halbuki/oysaki bu sabah toparlamistim. Salon cok daginik.

Halbuki bu sabah
(The living room is so untidy, though | had tidied it up this morning.)
toparlamistim.

» @ Ahmet cok ge¢ kaldi, halbuki/oysaki evden cok erken cikmisti.

(Ahmet is too late. He had left home so early, though.)
:
' ¢ Nesrin sinavi ge¢emedi. Halbuki/Oysaki cok iyi hazirlanmisti.
(Nesrin couldn’t pass the exam, though she had prepared very well.)

' e Her yerde benzin fiyatlari dist, halbuki/oysaki Turkiye’de hep artiyor.
| (Petrol prices have fallen everywhere, though they are increasing in Turkey.)

_ ¢ Ertugrul benden bore para aldi. Halbuki/Oysaki cok zengin.

(Ertugrul has borrowed money from me, though he is very rich.)

|gilya means supposedly or you would think that... . We use it when we want to say what people believe or say, although
we may not agree with it. It usually occurs at the beginning of a sentence:

e Guya bugtin beni sinemaya goturecektin!

(Supposedly, you were going to take me to the cinema today!)

a" anh = , ca
_ © Glya bugiin hava gtinesli olaca Giiyajsadece bia
(Supposedly, it was going to be sunny today.) davet etmislerdi
ama herkes burada.
e Gliya sadece bizi davet etmislerdi ama herkes burada.
- (Supposedly, they had invited us only but everybody is here.)

e Aydin giiya cok hastaymis. Bugiin ise gelmeyecek.

(Supposedly, Aydin is so ill. He won’t come to work today.)

195
 ise (whereas, as for, however)

as where as, asfor,

qe ise is used to compare two things, people or situations, etc. According to context, it is translated
however. It can be suffixed to the preceding word as -(y)se/-(y)sa:

e Adnan gazete okuyor. Cocuklarsa televizyon seyrediyorlar.

Adnan gazete
(Adnan is reading a newspaper. As for the kids, they are watching television.)
okuyor. Cocuklarsa
televizyon
seyrediyorlar.

e a) Faruk 35 yasinda. Bense 33 yasindayim.

(Faruk is 35 years old, whereas | am 33 years old.)

eb) Annem bana bir saat aldi. Babamsa bir ¢anta aldi.
(My mother bought me a watch, whereas my father bought me a bag.)

- In (a) the word ise (whereas) is suffixed to the word Ben (I) to form the phrase Bense (whereas /).

- In (b) the word ise (whereas) is suffixed to the word Babam (my father) to form Babamsa (whereas my father).

ey ise is suffixed as -(y)se after words ending in a syllable that has a front vowel (e.g. trense, cilekse, ingiltere’yse) and -(y)sa
after words ending in a syllable that has a back vowel (e.g. ablamsa, Faruk’sa, arabaysa):

e Arabalar cevreyi kirletiyor. Bisikletlerse cevre dostudur.

(Cars pollute the environmet, whereas bicycles are environment-friendly.)

¢ Somali cok sicak. ingiltere’yse cok yaBisli.

(Somalia is very hot, whereas England is very rainy.)

¢ Berk genelde cok aceleci. Sense cok ihtiyatlisin.

(Berk is usually so impulsive, whereas you are so cautious.)

¢ Konya kisin cok soguk, yazinsa cok sicaktir.

(Konya is very cold in the winter; however, it is very hot in the summer.)

ise should not be written separately from the preceding word when the subject is O (he, she, it). We should add -(y)sa to
O to say Oysa (As for him/her/it):

¥ Ben cok heyecanliyim. Oysa cok sakin. X G-ise

cok sakin.
(lam so nervous. As for him, he is so calm.)

* Note that -(y)se/-(y)sa used instead of ise in this unit is different from the conditional suffix used in
Unite 107-108.

156
MLISTIRMALAR
L_ Fill in the blanks with maalesef or halbuki.
Dialogue-1 Dialogue-4
A: Tren saat kacta kalkiyor? A: Yemek geldi mi?
p: Maalesef az Once kalkt. BabaVieellmedinnencescsctersts
ce. bir saat Once ismarlamistim.

Dialogue-2 Dialogue-5
A: Derya sinavi gecti mi? A: Program nasil gecti?
Betiayil SECMECL. .2....ciscsececcecnveeee ¢ok calismist. Bijecrrere toners heres cok kétu gecti.

Dialogue-3 Dialogue-6
A: Mag nasildi? A: Erol ile Tugba bugiin ayrildilar.
- 206 kaybettik. Baeiireenads cect: ¢ok mutluydular.

Fill in the blanks with giiya or ne yazik ki.

ne cok eglenecektik ama sikildik. Ga ttessn

ae ee otel bes yildizli. Servisi cok k6tu.
re tents: cieaicess bana yardim edecektin. Thi eats senceaicpeRtse ugak ge¢ kalkiyor.
NMR tess v<iidcciesedag param bitti. Borc veremem. SRR Pe Pit er beni dinlemedi ve hasta oldu.
aac a ee a yagmur yagacakh ama yagmadi. OR ee miusait degildim. Toplantidaydim.
BE IWAZ AGA cee
eee ceesscass iki kisi oldu. Ve asticcahetee
ssootee saat onda varacaktk. Saat on iki oldu.

Match 1-8 to a-h.

Rusya cok soguktur. oe a) Arkadasimsa sevmez.
Turkan 23 yasindadir. ..... b) Betul’se cok tembeldir.
Tarih cok kolaydir. ..... c) Bulent’se cok akillidir.
Ben korku filmlerini severim. ..... d) Suzan’sa sekersiz cay icer.
Ben sekerli cay icgerim. ..... e) Etyopya’ysa cok sicaktir.
Esra cok caliskandit. ..... f) Benim sagimsa duzdur.

Arif cok yaramazdir. ..... g) Matematikse cok zordur.

WNDilek’in
BP
DWN
CON sag kivirciktrr. ..... h) Aylin’se 25 yasindadir.

157
UNITE | megerse, meger apparently, it seems that
yoksa otherwise, if not, |wonder if

s to the English apparently, it

Ge We use meger or megerse to say ‘according to what we have heard or read’. It correspond
seems that..., | realize that... :
Merhaba \
Merhaba askim. lyiyim.
e Bu saati orijinal sanmistim; meger/megerse sahteymis. askim. Ya sen?
(| thought this watch was original; | realize that it is fake.) Nasilsin?
nate
Bu saati orijinal
sanmistim. Meger Ben de seni cok
sahteymis. Ben de iyiyim ozledim. Meger
e A: Merhaba askim. Nasilsin? ama seni cok senden uzak kalmak
(Hello my love. How are you?) ozledim. cok zormus.

B: Merhaba askim. lyiyim. Ya sen?

(Hello my love. | am fine. What about you?)

A: Ben de iyiyim ama seni ¢ok 6zledim.

(I am fine too but | miss you so much.)

B: Ben de seni cok 6zledim. Meger/Megerse senden uzak kalmak ¢ok zormus.
(I miss you so much too. | realize that staying away from you is so hard.)

As seen above, the inferential suffix imis/imis or -ymis/-ymis is commonly used in sentences that have meger/megerse.
For the speaker is making inferences that the real situation is different from what s/he thought it was. See Unite 113-114.

meger may also end a sentence:

e Arabasi bozulmus meger. e Seni cok seviyormus meger.

(His car has broken down, apparently.) (She loves you so much, apparently.)

[68 =yoksa is used for saying that if one thing does not happen, something else will happen, usually something bad. The verb is
usually either in the present simple (e.g. gelirim, dlisersin) or the future tense (e.g. gidecekler, baslayacak):

e Dikkat et! Yoksa dusersin. Dikkat et!

(Be careful! Otherwise, you (may) fall.) Yoksa dusersin.

e Acele et! Yoksa ge¢ kalacagiz.

(Hurry up! Otherwise, we'll be late.)

In this sense, it has the same meaning as aksi takdirde or aksi halde:

e Umarim hava diuzelir. Aksi takdirde/Yoksa, geziyi iptal edecegiz.

(| hope the weather improves. Otherwise, we will cancel the trip.)

q yoksa is also used in double questions. In this case it means or:

e Bugun mu yoksa yarin mi ucacaksin?
(Is it today or tomorrow you are flying?)

LE We can also use yoksa to indicate anxiety, concern or hope:

eA: Bu aksam ders calismam gerek.

(| have to study tonight.)

B: Yoksa partiye gelmeyecek misin?

(! wonder if you wouldn’t come to the party?)

158
 Complete 1-8 with a-g.
1 Acele etmeliyiz. ee a) Yoksa unuturum.
2 Kaptyi kapat...... b) Yoksa babam bana cok kizar.
3 Not almaliyim. ..... c) Yoksa otobist kaciracagiz.
4 Ilacini almalisin. ..... d) Yoksa oda soguyacak.
5 Evi aramalisin. ..... e) Yoksa sinavi gegemezsin.
6 Dogruyu soylemeliyim. ..... f) Yoksa annen merak eder.
7 Cok calismalisin. ..... g) Yoksa iyilesmezsin.

2 Complete the dialogues with the questions.

a) Yoksa sinav! gecti mi? Cc) Yeksa- hasta?

b) Yoksa bir sey mi oldu? d) Yoksa maca mt gittiler?

Dialogue-1 Dialogue-3
A: Faruk bugiin ise gelmeyecek. A: Metin cok Uzgtin.
Bide soanccecoctaeuccstesaenchutesne
mutta tererenecer soncemete renee

Dialogue-2 Dialogue-4
A: Mine bugtin cok mutluydu. A: Duin konsere gelmediler.
Bere reece cee ane arth cceiasateiuacninesscnsesnnsadseenesanes Bivintorcsccsunsericccncseese sercudeaccndnnaedenratacesedetecaeea

3 Match 1-4 to a-d.

i Bu cantay! orijinal sanmistim. a) Meger sahtekarmis.

2 Ona cok glivenmistim . b) Meger annesiymis.
3 Ali programa geg kaldi. c) Meger sahteymis.
4 Ablasi gibi gorundu. felpfelsiataes| d) Arabasi bozulmus meger.

4 Put the following words in the correct order.

1 bir /meger/ haftadir /hastaymis/ Pelin 3 adam /aldatti mi / yoksa / bizi

weer eee teat eens ee ee resesereaseesssenenesesssessossesnssssesreseses Seika Re Ree eto ae eee ?

4 sevmiyor musun / yoksa / beni

eee eee rece en ees ere recesses ssecsssesecseeesesenssscsseeeenseerssees ©

?

199
UNITE | cinki, zira (because, for)
bu yiizden, bu nedenle, bu sebeple, bundan dolayi (so, therefore)

statement.
A ciinkii is used to introduce the reason for something mentioned in the previous
The conjunction for in English is the closest in meaning and structure to ciinku:

e Hemen cikmaliyim clinkii otoblise yetismeliyim.

ok mutluyum
(Ilhave to leave now, for | have to catch the bus.) ¢ ”
cUnku sinavi
gectim.
e Piknige gitmedim clinkii hava asiri sicaktl.
(I didn’t go to the picnic, for it was extremely hot.)

Ben yatiyorum
clink cok
yorgunum.

e ilac allyorum clink hastayim.

(lam taking medicine, for | am ill.)

¢ Cok mutluyum cUnku sinavi gectim.

(lam so happy, for | passed the exam.)

B | zira* has the same meaning as ciinkii. It is more common to begin the second sentence with zira:

e Amcamin yemekleri cok lezzetlidir. Zira o kabiliyetli bir seftir. e A: Kimden yardim isteyelim?
(My uncle’s dishes are so delicious, for he is a talented chef.) (Who should we ask for help?)

e Serkan istanbul’da olmali. Zira bu sabah onunla goériistiim. B: Mehmet’ten yardim isteyelim. Zira en iyi o bilir.
(Serkan must be in Istanbul, for |spoke to him this morning.) (Let’s ask Mehmet for help, for he knows best.)

*zira and ¢lnkii are both borrowed from Persian.

We use bu ylizden, bu nedenle, bu sebeple, bundan dolay! to introduce the result of an action. These phrases are
translated as for this reason, as a result, so, therefore, thus:

Compare:

cunkd (indicating reason) bu yiizden (indicating result)

e Babam erken yatti ciinkii cok yorgundu. e Babam ¢ok yorgundu. Bu yiizden erken yatt.
(My father went to bed early, for he was so tired.) (My father was so tired. Therefore, he went to bed early.)
¢ Cok mutluyum cUinkii bugtin benim dogum giinim. e Buguin benim dogum giinum. Bu yiizden cok mutluyum.
(lam so happy, for today is my birthday.) (Today is my birthday. Therefore, |!am so happy.)
e Semsiyeyi aldim ciinkU yagmur yagiyordu. e Yagmur yagiyordu. Bu yiizden semsiyeyi aldim.
(I took the umbrella, for it was raining.) (It was raining. Therefore, | took the umbrella. )

I
Seae Se
160
:LISTIRMALAR
|
_ Complete 1-10 with a-j.
1 Pencereyi kapat ..... cunku yagmur yagiyordu.
2 Araba ¢alismiyor ..... cUnkii diiriist degil.
) 3 Remzi bugiin okula gelmedi ¢Unkt diin az uyudum.
» 4 Onu sevmiyorum ..... cUnkU is yemegine gidecegim.
5 Taksiye bindik ..... cUnkU piyangoyu kazandi.
i 6 Bugtin cok yorgunum ..... ¢cUnkU hava soguk.
~ 7 Eve yuruduk A a ae ee cUnku hasta.
8 Bugtn eve gec gelecegim ..... cUnkt hicbir otobUs yoktu.
9 Yeni bir araba aldi..... i) gUnk& benzini bitti.
10 Nilgiin et yemez..... j) cunkt vejetaryendir.

~~ Fill in the blanks with the statements in the box.

a) Zira cok stratli gidiyordu. d) Zira hava cok giizel.

b) Zira hava cok kétuydu. -e}
Zira-eolctrafil-evardi-
c) Zira cok caliskan. f) Zira cok yorgundu.

al Ozir dilerim. Gec kaldim. Zira cok trafik vardl.

PRO AK AZAIV AD Useersiearenreaccornisere
cscececad seatsvaste erentesasmecsacbe
BRE VICHISAIDUGUMICTKEM AVMIIlhc.scseseccacecccstescsrsoseccccssoseees Pe Wa BAR uneR
PPR TENCE Kelana ee ene caeneivseccuacirniesswart
savsacadeitcanecnver
ES AIINGCOK OAS
ANIlMer sccecssee islet eects ons se vcu dodsateansince Sopsensaccens
6 DS MIZEPCIGIV ONUIZ marc cere whan stee s ccescaegsatusssnortees iaeedeareamntontaaes

3 Match 1-7 to a-h.

if Kahvalti yapmadim. a a) Bu ylizden macta oynamiyor.
2 Yagmur yagacak. ..... b) Bu ylzden semsiyeyi al.
3 Emre’nin ayagi kirik. ..... c) Bu ylzden kaybolduk.
4 Disim agriyor. ..... d) BuyUzden cok acim.
5 Turkiye’de yasayacagim. ..... e) Bu ylzden otobist kac¢irdi.
6 Cok gec kalkt. ..... f) Bu yuzden Turkce 6greniyorum.
7 Harita almadik. ..... g) Bu ylizden disciye gidecegim.

1 Put the following words in the correct order.

1 yorgunum / cok / giinkii /erken / yatiyorum / bugiin

-COOCOOCCUCOUONCODDOOOUODDOCROOCODCOOCUTOCCUOUUOCOODET ROU UOO ULE UC SUL LS

ARADO OCSO OTT dO DOOORDOBDOUDD

ie\eisieinajsieieieee
inital ulawielaleleiate Sinise ainis cin'n'sloie'e/0,e Wlair'eisialsialeia\e|e, olaje 6.0\0/0,4/e\0: clele|u ie6's\n/0\e(10/a\6)a(n 0.0(610\¢ 6/e/0/u[a\o\n\e)s\ejejniaio\einiclejeis

aie0)6\6)u10\6'0 elec o\eiselele 08

claialalaistalsielajsieivinisie)ale|a’s|$/ai¢\eis wiaiviu(s s\dle(e{die1eine\els/p\o\e.0'u(e\0\0/6\4.0.9 nlele(hie oia\e}e!0,0,0/¢,6:6\0\n;0 pjeinie
 that)
UNITE | hani (you said that, you promised that, you know
hele (especially, in particular)

p
| hani is used to draw attention to a failure to carry out a promise.
Hani saat Ozir dilerir
° Cocuk : Hani bana oyuncak alacaktin? 8’de burada Cok trafik
vardi.
Hani bana (Child : You promised that you would buy me a toy?) olacaktin?

oyuncak
alacaktin? Baba :A, unuttum!
(Father: Oh, |forgot!)

e Arif : Hani saat 8’de burada olacaktin?

(You promised that you would be here at 8 o'clock.)

Berk : Oztir dilerim. Cok trafik vardi.

(1am sorry. There was too much traffic.)

tB | hani is also used to remind the listener of something s/he knew before. In this sense, it means you know... .
We can reinforce it with ya:

eA: Sizin ev hangisi? (Which one is your house?)

B_ : Hani parkin yanindaki ev var ya, iste o.

\(You know there is a house next to the park, that’s it.)

A :Tamam anladim.
(OK, | understand.)

hani is used when we want to draw attention to a fact:

¢ Hani adam hakli. Her giin on bir saat calisiyor. lyi bir maas hakediyor.
(Actually/To tell the truth, the man is right. He works eleven hours a day. He deserves a good salary.)

rD | hani can also be used like bari (at least):

¢ Hani/Bari ona bir hediye alsan. Cok mutlu olacak.

(At least buy her a present. S/he will be so happy.)

rE | hani means where or what happened to when it is used as an adverb in questions.

It can also come at the end of the question:

¢ Anne :Hani¢antan? (Where is your bag?)

Cantan hani?

Cocuk : Okulda unuttum. (/forgot it at school.)

162
‘hele means especially/in particular.

e istanbul cok giizel. Hele Sultan Ahmet harika!

(Istanbul is so beautiful. Especially the Blue Mosque is wonderful!)

Antalya yazin cok sicak. Hele Agustos’ta kavurucu sicak oluyor.

(Antalya is hot in the summer. It becomes boiling hot especially in August.) 2

pin this sense, hele has the same meaning as dzellikle (especially):
)

. ¢ Hele/Ozellikle Agustos’ta kavurucu sicak oluyor.

(It becomes boiling hot especially in August.)

| hele also means at /ast/finally:

Hele yagmur dindi.

; en: Simdi yuruyebiliriz.
/ @ Hele yagmur dindi. Simdi yUrtyebiliriz.
(At last, it has stopped raining. We can walk now.)

We can also use hele with a verb in the imperative or the subjunctive. It means just and it is used for emphasis when you
are telling someone to do something:

¢ Hele biraz dinlen. Bulasiklari sonra yikayabilirsin.

(Just relax a bit. You can then do the washing-up.)

¢ Hele vazoyu kirsin, onu déverim.

~ (Just let him break the vase, I'll give him a good hiding.)

hele hele is used when we urge somebody to do something:

Hele hele anlat

e Hele hele anlat bana! Ne oldu? bana! Ne oldu?
(Come on, tell me! What happened?)

hele hele also means most particularly:

¢ Hele hele hafta sonu bu alisveris merkezi cok kalabaliktrr.

(This shopping centre is too busy, most particulary, at the weekend.)
et rennet TPG SS i EE
163
 nitekim (just so, just as, likewise; as a matter of fact)
sakin (don’t you dare)

CA | nitekim means just so/just as/likewise:

¢ Ben sizi yanlis anladim, nitekim arkadasim da yanlis anladi.

(I misunderstood you, just as my friend misunderstood you.)

e Biz hata yaptik, nitekim onlar da hata yapti.

(We made a mistake, just as they made a mistake.)

B. nitekim also means as a matter of fact:

¢ Cok calist, nitekim son ana kadar vazgecmedi.

(He worked very hard. As a matter of fact, he did not give up until the last minute.)

e Yazar cok zor bir cocukluk gecirmistir. Nitekim bunu eserlerinde gorebiliriz.
(The author had a very difficult childhood. As a matter of fact, we can see this in his works.)

sakin is used to tell somebody strongly not to do something. The verb is always in the negative form:

Sakin bizi e Sakin bizi takip etme!

takip etme! (Don’t you dare follow us!)
Sakin beni bir
daha arama!
In the example above, bizi takip etme
already means don’t follow us. When
we add sakin, we emphasise that we
don’t want them to do the action
in question.

More examples:

e Sakin beni bir daha arama!

(Don’t you dare call me again!)

e Sakin bir daha karsima cikma!

(Don’t you dare get in my way again!)

Ge sakin also means never: Sakin

elimi
e Elimi sakin birakma! or Sakin elimi birakma! birakma!
(Never let go of my hand!)

e Sakin benim icin Uzilme!

(Don’t you ever feel sorry for me!)

Ee We can also use Sakin ha! on its own to say Don’t you dare!:

e A: Bunu Tarik’a gosterecegim. B: Sakin ha!

(I will show this to Tarik.) (Don’t you dare!)

164
LISTIRMALAR
a a a a
. Complete the dialogues with an appropriate sentence in the box.
f

a) Hani onu cok seviyordun? c) Hani yagmur yagacakti?

b) Hani kolayca kazanacaktiniz? d) Hani ders calisacaktin?

:
3 Dialogue-1 Dialogue-3
RM eee rw vo tssest enc ucnnesecconsacouavsrsesesstuctertecerstese A: Din maci kaybettik.
q B: Bilmiyorum ama hava durumu 6yle diyordu. Bien ietnredc ces aaron ame net yt Reattrccets yee Tts tener

Dialogue-2 Dialogue-4
A: Tulay’dan ayriliyorum. A: Bu aksam sinemaya gidiyorum.
Ne Ses nc cc sonnese entsun iss ecctassinsdtnrs’ cassatesseess Biv ccodiacsesta
odiatdesassusuwessesoca
sttvesenst sccasepenvesrsasovss
ons

2 Match 1-5 to a-e.

1 Kusadasi cok giizel. .¢.. a) Hele yemek servisi mUthis.
2 Tatliyi cok severim. ..... . b) Hele iskender Kebap benim favorimdir.
3 istanbul cok kalabalik bir sehirdir. ..... c) Hele denizi harika.
4 Bu havayolu sirketi cok iyi. ..... d) Hele baklavaya bayilirim.
5 Turk mutfagini cok severim. ..... e) Hele trafigi korkunc!

3 Use the sentences in the box to complete the statements.

a) Nitekim cok neseliydi. c) Nitekim yirmi isciyi daha ¢ikaracak.

b) Nitekim hic memnun kalmadik. d) Nitekim hayatini yardima adamistir.

MRI C ON Ci meters cx clatsiacctseesvecsuntaiwyarerutvostbancevasseaedenacsunton»

CUE amin COK VanaiimSOVeN DITIGII, «....:cccteseescssuovoesaccesssonessehvansunsssevaeeareateasabeines
BUND LOLe Ciara y UNV
OU Zecsacssec.cerescrc 424 ae soa aewasensacceveterscssoretnoevinyeenetentee
-&
WN Bae UC UIONMNSEIVE CIKOI ON, orc sacese2--areoeecsonsecssssavecervoacaresessssccenneeedncennehe-

4 Use the sentences in the box to complete the statements.

a) Sakin bensiz gitmeyin! c) Sakin bitirmeyin! Bana da birakin.

b) Sakin yaklagsmayin! d) Sakin anneme séyleme!

Ben de sinemaya gitmek istiyOrUM. ......:cccccescceseeseeteeeteetsenseesseseeetsesneeessenseeneenenns

Ben pastay! COK SCVETIM. ........ccssceeseesteceeteenteeesneeesseeeteaseaeeesseesseerseeens
Vazoyu kaZayla Kirdim. .......:.......csccssnscsscessecsssscesssscereseoreesssonsesenscess
P
WNBu képek cok tehlikeli. ............:csssscsscessesseseesseeessecseesssssseasentensensenes

165
 demek (it means, that is to say)

A As a verb, demek or demektir is equivalent to ‘..means’ in English. It usually occurs as follows:

... ne demek(tir)? = What does ... mean?

... demek(tir). =F. CONS na

e Cocuk : Anne, 'WC' ne demek(tir)?

(Mom, what does WC mean?)

Anne : WC 'tuvalet' demek(tir).

(WC means toilet.)

eA : Ingilizce’de 'baba' ne demek(tir)?

(What does ‘baba' mean in English?

B : ingilizce’de 'baba' father demek(tir).

(Baba means father in English.)

Br When used at the beginning of a clause, Demek ki means That is to say or Then:

e Yunus : Sinavi gecemedim. Demek ki

(I couldn’t pass the test.) Sinavi daha cok
gecemedim. calismalisin.

Talha : Demek ki daha cok ¢alismalisin.

(That is to say/Then, you need to study harder.)

e Nuray : Elif’i partiye U¢ defa davet ettim. Ama gelmedi.

(Ilinvited Elif to the party three times, but she didn’t come.)

Canan : Demek ki gelmek istemedi.

(That is to say/Then, she didn’t want to come.)

- Demek oluyor ki can be used instead of Demek ki:

Demek oluyor ki/Demek ki Asli seni sevmiyor.

(That is to say, Asli doesn't love you.)

demek is also used when we want information to support our impression:

e Arkadasin yok demek? or Demek arkadasin yok?

(So you have no friends?)

¢ Demek bir daha buraya gelmeyeceksin?

(That means you won’t come here again?)

166
 Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks.
yr
i
Jj _
2 3 (rin)
ee

\ f rs < /

A: Bu Turkce’de ne demektir? A: Bu Turkce’de ne demektir? A: Bu Turkce’de ne demektir?

r B: Bu Turkce’de ...... havu¢ ee demekureanB: Bu jurkce decssse
= eee demektir.
)

A: Bu Turkce’de ne demektir? A: Bu Turkce’de ne demektir?

Be FULKCO
OG 5, occschscserbicdisansovesne demektins SBSBU TUrkCe'de ss scccc:sccscctsntecten
sass: demektir.

2 Complete the dialogues with an appropriate sentence given in the box below.

a) Demek ki yol calismasi var. c) Demek ki cok yorgun.

b) Demek ki karni tok. d) Demek ki Ustttin.

Dialogue-1 Dialogue-3
A: Ferit bugtin erken yath. A: Bogazim agriyor.
PSR ceca tec eer cts c cisecc ae sacca esas thassatinacmensencones Bieiacasaiscecortnucten
tacksveecmat rete ee aeneste reece rand

Dialogue-2 Dialogue-4
_ A: Bu yol kapall. A: Muge yemek yemek istemiyor.
a crass ecnnce npicesanoaseseovas Beethro
cetaePps Me Mt pleeticleacAt VA

Complete the dialogues with the questions.

a) Demek karnin tok? c) Demek yarin tatile gidiyorsunuz?

b) Demek bana inanmiyorsun? d) Demek bu tatliy: sevmiyorsun?

Dialogue-1 Dialogue-3
US cote shanty aS SI a i ce ei a PGS ak tne ira Aa One se at gi a NET yc ka aot

B: Hayir, sevmiyorum. B: Hayir, sana inanmiyorum.

Dialogue-2 Dialogue-4

PN MEM se nets oes egCd cc taer es nce sdcaniente snceut ed ess va NSS ee Uae etre ASC Aunt vavaie vettotlentettese ae

B: Evet, yarin tatile gidiyoruz. B: Evet, az Once yemek yedim.

167
diye (so that, as, in case)

end of the subordinate clause. Now, let’s stud

diye expresses ‘purpose’ and means in order to or so that. It is used at the
a ‘diye’ clause in detail as follows:
subordinate clause main clause

e Ben kazanayim diye cok gayret ediyor. Ben kazanayim diye cok gayret ediyor.
(She is trying hard so that | win.) i i

so that | win She is trying hard

See the table below for the inflection of the verb gel- to come for all persons/subjects:

gel- to come
Person fpthamtencnvemend diye so that in English

Ben geleyim ... 50 that |come

Sen gelesin ... so that you come
O gelsin ... 50 that s/he/it comes
Biz gelelim Ng ... so that we come
Siz gelesiniz ... 50 that you come
Onlar gelsinler ... so that they come

e Bebek uyusun diye isiklar! sondUrdtm. ¢ Okula zamaninda yetiselim diye kostuk.
(I turned off the lights so that the baby could sleep.) (We ran so that we could get to school on time.)

diye is also used to express ‘reason’ and it is translated as saying that, thinking that or as: Cocuklar
sever diye
e Babam kizar diye eve erken geldim. kek yaptim.
(1 came home early, thinking that my father might get angry with me.)

¢ Cocuklar sever diye kek yaptim.

(| made a cake, thinking that the kids would like it.)

diye also means in case. It expresses a preparation for something that may happen:

e Yagmur yagar diye bir semsiye aldim.

(I took an umbrella in case it rained.)

diye is also used after nouns 6a We can also use diye biri to say ;
to say “...called ...”: ‘Someone called/by the name of...’:(. _Amet diye
, ue ten ~ biri sizi ariyor.
¢ Nuray diye bir ogrenci ile tanigthm. ¢ A: Ahmet diye biri sizi ariyor.
(| met a student called Nuray.) (Someone called Ahmet is calling
you/on the phone.)

B: Tamam. Baglayabilirsin.
(OK. You may put him through.)

168
:
LISTIRMALAR a
a
Add the personal suffixes to the verbs, followed by the optative mood suffix.

A
Person ol- ie, Person ae oye Person ant avs
to be/become to learn so that to work so that

» Ben Ol nonsnetenrcianets Ben OBEN terete: Ben CallISeocee trad game

Sen Ol nes sereesesensenee Sen Oren ees: Sen Calisauecscce
> e Glaieeenci ANE O OGTEN ccs een liver, O CaliS peers divene
ie Biz 8) hak opened
eee Biz OSTeR acnaee ce: Biz Calls sessecceceseet
Siz (8) Se ee eee, Siz OPEN sherri: Siz CallSseetreete
ae
BM Ale OF, scigescaseceadenee Onla rie OBLEN, scene tices. Onlar OicaliSccc x. orenaes

Person Same dive Person a els Person eee GIG

to catch ene: to take; to buy pono! to talk ead
Ben Wala lateentectrcs: Ben all cateeeerrtcs Ben IOLA Ssececccbtsccccs

Sen yakala............. Sen al ceetraaneee Sen KONUS3 see

O Wak
al assacnesee-s- ave O a eee cone: diver O KOMUS: cvepesseesstamt dive
Biz Vakalas acd. cre Biz | ener Aer Biz KONUIS secure ree
Siz Vakala cnc -cecece Siz Alerter Siz KOMUSaeceeecerees:
Onlar — yakala............. Omnlalieemed iscscceceseceoes Onlate 1 KOMmUS:. sscccenseese

2 Complete 1-6 with a-f.

1 OtobUtst yakalayalim diye tebe a) Bekir’e telefon ettim.
2 Ekmek alsin diye .......... ona bir bisiklet aldim.
3 Oglum mutlu olsun diye muzik actk.
4 Rahat konusalim diye .......... kostuk.
5 Eglenelim diye .......... diger odaya gectik.
6 Turkce 6greneyim dive .......... bir kursa gittim.

3 Complete the dialogues with the questions.

a) Hangi tathyi aldiniz? c) Papaya diye bir meyve yedin mi?

b) Oncii Bilgisayar diye bir yer biliyor musun? d) Rauf nerede yasiyor?

Dialogue-1 Dialogue-3
tena e eee een eee e eee Hee eee e esse eee eee ees eee seeesseHeenesseeasseseese

B: Cardakli diye bir koyde yasiyor. B: Evet, biliyorum. ileride, sagda.

Dialogue-2 Dialogue-4
eee eee ee amen eee e eee teers esse ee OHH SHE ESE EH HEE EH EEE EE EHHT EHH SEEEEE

B: Kunefe diye bir tatl aldik. B: Hayir, yemedim.

ee
ee
169
 -diginda (when)

else happens.
cA -diginda is added to verb stems to say what happens at the time that something
It corresponds to the English when:

e Yagmur basladiginda iceri girdik.

(When the rain started, we went inside.)

-diginda connects two clauses:

1) Yagmur basladi. 2) iceri girdik.

(The rain started.) (We went inside.)

Now let us use -diginda to say what happened when. The sentence -diginda attaches to is always the subordinate clause
while the sentence without -diginda is always the main clause.

Yagmur basladiginda __ iceri girdik.

(When the rain started, we went inside.)

subordinate clause main clause

ey Forms of -diginda:

pore, after vowels and after

bec. d, Brey hi,Minit GeV; Vaz cL hy Kapessoan

Ben -digimda/-digimde/-dugumda/-digumde -tigimda/-tigimde/-tugumda/-tugimde

Sen -diginda/-diginde/-dugunda/-dugunde -tiginda/-tiginde/-tugunda/-tugiinde

O -diginda/-diginde/-dugunda/-dugunde -tginda/-tiginde/-tugunda/-tugiinde

Biz -digimizda/-digimizde/-dugumuzda/-digumizde -hgimizda/-tigimizde/-tugumuzda/-tigumiizde

Siz -diginizda/-diginizde/-dugunuzda/-dugtinizde -tginizda/-tiginizde/-tugunuzda/-tugintzde

Onlar -diklarinda/-diklerinde/-duklarinda/-duklerinde or -tiklarinda/-tiklerinde/-tuklarinda/-tuklerinde

-diginda/-diginde/-dugunda/-dugunde -tginda/-tiginde/-tugunda/-tigiinde

You don’t need to be daunted by the table above. It is a good example of sound harmony. See Unite-2,3,4,5 and 6
for sound harmony.
The verb with -diginda never changes, regardless of the tense of the verb in the main clause.

a) istanbul’a vardigimda onu arayacagim.

(When | arrive in istanbul, | will call him/her.)

b) istanbul’a vardigimda onu aradim.

(When | arrived in istanbul, | called him/her.)

Note that the verb in the subordinate clause in both (a) and (b) is in the same form (i.e. vardigimda). However, while (a)
translates as When |arrive in istanbul, (b) translates as When | arrived in istanbul.

-digi zaman has the same meaning as -diginda:

° Serdar beni aradiginda televizyon seyrediyordum. (/ was watching the telly when Serdar called me.)
or Serdar beni aradigi zaman televizyon seyrediyordum.

170
 Add the correct form of -diginda to the verbs below.

1
Person gel- sae a Z °
to come to stop to sell oe sae
» Ben geldigimde sree: CUES et Salt ane Bit ree ersicocnaits basla.ccnnc eae
Sen geld qInde.... Cuter Necee Satie thas Biter eee DaSlacncecssheee
> O geld. FInd... CUipammerr cc: Sata cnn ae Bit cs ncoteetirn:
otart basla Sete. ore
| Biz geld jinizde. CU eee eee Sabsnatr acne Bit.eee eee Dacia. tet oe
Siz geldiginizde OE a nie eee ean Sathctiers eeu Bilan ase baslaceete
Onlar geldiklerinde Guin eee Sr satieibar
eet) BS. Bitsdicsct eee basla.sieiee«..c-cace

6 7 8 9 10
Person var- duy- gor- ara- anlat-
: to arrive to hear to see to call; to search to tell
Ben re eee
Vallnenec UY eee eras ROlseise eee mo ees
Alagere anlati..cs:sseeem ees

Sen ell epee ne cree cstrike (aNOWeta,

ean on OLR reneeeee ie ee ree eg Pana anlatcccccosccaete
O Naleeeascatorstenesctns UY acter eset. PO lee oen: ALG He enecssenyonte
seis ANlatsccesmcreertees
‘Biz Walliissatcteecce ccc aerste tots
(aWh cee (ola) eaeceeencecsaaee Ei Bonduca ehnoueesncse anlatet ce sce
Siz Valiente teres, GUY, terete PORiseae ean Alda weecsae eee eee
anlatseticesc
Onlar al Ineeeciacucuvennsst ce eee
CLULY Mareen PO lecteecctestorerte: aldieeeteete eens anlaticetetesrtcse

11 12 13 14 15
Person iste- soyle- bitir- ic- dis-
to want to say/tell to finish to drink to fall
Ben ISt@re tee eee SOVIG see eantaeseene bitin eee Ceres crea US teers
Sen ISt@Ree eee on estee es SOVIGE ere ceracece Ditieneeneee IGeeaee eees GUS etreeeee
O IStee eee es Beene. SOVla: ahaa Ditiaee sien peers ICE ee: CUS ener
Biz ISCO ereteeraecer
irciee SOV Cuecestecteerereteen Ditliiaeecceranccotes LCsetererevne scree. CUS Santee renee
Siz ISA ceeeneceaccos SOV Gtieerenccen
cencee Dither necetee nese ISeicuasatherrco aasrne GUS Seer eecnee

Onlar ISG ees SOVICr teehee teeter DItiteenc eee ICenelmeenes CUS Ree reteeeeee

c27Onu gordi QUI Cs tree eee cas her seyi anlatacagim. (gor-)
PEMRENFEIT CET sigasspesctecdovenstsleversecnsaseaone biz televizyon seyrediyorduk. (gir-)
PEAS EATIDUN a retessccces
foes Sssckig caeonde seni arayacagim. (var-)

MOHD EN ree ter cata teccenceccxedscecss toplantidaydim. Bu ylizden telefonu agmadim. (ara-)
ESM OAR CLE:SUNY c8corn ce ccsea soouancseussaastoessen ben 6 yasindaydim. (dog-)
Em ACaD AI er atecenik ccc cree. .vssntesocl yeni bir ev alacagim. (sat-)
SED Ae eee ase orden tanasvieses kapiy! actim. (¢al-)
RU CADOCEV ITN or rit tenters ace cedecascacsnstiawen televizyon seyretti. (bitir-)
SRM Ae nN encores sn ninccwnesancenvans saat 10'du. (gel-)
OD STRZ Mincrentacaead
ee ene eae cera Ali aradi. (git)
nse
Ce
171
 -(y)ince (upon doing something; when)

event. It is the same for all subjects.

he -(y)ince is used to indicate that an event is followed immediately by another

e A: Kalkalim mi? Cok mesgulum.

Taksi gelince
(Shall we move?) isim bitince
kalkariz.
gelirim.
B: Taksi gelince kalkariz.
(We’ll get up when the taxi comes.)

Neredesin?
e A: Neredesin?
(Where are you?)

B: Cok mesgiltim. isim bitince gelirim.

(1am so busy. | will come when my work finishes.)

Structure:
after e ori :-(y)ince gelince upon coming
after aort :-(y)inca bakinca upon looking
after o oru :-(y)unca sorunca upon asking
after 6 or U :-(y)iince giliince upon laughing
The buffer letter -y- is inserted when the verb ends in a vowel. e.g. baslayinca (upon starting)

B | -(y)ince is added directly to the stem of the verb and does not combine with personal suffixes. However, the meaning of
the subordinate clause is determined by the tense marker in the main clause:

a) Yagmur yaginca her yer islanir.

(When it rains, everywhere gets wet.)

b) Yagmur yaginca her yer islandi.

(When it rained, everywhere got wet.)

Note that (a) tells us of a general event and (b) of a past event. However, the subordinate clause (Yagmur yaginca) is in th
same form, but its English translation is different for each clause. This is because of the tense of the main verb (i.e. islanir
= gets wet and islandi = got wet). That is, it is the tense of the main verb that helps us decide how to translate the whole
sentence.

e Parti baslayinca tum tsiklar gitti. e Film bitince seni arayacagim.

(When the party started, all the lights went off.) (I will call you when the movie ends.)

e¢ Babam uyaninca saat sekizdi. ¢ Bahar gelince karlar erir.

(It was 8 o’clock when myfather woke up.) (The snow melts when spring comes.)

-(y)ince can sometimes be used interchangeably

with -diginda or -digi zaman which also means when:

e Araba bozulunca yardim cagirdilar.

Araba bozuldugunda yardim ¢cagirdilar.
Araba bozuldugu zaman yardim cagirdilar.
(They called for help when the car broke down.)

Araba bozulunca yardim cagirdilar.

VW2
 Add the correct form of -(y)ince to the verbs below.

1- gel- 2- al- 3- dén- 4- git- 5- kalk-

| to come to take; to buy to return to go to stand up
2 Ae ee
)»
: 6- sdyle- 7- bit- 8- diis- 9- ara- 10- otur-
. to say to finish; to end to fall to call; to search to sit

11- basla- 12- ol- 13- kapat- 14- ac- 15- in-
to say to be / become to close to open to get off

2 Fill in the blanks with the statements in the box.

a) Selim tatilden déniince -d)}

Maebitinee— g) cok sasirdim
b) ev sogudu e) Kis gelince h) Kapty! acinca
c) Universite bitince f) Bahar gelince i) tatile gideriz

PRE es mean ame cree ors Soserrccerenets fsannete restorana gidelim.

2). ccdanSSdpeo enc ERE GHG Na Sauce Pe EEPECBCAEC Cr eee her yer yemyesil olur.
SICA ONIFEM IGKa Dat MCA ersce corse cncests teases saueoactssceeieacesseteccness ;
te
eeee8Aoscenshasta nia omncte vies bizi ziyaret edecek.
5) _-poauetdadgadat
Seek eRe aROORSE Reae bu gol donar.
MMR R reer ete sr rccse ea arersacacnenucesscceten
caer kedi iceri girdi.
MM AZAC CHINCOpses esearch atte chess enccinep sr geauann sesplasior ;
es eee cinch ecccinSeccaibesusyaoe diinyay! dolasacagim.
| BE SOMOIN DALEGO, QOMUMCE nse cgrteensaneestdesacereenncsmenentaveeinavacsds ‘

3 Put the following words in the correct order.

1 gortince / cok
/ adam! / korktum
Pee e ween eae ee nM ee nesses eseressceassanesseraseenessssessereneeres

Peete eee enna sence een ee renee sessesnsenensaseseesssssssvenessserees ©

See e mene eee e neste ence ene eeeseeesanseseseasesessesesssseeraseeses

enema ree eeencee ees eeseeeneesessesesensesrsssssssssssssensssessees &

SPR e eee e eens ee eeeeeeserenaseesnsensnsesenssererassesssessseesenee &

173
 iken, -(y)ken (while, when, as)

time as something else is happening.

cA iken is used to tell us ‘during the time that something is happening’ or ‘at the same

Forms of iken

: -ken as suffixed to the verb -yken as suffixed to the word

ikem as aicepatelcictg ending in a consonant ending in a vowel

geliyor iken = while coming geliyorken = while coming evdeyken = while at home

It is more common to use -(y)ken as suffixed to the word.

-ken is usually suffixed to present simple and present continuous verbs. gelirken or geliyorken

-ken is not suffixed to past simple or past continuous verbs. / geliyorken X geliyorduken-

Vowel harmony rules don't apply to iken or -(y)ken. / kosar iken X kosartkan VY kogarken X kesarkan

¢ Ben kitap okurken muzik dinlerim.

(While reading_a book, | listen to music) or
(While | read a book, | listen to music.) Parkta kosarken
muzik dinlerim.

The translation of the the verb with -ken depends on the

tense of the main verb:

a) Parkta kosarken mizik dinlerim.

(While | run in the park, | listen to music.)

b) Parkta kosarken muzik dinledim.

(While | was running in the park, | listened to music.)

In (a) the tense of the main verb is in present simple (muzik dinlerim = / listen to music). \t tells us of a specific habitual
action. Hence the verb with -ken is translated as While / run, whereas in (b) the main verb is in past simple tense (muzik
dinledim = / listened to music). Therefore, we have translated the verb with -ken accordingly. It’s also possible to trans-
late parkta kosarken as while running in the park.

-yken follows case markers like -de/-da/-te/-ta (in, on, at):

¢ Bursa’dayken iskender Kebap yedim. ¢ Tatildeyken cok kitap okudum.

(While in Bursa, | ate Iskender Kebap.) (While on holiday, | read a lot of books.)

-(y)ken also attaches directly to nouns and adjectives:

e Cocukken cok yaramazdim. ¢ Pinar hala hastayken ise gitti.

(Il was very naughty when | was a child.) (Pinar went to work while she was still ill.)

The main clause in English can either precede or follow the subordinate clause while in Turkish the main clause always
follows the subordinate clause:

e Futbol oynarken ayagimt kirdim.

(While | was playing football, | broke my leg.) or
(1 broke my leg while | was playing football.)

174
:
NA
_ Fillin the blanks with the verbs below.
toplarken igerken dinlerken seyrederken kullanirken
yaparken (x2) -yerken- kosarken beklerken oynarken
) | uyurken (x2) kagarken binerken okurken inerken
, konusurken yasarken

BREE MLS ceausechugodessinsseeaveaese bir tilki gordim.

, MPO LUTINIUZIK 0. <s.csureoseseecresenaie-. ders calisir.
MATA D oe cceccscnstscugsescconsoes telefonda konusmamalisin.
BPE CHITH LOD. .cc--c<e-repaeee.cccsek<«<ayagini kirdi.
BES LOWUSE).....0s0cccsscecseossnscedces Ayse’yi gordim.
6 Yemek.....4erken. cok konusuyorsun.
BRANMEN? ALISVETIS «....c.c.0000csccseeeseecenes ben kardesime baktim.
MRT CHVIOK cops. 5.4s-0c0cuc-seneeses000: elimi yaktim.
Bee Bava CElEVIZYON ..........00cccccsessesseeees uyuyakaldi.
BUN BSC UC Kurrern tec. casvesecseesocceress sessiz olmaliyiz.
Be Ber TelefONnda ...;......0:..0s0-s-0sce0e. arkadasim kitap okuyordu.
GS Ga ee eee kelebek gordtim.
BESMCICODUSEEM .5.cs.Jecectenceesvvecsetees dustum
ME UBEN ArADACA .......cis.esecesneveeseeseee o bankaya gitti.
SRG AZELE Wan ysts seco couteerececencctns telefon caldi.
PRO MUTIKIV CVG tess, ors casereuseseseceetencs Turkce ogrendi.
BROMO eylecee hoses ckcdewccnenosen eve hirsiz girdi.
MSMKODEKLEN presseesscostdeosaccosscc- yere dustim.
NOISES Ube erns ta teas ouroas hte Oksurdum.

2 Add -de/-da/-te/-ta followed by -yken.

1 okulZayken, (while at school) 1 mecarnl ee (while in the mosque)
2 Se eee (while in the queue) 12> kilise. tees se (while in the church)
MEIMIAC spenccsancsncnee (while in the match) IS VEMUZe Ree (while in the museum)

AME KONSClescrecceceseore (while in the concert) LAR TeStival sesso (while in the festival)

DE ese (while in the cinema)

SIMCTMAts..--cc+es 1 Smahabaweeeeee (while in the car)

BAIVALTO-oncssevesiues (while in the theatre) Af GaGa Kenstecteenteecay (while on the plane)

MR IVIALTINANIS o.5evsens beeen: (while in Marmaris) APATOW eet acres. (while on the train)

Be istanDul .....0.0sees (while in istanbul) Tt SmmOtODUSsmeneeens (while on the bus)

cerecasaee (while in the bank)

MEDAN Kaieres LOM Dalene es(while in the garden)

BOLDANYO: cassevssteeres (while in the bathroom) 20 KOIE) acer eee (while at college)

Mehmet / dinler/ kosarken / muzik

eve / ben / giderken / kdpek / bir / gordum
cok / eglendik / tatildeyken
mm
WwW
&N Londra’dayken / yaptiniz / ne
 ki (that) as a conjunction-1

PA ki, like the conjunction that in English, is used after some verbs, adjectives
and nouns to introduce a new part of a sentence:
Korkarim ki
benzinimiz bitti.

¢ Korkarim ki benzinimiz bitti.

(lam afraid that our petrol has run out.)

As seen in the example above, ki connects two clauses:

a) Korkarim. (/ am afraid.) and

b) Benzinimiz bitti. (Our petrol has run out).

e Eminim ki kazanacagiz. e Biliyorum ki bu yol cok daha kisa.

(lam sure that we will win.) (I know that this road is much shorter.)

eB When we are upset or anxious about something, we use ki at the end of the sentence to say / don’t think ...! The verb is
usually in the present simple negative tense:

e Bana inanmazlar ki!

(I don’t think they will believe me!)

e Bana guvenmez ki!

(| don’t think s/he will trust me!)

We use ki to form expressions like o kadar ... ki and dyle ... ki. They mean such... that, so... that, so many/much... that.
This structure helps us to express cause and effect relationship.

Example-1
Cause: Berrin cok Uzgun. (Berrin is so upset.)
Seni o kadar
Effect: Odasindan cikmiyor. (She is not leaving her room.) seviyorum kil
¢ Berrin o kadar Uzgtin ki odasindan cikmiyor.
(Berrin is so upset that she is not leaving her room.)

Example-2
Cause: Cok yorgunum. (1am so tired.)
Effect: Partiye gitmeyecegim. __(/won't go to the party.)
¢ O kadar yorgunum ki partiye gitmeyecegim.
(lam so tired that | won't go to the party.)

In colloquial Turkish, we may end the sentence with ki to express

surprise or anxiety. We may omit that in the English translation:

° Seni o kadar seviyorum ki! (/ love you so much!)

176 See Unite-35 for the use of -ki as an adjectival su

tLISTIRMALAR
= rene ee

Use ki to combine the sentences into one sentence.

1 Sandim. Sadece ben davetliyim. sevseuneeenee AAI Kl sadece ben davetligimn cs:
Be egy Eeakcany eve bit filma, Seyrecebiliciz.s es scscczss.ccsnceeoblssetegestissastsichostsseescneeacoscsresecvecatscchies esanessecsasceresssatvilivaesets
Semetrtorumeitiala OYUN, OYMUYOKSUNUZ. fo... css ooassesnstcsctial
aisaecidetonea
cee te
we eee
YE 2 UO UPACCaICNISINIZ. Oe ee eeee ee ee
Ee Me NYOC eh eke eel Te Be And Te SR a ee 2 te
é Beta pce ay VOLNe Rag ee eel te a ee Nhe ee ie ne Oe en
Rem COIMDETaCasiniz. iy Sk | Re a Nee ec ae ce eee
ne emeC eV IZenolACAKe cs eh tec ae oe ik 6 ou fo ee ee
Pee a La ARV MIQKEFCE CANSIVOPSUN. © 9 ascnanstessadcvvasssosscdcvevtnblatdeccsseviacoccvoacpdlesaceslacaetrhteatdertesesecengassectenseesnenteteeee

’ Use the o kadar ... ki structure to rewrite the sentences into one sentence.
Merilm guzeldi.Uckereseyrettim. © saseensaeeet Film o kadar guzelai ki ug kere seyrettim
PETS MA IDOTSIVOMIVECIIN, Uo WAMIIME IA, cucdsavec ceuesavvilevasied cessksi'seeseede ounesiosscnacesune cavcaschaseescaoeemnietecretecacrs
aati ce eee :
BE ACINMEBUCLIMVENIGKICKMOMICCDINIMM = , MRMEEE |. ~cccssccuusnstetcuck cervseseossscceasseccachcreceesesocstoeessene
deessceecnetee totenamie meus cee ome eeaeeee ;
BE MISPISh UCUZ > COMMEK VE 4 PantOlOMcAlGiis, 5 \.s.-vnacesiagcnnisentsanseacsoneouneesalotededes
ta saeneepes cateuccuesseened eateeetemeatnie a atte heaters ‘
ERMC TIGER EAC HG Mis ittLge) WP ay: ivy ile hy aecenkice ckTadaobeccoeahacss cients vesasav diese onntine obbedwoutaesteckalshat usacuadayanisanscugentrem naaces ances :
RE EMISHVOLO UNO: MEINEM UVECU: -. oan <5. op: issarstysnacotanassancesnsarnpmekes
duodoots ashch vobayep dnetpaishe’sayipbcayon satetyabes tesauaevensehrekcaetetee :
IAIN TKI ITO: SU ECEDINTIE cc sone tT... aeksecsaanedte Watacsctedbesedtes seis eee os oaeer eat SARL Ry coeeans Veen, aera :
SCOI MOAT ACRUAIAE REM ATLAIADHIN | SO) .-) !, sanaabacuscdsshuncg serntinndtvadecsteresoscutrtebsnehoussduasaanaiesaisabars
these eases qieaneanirns ncetentannatas :
BRM ansAReVANOI IKI SAALDEKICCING (5 FL oocecoceanccancaesopnodscencapaectstepache
orsesnzcecacapcnesce cabenacontoasvaccecetes iesbeuneas seppemeesceesmanegs :
Cee RE aIRA COKE CIV) os 8, aiiiat |i srseessontctecaphasencs eps pacts Map\napeonvenseeaanoarst cettennasomtans hucecrandevialisedtas tema onasteme

177
 ki (that) as a conjunction-2

A We use ki to introduce a sentence expressing surprise.

Eve girdim ki
In this sense, ki translates as ...and found ...:
her yer darmadagin!

e Eve girdim ki her yer darmadagin.

(I entered the house and found everywhere was in a real mess. )

¢ Geldim ki herkes gitmis.

(Ilcame and found everyone had gone.)

Kosmallyiz ki
¢ Cok calis ki basarili olasin. otobusevettelint
(Study hard so that you become successful.)

¢ Ozu dilemelisin ki seni affetsin.

(You should apologise so that s/he forgives you.)

¢ Kosmaliyiz ki otobtse yetiselim.

(We should run so that we catch the bus.)

ki is also used for saying that something had only just happened when something else happened. It corresponds to hardly
... when. We may optionally use tam before the first verb: Nay

¢ Kahvaltiya (tam) baslamislardi ki zil caldi.

(They had hardly started the breakfast when the bell rang.)

¢ Telefonu (tam) kapatmistim ki Ferda iceri girdi.

(I had hardly hung up when Ferda came in.)

¢ Mesut tam oturmustu ki telefon caldi.

(Mesut had hardly sat down when the phone rang.)

Kahvaltiya tam baslamislardi ki zil cald.

tD| In questions, we may end the sentence with ki when we are asking questions for information we are not sure about. In
this sense, ki may translate as / wonder if... :

¢ Telefonu buldu mu? > Telefonu buldu mu ki?

(Has s/he found the phone?) (| wonder if s/he found the phone?)

e Zeynep buray! tek basina bulabilir mi? => Zeynep buray! tek basina bulabilir mi ki?
(Can Zeynep find here on her own?) (! wonder if Zeynep can find here on her own?)

*The form of a verb that expresses wishes, possibility or uncertainty. For example: Geleyim. Let me come. See
Unite-79/A

178
“LISTIRMALAR

Complete 1-4 with a-d.

1 Dolabin kapisini agtim ki A. , a) eski arkadasimi gordiim
2 Polis eve girdi ki ..... , b) program bitmis
3 Arkami déndiim ki ..... : c) her yer kan igindeydi
» 4 Televizyonu actim ki..... : d) bir fare gordiim

' Complete the sentences with the statements in the box.

a) annen sana kek versin c) bebek uyanmasin e}-clirumesinier

b) sana yardimci olayim d) unutmasin f) para kazanalim

Distenini fircala Kis Kecs.sccscsussSescesarsosvecexos .

MPAMISETIANYIZ Khaccinctvateasccnevoorecouses
sare :
MAA VALITPACHMALISIN Kibcesecccasssevreecscecessuseseacers :
Baia AMALINIANISIN, Ki .boccsarsecesabee
sven ocedesenews :
MEME SIMO TIGMELISIMN Kilenc-csesccoossevssesscccardeace :
S&S
wm
aA
WN BES oie TOMMANVIZ, Ki cute crave scescas cca seseecsacew'es :

3 Complete the sentences with the statements in the box.

a} Disarttanrerkmistimek- d) hirsizlar kagt

b) istasyona tam varmistim ki e) Aksam yemegine tam oturmustuk ki
c) elektrikler gitti

‘ll Digari tam cikmistim ki tre sedans yagmur yagmaya basladi.

ON 5 cecbe ac vricococvssacesasiessanvess zil caldi.
ME COMESECAENN SOCLITIESUN Khe et chy cieh esacsccunceesvesresua (qaheatdersiavasennncventssves ;
LUMPS See eoee Coc Cet Reese snares tasaadecntheceaenesssseas tren kalkt.
SPE VERICRE CAIN NAZIMAMMISUIN, Kh cc-...---c2--0cne0-ensensoseessoenrososradecnraresnasennptonnantes ‘

4 Translate the following sentences into English.

1 Ahmet eve geldi mi ki? 5 Cocuklar yatti mi ki?

BRO deK AU WICE NAS COMME OIE? aA hncseseuacteregteaess easel 2

2 Suzan doktoru aradi mi ki? 6 Ucak indi mi ki?

eee ate ota 2 Re Ba set8 xR 56 Meer eet ne een ante eens en tes

3 Ogretmen okula geldi mi ki? 7 Mac basladi mi ki?

spegthacs ? Pade eis Dna A ihe Pecanee shone nae AORN

4 Babam uyandi mi ki? 8 Yemek hazir mi ki?

Pee e cere eeeeccceseseseesessssssscesescssessssessvssesnessesessnsesseasses CPs de Mae ee At ic sna Aa a Os Rene en eon ?

 -ki (as a pronominal suffix - benimki, seninki, onunki, etc.)
possessive pronouns

Gy -ki is added to the genitive case of a noun or pronoun:

Senin araban
e Senin araban Audi. Benimki Mercedes. Audi. Benimki
Mercedes.
(Your car is Audi. Mine is Mercedes.)

In the example above, -ki represents araba. It is added to benim (my)

to avoid saying benim arabam (my araba), for the speaker has already
mentioned araba in the previous sentence. Therefore, it would be
unnecessary to repeat it in the second sentence. More examples:

e Benim oyuncagim burada. Seninki orada.

(My toy is here. Yours is there.)

e Benimki mavi. Seninki yesil.

(Mine is blue. Yours is green.)
e Ashi: Benim kitabim burada. Seninki nerede?
(My book is here. Where is yours?)

Pinar : Benimki cantamda.

(Mine is in my bag.)
=
Ga -ki is added to possessive adejectives to make them possessive pronouns: |

Possessive Adjectives Possessive Pronouns

benim my benimki mine benim kalemim = my pencil > benimki = mine

senin your seninki yours senin kalemin = = your pencil > seninki = yours
onun his/her/its — onunki his/hers/its onun kalemi = his/her/its pencil> onunki = his/hers/its
bizim our bizimki ours bizim kalemimiz = our pencil > bizimki = ours
ein your cainkl yours sizin kaleminiz = your pencil > sizinki = yours
antarin Pharr onlanint nei onlarin kalemi == their pencil > onlarinki = theirs

-ki is also added to proper nouns which are in the genitive case (Ayse’nin, Mehmet’in, Istanbul'un, etc.):

eA : Benim bisikletim cok gtizel.

(My bicycle is so good.)

B :Ama Mehmet’inki daha giizel.

(But Mehmet’s is better.)

tD| benimki or bizimki may refer to a spouse (husband or wife), a child or a friend: Eve cok gec kaldim. Benimk

simdi fena kizacak.

e Eve cok ge¢ kaldim. Benimki/Bizimki simdi fena kizacak.
(lam too late for home. Mine (my husband) will be so angry now.)

e Bizimki bahcede top oynuyor.

(Ours (Our child) is playing in the garden.)

as We use the question word kiminki particularly when comparing things:

A: Benim arabam daha guzel. (My car is better.)

B: Peki kiminki daha ekonomik? (Ok, whose (car) is more economical?)
A: Seninki daha ekonomik. (Yours is more economical.)

180
‘LISTIRMALAR ere
een ee Peer IA ar See keh Ne
| Fill in the blanks by adding -ki to the possessive adjectives in brackets.

1 Benim babam doktor, Séninki

eee ose sen sseeenes avukat
( Senin)
.

2» Bizim evimiz yakin. .............0.... ¢ok uzak. (Sizin)

>

Se OnUn Cantast VeSil.-.:....:.0..00c000 kirmizt. (Benim)

;
» 4 Bizim arabamiz Volkswagen. ..........0..06 BMW. (Onlarin)

5 Senin telefonun masada. ..............000 yerde. (Onun)

6 Onlarin bahcesi kiiciik. «0.0.0... buyuk. (Bizim)

7 Benim sapkam mavi. ............:0008 sari. (Sedat’in)

' Fill in the speech bubbles with the following statements.

a) Benimki cantamda b) Ama Mehmet’inki daha guzel c) Seninki yesil |

3
Benim —
Benim
kitabim burada. bisikletim cok
Seninki nerede? ) guzel.

181
 madem (ki) (seeing that, now that, considering that)

AS madem (ki) is closest in meaning to seeing that, now that or considering that. It is used when we are saying
that something happens because of something else. It is generally used at the beginning of the sentence:

eA : Cok UsUyorum.
(1am so cold.)

B : Madem cok Usilyorsun, ceketini giy.

(Seeing that you are so cold, put your jacket on.)

e Madem yagmur yagiyor, piknige gitmeyelim.

(Seeing that it is raining, let us not go for a picnic.)

¢ Madem taksi daha gelmedi, biraz daha oturabiliriz.

(Seeing that the taxi hasn’t come yet, we can sit a bit more.)

¢ Madem yorgunsun, biraz dinlen.

Madem tabagin
(Seeing that you are tired, have some rest.)
bitirdin, sana biraz
tatli verecegim. 3
e Madem yemek yemiyorsun, sana seker vermeyecegim.
(Seeing that you are not eating, |am not going to give you sweets.

e Madem dinliyorsunuz, soruyu tekrar edecegim.

(Seeing that you are listening, | will repeat the question.)

e Madem maasin arth, yeni bir araba alabilirsin.

(Seeing that your salary has increased, you can buy a new car.)

- You can start the second sentence (main clause) with o zaman (then)
which is optional.

e Madem yemek yemiyorsun, (o zaman) sana seker vermiyorum.

(Seeing that you are not eating, (then) |!
am not giving you sweets

B | Although not commonly used, we may replace madem by degil mi ki:

Degil mi ki biz
¢ Degil mi ki biz arkadasiz, birbirimizi izmemeliyiz. arkadasiz, birbirimizi
(Now that we are friends, we shouldn’t upset each other.) uzmemeliyiz.

182
"LISTIRMALAR
Complete the sentences with the statements in the box.

a) guzel bir araba alabilirsin d) bugiin sinemaya gitme g) bir taksi cagiralim |
b) sana biraz tatli verecegim e) Madem elektrikler gitti h) Madem ddevini bitirdin
, c) Madem yarin senin dogum giintin -+}-pencereyikapat

1 Madem hava soguk, pencereyi kapat

2 Madem otobist kacirdik,
3 Madem zenginsin,
4 Madem yemegini bitirdin,
E sdieée ooSGa et cReReRe Berner eae eee , oyun oynayabilirsin.
Meee cae eeae corset cconencaeomireacnans , mum yakalim.
SM reece cio ss ccc vebdenvenn soncenwics , bir parti yapalim.
BPIMIACEN1 VariN, SINAVIN VAN) ccce.sec0.coescecc ssnccevescacsotsstendonde s

? Put the following words in the correct order.

Mervoreunsuny erken/madem/yat 9) Madem yorgunsun
erken yat. :
MOUOe Minit Maden), VAasMuUr VaRIVOr/, SCYTEGOHIN. © ~ oy) c.cssacsscecsaocsesessuhassasstecte
cusseopWarsorsas dteasoacuaadscesnstaccestes meaoeemeeed :
macems kacirdik) otopusu / yuruyelim/ eve (isu) nele Se eee adie Malek itacsecken aed tee eee :
ettiuce-anuyorsun /macdem / yardim edebilirsin / OMA ~> _ s.isccencsassevvcaan-cedesteves
vesneree lecuoek csccseeceetes ceasanunategedonauel Matets eee :
Petar ceVe . PILSII) SMISCCI ch eu sl ce ye his art IL ee Goma ertaa aber uns Concesoeseaasmet teatemnee tot sccee te raace sereee tae ene :
SmeiCciniz, vazovul / madem, /burayt / SUPUFUN / NEMEN: << .s..csssrornosersencaccess>soeancesernseroconsouaenepslsoonse tuncsapanscesnsconesparchareote ;
Reece madenn/ atecdecesim / OZUC GNI rh isckslbcetastnmsneanessntemner aacenhasacntnceehannataedteguccssscannsbecaseutsamieumteatmenre :
mee orasi./ pabail'y madem./ baska / gidelim:/ MagaZaya— 9 Ssccvssscs-cansccoosseresece-sseeceatonsesnsennsaneonsaancpeventesereseunensdaeeysnents
oteme ;
Beicacyarn , olacak’/ madem 7 denize (SiGGHiNy ipa csn. cas cccsnes se snvsacasnen cv:catusenaes sauctsntne cenecisoxoreansSantursfet
capecattenae ;

3. -Translate the following sentences into English.

1 Madem suyu doktiin, hemen sil. 5 Madem cay yaptin, o zaman bana da getir.

i 6 Mederma een eeae

eased 7, Madenute Sener nreetoaene
Bee eeicioicean plnereidcbinri. _& Mader Torkyetdeyasayacali Tarkeeofrenmelles
©amenar
pee e een e newer cence eee eeeeesseseseseesesesenseseeaeseseeseseseassserseene eee teem erent eee Hee nese Eee ear eRe eS EEE eH HS EHH HOE EES OER EE ESHEETS EEE EOE EE

183
 -den beri (since, for)

the time of.

Gy -den beri is a postposition which corresponds in meaning to English since, for, or from

Forms of -den beri diinden beri = since yesterday

after vowels and -den beri or -dan beri sabahtan beri = since morning
b¢d26))M,16V,¥,Z
altel Galan Ky PASS AE -ten beri or -tan beri

rB | -den beri has the sense of since when used with a noun phrase to express the time at which the state of process began:

¢ Cumadan beri Londra’dayim. e Temmuzdan beri bu proje Uzerinde ¢alisiyorum.

(I have been in London since Friday.) (1 have been working on this project since July.)

¢ Sabahtan beri kar yagiyor. :

(It’s been snowing since morning.) ;

{

-den beri has the sense of for when used with a noun phrase to express the time that has/had elapsed since the start of 7
3
the process or the onset of the state:

¢ Emre iki yildan beri Fenerbah¢e’de oynuyor. ¢ Leyla on yildan beri bu okulda ¢alisiyordu.
(Emre has been playing for Fenerbahce for two years.) (Leyla had been working at this school for ten years.)

-We can use the suffix -dir/-dir/-dur/-diir instead of -den beri:

e Emre iki yildir Fenerbahce’de oynuyor.
(Emre has been playing for Fenerbahce for two years.)
™

-den beri is used to form expressions like o zamandan beri (since then), yillardan beri (for years), uzun zamandan beri (for
a long time): |

e Bes yil 6nce buradan ayrildi. O zamandan beri ondan haber almadim.
(He left here five years ago. | haven’t heard from him since then.)

e Mithat yillardan beri ayni arabay! kullantyor.

(Mithat has been driving the same car for years.)

e Uzun zamandan beri bu kéyde yasiyoruz.

(We have been living in this village for a long time.)

Gz) We use Ne zamandan beri ... ? to say Since when... ?:

Bu sirkette
e A: Bu sirkette ne zamandan beri calisiyorsunuz? alt’ aydan beri
calistyorum. Bu sirkette
(Since when have you been working at this company?)
ne zamandan beri
calisiyorsunuz?
B: Bu sirkette alti aydan beri calisryorum.
(I have been working at this company for six months.)

184
LISTIRMALAR
ee ena eae eee er

Add the correct form of -den beri.

1 gecen haftadan beri. (since last week) Bema CIStOSI ne ere (since August)
RM DAVTAT oes apes (asso sassen0s (since the eid) GErMaCremtcc ches (since the match)
RCI ITI ta sis cathe! (since the wedding) ies 2OOK career «hese: (since 2001)
RGA ieswsceccscs: (since Tuesday) Be KaSiiiimerecneetereeect (since November)

Complete the sentences by adding the correct form of -den beri to the words in brackets.
ae secs crt sen cries ross nc devabnseovsnites hastayim. (gecen hafta)
NCEE ste eaten se een Re ae es bizim evde yasiyor. (temmuz)
Sh a a dae a dy 550 SEERA aaa eee Ali’yi gormedim. (mac)
MR IS err es nz, Soc sensi aisistaoartetons beni aramadi. (dUgiin)
tneceonesdu'v<suseteseetteee Turkiye’de yasiyoruz. (2013)
een
Mo seP recysea huinace ada Soe N Lb aa wncaintows tatildeler. (cumartesi)
ee eteee shsersaceddsucoceesd veeingiltere’ye gitmedim. (gecen yil)
oesacsse
3) = psaatgaanondd care Nene nn SAS: Sana EE Re bu Universitede okuyor. (eylul)
ees Aes oeveh See ee Reo oasince aesin oan hi¢bir sey yemedim. (sabah)
0. SSO) 0 haa eek eee ae seni bekliyorum. (10)
$ Complete the dialogues using the information given in brackets.
Dialogue-1
A: Kac yildan beri istanbul’da yasiyorsunuz?
Be earth e Moai sesevtvonedunsncatavesseaaressivancesnestigseaeos . (bes)

Dialogue-2
A: Kac haftadan beri Turkce kursuna gidiyorsunuz?
eer
cra revere dines sevenactudedesebeduestoaanns . (sekiz)

Dialogue-3
_A: Kag aydan beri bu sirkette ¢aligiyorsunuz?
ES ren een eer renee cao mee etnc ccoatertaicseevdvesos . (alt)

Dialogue-4
A: Kag gunden beri elektrik yok?
Egon eager alt SS a . (iki)

1 Translate the following sentences into English.

1 Dunden beri Ali’yi gormedim. 6 Uzun zamandan beri burada yasiyoruz.

De RCCL NE RGU Cy C SELL AOU ice avGacanes sites toss ancrhaptsencantapenerneteercioerereorte

2 Gecen yildan beri Marmaris’te yastyorlar. 7 Yillardan beri arkadasiz.

3 Cuma’dan beri hastayim. 8 Aynur’u o zamandan beri gormedim.

4 Eylulden beri bu sirkette calisiyorum. 9 Gecen aydan beri dedemi ziyaret etmedim.

5 Gecen haftadan beri tatildeler. 10 Temmuz’dan beri Turkce 6greniyorum.

8 cence cence cee ce ces ee nasceverereecnvenenesscccccensessansneesenercceseess
Pees vcccccccncccceccecescesoseeesseseosecnsesevessesensesorssssuseeoreree
 -den dolayi/étiirii (because of, due to, thanks to)

A -den dolayi/étiirii is a postposition which means because of, due to or thanks to. It can be added to nouns only:

Forms of -den dolayi kardan dolay! = because of snow

after vowels and -den dolayt or -dan dolay tatilden dolayi |= because of holiday
bred, 8,2, JL nin, Ge Vn yz trafikten dolay: = because of traffic
after ¢, fh, k, p, s, 5, t -ten dolayi or -tan dolay! acliktan dolay! = because of hunger §

Examples: - }

e Sisten dolay! kaza yaptilar.

(They had an accident because of fog.)

¢ Selim, parasizliktan dolay: dileniyor.

(Selim is begging because of moneylessness.)
“
il
e Kardan dolayi magi ertelediler. 7
(They postponed the match because of snow.)

¢ Yogun trafikten dolayi ge¢ kaldik. _——

(We’re late because of heavy traffic.) Sisten dolay! kaza yaptilar.

¢ Maratondan dolay! kdpru trafige kapall. .

(The bridge is closed to traffic because of the marathon.) .

- In colloquial Turkish, dolay!/6tirii can be omitted without causing any change in meaning.
. 3
aby We can make phrases like Bundan dolayi/6tiirli and Bu yiizden to say because of this, therefore or thus: "1

e Hava cok soguktu. Bundan dolayi/Bu ylizden, geziyi iptal ettik.

(The weather was very cold. Because of this/Therefore, we cancelled the trip.) |

We can also use yliziinden, nedeniyle, sebebiyle or dolayisiyla to say because of or due to:

¢ Olaylar yuzUnden her yer kapali. or Olaylardan dolay! her yer kapali.
(Everywhere is closed because of the incidents.)

¢ Salgin yuzUnden 1000 kisi dldu. or Salgindan dolay! 1000 kisi dldu.
(1000 people died because of the epidemic.)

¢ Cenaze yuzlnden kapaliyiz. or Cenazeden dolay! kapaliyiz.

(We are closed because of the funeral.)

NEDENIYLE
ma LN

186 ae
sLISTIRMALAR
ee
Add the correct form of -den dolayi to the words below.

1 kurakiktan, dolayt (because of drought) Cee nrtid... ee (due to the storm)

PED ATASIZIK., Secccvsssvccscecass (because of moneylessness) I 2esVORUN Katnre. cremate (due to heavy snow)
as PIT
ULEU ocaactet Seancdan ee (because of the noise) LS MeASIUI tM alcereeer eect (due to gross negligence)
p PMV ATTN vewscsssccasesceseses (because of the rain) 1 AmatlaStalikisse teense (due to illness)
BM TCSUVAl cacscreccsccesssscoces (because of the festival) Tote cehalet.ca...c tse (due to ignorance)
a Bee probleme sacccccisccsscessecs (because of the problems) LO baSkicee ee toe (due to pressure)
Pee VArCUTIAL..c.00.0-2cn0cs0.00s (thanks to the help) 27 -ofakirlikiteyeetete (due to poverty)
PE CUKKARSIZIIIC... oon.ccsessecssnnee (due to carelessness) LS SOSUKieer tare etares: (due to cold)
SPVYORUM CEStOK ..scccceccoscccaosees (thanks to the massive support) 19 deprem ......cceeeeeeeeee (due to earthquake)
BIE DAL DATA ei cccsevncocncescee (because of an error) PAD Le heNie Sele
«ae (due to flood)

' Complete 1-11 with a-k.

a) Gurultiden dolayi e) tim sistem coktii i) yanlis yapt

b) Yogun kardan dolay! f) fabrikayi kapath j) cok tesekkuir ederiz
e}-ydzterceinsan éldi: g) agaclar kurudu kj}-Firtnadandetay:
d) Yogun destekten dolay h) okula gidemedi

i Firtinadan dola [leiten ucaklar kalkmadi.

2” Sendgba sR URSderteen nae Ree uyuyamadim.
BamBirsensdikkatsiziikten:dolayl cevssscccscssezseccecevsrecezescceceecesss :
| AAS See
naga a eaten bitin yollar kapali.
5 Selden dolay! yuzlerce insan dlda
eee AR NKianN, COLA ici ceisvesosccssavechelerio
vesctscesess :
eV ALCIMMAPCAM COBY csacecccieadsuncscionscncsavvavonsenersoaee !
Beet Be fataCatl COLAVE saccntccccicscdcs-enasevenscersenoceonelens :
ee
ace tycos ots hahvewed maci kazandik.
HOMSEViTTMaStaltktamiCOlayn scesscscetrescserceseotsensoreeetacesersese ;
fa Patron, bazi problemlerden Golay! «...............0:...csscosesrusanseeresoss :

> Fill in the blanks with yiiziinden or dolayi.

aS Yorun kar...s....0-<.: yuzinden ucaklar kalkmiyor.

PRN OKHSOCUKLAN Ss ijteccssesscsensasnteecssnscccdsnehscssee UsUttu.
EE SEIVAIGET iadesccus og titleerstiaseeepsnevsasesenress yollar kapall.
PG AZCLCCHEl ASIC DASKE 52.26. cseicinesecennseacssssseeensesasenes ulkeyi terketti.
eM ALAS IAIN ssc c asc ri iis sccnesiesgsesciarncenargacane iiniversiteye gitmedi.
6 TUlay ve Asli, birkag problem .............:cceresccsseerrererneeeseees kavga etti.

187
 -digindan dolayl, -digi i¢gin (because, since, (oky)

be added to verbs only:

cA -digindan dolayi is a postposition which means because, since or as. It can

Forms of -digindan dolay!

after vowels and after
b,¢d,2,8j)1m,n,6V,y,2z ¢, f,h, k, p, s, $,t
B -digimdan / -digimden dolay! -tigimdan / -tigimden dolay!
= -dugumdan / -dugiimden dolay! -tugumdan / -tuglmden dolay!

Sen . mr
-digindan / -diginden dolay! -tigindan / -tiginden dolay!
-dugundan / -dugunden dolay! -tugundan / -tugiinden dolay!
O

Bi -digimizdan / -digimizden dolay -tigimizdan / -tigimizden dolay!

2 -dugumuzdan / -digimuzden dolay! -tugumuzdan / -tugimuzden dolay!
Si -diginizdan / -diginizden dolay! -tiginizdan / -tiginizden dolay!
ts -dugunuzdan / -diigtinizden dolay -tugunuzdan / -tugUntizden dolay!
Onl -diklarindan / -diklerinden dolay! -tiklarindan / -tiklerinden dolay!
nar -duklarindan / -duklerinden dolay! -tuklarindan / -tuklerinden dolay!

-The main clause always follows -digindan dolayi/-digt icin:

Subordinate Clause Main Clause Subordinate Clause Main Clause

Benzin bit-tigindendolayi arabadurdu. or Benzin bit-tigiicin araba durdu.

1
petrol ranout
a
because
|
the car stopped
Re eb deed
petrol ranout because the car stopped

(The car stopped because the petrol ran out.)

¢ Gec uyandigimdan dolayi otobiisti kagirdim. or Geg uyandigim icin otobUst kacirdim.
(i missed the bus because | woke up late.)

e Yagmur yagdigindan dolayi piknige gitmedik. or Yagmur yagdigi icin piknige gitmedik.
(We didn’t go for a picnic because it rained.)

-We can make negative sentences by inserting -me/-ma between the verb and -digindan dolayi or -digt icin:

e Erken kalkmadigimdan dolay! otobisd kag¢irdim. or Erken kalkmadigim icin otobiisti kacirdim.
(I missed the bus as | didn’t get up early.)

B | To indicate a reason in the future we add -acagindan/-eceginden dolayi or -acagi/-ecegi icin to the verb:

Ben -acagimdan/-ecegimden dolay!

Sen a
-acagindan/-eceginden dolay! Erker kalkecarimaay
O dolay! simdi yatmaliyim.
Biz -acagimizdan/-ecegimizden dolay!
Siz -acaginizdan/-eceginizden dolay!
Onlar — -acaklarindan/-eceklerinden dolay!

e Erken kalkacagimdan dolayi simdi yatmaliyim.

(I need to go to bed now because | will wake up early.)
or
Erken kalkacagim icin simdi yatmaliyim.

188
 _ Add the correct form of -digindan dolayi to the verbs below.

2. dur- 3 sat-
| ia to isGee to stop to sell

| - Ben yaptigimdan dolayl............ CU err iseer ete hiss, cece teiceerts SAL sariyngthsyteaects
testes eacene eae

Pee, ||ectendan delay... GU Terre rep er cent Sendsde cantata sk Sabre esnectea Scaeehes eat tear ate

> 0 yaptigindan dolayt. CUteer tee ae Arete ateas teers se Sab versace reece tasnsy taste ocesteoe areas

” Weis vapkigumizdan, dolaul......... NO eeene rte er a csecesssecss

meets SAL ea ssnnneaascsmeaeetesecnes
ate eee

Siz yaptiginizdan, dolay)........... UB sey acizossacsescchentameve: arenas Sat Tie tetra ee

|: Onlar yaptiklarindan dolayl........ (61E]paar eos ei anette

hracreeres Sali ccccetethanscebstiee
cesarean eres

5 bitir- 6 i¢-
Person : Rite
to finish / to end to drink

_ Ben FAS) hla dec hcehneh eho chore ee ener Dit rcesercy carta ot. shar,toareseemeree ICeskuctatasen
Sonustymidavinee deen tagstaterec

Sen eed ere ee re at PN ere ci Se, Dituaet eee: he Re eee ey (Cire Ph ayers Mio cate ee

|O Clare ee ere ree tah, aancots sntccent DEL eC eee tier Gare oe eee carte iC.sceccretine
omceeetaen WereAeee ae

| Biz (ELIE htt Oe AER RR pera DIC ic. ceteeenes ceca ceastaatseeg
bees IG. ccsrue tees hentuna cotetcumshensaaensanee
ace

| Siz Rel eetasesrs austere uPiccuat ai geass cote Ditcets:tecvesae

bitten: teberaiees esgoees 1G iessceRot
nettt cies eestsee eee

Onlar CO Kees eget art Se A DLC Perce needa enee east alcaeasectensats LCi earicceso Maree ccrerten a tetrcate eee

2 Add the correct form of -digindan dolay! 4 Add the correct form of -digi icin to complete
to complete the sentences. the sentences.

1 Benzin bittiginden..dolay! Bente. araba durdu. 1 Benzin bittlgi..i¢in Ped ede Theres araba durdu.
PR IAMEL AKON aliie..cc..csrsennpnccnesssdeecenosnae sarhos oldu. 2 eDemetalkolalc.sesc
ec rer cere! sarhos oldu.
BM SAT BOC CCl coc csn.shendecscsssossenenesereososs Ogretmen kizdi. Sa Sail BCC BOl mse cesta Ogretmen kizdi.
SE APTTMLT VAR sc os necesita levessctaceunvee
tenons denize gitmedik. HANS NeevedanUle Wal28ta dnadetncrs daooe sees usdcbecmecneace denize gitmedik.
MEE CVIa GETS CANIS cecanc.ccreseseseosensnsetnancosoaes basarili oldu. 55 levyla Gers CaliSsccs.cccc-t--caresetietesnasuries basarili oldu.

Bem suetacaseosonnn seni anlamadim.

O TT IZ) KOTIUS 205-5005 ic sencnteaisd GreSemiiZllKONUS nee eae seni anlamadim.
5 contac cnccentesee

3 Complete the sentences by adding 5 Complete the sentences by adding

-madigindan/-mediginden dolay! to the verbs. -madigi/-medigi icin to the verbs.

1 Nilgiin erken kalkmadigindan.dolay! aie gec kaldi. 1 Nilgiin erken kalkMAdigl.JG.n. ee eee gec kaldi.

Pee SLATI SDOVVAD oes sanctesconnarsisencoase rochdnoonaseaned kilo aldi. r kilo aldi.
DesSinaiy SOOr Vd Datacenteeco
MMA A NORE eae ck roar vosnntesnss<otsecsnccs? cok sagliklisin. SPSSal alt,aceaietnci meen cok sagliklisin.
pentonsrs

ITN KES 0Ol ctr tee cclasscruscasestsovonsesacnaetooee cok Uzgunum. Ae HErkes. Geb secocticiaty iiwissscea-snssakhe noes cok izgunim.

BPI AMACUK KAU CU crrasececsscecccctsancdiss. ogcnterenssns diistu Bru INGAW CIKKAU CLs invgrccc neseaeacatens distt.
teesteoncstees ose

POR IOOlS CONS reece: cesesscitnensisenansocnszunusdnonss basarisiz oldum. 6 Ben ders Calls ........sseeesesssernesnoeseessevsens basarisiz oldum.

189
 -den yana (as regards) -den baska (apart from)
-den itibaren (with effect from)

ay -den yana means as regards:

Forms of -den yana

after vowels and
-den yana or -dan yana
bread .s, erin lnti Wing Vavee
after c, f, h, k, p, S, $, t -ten yana or -tan yana

¢ Selim arkadastan yana sansli degil.

(Selim is not lucky as regards friends.)

e Paradan yana bir problemimiz yok.

(We have no problem as regards money.)

e Asktan yana ¢ok sanslisin.

(You are so lucky as regards love.)
Selim arkadastan yana sansli degil.
Note that -den yana ol- is a phrase which means to be in favour of:

e SansUrden yana degilim. e Sansurden yanayim.

(lam not in favour of censorship.) (lam in favour of censorship.)
ce
rB | -den baska means apart from, except for, other than: e Selin’den baska arkadasim yok.
(I have no friends apart from Selin.)
Forms of -den baska
after vowels and Pdenibactatoredantnasta e Benden b
enden baska i
sana kimse yardim edemez :
Sey alsin ee tha) 4 (No one can help you apart from me.)
after G. i, h, k, DASHES; ir -ten baska or -tan baska
e Sinifta Ali’den baska bes 6grenci daha var.
(There are five more students apart from Ali in the class.)

benden baska = apart from me ondan baska = apart from him/her/it sizden baska = apart from you
senden baska = apart from you bizden baska = apart from us onlardan baska = apart from them
.
We also use -den baska bir sey yok to say "There isn’t anything else other than...”

¢ Sofrada pilavdan baska bir sey yok. ¢ Cantada ¢dpten baska bir sey yok.
(There isn’t anything else other than rice on the table.) (There isn’t anything else other than rubbish in the bag.)

=D) -den itibaren means with effect from:

Forms of -den itibaren

after vowels and
prordte re riimented yer -den itibaren or -dan itibaren

after c, fh, k, p,s, 5, t -ten itibaren or -tan itibaren

¢ 1 Eylul’den itibaren otobus bileti 3 lira olacak.

(Bus tickets will be 3 liras, with effect from 1% September.)

¢ Yarindan itibaren kamu alanlarinda sigara ig¢mek yasak olacak.

(Smoking will be forbidden in public places, with effect from tomorrow.)

eee
190
 Murat, arkadast@n. Yana. occ. sansli degil. Sax Osretmenten previa. sar ees degil.
BIS UTDO cc snssgece Oh onsastwacebaersc
onbesaove basarili degil. Hee GAZ@Leciler SANSUM: seach wsscbaigie smalaobooaeoorsceaveue degil.
Ural Ka Kellt@xe can crentesoananttcsscsmnceerscvencs cok iyi. SEP BEN ICAM e- ccre weet eta aoare degilim.
COTS ae ee ee ¢ok sansli. Ome POLIS SUCIUser caste ccpercnat
os ee on ae degil.
a(S a eens cea eseucccacactn
coca mutlu degilim. LO BaZiinsatilar esithiker: sc.0- eters tetesomees sae degil.

Add the correct form of -den baska to the words below.

Salih’ten..baska bianca oA (except for Salih) Jide DADAM act asalgotraer

erat toes (except for my father)
Pk ae (except for Ali) Sap Deere
hen eee (except for me)
BAR teehee 8 eciisazccsavalvebscinwatens (except for Suzan) Oe SON rate catecnre
ear a Ste enna (except for you)
SOWA, 28 A ape (except for Burak) O80 abot ames tv aiacsa cna a: (except for him/her)
SENSIS pa knee eee ae (except for my mother) TUG Kebapteccsccceetteeces macnrecnaeeen tree (other than kebab)
oO
NY
WwW
uf Dearne ete posse soutcsavek saapanent (other than tea) TZ SVUIURaeestnecrees
eatin tnces.careeeee tee(other than eggs)

; Complete the sentences by adding the correct form of -den baska to the words below.

Kuyrukta, benden..paska tir nae een Uc kisi var.

GAG AMECIEVIZ VOM sacle. vente idtelsudoncraieceavsencess iki bilgisayar var.
OSLO MIMAS Areset ceaee nck ar Sev ccunsonesaeone dort sandalye var.
ON VCR VOTE | Cal a)5q ARR Ss A A ae pee iki kisi var.
PAZ CAMB ILOl ceccmencteros eccssecocteres ceceensues alti kisi var.
OU
HD
WN GO Cuik SU be tien, teeter aee essen sisiaes bir sey igmiyor.

| Complete the sentences by adding the correct form of -den baska bir sey yok to the words below.

Buzdolabinda yumurtad@an. baska bir sey yok a, UE Re NU a tag a ts noe en One Oe :

Beem TINAp clZee cee cee ecto enn deen coals dain envcis emwerGawee Guhieanecsovaneesenaratcncvad™ceceg
meuamataaran :
eS ee ei iclea Ke Ae Mice s one dete a eases nara te scerexs as He su onncammanronetascesndaahdvensacednnsnvecreatetesetteemnevenrcize :
eZ OCA NA ON eae te te ons scrczccaions se ocenveri'-ntawsseasesernantedceanspsevd
tensa annguton=teanesasecdernnsaennnsengn genes :
NY
WwW
F&F
nn Kalivaltida, PEYNIF VE ZEVUMer.tk,c..-c20:--ecseseorsessesecrssvesntosnssccssesteuneauvsrercenontinseosesrunceneyensneeceonsoeseas 3

, Add the correct form of -den itibaren to the words below.

gelecek yildan. itibaren Ete Tee (with effect from next year)
vee"
9Tks i ie $a ee eSPe (with effect from Monday)
BGIOCOK ALA gata ckocarticngeessosseonssaapesse (with effect from next week)
POIOCEK AVritecansuctsdessvantaieranccedeaysoors (with effect from next month)
O CAKE Men tain dita, ad tbane ss (with effect from January)

Wn
Dn
NY
BPWA clibeee enema nse dcenvenccuaacceccatierss (with effect from March)

194
 -a/-e dogru (towards) -a/-e karst (against)

a -(y)a/-(y)e dogru is used for saying in which direction somebody/something is going or looking:

ise dogru = towards work istanbul’a dogru = towards Istanbul

eve dogru = towards home postaneye dogru = towards the post office

¢ KOpek bize dogru geliyor. Parka dogru

KOpek bize
Elbette.
dogru geliyor. (The dog is coming towards us.) yuruyelim mi?

e Ferit: Parka dogru yUrtiyelim mi?

(Shall we walk towards the park?)

Ayten: Elbette.
(Certainly.)

bana dogru = towards me bize dogru = towards us

sana dogru = towards you size dogru = towards you
ona dogru = towards him/her/it onlara dogru = towards them

-a/-e dogru or -a/-e karst is also used for saying something happens close to a particular point in time:
¢ Misafirler sabaha dogru/karsi burada olacaklar. (The guests will be here towards/around morning.)

B | -(y)a/-(y)e karsi can be used to express all senses of against:

Galatasaray yarin
Arsenal’a karsi oynayacak.
¢ Galatasaray yarin Arsenal’a karsi oynayacak.
(Galatasaray will play against Arsenal.)
HABERLER

e Bu fikre karsi degilim.

(lam not against this idea.)

e Irkciliga karsi mucadele ediyorlar.

(They are fighting against racism.)

-a/-e karsi also means opposite:

¢ Sezen denize karsi bir villada yasiyor.

(Sezen lives ina villa facing/opposite the sea.)

¢ Gole karsi bir restoranda yemek yiyorlar.

(They are eating in a restaurant facing/opposite the lake.)

Ge -a/-e karsi can also be used to indicate attitude:

¢ Ogretmene karsi bliyiik saygim var.

(| have great respect for the teacher.)

e Anne ve babana kars! saygilt olmalisin.

(You must be respectful for your parents.)

denize karsi bir villa

192
 Add -(y)e/-(y)a dogru to the words below.

1 bankaYa.doguu.... (towards the bank) A UeMASAZA ssc vere

ee caae (towards the shop/store)
& OC (towards the school) 2 UTMIMEIPSTIE2 Ss
rcconanntionsanoasnece (towards the university)
3S stele ieee eee (towards the car) AS}. -ISTRINIOT Menosocenbdhcetbodse (towards the station)
; MEER Sensccccnivecasnsecos (towards the ball) DAG Kal@ ce cday uncrsreees (towards the castle)
: EMEKATC sccocedecescconaccens (towards the cafe) LSeeIMUZe See eres (towards the museum)
> GMESINCIMA...5s5.000csccsneoee (towards the cinema) LOumreStOran erecta ete: (towards the restaurant)
HIMMEEMORODUS.:...0.0.0cs0+000000-- (towards the bus) D7 gelzmin ee ee (towards Izmir)
ROMEEGHAS Soccscsseeccsereescs (towards the office) (lS: IME
VAREAS Snsvotcracssossoccoace (towards Marmaris)
SEPISIKICL. on.uc.csseseviecesens (towards the bicycle) WOMAN Kata eeeee es (towards Ankara)
PPP TRASLANE......0c050.s00cec000 (towards the hospital) DO eA SAM et ere ess (towards/around evening)

Complete the sentences by adding -(y)e/-(y)a dogru to the words below.

1. Onlar simdi Marmaris’€.AQGICM 0... gidiyorlar.

PE ANIME’ UNIVENSITC,. 3. .cccescscennrtsceocesss yuruyor.
BP ACA) OCODUS i... cicsnalaacnsatee snd kosuyor.
BPP ONS Al ADALngucenccenenntonescensee yaklasiyor.
EPL COCUKIAN AKSAMMccccccsccnsncsseetensnaes. varacaklar.
REE SINAC OU co,csaeeadnces anatsenses geliyorum.
MEP KA cee ccacasacscarsecesssens yuruyorum.
[ACen eee yuruyelim mi?
MO KCTERY SAAE DS oavecisies
vets vacemesesee burada olacak.
At eIKODEKIKUNUStccscesssceseeccsccece
scene kosuyor.

} Add -(y)e/-(y)a karsi to the words below.

a sansiré..KAUSH...:..:. (against censorship) oad To yg1 tec eeneatie

at (against capital punishment)
RCO KIL, <a ccetecsavaess cavers (against the proposal) He POVLOKIZ tate acsetees eee (against Portugal)
BM Dat See tc nesec scares: (against peace) Se FenerbalhiGe vec:
tesctetee- (against Fenerbahce)
Be CUSINAT iar tare onose ent onan (against the enemy) OS LONOM s aaeinones cases: (against terror)
BREE CPMOKSIVOM ccacsis-nsstucsseree-s (against infection) LO USaldinincixt..c+c.senyns. (against the attack)

| Complete the sentences by adding -(y)e/-(y)a kars! to the words below.

1 Yeni teklif@. KAS... degilim.

2 BEV AGAIN) CEMOKIASN 2225.40.02 sxqs00cesnsenne0 bir insandir.
Bm Sal Clifilereceeesess,
cst ess! hazirlik yapiyorlar.
mee USEPA cae corset asexectaeos
ince zafer kazandik.
ENBIZEN TAKIN: BESIKTAS 4..11..00n0000saensceneas oynuyor.

193
 kadar (about, as... as, until, by, as far as)

TA kadar is used to indicate that something is close to a particular number or amount: iki kilo kadar
elma ve 1 kilo
bir yil kadar = about a year iki kilo kadar = about two kilos on giin kadar = about ten days
kadar da erik
aldim.
e Hakan bir yil kadar bu sirkette ¢alist. Pazardan
(Hakan has worked at this company for about a year.) ne aldin?

e On giin kadar istanbul’da kalacagiz.

(We'll stay in istanbul for about ten days.)

e Betiil : Pazardan ne aldin?

(What did you buy from the market?)

Tarik : Iki kilo kadar elma ve 1 kilo kadar da erik aldim.

(| bought about two kilos of apples and about one kilo of plums.)

GS kadar is used to show comparison and corresponds in meaning to @s ... as:

Bu bicak kili¢
¢ Bu bicak kilic kadar keskindir. ie aaa
(This knife is as sharp as a sword.)

¢ Koray, aslan kadar guclidur.

(Koray is as strong as a lion.)

e Fikret, Ali kadar uzun degil.

UDG SANT) Fikret, Ali kadar uzun degil.
Ali, Fikret ten daha CEREIe (Ali, Fikret’ten daha uzun.)
(Ali is taller than Fikret.)

kadar follows words like benim, senin, etc. to form the phrases below:

benim kadar = as ... as me onun kadar = as... as him/her/it sizin kadar = as ... as you
senin kadar = as... as you bizim kadar = as... as us onlar kadar = as... as them

e Sami benim kadar uzundur. ¢ Onun kadar sabirli degilim.

(Sami is as tall as me.) (1am not as patient as him/her.)
(Sami is as talll as | am.) (1am not as patient as he/she is.)

Gs, -(y)e/-(y)a kadar means until/till, by, as far as or in (an hour, a few days, etc.):

¢ Sabaha kadar ders ¢alistik. ¢ Pazar’a kadar projeyi bitirecegim.

(We studied till morning.) (I will finish the project by Sunday.)

¢ Gole kadar yurtidiik. e Bir saate kadar dénecegim.

(We walked as far as the lake.) (I will be back in an hour.)

@s kadar can be used with bu/su/o to form the quantifiers below:

bu kadar = this much gu kadar = that much o kadar = so much

e Annemi 0 kadar seviyorum ki ... ¢ Bu kadar oyun yeter! Simdi yatma vakti.
(I love my mother so much that ...) (This much playing is enough. It is bedtime now.)

194
ISTIRMALAR
ee ee

Complete the sentences with an appropriate statement given in the box.

| a) yirmiyil kadar c) 10 bardak kadar e) lic kilo kadar -g}

Bir-hafta-kadar-
b) Alt) sayfa kadar d) bes bin kadar f) ic saat kadar

1 Bir hafta kadar... tatil yapacagiz.

SR CD ees cco unn docctec vas encessacdousennss cay i¢erim.
Merce
ies sees ctanawevesevtnes mektup yazdim.
SED CURVeoreiieht sce csr i v0cSnsss <x esvoceossvasns televizyon seyrettim.
MAMA ZO etree Genes oak occas: sscnenntitreiccs tavuk aldi.
BME Se ecco
nssencscssccsess istanbul’da yasadi.
PMN A CR reeceas airs caircasisstesicaas coestiecsedeapee seyirci vardi.

Translate the following sentences into English.

1 Sinem, Asli kadar caliskan degildir. 5 Tarih, cografya kadar zordur.
eee eee eer err eer eerrr errr. cer rerrrrrr errr errr reer er ry eee ee eee eRe Hee e etme Eee EEE EEE EEE EHH ESSE EE EOE ESE SOE E EEO H ETH E SESH E EEE E EH EEE TEED ©

eee CeCe errr ere errr errr rere reer reer rer errr errr rere reer rerrrr reer errr errr rr ery

Seen eee meee e eee eee e eee ee eRe E ea eee ee eee eee ee eee ee een eee eH een seeeHe sense eeesessees © eee eee eee tee eee eee eee e eH eRe eee eee EEE eee eRe HOHE ETE eee een EeaHnaeeneeeereeeeesenee &

eRe eter teeter eRe eee e eee ee Hea ee EEE HEHE R OEE HORE OH OHH SESH HEHE DESH HEHE HEHEHE SHEE HEHE SEES © Peete emt eee ee eee eee eee eee eee eee EEE E EEE HE DEE EO EEE HEHE DOE EEE OE EEE O REESE HOES SEES F

Fill in the speech bubbles with an appropriate statement below.

a) Mehmet, benim kadar uzundur. b) Bir saate kadar d6énecegim. c) Bu kadar oyun yeter! Simdi yatma vakti.

195
altinda (under, below)
listiinde (on, over, above)

-(n)in altinda means under or below. Its opposite is -(n)in tstiinde which means on:

after consonants (b, c, ¢, d, f 8, Bh, J, -in/-in/-un/-iin altinda -in/-in/-un/-in iistiinde

Ke DOr lS Sn tn vee)
after vowels: _ -nin/-nin/-nun/-niin altinda —-nin/-nin/-nun/-niin ustunde
(a, 1, 0, u, e, i, 6, U)

arabanin altinda arabanin Ustunde

(under the car) (on the car)

defterin altinda defterin UstUnde

(under the notebook) tales Kalem defterin altinda. Kalem defterin Ustiinde.
Arabanin Arabanin
altinda
ustUnde bir kedi var.
bir kedi var. e A: Kedi nerede?
(Where is the cat?)

B: Kedi arabanin altinda.

(The cat is under the car.)

e A: Kedi nerede?
e Arabanin altinda bir kedi var. e Arabanin Ustiinde bir kedi var. (Where is the cat?)
(There is a cat under the car.) (There is a cat on the car.)
B: Kedi arabanin UstUnde.
We can replace Usttinde by tizerinde: (The cat is on the car.)
masanin UstUinde/iizerinde = on the table

The words alt (underneath of something) and ist (the top of something) can be used in any case to form the phrases below:

benim alimda = under me bizim altimizda = under us

benim Ustumde =on me bizim Ustiumuzde = on us

senin altinda = under you sizin altnizda = = under you

senin Ustinde =onyou sizin Ustuniizde = on you

onun altinda = under him/her/it onlarin alttnda =under them

onun ustiinde =onhim/her/it onlarin stinde =on them

If something is experiencing a process, then we don’t need to add a possessive case marker:

¥ Cocuk yogun bakim altinda. X Gocuk yogun bakimss altinda.

(The child is under intensive care.)

iistiinde/tzerinde is also used to say about something or in connection with. In this case, we don’t need to use
a possessive case marker:

¢ Proje Ustiinde/tzerinde ¢alisiyoruz. ° En iyi reklam metodu Usttinde/tizerinde konusuyorlar.

(We are working over/on the project.) (They are talking over the best advertisement method. )

You can hear the following idiomatic expressions:

heyheyleri Ustunde olmak= to be in a bad temper diken Ustiinde olmak = to be on pins and needles
uzerinde durmak = to elaborate on something

196
-LISTIRMALAR
_ Add -(n)in/-(n)in altinda and -(n)in/-(n)in iistiinde to the words below. Pay attention to sound harmony.
1 halintn.altunda........... (under the carpet) 8 KallePOSk are. Ascaatan tte aoa (under the sofa)
lea eee ees (on the carpet) Kan Dei taee.s. eee (on the sofa)
DMMESCNDaeictssszsssvecteviesssueoscciasete (under the coffee table) 9 Canta terre satucesctameeseetteers (under the bag)
: SOMA trcticsaes
hiceatdidetas (on the coffee table) Calitame eects coteorasescaess (on the bag)
PEMA ROANV Cs. seccescersosssenisreveoonsceces (under the chair) LOPMavakkabieccesem creat (under the shoe)
| ooSuks (on the chair)
SPITYM rasctsedan cess iccsoeene avVakkabietatvarctcceuceevtv
ices (on the shoe)
P BON ctsvesneqencsoiasiebune (under the blanket/cloth)
tegiraSiai LTC ettG renee atca darts estore (under the notebook)
retncs (on the blanket/cloth)
OU csacccwss SPR otter COIEris ioe teed toe Meter (on the notebook)
PEMA LA Kiinyy caccccvecaevessswotacivasarces (under the bed) LQMRSEDST ae lari ia..chs aaron (under the basket)
oe Te ne (on the bed)
“OE Ook Nese SEDC ttrcrarths renee cee (on the basket)
BOBO RAG aide se csimasaselaaeesscsuasnes (under the tree) 1S Mra PtODcavsarieveeteeenenereccaereetes (under the laptop)
reese esvetsavesstaes (on the tree)
DAG noes laptOP cine chew are (on the laptop)
(0 Ce neti
eee ea (under the house) LAME TT ASO Rae earn <tahcat ceiver ieenc (under the table)
aaaeee eae eee
Gi’ honiccnseadapa st (on the house) INAS datece sree saccenrreceeeeaes (on the table)

’ Look at the pictures and answer the questions.

3 Top nerede? 5 Telefon nerede?

eect cece cee cece eee e eee tense ere e eee ee esse eee ee ees & See EeeseensecesesssseesenesEssesscesasesessesesosenssesseneeees &

4 Top nerede? 5 Telefon nerede?

3 Translate the following sentences into English. You may use your dictionary.

1 Biitiin yeni driinler denetim altinda. 3 Biutiin belgeler inceleme altinda.

2 Siipheliler gozetim altinda. 4 Adam suphe altinda.

SccnCwOR 9 MOOS COOOC TOC OOO COL cece meer cere nee eee renee eee eee see ssesereseeeessssseeseseeees &
nialB\a\e O/6|s 016p 61u[0lb's'ale'0)6 6'001u/0(s\0 0101000 G.016/s 010\¢ 0 tis\9\0\010 0]0\0 010/00:n10,0'n'0 0,0)8/6 6 0'6\0/910,n/0(a\0,9/R/0)6.0)n/0/0/0
 on (front) Ontinde (in front of)
arka (back) arkasinda (behind)

ex -(n)in éniinde means in front of. Its opposite is -(n)in arkasinda which means behind:

after consonants (b, c, ¢, d, f, g, g, -in/-in/-un/-Gin arkasinda

a‘ -in/-in/-un/-tin 6niinde
Hy Kaliya Siete eve)
after vowels
Aeon ie -(n)in/-(n)in/-(n)un/-(n)iin 6niinde =-(n)in/-(n)in/-(n)un/-(n)dn arkasinda
(a) 1,0; U, e710) U)

arabanin OnUnde arabanin arkasinda

(in front of the car) (behind the car)
Neredesin?
evin Onunde evin arkasinda Doetarienin
(in front of the house) (behind the house) OnUndeyim.

e Arabanin O6ntnde bir kedi var. e Arabanin arkasinda bir kedi var.
(There is a cat in front of the car.) (There is a cat behind the car.)

e A: Neredesin? B: Postanenin OnUndeyim.

(Where are you?) (lam in front of the post office.)

B | The words 6n (front) and arka (back) can be used in any case to form the phrases below:

benim 6numde = in front of me bizim 6nimizde = in front of us Salih

pone benim
benim arkamda = behind me bizim arkamizda = behind us onumde
oturuyor.
senin6ninde = infront of you sizin Oninizde = in front of you
seninarkanda = behind you sizin arkanizda = behind you

onun Oniinde =infrontofhim/her/it onlarinéniinde = in front of them

onun arkasinda = behind him/her/it onlarin arkasinda = behind them

e Salih benim O6nwmde oturuyor. ¢ Bizim arkamizda bir araba var.

(Salih is sitting in front of me.) (There is a car behind us.)

It is more common to omit benim, senin, onun, etc. thanks

to the case marker on 6n and arka. Arkamizda
bir araba var.

e Salih (benim) 6nUmde oturuyor. ¢ (Bizim) arkamizda bir araba var.

198
*LISTIRMALAR
ee

Add -(n)in/-(n)in/-(n)un/-(n)iin Gniinde and -(n)in/-(n)in/-(n)un/-(n)iin arkasinda to the words below.

1 kapinin. PAUNAE....0.... (in front of the door) 8 UVa Secret
tte a eer ee (in front of the wall)
oyTYi eS aan ae epee (behind the door) GUNA sent cot een cae (behind the wall)
POLO DUS 5.5cnn ccctctscsessancecosseat®re (in front of the bus) LeleVizyOD sumer waa (in front of the TV)
, COUSIN nly (behind the bus)
uci itene REIEWIZVOMN ee ere lh teane cage coer (behind the TV)
MMM AALN seis r.n concaseavecesccvacosnende (in front of the man) 10 KOMIK S cece terre wecca ce. eeeee (in front of the couch)
| ACAI nadie acct nous debe caaeee (behind the man) KOItUK aS re oe ee (behind the couch)
r MMA ccccatcececsccseseebsepeseseenesss (in front of the woman) 11 CVN Er
nee eae eee are (in front of the house)
RACH i suate.: seteeeesteseeeseee (behind the woman) CV FE ee oc cence: mean ie (behind the house)
MEA VAC oes a cecc pacsnaaseroonceswsi (in front of the bed) eZ. OkU|Ree oo ria bere erer (in front of the school)
MORAN cer ie cneanei fs aa enccden tees (behind the bed) OK Liye
ene Mucken eee (behind the school)
MOIR ince occctca tiaasend anatsodsccivs (in front of the bank) lle} Dina eater erat (in front of the building)
BONE ec het hs se pss acacpsp (behind the bank) Dittase cae eee, (behind the building)
WMATA DG) ssscscsese-sceeSadccs2eceedavacss (in front of the car) 14 IAB
aZaire ee NUN nia ane eas (in front of the store)
POEele ee cs onccseadyansssvewskur (behind the car) IMAP AZACH chat cance
eee eee (behind the store)

Complete the sentences using the words below .

a) arkamizda c) arkanizda e) arkasinda (x2)

-b}arkamda— d) arkanda

1 Benim arkamda polis var. ALIBIZIM: ese ane iki kisi var.
Dee OU ee eet ea scteas duvar var. ieee]
a1 Mecyanscenconenaearay bir bocek var.
BesOMALINe : corccsssecrageesss. bir kopek var. GeeSiZinies ee ae bir kedi var.

Look at the pictures and answer the questions.

pms

1 Calar saat nerede?

4 Bisiklet nerede?
cece eee c cece rescence reese reese sssssareessssssesssssrssresseseee

199
 yaninda (beside, next to)

yaninda means beside, next to:

Postanenin
Banka
after consonants (b, c, ¢, d, f, g, 8, h, nerede?
-in/-in/-un/-iin yaninda
D Kilt Dy i S05) eV) ae)
after vowels
Hee: -nin/-nin/-nun/-niin yaninda
(a,1,.0, U, 2, 1, 0,U)

evin yaninda bilgisayarin yaninda okulun yaninda otobustn yaninda

(beside the house) (beside the computer) (beside the school) (beside the bus)

arabanin yaninda silginin yaninda kutunun yaninda UtunUn yaninda

(beside the car) (beside the eraser) (beside the box) (beside the iron)

e Evin yaninda bir nehir var. ¢ Okulun yaninda bir park var.
(There is a river beside the house.) (There is a park beside the school.)

e Silginin yaninda bir kalem var. ¢ Pencerenin yaninda oturabilir miyim?

(There is a pencil beside the eraser.) (Can | sit next to the window?)

e A: Banka nerede?
(Where is the bank?)

B: Postanenin yaninda.
(Next to the post office.) Okulun yaninda bir park var.

The word yan means side and it can be used in any case to form the phrases below:
Ayse
yanimda
benim yanimda = beside me bizim yanimizda = beside us oturuyor.
senin yaninda = beside you sizin yaninizda = beside you
onun yaninda’ = = beside him/her/it onlarin yaninda = beside them

e Ayse (benim) yanimda oturuyor. ¢ Cocuk (bizim) yanimizda duruyor.

(Ayse is sitting beside me.) (The child is standing beside us.)
-It's optional to use benim, senin, onun, etc as seen in the examples above.

2s

yaninda can also be used for saying in addition to somebody/something:

¢ Kebabin yaninda salata yedim. ¢ Cayin yaninda biraz kek ikram ettiler.
(I ate salad besides kebab.) (They offered some cake besides tea.)

yaninda is also used for saying we are in the company of somebody:

° A: Askim neredesin? (Where are you, darling?)

B: Annemin yanindayim. (1am at my mother’s or |am with my mother.)

GF yakininda means near and is used in the same way as yaninda:

* Okulun yakininda/yaninda bir supermarket var. (There is a supermarket near the school.)

200
:LISTIRMALAR
Add -(n)in/-(n)in/-(n)un/-(n)iin yaninda to the words below.
1 televizyonun.yaninda eect, (beside/next to the TV) IEE Clee aac eee eee (beside/next to the car)
MMRCOKU) [ease esse tcsecs cctcsaevcen
satis (beside/next to the school) NIDA i aeeesoasesemdetanacet
ate (beside/next to the bakery)
Re (beside/next to the woman) We Nem Yo) Ke odspoe et ren gee (beside/next to the laptop)
OW ge a eee (beside/next to the house) LAR KUEU pee eeetes ere ciasew cbse (beside/next to the box)
EMCSEOPAMN Sree ce scree cee connnsSsncaesstos (beside/next to the restaurant) 15 SOkak..... cece eeeeeeees (beside/next to the street)
MASE ENO ere soc occcsseshureacsl> (beside/next to the post office) 16 istaSyON........eeseeseseeeeseees (beside/next to the station)
FMM NVA oC clce socscsesesssvhoceeces (beside/next to the bank) Le kita DOV. ee corte etreeee (beside/next to the bookstore)
EMAUR Kailas cccctsssrueeelernos (beside/next to the shop) LS Se'Siitisec ten secoee en eres (beside/next to the classroom)
9 Rel s. BE eer ese (beside/next to the bed) 1G ® KANEDE; Acar
eet eres tere: (beside/next to the sofa)
BRD NANASENooo soso. ooo vans ols fansseedece (beside/next to the table) 2OS SODA senate (beside/next to the coffee table)

’ Look at the pictures and answer the questions.

:
SUPERMARKET
"Ea FP) ont
5
|
jay 3 , ‘3 :

5 Koltugun yaninda ne var?

3 Complete the sentences by adding -(n)in/-(n)in/-(n)un/-(n)iin yaninda to the words below.

Ae teas dondurma istiyorum.
Tat iteerssteetccssctreore
ih Omletin.yaninda edheter peynir istiyorum.
BMG AY eiicr ea na csc cbocvars ss anens biraz biskUvi istiyorum. Br ISKEMCOh ts seeus ortesueseekeoss: pilav istiyorum.

TOW iiesacosnasos eossscanenccedeoad: ayran istiyorum. (Gym) pie heoccco enste su istiyorum.
adoeconpanessaaccne:
2) (le MIAME

201
 karsisinda (opposite)

ae karsisinda means opposite:

Pastane
bare sinemanin
after consonants
3
(b, C, ¢, d, if 8, & h, -in/-in/-un/-iin karsisinda
nerede? karsisinda.

ink, men O als esata) Z)

after vowels
Me cade -nin/-nin/-nun/-nin karsisinda
(ant OU, e1,.O) Ul)

evin karsisinda parkin karsisinda okulun karsisinda

(opposite the house) (opposite the park) (opposite the school)

sinemanin karsisinda Ali’nin karsisinda bankanin karsisinda

(opposite the cinema) (opposite Ali) (opposite the bank)

e Pastane sinemanin karsisinda.

(The patisserie is opposite the cinema.)

¢ Caminin karsisinda bir mUze var.

(There is a museum opposite the mosque.)

Caminin karsisinda bir muze var.

eB The word karsi means the opposite side and can be used to form the phrases below. It is optional to use benim,
senin, onun, etc.:

benim karsimda = opposite me bizim karsimizda = opposite us

senin karsinda = opposite you sizin karsinizda = opposite you
onun karsisinda = opposite him/her/it onlarin karsisinda = opposite them

e A: Tuvaletler nerede?
(Where are the toilets?)

B: Tuvaletler (sizin) karsinizda.

(The toilets are opposite you.)

karsisinda is also commonly used to say in relation to/confronted with/vis-a-vis. In this case, we don’t need to use
possessive markers in the preceding word:

* Basbakan, son gelismeler karsisinda bir aciklama yapt.. X ...gelismelerin karsisinda...

(The Prime Minister made an explanation in relation to the recent developments.)

¢ Sibel, kotu haber karsisinda bayildi. X ...haberia karsisinda...

(Confronted with the bad news, Sibel fainted.)

202
_ Add -(n)in/-(n)in/-(n)un/-(n)iin karsisinda to the words below.
i televizyonun.. karsisinda.... (opposite the TV) 41 oy) ONES co a ee (opposite the pub)
Hy MP SEAOYUNT sci sediscrisoranesncseceneioneee (opposite the stadium) 2 Kat@ meets
ctu ctor: (opposite the cafe)
> PROAIVRA. Ficticcsctscsseiscoosscesncvsass (opposite the bank) 13 KutUpNAne cane.ee (opposite the library)
SMMC accesses sctnveteasssssss (opposite the mosque) 14 RAGLAN Ova ces een act ew (opposite the hospital)
SOs eee ane (opposite the building) 15 SINCIMA nc eeee teri ee (opposite the cinema)
BIIOSCOMNC. wre secesccsencccscoaccsecsseiese (opposite the post office) KIVA Oo eo eererr
ne ees (opposite the theatre)
r EE Ss See eles (opposite the villa) KINIS@Re eae tere ete eee oes (opposite the church)
BMMEISEAS VOM cae aisdecsdevonvacseivetiarsonsie (opposite the station) Navrasn.ccaseaemencturemnae (opposite the synagogue)
BROOK. Gcveasascdnesevecvsnassovaseses (opposite the school) MAGAZA steiner cee (opposite the store)
BEM ONAVAN UK ctdasircieiGasacouccssssvocnoes (opposite the kitchen) SALA Vs hencuassteet
masta esace (opposite the palace)

! Complete the sentences by adding -(n)in/-(n)in/-(n)un/-(n)iin karsisinda to the words in brackets.

Beene Src ec Re Sora R Cie eco SR fuiaietsecons guzel bir restoran var. (banka)
MERE Ne eee aE et EN duis svssavese bir kafe var. (tiyatro)
2)” Saséerie delaae as BGR ERE NEES eC HE ae a bir pastane var. (cami)
31) scsnetioqa dae E NRE ARR aRRG aS SCORES ENED REE Eee eee bir kebap salonu var. (kUtuphane)
ERR ae Se Sec hie snaitieiaieseuseasesitts bir cop kutusu var. (bina)
ER oe te eras te nace c Sanicens cibcisdicssleseswoes bir kanepe var. (televizyon)
Ree eee ec ster ret ceo Sci wi daa sevsbasceiocncess bir gol var. (villa)
RN eer aE a eet, od fice cace Stee ae Bebo ened neo bir futbol sahasi var. (okul)
I SR Peet wed a oe hee ha cedeaubcadaesesevaneds bir restoran var. (kilise)
THO) gecesi pers ee en rea ie a ea ere bir sinema var. (magaza)
TES enue ocSeROO CR ne RCD Ue Re ERRORS aReia aa eRRG Ie eREeare bir eczane var. (hastane)
Te cossposto ae LESH eR Eo eee genis bir yol var. (saray)
TRE. caehhico 25 REBAR ROA BEER GRR Negus Rechtance eee bir magaza var. (istasyon)

Complete the sentences with the words in the box below.

a) karsimda c) karsisinda (x2) e) karsinizda

b) karsinda d) karsimizda

EKO LD OMIEM voscessatssontseccecct Caccstsess ese oturuyor.

Pere Rikity SIZiMitrais:cccecssbesssseceattenetoennne oturuyor.
SIE RIKPECCONIANIN secctssscscusesconcnscccecconesesues oturuyor.
PEO IKKOT SCNINcrcsrinssecas ccguteccominnctoncr «sos oturuyor.
5 Fikret, onun........ karsisinda oturuyor.
Gam RIKNOL COIZIIiaites.tte
ces tec-vieccosssutzssesce oturuyor.

203
iginde (inside)
disinda (outside)

icinde means inside/in. Its opposite is disinda, which means outside:

ater copsonents(D cic. 18,60) -in/-in/-un/-iin iginde/disinda

(ial M NAD LS sab avn v2)
TARTS -nin/-nin/-nun/-niin iginde/disinda
(ay ino, U,er iO.)

evin icinde bankanin icinde ofisin icinde kutunun icinde

(inside the house) (inside the bank) (inside the office) (inside the box)
Bankanin disinda polisler var.
evin disinda bankanin disinda ofisin disinda kutunun disinda
(outside the house) (outside the bank) (outside the office) (outside the box)

¢ Bankanin icinde U¢ soyguncu var.

(There are three robbers inside the bank.)

e Kutunun icinde elmas bir yUzuk var.

(There is a diamond ring in the box.)

¢ Bankanin disinda polisler var.

(There are policemen outside the bank.)
Kutunun icinde elmas bir yuzuk var. Okulun disinda park etmek yasak. ~
¢ Okulun disinda park etmek yasak.
(It is forbidden to park outside the school.)

4
disinda also means except for/other than. In this case, the previous word does not take any possessive markers:

V Bir ceket disinda hic elbise almadim. Biraz boyun agrim

(Except for a jacket, | did not buy any clothes.) Nasilsin var ama onun
disinda iyiyim.
X Bir ceketi# disinda hig elbise almadim.

e A: Oglum, salatalik disinda hicbir sey yemedin.

(Son, you haven’t eaten anything other than cucumber.)

B: Ama anne, biraz da yogurt yedim.

(But mum, | have eaten some yoghurt too.)

- We can use onun disinda to say other than that:

e A: Nasilsin Pelin?
(How are you, Pelin?)

B: Biraz boyun agrim var ama onun disinda iyiyim.

(I have some neck pain, but other than that | am fine.)

disinda is used to form the phrases below. It is optional to use benim, senin, onun, etc.:

benim disimda_ = except for me bizim disimizda_ = except for us

senin disinda = except for you sizin digsinizda_ — = except for you
onun disinda = except for him/her/it onlarin disinda = except for them

¢ Senin disinda herkes maca gidiyor. ¢ Bizim disimizda kimse yoktu.

(Everyone is going to the match except for you.) (There was no one except for us.)

204
‘LISTIRMALAR

Add -(n)in/-(n)in/-{n)un/-(n)iin iginde or -(n)in/-(n)in/-(n)un/-(n)iin disinda to the words below.

1 kutunun.icinde Peter (inside the box)
Cre tee eee eee 7
ey Kal Gz secs ieee nn ctroe: (inside the cafe)
BUM eee iinet
acshs sarersneus (outside the box) SE lctncerpt pe cee aren (outside the cafe)
|GETIC ea eeekee (inside the bag) AtaDdie wear
ee ae (inside the car)
SEG ee eee aa (outside the bag) APA A eee ee eases cde cates (outside the car)
MDI rye och nce co Bear soeees Selene (inside the building) DaliO.2 eases erate ee (inside the bathroom)
BNI ictatos sachetaes eicsadac dea eres (outside the building) DanyOnut sac eee (outside the bathroom)
7 Uo eee (inside the bank) 10 (elBPd0 Fela asconcceetonandn
icebencueaorncc (inside the wallet)
OTS hee Ss (outside the bank) CUZdan tee ee ieee ee (outside the wallet)
S 3) ae (inside the house) OKUl eee ne ee mee eee (inside the school)
Gia saaabectoricaserc
cscbeace:eReee (outside the nouse) OKUrerneneor scteacttes tceste neces (outside the school)
‘S00 Bbntochardeennencescer
cece eee (inside the room) A CaM eee ee (inside the mosque)
Cie decaiade tegen eee (outside the room) Call iagrceessescater
tata soaaees (outside the mosque)

- 6
- Use -(n)in/-(n)in/-(n)un/-(n)iin icginde or -(n)in/-(n)in/-(n)un/-(n)iin disinda to answer the questions.

1 Fare nerede? 3 Ekmek nerede?

2 Fare nerede? 4 Ekmek nerede? 6 Para nerede?

wee c eevee ccc scccsereeesassessseesseesseseessssssessseseeees

Sere cece seer eneneenesesesseeeesssesssesseseeseees seeeeeeeee @

3 Complete the sentences with the words in brackets and disinda.

Dialogue-1 Dialogue-3

eee ee eee renee eesaercrdanseseesessneeseseseaserse bir sey istiyor musunuz? (baklava) A: Wk LON eli cxats scceneneitieeceens ne ictin? (su)

B: Evet. Dondurma istiyorum. B: Bir bardak gay i¢tim.

Dialogue-2 Dialogue-4

NS” esas Bsa SHEE RREEE A iets A ac ee ae kim geldi? (Ahmet) OUR ien es tt sahccclacctaseesscentenneeteas ne pisirdin? (pilav)

B: Tarik ve Cemil geldi. B: Tavuk sote pisirdim.

eee eee
205
 ... hosuma gidiyor. (/ like ... .)
... hosuma gitmiyor. (/ don’t like ... .)

Ad The phrase hosuna git- means to like. The verb git- can be used in any tense (e.g. present, past, future).

Benim hosuma ! like. e Bu kravat hosuma gidiyor. Bu elbise

(I like this tie.) cok hosuma
Senin You like. gidiyor.
hosuna
Onun He/She/It likes. e Bu elbise cok hosuma gidiyor.
Bizim hosumuza welyiele We like. (| like this dress so much.)

Sizin hosunuza You like. e Bu yer hosumuza gidiyor.

(We like this place.)
Onlarin REESE They like.
hoslarina

- It is optional to use benim, senin, onun, etc. before hoguna git-:

¢ Bu araba (benim) hosuma gidiyor. ¢ Bu canta (onun) hosuna gidiyor.

(I like this car.) (He/She likes this bag.)

- If we know the name of the person, then we add -(n)in/-(n)in/-(n)un/-(n)iin to it:

¢ Bu canta Serap’in hosuna gidiyor. ¢ Kusadasi Ann’in hosuna gidiyor.
(Serap likes this bag.) (Ann likes Kusadasi.)

See Unite-18 for further details on the use of the non-action verbs in the present continuous tense.

Gi The negative form of hosuna git- is made as follows:

Benim hosuma ! don’t like.

Bu yemek
Senin You don’t like. hosuma
hosuna gitmiyor.
Onun He/She/It doesn’t like.

Bizim = hosumuza Tee We don’t like.

Sizin hosunuza You don’t like.

Onlarin sHeEsuieey They don’t like.

hoslarina

e Bu yemek hosuma gitmiyor. ¢ Bu sehir hosumuza gitmiyor.

(I don’t like this food.) (We don’t like this city.)

¢ Bu ders Nalan’in hosuna gitmiyor. ¢ Bu kahve hosuma gitmiyor.

(Nalan doesn’t like this lesson.) (| don’t like this coffee.)

The question form of hosuna git- is made as follows:

¢ Bu elbise hosunuza gidiyor mu?
Benim hosuma Do | like? (Do you like this dress?)

Senin oan Do you like? ¢ Bu hediyeler onun hosuna gidiyor mu?

Onun Does he/she/it like? (Does he/she like these presents?)
Ag idiyor mu? :
Bizim — hogumuza 8'°'V Do we like? ¢ Bu ev onlarin hosuna gidiyor mu?
Sizin hosunuza Do you like? (Do they like this house?)
area Ree
h
Do they like? a rae eee
istanbul Ali’nin hosuna gidiyor mu?
(Does Ali like istanbul?)
$n
206
We can use hosuna git- in any tense.
?ast tense examples:

» Yemek cok hosuma gitti. ¢ A: Parti hosuna gitti mi? Parti hosuna Evet, earch
) (I liked the food so much.) (Did you like the party?) gitti mi? cok hosuma gitti.
»
» Film hosuma gitti. B: Evet, parti cok hosuma gitti
' (I liked the film.) (Yes, | liked the party.)
3
Future tense examples:

Antalya cok hosunuza gidecek.

| (You will like Antalya so much.)

ie Kitap cok hosuna gidecek.

| (You will like the book so much.)

We use infinitive verb (-mek/-mak) + hosuna git- to say that we like doing something.
benim, senin, onun, etc. can be omitted:

benim hosuma I like swimming. © Piyano calmak (benim) hosuma gidiyor.

senin You like swimming. tivikespiaying the piano:)
hosuna
vi kK onun He/She/It likes swimming. e YUrumek (sizin) hosunuza gidiyor.
gidiyor. (You like walking.)
(to swim) bizim hosumuza We like swimming.

sizin hosunuza You like swimming. ¢ Bahcede kosmak (onlarin) hoslarina gidiyor.
(They like running in the garden.)
hosuna/
onlarin hoslarina They like swimming.

LISTIRMALAR
Write the negative form of the sentences below.
1 Top oynamak hosuma gidiyor. 4 Gezmek bizim hosumuza gidiyor.
Top.oynamak
osuma, gItVlyOr....re SAF ee area ee ea NE eae Oeiern reer rena etre ’
2 Sarki soylemek hosuma gidiyor. 5 Turkce 6grenmek hosuma gidiyor.
wee meee reece eee ee cence cree eseeeeeesseeceeeesesassceeecsseceeescascsseeesseess © = == Deen
see eee tenet eee ee eee eee Eee e eee eee eee e reese esse eeesessreeessssereeeeseseee &

UC ASO S DUDS CA SCO OCC ECO UOTE OCOD COROOCOOUOUDOOTUO DDO OO DOCOODUCOO NMOCCONOUTNT=) Bl Nl 9h | ll ORs) SeCCGC OOCCCOUNDUOUCUDROOCDUOUCCODO OL OCCOD

gitthaWal?ves
1 Yemek hogunuz 7 pn etl er ee A ee 2
Evet, yemek hosumuza gitti. Hayir, kitap hosuma gitmedi.

eeor eros eccstvanseicanth snonsounegs oes4 ob ier Lai 3 Re RAO a Megas Ria Neg CEE 8i

Evet, hediye hosuma gitti. Evet, festival hosumuza gitti.

© eelic GRE CACERRSES SEE ESS Eo eee ? [Shea Ste te a meriancee overran tere ey eee eae He ?
Hayir, film hosuma gitmedi. Hayir, program hosumuza gitmedi.
I
 -meli/-mali (must, should, have to)

CAL We add -meli/-mali to the verb to express necessity or obligation in the present.
It corresponds to the English must, should or have to: Dolapta hi¢bir
sey yok!
Alisveris yapmaliyiz.

Person giy- to wear kos- to run

Ben giy-meli-yim. | should wear. kos-mali-yim. | should run.

Sen giy-meli-sin. You should wear. kos-mali-sin. You should run.

O giy-meli. He/She/It should wear. kos-mali. He/She/It should run.

Biz giy-meli-yiz. We should wear. kos-mall-yiz. We should run.

Siz giy-meli-siniz. You should wear. kos-mali-siniz. | You should run.

Onlar — giy-meli-ler. They should wear. kos-mall-lar. They should run.

e Yarin sinav var. Ders calismaliyim. e Hava cok soguk. Paltonu giymelisin.
(There is an exam tomorrow. | have to study.) (The weather is very cold. You should wear your coat.)

e Ekmek bitti. Ekmek almaliyiz. ¢ Dolapta hicbir sey yok! Alisveris yapmaliyiz.
(The bread has run out. We should buy bread.) (There is nothing in the fridge! We should do (some) shopping.)

CB | We insert -me/-ma between the stem of the verb and -meli/-mali followed by
the personal suffix to make negative sentences: Burada sigara
igmemelisiniz.

Person giy- to wear kos- to run

Ben giy-me-meli-yim. | shouldn’t wear. kog-ma-mali-yim. / shouldn’t run.

Sen giy-me-meli-sin. | You shouldn’t wear. kog-ma-mali-sin. | You shouldn’t run.
O giy-me-meli. He/She/It shouldn’t wear. kos-ma-mali. He/She/It shouldn’t run.
Biz giy-me-meli-yiz. | We shouldn’t wear. kog-ma-mall-yiz We shouldn’t run.
Siz giy-me-meli-siniz. You shouldn’t wear. kos-ma-mali-siniz. You shouldn’t run.
Onlar — giy-me-meli-ler. They shouldn’t wear. kos-ma-mali-lar. They shouldn’t run.

¢ Burada sigara icmemelisiniz. ¢ Kapiy! acik birakmamaliyiz.

(You mustn’t smoke here.) (We shouldn’t leave the door open.)

We add -meli mi?/-mali mi? to the verb to make questions:

Person giy- to wear kos- to run

Ben giy-meli miyim? Should | wear? kos-mali miyim? Should | run?

Sen giy-meli misin? | Should you wear? kos-mali misin? = Should you run?
O giy-meli mi? Should he/she/it wear? kos-mali mi? Should he/she/it run?
Biz giy-meli miyiz? | Should we wear? kos-mali miyiz? =Should we run?
Siz giy-meli misiniz? Should you wear? kos-mali misiniz? Should you run?
Onlar — giy-meliler mi? — Should they wear? kos-malilar mi? Should they run?

¢ Burada beklemeli miyiz? ¢ Yemegi bitirmeli miyim?

(Should we wait here?) (Should |finish the food?)

————————— 208
eee
:
KLISTIRMALAR
a
_ Add -meli/-mali to the verbs below.

1 konus- to speak 2 git- to go 3 gel- to come 4 yat- to go to bed

Eten ||KOnusmaligIM eh ce
GCN OPV ISI tae Mn on pf
;| FO a em cede BS thaacie ane? | |antl uce ved es

Biz PSAN ernment asin cere iit pee inate et ens poet estes
Siz konugmalisiniz SPOR meee eee e see re res ren ese eeeeeseeses = =§=§ Fee een renee reeEseesseressseeesseeetes = seseeerersse

One mee nee e meee eee ee renee ===== shee eeeaeeenennaseeeseseneseeseeseeees se een PO e meee eee meee eee east eees = == eee eeeneeensseseueessseessseeesseeee®

emt e eee e eee e neat teeter eee eases ee eee «= = Oe Deeeaeeseneneeeasceneresssesennennes

NTchToms RE cr ef ENT RN alo a AN WA Such an pate Uae Re OEE Wa coined CO EPIRA aoe eT Pe ee eee

) Complete the sentences with the -meli/-mali verbs in the box.

a) duzeltmeliyim -e}temizlemeliyina— e) yatmaliyim

b) almali d) konusmalisiniz f) etmeliyiz

1 Ofis cok kirli. Ofisi temizlemeliyim....... A= COkK VOrSUMUMT EXKEN tes scsaeretee sesecstee ces :
PE ICOK COPINIKA EVI: cececdense-docend sasbacrsrsoosdeands : Sy Burada ingiizce et ee eee
Biren biraz sonra Kalkiyor Acele .o.escic...nseteeccssechedunscooes mio Gee Tula hasta. tacos. ete oes 4

3 Write the question form of the sentences below.

SI Ce cle on eee A ea el OS EE ee ee eee ?
Evet, ders caligsmalisin. Evet, kitap okumalisin.

Gy tcp aiiescadeceansinss snowmen ?

saa pee ie Betis RRNA Pt Nir ARE AIRES EN al WR HED ca ?

Hayir, erken kalkmamalisin. Hayir, disarida beklememelisin

Sener nee ne are ee LALNS, «fcc navn cneanesmeteroes sesate ? Bi PEIN SO BONA oes to ena emma rere m cane

Evet, ceket giymelisin. Evet, acele etmelisin.

209
 -meliydi/-maliydi (should have)

been right or sensible, but

CA -meliydi/-maliydi is added to the verb followed by the personal suffix to say what would have
was not done:

Person giy- to wear kos- to run

Ben giy-meliydi-m. | should have worn. kos-maliydi-m. | should have run.

Sen giy-meliydi-n. You should have worn. kos-maliydi-n. You should have run.

O giy-meliydi. He/She/It should have worn. kos-maliydi. He/She/It should have run.

Biz giy-meliydi-k. We should have worn. kos-maliydi-k. | We should have run.

Siz giy-meliydi-niz. You should have worn. kos-maliydi-niz. You should have run.

Onlar — giy-meliydi-ler. |They should have worn. kos-maliydi-lar. They should have run.

Dun gece F e Arif: OtobUsu kacirdik.

¢ Berna: Dun gece eve hirsiz girdi. Polisi
) eve hirsiz girdi. (We missed the bus.)
(Last night, a thief broke into the house. aradin mi?

Filiz: Polisi aradin mi? Haylr, Berk: O zaman kosmaliydiniz.

(Did you call the police?) aramadim, (Then you should have run.)
Polisi /

Berna: Hayir, polisi aramadim. e Lara: Dun gece cok Ustdiim.

(No, | didn’t call the police.) (Ifelt very cold last night.)

Filiz: Polisi aramaliydin. Banu: Paltonu giymeliydin.

(You should have called the police.) (You should have worn your coat.)

B | We insert -me/-ma between the stem of the verb and -meliydi/-maliydi followed by the personal suffix
to make negative sentences:

Person giy- to wear kos- to run

Ben giy-me-meliydi-m. ||shouldn’t have worn. kos-ma-maliydi-m. | shouldn’t have run.
Sen giy-me-meliydi-n. | You shouldn’t have worn. kos-ma-maliydi-n. | You shouldn’t have run.
O giy-me-meliydi. He/She/It shouldn’t have worn. — kos-ma-maliydi. He/She/It shouldn’t have run.
Biz giy-me-meliydi-k. | We shouldn’t have worn. kos-ma-maliydi-k. | We shouldn’t have run.
Siz giy-me-meliydi-niz. You shouldn’t have worn. kos-ma-maliydi-niz. You shouldn’t have run.
Onlar — giy-me-meliydi-ler. They shouldn’t have worn. kos-ma-maliydi-lar. They shouldn’t have run.

e A: Cocuklar dustu. B: Cok hizli kosmamaliydilar.

(The kids fell.) (They shouldn’t have run so fast.)

We add -meli miydi?/-mali miydi? followed by the personal suffix to the verb to make questions:
Person giy- to wear kos- to run
Ben giy-meli miydi-m? | Should | have worn? kos-mali miydi-m? = Should | have run?
Sen giy-meli miydi-n? = Should you have worn? kos-mali miydi-n? =Should you have run?
O giy-meli miydi? Should he/she/it have worn? kos-mali miydi? Should he/she/it have run?
Biz giy-meli miydi-k? = Should we have worn? kos-mali miydi-k. Should we have run?
Siz giy-meli miydi-niz? Should you have worn? kos-mali miydi-niz? Should you have run?
Onlar — giy-meli miydi-ler? Should they have worn? kog-mali miydi-lar? Should they have run?
¢ Toplantiya gitmeli miydik? (Should we have gone to the meeting.)

210
 »ISTIRMALAR
Add -meliydi/-maliydi to the verbs below.

| soyle- to say ; ; _yap- to do yardim et- to help ara- to search; to call

Ben soylemeliydim
’ Sen soylemeligdin |
ae soylemeligdt
, Biz — SOylemeliydile
i PSiz soylemeli ydiniz
CROATA IS CR SHOOTER OUT O00. setS(t OOSRANGCOORCIGUSE TOON Cn COC HOUQOUCOOL0cH 4te S<COSieGnCSCccnaopeuGbdncadkicconaascneane., | ..1). ceGcddaadnecdaans
endsaensacesacdsacanc
!
'

i Onlar «=SOylemeliydiler ee) Lee nee

al- to take/buy gel- to come kalk- to get up git- to go

Ben BUleetea wieries signee a siegieow(eesiecoireinels UfYMEl|sisuleiats otra ane'ei oisiseuininai’vas sinus as oip idvieds vicesceric cee MER Sac ee niyet CERE EERE CRIRIL IEE se ante enone ens oe a

es te RTE ee ee Lac ee ee | ee

| [ence ua P| ee tee, ia! Tek

‘Biz JocnosdocundeéenodaaraORS sec oosead0UdanG i NidudisdicnouuariibecchmnbonsbannEpOSenERED || |?BareeeeAaasdhccubaccnarcoeubbeubondees) ©4hannoSetvchnartedasasdae sscoace caubionec

eh eee eniicesct [une de. a

oe 1 1b ase abc ea AO HEN oe Nn Rte RDO RNIN GelMer NORs, C a.navirers «RealMa carer indreet |, or Gy

- Complete the sentences with the verbs in the box.

a) kalkmaliydim ¢s6ylemetiydil e) etmeliydik

b) gitmeliydin d) almaliydi f) gelmeliydi

1 Henwtz bilmiyor ama ona sdylemeliydik see 3 Ae SulercokUzulduis Oldalpativemeesersetee terest nee ae :
STE IUCEU eee avs 95 33 eae . Simdi cok ge¢ kaldim. 5. -Berk ilag¢almadinilacgwe:.ctaianee eet 2
2 eEvierini tasidilar. Onlara Yard <.....0.c0..c.cscsscevsocceeseenes ‘ 6. Sen din hasta degildinalses ws. s russeeee.
s ;

Complete the conversations with the statements in the box.

a) O kadar cok yememeliydin. c) Semsiyeyi almaliydik.

-b}-Ders-ealsmathydin— d) ilacint almaliydi.

Dialogue-1 Dialogue-3
A: Sinavda basarisiz oldum. A: Karnim cok agriyor.
B: Pers Calisaligain oc ccssssussesessesne Bilstie eblenedl\ sorownny ci. them arth, Sia amews

Dialogue-2 Dialogue-4
A: Aylin henuz iyilesmedi. A: Yagmur yagiyor.
Bee oss nndéces dango A age BEREA ROSAS GE BEGET I RE Gtr CREE Tn en ees erPe ; SR, ca easckae emt arose reba orec soace ac ace ncETion copnLcrabnaee a oon DAoC on oeur :
Ee
 edilgen cat: (genis zaman — olumlu cumle)
the passive voice in the present simple positive

(except-l) and -n- to verb ste

Ae To make an active verb passive we add -il/-i|/-ul/-iil to the verb stem ending in a consonant
ending in a vowel. The passive making suffix is then followed by the present simple tense marker.

Example-1: ig- to drink

after consonants except -l
(b, c, ¢, d, f, g, 8 h, j, k, m,n, p, FS, $, t, Vy y, Z) ig - il-ir
Cay ic-il-ir. Tea is drunk.

Odev __yap-il-ir, Homework is done. passive making suffix simple present

Ruya gor-il-Ur. Dream is seen. /Dreams are dreamt. after a consonant tense marker

Soru sor-ul-ur. | Questions are asked.

Active sentence : insanlar cay icerler.
after vowels (People drink tea.)
(a, 1, 0, u, e, i, 6, G)
Yardim sagla-n-ir_ —_Help is provided. Passive sentence : Cay icilir.
Elma ye-n-ir Apples are eaten. (Tea is drunk.)
Gomlek UtUtle-n-ir Shirts are ironed.
Example-2: ye- to eat
ye-n-ir

passive making suffix simple present

after a vowel tense marker

Active sentence : insanlar elma yerler.

(People eat apples.)

Passive sentence : Elma yenir.

EL FALI
“ (Apples are eaten.)

Be We add -in/-in/-un/-iin to verb stems ending in -I: more examples:

Example-3: al- to take
/ buy kal- = to stay
al-in-ir bil- = to know
sil- = to erase IKINCI EL CEP
sal- = to release TELEFONU ALINIR qT] TELEFONCU| |
passive making suffix simple present tense marker gel- = to come
after -| gul- = to laugh
bdl- = to divide TAMIR :
YAPILIR | |}
Active sentence : insanlar hediye alirlar. bul- = to find
(People buy gifts.)

Passive sentence : Hediye alinir.

(Gifts are bought.)

Unlike English, Turkish passive sentences do not have to have a subject:

For example, the verb in the sentence “Denizde yiiziiliir.” is a passive verb, which literally means
+ “ e oe eopee . . . .

is swum. Denizde mean:

in the sea. We cannot translate such sentences into English as passive sentences. The best translation
could be One swin
in the sea. Here is another example:

¢ Sinemaya biletle girilir. (One enters the cinema with a ticket.)

22
LISTIRMALAR
eee

| Add -il/-i|/-ul/-iil to the verbs, followed by the simple present tense marker.

f 4 goruldr....... {is seen) S) WHEOTAG

EiRestoresnterene (is sent) Ty) FOYT Bnasocacesaaade (is cooked)
cae (is written) SOc anlatieveicc (is told) Ba Ditakiss cron (is left)
ie 4 a re (is closed) TC DINGE esas: (is finished) 19; sopUtias ee. (is made cold/is chilled)
4 <i bale (is opened) E2ebosaltsirecn ese (is emptied) 20S CUrGUltecsse (is stopped)
aS. ee eedaieeee (is sold) LSaKattSttCrcecamsveevas (is mixed) ZISSenpteecceeers (is sprinkled)
>'6 S| eeepeeearatiaen (is made/done) 1A Kkaynatesn.cvsen: (is boiled) 220 dOKeetc (is spilled/is poured)
J | (is brought) USE BOSC! Mcessosceesess (is shown) 23 UKEScaae (is cut)
ee) ere (is stirred) AG Ut ce cae (is held) DAPUMNUt Ae eee (is forgetten)

Add -in/-in/-un/-iin or -n to the verbs, followed by the simple present tense marker.

1 beklenit,......... (is waited/is expected) (ERG | Rie

ee tens (is taken/bought)
REO. biscsscysoes (is read) Sa-Daslamc oes (is started)
Bm DOVAh cscisss2-s: (is painted) OM tO atest anes (is collected)
BELA Assostvshs-0<c00 (is combed) MOWMNAZ
tlaves cess (is prepared)
Be OKC. cA osscccsies (is added) DS SOIC; secesracas(is said/told)
Be TEMIZIC...ccsssccose (is cleaned) ai Kelas (is washed)

_ Below is the recipe for Revani Tatlisi. Fill in the blanks with the passive form of the verbs in brackets.

| REVANI TATLIS! NASIL YAPILIR?

Once serbet 1 hazirlanir die . (hazirla-)

-SHOGLE angen . (sogut-)
BIULL VE-SCKEL ©. .....ccsececcecccsessesoees . (cirp-)
Sonra yogurt, irmik, un, vanilya, kabartma tozu ve
IS SIR LE EEE . (ekle-)
eG Ode crete choos tiscideevscese . (pisir-)
PEO CHINTIOLO °c l..scc.cecssscceccencees . (kes-)
BopUK serbet KEKE iiioiiisaeceeseennees . (dok-)
BHEICUSL
AI COVIZI °..c.sc0senesereeeessnesasee . (serp-)
BO Stee
sks sceseees 0% . (yap-)
Afiyet olsun!

213
edilgen cat: (genis zaman — olumsuz ve soru cumleleri)
the passive voice in the present simple negative and questions
a
-maz/-mez) between the negative tense marke
To make a negative passive sentence, we insert the passive making suffix (
and the verb stem. As always, pay attention to sound harmony rules.
-maz
after -iI/-ul; -in/-un; -n
Japonya’da Turkge konus-ul-maz. Turkish is not spoken in Japan.
Burada gazete sat-il-maz. Newspapers are not sold here.
Eski araba al-in-maz. Old cars are not bought. (One shouldn't buy old cars.) KLAKSON
Burada kafe bul-un-maz. Cafe is not found here. CALINMAZ
Burada kitap oku-n-maz. Books are not read here.

Example-1: konus- to speak

Positive: konus - ul - ur Negative: konus - ul - maz

passive making present simple passive making negative present

suffix tense marker suffix simple tense marker

Positive passive sentence: Japonya’da Japonca konusulur. Negative passive sentence: Japonya’da Turkce konusulmaz
(Japenese is spoken in Japan.) (Turkish is not spoken in Japan.)
-mez
after -il/-iil; -in/-tin; -n
Burada cay yetistir-il-mez. Tea is not grown here.
Bu sorun kolayca ¢6z-Ul-mez. This problem is not solved easily. (This problem cannot be solved easily.)
Burada golf bil-in-mez. Golf is not known here. BARETSiZ
Burada sesli gul-tin-mez. It’s not laughed out loud here. (One shouldn't laugh out loud here.) GIRILMEZ
Serbete sit ekle-n-mez. | Milk is not added to syrup.

Example-2: yetistir- to grow

Positive: yetistir - il - ir Negative: yetistir - il - mez

passive making _ positive present passive making negative present

suffix simple tense marker suffix simpletense marker SIGARA

Positive passive sentence: Burada ¢ay yetistirilir. Negative passive sentence: Burada cay yetistirilmez. ici
(Tea is grown here.) (Tea is not grown here.)

More examples:

¢ Burada kitap satilmaz. ¢ Bu salonda basketbol oynanmaz.

(Books are not sold here.) (Basketball is not played in this hall.) GIRILMEZ
NO ENTRY
- Negative passive sentences are commonly seen on prohibition or warning signs.

We use the question particle mi?/mi?/mu?/mii? after the passive verb to make questions:

Passive statement : Burada kitap satilir. (Books are sold here.) -In short answers, we can use the
passive verb only after Evet/H
Passive question: Burada kitap satilir mi? (Are books sold here?) vet/Hayir:

Passive statement : iskocya’da ingilizce konusulur. (English is spoken in Scotland.) * A: Burada kitap satilir mi?
Passive question: Iskocya’da ingilizce konusulur mu? (Is English spoken in Scotland?) Be lado nce
Hayir, satilmaz.

214
 )Positive |Negative Positive Negative Positive Negative
passive verb passive verb passive verb passive verb passive verb passive verb
ie -alinir alinmaz yenir 15 gidilir
| 2 icitir | yapilir 16 soylenir
P38 satin getirilir 17 tamir edilir
(4 jathr acilir 18 izlenir
> |birakilir kapatilir 19 gosterilir
6 kesilir okunur 20 = anlatilir
7 -yazilir bilinir 21 konusulur

Make the following sentences negative.

Bu su icilir.
Bu yemek yenir.
Bu araba alinir.
Bu film izlenir.
Bu sir anlatilir.
Burada ingilizce konusulur.
Burada sigara icilir. Reet eee e eee e eee en asec een sea ees eesseusaseeeseseseseeses ©

Buraya cop atilir.

NOP Burada
Or
fa
OTS
©
OY
CONNIE
CO fal bakilir. enw ence eee t ence nena serene see esenseseesessessesesesseees

10 Buraya yazi yazilir. eee eee cece eee e tenes ence eee es esse eeeseseensseseuseseseses

feypety Burada iyi servis yapilir.

anyN Burada bugday yetistirilir. Smee eee c cena reac ene encer ene easeeessesreesaseeeensceseens 8

panyWw Burada gazete satilir.

ray-_ Burada ayakkabi tamir edilir.
15 Degerli esyalar burada birakilir.

3 Complete the conversations by asking questions according to the answers.

Dialogue-1 Dialogue-5
| GR ee eerie MARIN. See Rare ere aie ire 2

B: Hayir, burada yuzilmez. B: Hayir, burada sigara ic¢ilmez.

Dialogue-2 Dialogue-6
PN RE eee se reer aia snevan ei aeneearn acurbeteaceeeses ? PRN A nL AAA A scene ys She geeey ea ?

B: Evet, burada ayakkabi tamir edilir. B: Evet, burada ingilizce konusulur.

Dialogue-3 Dialogue-7

PNR rere eae Mek cer ee te Gaensconiebacecusssess ? PG 2 oa

er I eed ?

B: Hayir, burada sigara satilmaz. B: Evet, Rize’de cay yetistirilir.

Dialogue-4 Dialogue-8

LS erespinee SCOP ONCE ER CBErCae ees SAE RE BEES fi

B: Hayir, burada ananas satilmaz. B: Hayir, buraya ¢op atilmaz.
gn nn nnn att dE

215
 edilgen cati (simdiki zaman — olumlu cumle)
the passive voice in the present continuous positive
E.
to work out how we make
A If you have understood the passive voice in the present simple tense, then it will be very easy
a passive sentence in the present continuous tense because the same rules apply. To make an active verb passive, we add
-i!/-11/-ul/-iil to the verb stem ending in a consonant (except-l) and -n- to verb stems ending in a vowel. The passive making
suffix is then followed by the present continuous tense marker.

-i!/-i1/-ul/-iil
after consonants except -l DENEYIMLIi
(b,c, ¢, d, f, g, 8, h, j,k, m,n, p, FS, $ t v ¥, 2) CIRAK ARANIYOR.
Bina yik-il-iyor. The building is being demolished.
Yemek getir-il-iyor. The food is being brought.
Sofra kur-ul-uyor. The table is being set.
Adam hastaneye — gotiir-Ul-Uyor. The man is being taken to hospital.

Example-1: konus- to speak konus - ul - uyor

passive making suffix present continuous

after a consonant tense marker

Active: insanlar Tiirkce konusuyorlar. Passive: Turkce konusuluyor.

(People are speaking Turkish.) (Turkish is being spoken.)

-n-

after vowels
(a, 1, 0, u, e, i, 6, U)
Ofis temizle-n-iyor. The office is being cleaned.
Gazete oku-n-uyor. The newspaper is being read.
Katil ara-n-iyor. The murderer is being searched.

Example-2: izle- to watch izle - n - iyor

passive making suffix present continuous

after a vowel tense marker

Active: insanlar mac izliyorlar. Passive: Mag izleniyor.

(People are watching a match.) (A match is being watched.)

eB We add -in/-in/-un/-iin to verbs stems ending in -I:

more examples:
Example-3: sil- to wipe sil - in - iyor
kal- = to stay
bil- = to know
sil- = to erase
passive making suffix present continuous
after -| tense marker sal- = to release
gel- = to come
gul- = to laugh
Active: Garson masay) siliyor. Passive: Masa siliniyor. bdl- = to divide
(The waiter is wiping the table.) (The table is being wiped.) bul- = to find

216
_ISTIRMALAR
ee
a a
| Add -il/-1|/-ul/-iil to the verbs, followed by the present continuous tense marker.

: dldurdldyor.. (to kill) 9) BONER Gs. .cemceee: (to send) LVI keer: (to demolish)
BS ckccesccsetsss(to cook) LOvanlateecerecce-s. (to tell) LU SEVEN tera Seoree (to give)
|S Ct (to close) Dds Dititstene
ts. (to finish) LO Patera wana (to throw)
eo. <r (to open) 12 CUCU resents (to stop) IAD). SENAY Macopsnsnconee (to defend)
> See (to sell) SET asactinocstece (to heat) ZAGVETIStileeer sects: (to grow)
> o 3S) ae (to make/do) La fitlatseawtee: (to launch) 22 SAV ieee (to count)
PORRMPOE Fsccénsoscns.-s (to bring) 25 BOSTON tte scesene (to show) B3U KOS ee ae (to cut)
SMKONUS: 2 sisccseee . (to speak) LG Stutz. (to hold) DAS Ac eee (to distribute)

Add -in/-in/-un/-iin or -n to the verbs, followed by the present continuous tense marker.

1 bekleniyor.... (to wait; to expect) Tabdbeasscec (to take/buy)

OK osséssacsceecs. (to read) Sabaslacaatsacet (to begin)
BRUDOVA s...<cecebeesse(to paint) OUR tOplasrsccsancucts (to collect)
PPE tAGAsestss.cccc
oes (to comb) OMMAZ hamster (to prepare)
Be OKIE... cccs.cveec (to add) 4 1sSOVieme. wens (to say/tell)
6 temizle.......c.:.0... (to clean) ALDOV Kalsasses ccrevaae (to wash)

_ Complete the sentences with the passive verbs in the box.

a) bekleniyor c) oynaniyor e) durduruluyor

b) yikiliyor -d)-achyer f) toplaniyor

1 Burada yeni bir market ....... aciliyor i. ASimdi birderbemact 1220002 see
BME UO|Gsactesti a. a sce trac cen dines ccdanaae ; See La kinlermicinpyanclit cers ssetesesseesercerersmreee :
BREAN VAIN Ciecsasneones
chssedeenncpseraseotsee : Ge TUM), eSkl Ditalatancreccctte-cccusscrer
sec tteet ;

Complete the sentences with the passive form of the verbs in brackets, followed by the
present continuous tense marker.
1 Buvilla.....S@tHliyor oo. . (sat-)
PME DULONT OG ALAL cccccecevscahenesnserevesstecessvvne . (boya-)
BPR AKSAIN DI IAG cectsyeacesccscsescteserseavewaceenss . (oyna-)
MEI DISCIO Ieee crcterssssonenvansececckeeaeaoees . (yika-)
BOMB UTTARLa VEIMNEK ctsccscsseesnceseevesoatooesmevace . (pisir-)
Bem IO OTISIET: fone cesescvcs tuabiaEnncecdeew
oats. . (gOnder-)
Pe UAC SACOCE, KITAD a. cacexnccncassnneddion wwvsmeronsss . (sat-)
BM ORE ZATIBANIGA reeiarecrseenscsoessensdeasesesomes . (bitir-)

ME ASLAITIONUCA CLINA Secaniccsessoneercassssvedertetosiee . (yetistir-)

BE SALHPVON AKUAicisaiccassessecssoisrancegnceersse> . (ver-)

217
UNITE | edilgen cat (simdiki zaman — olumsuz ve soru cumleleri)
the passive voice in the present continuous negative and questions
=
tense marker and the verb
A | To make a negative passive sentence, we insert the passive making suffix between the negative
stem. As always, pay attention to sound harmony rules.
-miyor/-miiyor
after -il/-ul; -in/-tin; -n
Burada alkol ic-il-miyor. Alcohol is not (being) drunk here.
Burada bahsis ver-il-miyor. Tips are not (being) given here.
Cevre sorunlar! ¢6z-Ul-muyor. Environment problems are not (being) solved.
Yarin yagmur bekle-n-miyor. Rain is not (being) expected tomorrow.

Example-1: sev- to like/love

Positive: sev - il - iyor Negative: sev - il - miyor

passive making present continuous passive making negative present

suffix after a consonant tense marker suffix after a consonant continuous tense marker

Positive: Bu sarkici cok seviliyor. Negative: Bu sarkici hig sevilmiyor.

(This singer is (being) liked so much.) (This singer is not (being) liked at all.)

-miyor/-muyor
after -1I/-ul; -in/-un; -n
Burada sigara sat-il-miuyor. Cigarettes are not being sold here.
Burada Turkce konus-ul-muyor. | Turkish is not being spoken here.
Mac bugtn oyna-n-miyor. The match is not being played today.
Burada ekmek bul-un-muyor. Bread is not (being) found here. (Bread is not available here.)

Example-2: sat- to sell

Positive: sat - il - yor Negative: sat - il - miyor

passive making present continuous passive making negative present

suffix after a consonant tense marker suffix after a consonant continuous tense marker

Positive: Ev satiliyor. Negative: Ev satiIlmiyor.

(The house is being sold.) (The house is not being sold.)
Example-3: oyna- to play

Positive: oyna - n - iyor Negative: oyna - n - miyor

passive making present continuous passive making _ negative present

suffix after a vowel tense marker suffix after a vowel continuous tense marker

Positive: Simdi mag oynaniyor. Negative: Simdi ma¢ oynanmuiyor.

(A match is being played now.) (A match is not being played now.)
a
Gay We use the question particle mu? after the present countinuous passive verb to make questions:

Passive statement: Yeni projeler diistintillyor. (New projects are being considered. )
Passive question : Yeni projeler dustinlyor mu? (Are new projects being considered?) ene Ne oe
ha passive verb only after Evet/Hayir:
Passive statement: Yarin icin kar bekleniyor. (Snow is being expected for tomorrow. bh
Passive question: Yarin icin kar bekleniyor mu? (Is snow being expected
fortomorrow?) * % Yeni projeler dustindldyor mu
B: Evet, dlstintllyor.
* Note that we can also translate the sentences above by using the present simple tense:
Hayir, duguntilmuiyor.
Snow Is expected for tomorrow. a

218
‘LISTIRMALAR
et

Make the following verbs negative.

| )Positive Negative Positive Negative Positive Negative

4 passive verb passive verb passive verb passive verb > passive verb passive verb
}) 1 arantyor aranmuyor 8 ‘ciziliyor 15 konusuluyor
, 2 pe piyor 9 Z| izleniyor | 16 veriliyor —
13 -goruluyor 10 aliniyor 17 -yetistiriliyor
4 _satiliyor 11 temizleniyor (18 siliniyor |
7 5 _seviliyor 12 pisiriliyor | 19 hazirlaniyor
; 6 -¢aliniyor 13 boyantyor 20 anlatiliyor
7 oynaniyor - 14 bekleniyor 21 kurtariliyor

! Make the following sentences negative.

Burada toplant yapiliyor.
Mutfakta simdi yemek pisiriliyor.
Adam hastaneye gottritliyor. Dee e ee ee ences eesenes

Mag Izmir’de oynantyor.

Bu villalar satiliyor.
Antalya’da portakal yetistiriliyor.
Burada sigara iciliyor. eee eee een e ween eens a sense neennees

Siparis veriliyor.
be"
U1
CY Burada
COFRNI
KO"
r
ON
S guzel servis yapiliyor.
10 Yarin kar bekleniyor.
ay = Cocuklara hikaye okunuyor.
=N Burada bugday yetistiriliyor.
aeWW Yaralilar kurtariliyor. eee cece cece esse seers eseeseeesesenes &

panyS Burada guzel muzik caliniyor.

15 Butiin odalar temizleniyor. seen eee ee eee eceneenes

_Complete the conversations.

Dialogue-1

B: Hayir, burada et satilmiyor. B: Evet, Selda icin dogum gtind partisi yapiliyor.

Dialogue-2 Dialogue-6
7 DE ae eee Ono PSO ne ERR ONS PETERS EG ?

B: Evet, burada iskender Kebap yapiliyor. B: Evet, burada giizel muzik caliniyor.

Dialogue-3 Dialogue-7

PERNT MEE et aye trae rate ccinsseteis SekseeR boone ? YR eat oe tA er arcnpanerececactne
cence Beeacencrcna cand2

B: Hayir, burada ikinci el telefon satilmiyor. B: Hayir, bu gece kar beklenmiyor.

Dialogue-4 Dialogue-8

B: Hayir, bu aksam mag oynanmiyor. B: Evet, buraya yeni bir alisverig merkezi aciliyor.

219
 edilgen cati (gegmis zaman — olumlu cumle)
the passive voice in the past simple positive

active verb passive in the past simple tense,

A | Once again the same rules apply while making passive sentences. To make an
ending in a vowel. The passive
we add -il/-iI/-ul/-iil to verbs stems ending in a consonant (except -!) and -n- to verb stems
making suffix is then followed by the past simple tense marker:
Katil az Once
-i!/-11/-ul/-iil
yakalandi.
after consonants except -l
(b, Cc, ¢, d, f, &, g, h, iF k, m, n, Pp, r, S, 3 t, V, y, z)

Dagcilar kurtar-il-di. The climbers were rescued.

Yemek pisir-il-di. The food was cooked.
Sofra kur-ul-du. The table was set.
Adam hastaneye = gotur-Ul-du. The man was taken to hospital.

Example-1: kurtar- to rescue

kurtar - il - di

passive making suffix past simple

after a consonant tense marker

Active: Askerler dagcilari kurtardi. Passive: Dagcilar kurtarildi.

(Soldiers rescued the climbers.) (The climbers were rescued.)

-n-

after vowels
(a, 1, 0, u, e, i, 6, i)
Mutfak temizle-n-di. The kitchen was cleaned.
Gazete oku-n-du. The newspaper was read.
Katil yakala-n-di. The murderer was caught.

Example-2: yakala- to catch

yakala - n- di

passive making suffix past simple

after a vowel tense marker

Active: Polis katili yakaladi. Passive: Katil yakalandi.

(Police caught the murderer.) (The murderer was caught.)

B | We add -in/-in/-un/-iin to verb stems ending in -I:

more examples:
Example-3: ¢al- to play; to steal kal- = to stay
Cal
- in- di bil- = to know
sil- = to erase
sal- = to release
passive making —_ past simple gel- = to come
suffix after -| | tense marker gul- = to laugh
bdl- = to divide
Active sentence :Hirsiz bir araba caldi. Passive: Bir araba calindi. bul- = to find
(The thief stole a car.) (A car was stolen.)

It is possible to translate the sentences above using the present perfect tense (i.e. have/has been done):
A car was stolen. or A car has been stolen.

220
LISTIRMALAR
EES
Add -il/-i|/-ul/-iil to the verbs, followed by the past simple tense marker.
1 acilal ee ee (to open) OR CUSUi eee (to think) AAV | A peed (to demolish)
BSN cccseaciscacts. (to submit/present) 10 anlat............... (to tell) 1 SeVElis eave. & (to give)
BEAK OD AL eccccsccsceses (to close) AW Ulastere ee (to reach) ORat een ee (to throw)
0. 2) eee (to count) a 20cluraure css: (to stop) 2ZORSalditees ee (to attack)
BORPVOAZ vcsissonsasss. (to write) SD SIG tee ones (to heat) ZV veustir.saneencests (to grow)
é & gonder............... (to send) Ta spisinierssone (to cook) 22 dagive (to distribute)
45) | (to finish) TS BOSTEM J ceehecwes: (to show) Da RdZaltee. ee (to decrease)
ee (to hear) ORS 19 |earl Gee (to hold) A VAVELMeeteerceeeets (to increase)

Add -in/-in/-un/-in or -n to the verbs, followed by the past simple tense marker.
1 hazirlandi......... (to prepare) Sassil veces. (to wipe/erase)
BV AKA Aonscisesrncenes (to catch) GO GUZEN Cis. cctanuies (to organise)
NOVA! seccsscsosctes (to paint) LOMOpI ARE em (to collect)
SNE FA sent cenceoc(to call/search) Pe bileoe tones (to know)
> hc eee (to wash) 12) incelescc.ckecea: (to inspect/investigate)
Pe OTOMIZIC.....cbcceeens (to clean) Pvacklas ase ae (to explain/announce)
et eee (to find) 14 Oya: (to play)

; Complete the sentences with the verbs in the box.

a) yakalandi c) aciklandi e}-diizentendi g) oynandi i) acildi

b) alindi d) sunuldu f}Hineetendi— h) arttrildi j) tsrtildi

1 Dun harika bir program ddzenlendi oo... ; 6? Sita SOMUCIAM ssasessecesss--esteeateen

ore :
RIAU SEL SOMO A ga ctetecncsgecsvavsietinsendocsonees : T EPLOole NEVCteAr ees recnereyeacceattereeseves c
BEYOND FULDOICLY Ook ccensctsteccccnenscensesnns : 8 Tumdeliller...(ncelenlendi :
4 Gecen hafta yeni bir MagaZa ...........
eeeeeesseceeeetteees : OwsPIZ7a SOCUKTU LEK ralamecaescaerasananttaenceetesset:
SOM THULILIVUMI MAASIN: «2.-0encnceccrcrssevvenesssassonsirs : 10 Dun aksam cok heyecanli bir Mag --....2...,....ccrsecenoccaccnsesets :

| Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets.

1 Butiin yardimlar COUIIC rueen . (dagit-)
Deter sey dikkathice@ wiaietiainadaseeteeetoo
sates . (dustn-)
ME AKERICL- GZ ONCE. snus vas cinccsisenusctestuecnscateds . (gonder-)
POUT CECE DIP PAtIAINA cca-cccse.ccocesenesasuerareveeesers . (duy-)
BOSEENCIETS GOUNEL ca.cc:c--/sp-nerecnessases=nasereoye. (ver-)
6 Elbiseler camasir Makinesinde ...........:ccecceeeeesreeeneeees . (yika-)
SEV OVIS LN PORTIMUL Lo cteesbeneccccccuascssseceoseesee>s . (bul-)
MMOL sATA DAN cers san saedasnsecaamonce
anesteser . (Gal-)
BOMB LHAT CLONAL (2ofers 8s esac icsstccenncatecssse=ss . (kurtar-)
BOS YALAINAL NAStANCYVC sdensteacancedenesssscecenceravenee . (gotur-)

EE
SE ae eee eee ee ee
221
 edilgen cati (gecmis zaman — olumsuz ve soru cumleleri)
the passive voice in past simple negative and questions

passive making suffix.

EAL To make a negative passive past simple sentence, we use -medi/-madi after the
As always, pay attention to sound harmony rules.

-medi
after -il/-til; -in/-tin; -n
Para ver-il-medi. Money was not given.
Yerler iyice sUptr-Ul-medi. The floor was not swept well.
Gercek asla __ bil-in-medi. The truth was never known.
Veda partisi diizenle-n-medi. Farewell party was not organised.

Positive: ver - il - di Negative: ver - il - medi

passive making positive simple past passive making negative simple past
suffix after a consonant tense marker suffix after a consonant tense marker aba Wonae
tamir edilmedi.
Positive: Hediyeler verildi. Negative: Hediyeler verilmedi. Otobisle gelecegim.
(The presents were given.) (The presents were not given.) Tamam,
an canim

after -11/-ul; -in/-un; -n

Simitler sat-il-madi. The bagels were not sold.
Teklif henUz sun-ul-madi. The proposal has not been submitted yet.
Bir cuzdan bul-un-madi. A purse was not found.
Elbiseler yika-n-madi. The clothes were not washed.

Positive: sat - iI - di Negative: sat - i] - madi

passive making positive simple past passive making negative simple past
suffix after a consonant tense marker suffix after a consonant tense marker

Positive: Simitler satildi. Negative: Simitler satilmadi.

(The bagels were sold.) (The bagels were not soid.)

Positive: oyna-n-di Negative: oyna - n -madi

passive making positive simple past passive making negative simple past
suffix after a vowel tense marker suffix after a vowel tense marker

Positive: Mac oynandi. Negative: Mac oynanmadi.

(The match was played.) (The match was not played.)

Ba We use the question particle mi?/mi?/mu?/mi? after the past simple passive verb to make questions:

Passive statement : Fatura Odendi. (The bill was paid.) or (The bill has been paid.) -In short answers, we can use ~
the passive verb only
Passive question: Fatura 6dendi mi? (Was the bill paid?) or (Has the bill been paid?)
after Evet/Hayir:

Passive statement : Bir cuzdan bulundu. (A purse was found.) or (A purse has been found.) ° A: Fatura odendi mi?
Passive question: Bir cuzdan bulundu mu? (Was a purse found?) or (Has a purse been found?) 8: Evet, ddendi.
Hayir, 6denmedi.

As stated in the previous unit, it is possible to translate the sentences above using the present perfect
tense:
¢ Fakirler icin para toplanmadi. (Money was not collected for the poor. or Money has not been collected
for the poor.)
¢ Bir araba ¢alinmadi. (A car was not stolen. or A car has not been stolen.)

Pe
“ISTIRMALAR
ee

Make the following verbs negative.

‘Positive Negative Positive Negative Positive Negative

____ Passive verb passive verb passive verb passive verb passive verb passive verb
eS satld) == satilmadi — 8 bilindi 15. toplandi
2 yapildh 9 -izlendi 16 yendi
rigejoynands Of | [10 Jaciktancs | 17 kurtarildi
4 alindi im 11 temizlendi_ 18 “yakalandi
e —sunuldu 12. verildi 19 hazirlandi
40> jgetirildi | - 13 varildi 20 bulundu
LZ _jpisirildi i S 14 gonderildi 21 é6dendi

_ Make the following sentences negative.

1 Katiller bugiin yakalandi.
Dagcilar kurtarildi. Beene etme reer e arene eeeeeeeeesserenees

Sinav sonuclari aciklandi.

Aksam yemegi yendi.
Buttin daireler satildi.
Pizza siparisi verildi.
Evsizler icin para toplandi.
Kimsesizier icin kermes yapildi.
on Fatura
oOo
uu
on
&
N
W odendi.
10 Tavuk firinda pisirildi.
11 Tatil programi hazirlandi. Cee e ence eee eet eneeeeenaseeseeseneee &

12 Sokaklar glizelce temizlendi.

13 Dilek hastaneye goturuldu.
| 14 Yeni bir magaza acildi.
15 Elbiseler makinede yikandi.

Complete the conversations.

Dialogue-1 Dialogue-5
Nie Acer Se ERR irs Sa AAA a SRRA brn c HaSe re ?

B: Hayir, araba satilmadi. B: Evet, sinav sonuclari acgiklandi.

Dialogue-2 Dialogue-6
PRM Eee accede cere rita sa doesedeaaaccorn:staueesy ?
B: Evet, siparis verildi. B: Evet, hirsizlar yakalandi.

Dialogue-3 Dialogue-7

MMRROOM eee vam cor cor eenCac uuezscenesansenisct

baliasB
B: Hayir, fatura Odenmedi. B: Hayir, dagcilar kurtarilmadi.

Dialogue-4 Dialogue-8

B: Hayir, bulasiklar yikanmadi. B: Evet, clizdan bulundu.

Senn

223
 -se/-sa
real conditional
a
place if a certain condition is
CA | A conditional sentence is used to express that the action in the main clause can only take
simple marked verb, which is
fulfilled. The present simple conditional in Turkish is made by adding -se/-sa to the present
then followed by a personal suffix.
Bu maci
EOsitive kazanirsak
-sa -se F
pero after -ir/-ur/-r after -ir/-tir/-r es

Ben kazan-ir-sa-m_ = /f|win gel-ir-se-m /f! come

Sen kazan-ir-sa-n ~—-[f you win gel-ir-se-n If you come

O kazan-ir-sa If he/she/it wins gel-ir-se If he/she/it comes

Biz kazan-ir-sa-k /fwewin gel-ir-se-k If we come
Siz kazan-ir-sa-niz_ /f you win gel-ir-se-niz If you come
Onlar kazan-ir-lar-sa_ If they win gel-ir-ler-se /f they come
kazan-ir-sa-k = Ifwewin

present simple if personal

tense marker suffix for we

Ga To make negative sentences, we add -mez/-maz between the verb stem and -se/-sa:
Negative
-maz -mez
Person after verbs ending in a syllable that has after verbs ending in a syllable that has
a,1,0,U e, i, 6, U
Ben kazan-maz-sa-m_—_/f /don't win gel-mez-se-m If / don’t come

Sen kazan-maz-sa-n_ _—__If you don't win gel-mez-se-n —__/fyou don’t come
O kazan-maz-sa If he/she/it doesn't win gel-mez-se If he/she/it doesn’t come
Biz kazan-maz-sa-k = /f we don't win gel-mez-se-k If we don’t come
Siz kazan-maz-sa-niz_ /f you don't win gel-mez-se-niz_ /f you don’t come
Onlar kazan-maz-lar-sa_ /f they don't win gel-mez-ler-se _/fthey don’t come
kazan - maz - sa -k = If we don’t win

present simple if personal

negative particle suffix for we
~

The verb in the main clause can be marked by any suitable tense marker. However, the most commonly used tenses are
the future tense (-ecek/-acak) and the present simple tense (-r):
¢ Odanizi temizlerseniz, size kek yapacagim/yaparim.
condition al clause maini clause (If you clean your room, | willF make you a cake.)
(present simple) (future)
* Caligirsan, sinavini gececeksin/gecersin.
(If you study, you will pass your exam.)
e Bu maci kazanirsak sampiyon olacagiz.
(lf we win this match, we will be champions.)
- To talk about facts and things which are generally true, we use the present simple tense in both the conditional
clause and the main clause:

¢ Cocuklara seker verirsen sessizce otururlar. ¢ Erken uyanirsam ylizmeye giderim.

(If you give children sweets, they sit quietly.) (If |wake up early, |go swimming.)

-A conditional clause is the clause which expresses a condition. Its verb is marked by -se/-sa and
generally occurs before the main clause.
- A main clause is the clause which happens if the condition takes/doesn't take place. Its verb is not
marked by -se/-sa.
--The conditional can occur with tenses other than the genis zaman: Sinemaya gidecekseniz ben
de gelecegim. (If you will go to the cinema, | will come tot
S SS EEE
224
*ISTIRMALAR
a a

’ The following verbs already have the present simple tense marker.
| Add -se/-sa to them followed by the personal ending.

1 yap- tomake/do 2 gel-tocome 3 ol- to be 4 basla- to start 5 bitir- to finish

» Ben yaparsSaMmM. ow... BOLLE eis cccs oc Ollie nets Daslateteee eee Ditties cee

| Sen yaparSan............ elie ee OliRer cess. baslaben cer Ditinitse: seer

r O VO DAO. oc ensssus Peli es cccocseste OU xceen

scccpeotecees Dasialsarur ttt. DItiniteee anes

Biz yaparsak See elite em eee. OUR cheesy Daslaretene ste OLLANflRicbac-odsqpeesccee

Siz yaparSanlZ......... Gelinas tee re ee

Olu er DAS lame weeetese Ditikiveee eee

Onlar yaparlarsa......... BON or eran acess OPN arin eee DaSlab et eee eee OWWee ntact saae:

6 bul- to find 7 kalk- to get up 8 git-togo 9 ara-tocall/search 10 ders calis- to study

Ben PUI Cieeeetee pera kalkareesc conan Siders ee mrtae ee thees

abarew ders Galisi............

Sen TU)iTeae een KalKalnos: coske mance: SIDS ees ae ese Rel Picsceeee ceckce: ders .calisiteeeseae

O RYU eee ee es KAIKAEC cco tiots ot DIGOR ae cance! AL als sunt tthe ders calisir...........

Biz UNUM ieeivessatnescscsas Kalla. cesscuccseee. RIGOR, feta cktras: alalistensare ders Galisir............

| Siz PUTUN ease coetea cota Kalkate. Wate ete Ace(olRete Ave AL AG edt ucce ders Calisifat.cicust

BOpian 4) DULUS,........cs.s00000. Kalkan, eecretcenctececet PICCM ie mer peetieess Al al seeeewsraekes ders calisir............

- Complete the sentences by adding the present simple tense marker followed
by -se/-sa and the personal suffixes to the verbs in brackets.
1 Ciizdanr....Qulursam sana haber verecegim..(bul-) 5) Biz G6 s.c.....ces:ssneesessaveresosokula geg kaliriz. (kalk-)
DUC a coistee nice csceuscunyomnsssa beraber sinemaya gideriz. (gel-) 6 DMs wc. eeeesseeeeeeees basarili olursun. (calis-)
unseae sana cikolata verecegim. (yap-) 7
ote tt
MOCO VIN Stcieri Biz ErkeM ........:ccseeseeseeeeees projeyi bugin bitiririz. (basla-)
PMEESASKAN chaechcciasceiscacecsdeteesa guzel yollar yapacagim. (ol-) SuarViarket@ess creer eee: bir ekmek alir misin? (git-)

, Add -mez/-maz followed by -se/-sa and the personal suffixes to the verbs below.

1 yap- to make/do 2 gel- to come 3 bul- to find 4 basla- to start 5 ye- to eat

Ben yapMaZsam..

Sen yapMaZsan....

O yapMAZSa.......

Biz yapmazsak ...

Siz yapMaZsanldZ,

Onlar ya pmazlarsa. seen eeeeseneeneenes

aa nee deena EES RRR

 -se/-sa
unreal conditional

situations that are possible but not probable or

Gs We add -se/-sa directly to the verb stem to talk about imagined present
impossible:
kazan-sa-m = /fiwon kaybet-se-m = /f/lost

if personal if personal
suffix for / suffix for /

-sa -se
Person after verbs ending in a syllable after verbs ending in a syllable
that has a, 1, 0, u that has e, i, 6, U

Ben kazan-sa-m If |won kaybet-se-m If|lost

Sen kazan-sa-n Ifyou won kaybet-se-n If you lost

O kazan-sa If he/she/it won kaybet-se If he/she/it lost

Biz kazan-sa-k If we won kaybet-se-k If we lost
Siz kazan-sa-niz If you won kaybet-se-niz Ifyou lost
Onlar kazan-sa-laror If they won kaybet-se-ler or If they lost
kazan-sa kaybet-se
Bir yat
alirdim.
- The verb in the conditional clause takes -se/-sa and the personal suffix
Piyangoyu
while the verb in the main clause is usually in the present simple
kazansan ne
followed by the past copula -di (e.g. gelirdim):
yapardine
e Musait olsam seninle gelirdim. (impossible)
(If | were free, | would come with you.)

¢ Turkiye’ye gitsem Turkce Ogrenirdim. (possible but not probable)

(If |went to Turkey, | could learn Turkish.)

e A: Piyangoyu kazansan ne yapardin? (possible but not probable)

(What would you do if you won the lottery?)

B: Piyangoyu kazansam bir yat alirdim.

(if |won the lottery, | would buy a yacht.)

- The main clause can also be in the present simple tense (without -di)
when we are talking about imagined future situations:
¢ Hatice’nin dogum gtini yarin! Ona bir hediye almaliyim. Unutsam beni asla affetmez!
(Hatice’s birthday is tomorrow! | must buy her a present. If |forgot, she would never forgive me!)
¢ Yeni bir is bulsam bu sirketten hemen ayrilirim. (1 don’t think | will find a new job.)
(| would quit this company straight away if |found a new job.)

Be Yerinde olsam (If|were you) is used when giving advice and telling
someone what you think they should do. The main clause is usually Yerinde
in the present simple followed by the past copula -di (e.g. gelirdim): olsam yeni bir
araba alirdim.
e (Senin) yerinde olsam, yeni bir araba alirdim.
(lf |were you, | would buy a new umbrella.)

¢ (Senin) yerinde olsam, partiye gitmezdim.

(If |were you, | wouldn’t go to the party.)

- We can also say Yerimde olsan (If you were me):

e Yerimde olsan gider miydin?

(Would you go if you were me?)

226
“ISTIRMALAR
ae a a

Add -se/-sa and the personal suffix to the verbs below.

1 yap- to make/do 2 gel- to come 3 ol- to be 4 basla- to start 5 al- to take/buy

) Ben YapSAMA.......ce BOL Me cers ete (a) Prk

Se tree DAI Asit. thee ssres ro eee) tet

' Sen VapoAlecece Be |es tena eee 0 |Benen

h poe haslavenvw sc Fe] Braet ain.

, O Maer dessa seat BEl anne eee Ol erase name, Dasl ah iamases.
dee: al Ae eneane

* Biz yapsak seb dcocne oes Pelee eet Ol Metres DaSlane ssn | beadieeers sien 2

‘Siz VapSAWiz. see Bhacalenater, Oe ee bash seers Flip ese mene

Onlar yapsalar Pree el et ee: O)eer eee Daslaneceet ee | bes nssaseeneede

6 bul- to find 7 kalk- to get up 8 git- to go 9 ara-tocall/search 10 iste- to want

Ben ELT Essa eincand ae emepaieta ead neat teas. Concees tee aoe
Bit eearee Blache econ iste nee cores

Sen ‘2ULE ea Sisee gene Kalli ateetncon cea ene cras

Gibney Ades ete oeceeeteeen
ISt@nisa s

TT oe nese Ea cnc:
Kalkierscarmesseee Pie eee Alam ee IStO....ssssesseseeeseees

Biz 2.5) be Sede, Sean ees Kalk seen ern. tee ss

Bit everest i eefrie Robe eo, ISt@r sama anes

. Siz SU es aeocoasecneeeeanes
| Kall erent csernes Pit eee ard ee note eters
ISLGystre y

Onlar DUWSeoesticcaos ees

Kall Keceenurestetce Bits hewecr aces ara ee eee e oee
isteeee

- Complete the sentences by adding -se/-sa and the personal suffix to the verbs in brackets.

a Betti! simdi........--- gelse ae ona yardime olurdum: (gel-) 5 ZEMBIN -......c.casesesasaecseerssere diinyay! gezerdim. (ol-)
OMEN UKAt DULAC A. :tcrreccsessceesectarocteanes beraber top oynardik. {(ol-) 6 NYICO ca... daeecseresedverserernene cuzdanini bulursun. (ara-)
3 EGKONber ec tvcace teres gec kalmazsin. (kalk-) TPS POPE eae ee kilo verirsin. (yap-)
BUM ATINC Loxataneocteweraane
cca asueoess cok guzel bir araba alir. (iste-) fs} NGE) SENSI UCU PY ca ceeccncececbiccsronanddece alirdim. (sat-)

Translate the following sentences into English.

| would accept it if | were you.
Yerinde olsam hemen kabul ederdim.
isteseler projeyi cabuk bitirirler. eee cence eee eaten eee eee ee eee eee ee sees ese eeseaseeeeaseaseeseesssessssssssssssseuseete &

Zengin olsan ne yapardin?

Firat ders calissa basarili Olur. «= eanenseateasateneensectetestteeneesecsenseseesenseseesenessesensnsenessecceasensneens «
Piyangoyu kazansam yeni bir araba alirdim.
NY
Ww
BP
WO
Dn Yerimde olsan ne yapardin? cece cece rece ee eens en se serene eee en eee essen ssesscesereesesereseesssnrasssssssseeses ©

227
 -seydi/-saydi
expressing past unreality with the conditional

l past consequences of the

CA |We add -seydi/-saydi to the verb stem in the conditional clause to talk about the hypothetica
imagined past situation. The personal suffix follows -seydi/-saydi:

Rta kos - saydi-k = If we had rui

-seydi -saydi
Person after verbs ending in a syllable after verbs ending in a syllable that
that has e, i, 6, U has a, I, 0, U if personal
ffix fCR TG
SUL
Ben bil-seydi-m If |had known kos-saydi-m If |had run
Sen bil-seydi-n If you had known kos-saydi-n If you had run

O bil-seydi If he/she/it had known kos-saydi If he/she/it had run

Biz bil-seydi-k If we had known kos-saydi-k If we had run bil - seydi-k = /f we had kno
Siz bil-seydi-niz If you had known kos-saydi-niz If you had run
Onlar _ bil-seydi-leror If they had known kos-saydi-lar or If they had run if personal
bil-se-ler-di kos-sa-lar-di suffix for we

- The verb in the conditional clause takes -seydi/-saydi and the personal suffix while the verb in the main clause is usually in t
present simple followed by the past copula -di (e.g. gelirdim = / would have come). The verb in the main clause best translates
as would have:
e Seni gorseydim, merhaba derdim.
(If | had seen you, | would have said hello.)
Kossaydik otobUst
yakalayabilirdik.
¢ Dikkatli olsaydin kaza yapmazdik.
(If you had been careful, we would not have had an accident.)

- We can add -ebilir/-abilir and the past copula -di to the verb
(e.g. gelebilirdim = / could have come) to say that something
was a possibility in the past but did not actually happen.
The verb in the main clause best translates as could have:

e Calissaydin sinawi gecebilirdin.

(If you had studied, you could have passed the exam.)

Negative

-me-seydi -ma-saydi
Person after verbs ending in a syllable after verbs ending in a syllable
that has e, i, 6, U that has a, 1, 0, u
Ben bil-me-seydi-m If |hadn't known kos-ma-saydi-m If |hadn’t run
Sen bil-me-seydi-n If you hadn't known kos-ma-saydi-n If you hadn’t run
O bil-me-seydi If he/she/it hadn't known kos-ma-saydi If he/she/it hadn’t run
Biz bil-me-seydi-k If we hadn't known kos-ma-saydi-k If we hadn’t run
Siz bil-me-seydi-niz If you hadn't known kos-ma-saydi-niz If you hadn’t run
Onlar _ bil-me-seydi-leror If they hadn't known kos-ma-saydi-lar or If they hadn’t run
bil-me-se-ler-di kos-ma-sa-lar-di

e Adresi bilmeseydi kaybolurdu. ¢ Kosmasaydik otobUst kacirirdik.

(If s/he hadn't known the address, s/he would have got lost. ) (We would have missed the bus if we hadn’t run. )

eB Yerinde olsaydim (If |had been you) is used when giving advice about an imagined past situation.
The main clause is
usually in the present simple followed by the past copula -di (e.g. gelirdim):

e Yerinde olsaydim o elbiseyi alirdim.

(If |had been you, | would have bought that dress.)

228
LISTIRMALAR
Ss e a an al ASU
_ Add -seydi/-saydi and the personal suffix to the verbs below.

1 duy- to hear 2 gel- to come 3 ol- tobe 4 basla- to start 5 al- to take/buy

Ben duySaydlum..... Pelee. nto oe ae

(9 PARSE Daslactirsscca
cee.tcc ) ea ree eae

"Sen duySaydin...... Relies opseagreee Ole er Dbaslasi,. sisiesce Fe|BA Sa a

i O duysayd Pare Selvin iseemeeveahe Ol wremerciiis Dastascatrnnties al Aeron ae

| Biz duysaydik..... Bel ranienncen Olean rae baslatensssceene. al weree eee

Siz duysaydiniz,.. Sel som cts Ol reese ernehcess ser mers

DaSlassus: al Peete

Onlar duysaydilar... Pela. Ol erin: DaSlditeccee-eees alae ren eee.

6 bul- to find 7 kalk- to get up

Ben Dl eee rots eatucn Kalkneteets.stae: dees Clits Mecrceparronenere ISCOR Asie seeccezsss

Sen BU deem aura Kall Kestecr

tepspetee ‘a Alidasecrt cree ISG toes navsvrccvevecess

O Ulkoseaicierises Kalkthien sweater: Saks GIA id eaeupeceneee ISt@ Nett essececterets

Biz WIC Ee eae eee Kalk ete

cier eens: Meee Ali asceeucserwasees ISU@ ie ceorenreeeeeecs

Siz DUN cuarties

sfheesss Kal Kn rises itons: sea AAs essescssevesseves ISO. sseveanocsescd
vary

|Onlar Dit esac sGutesks ses deal ete

eco ecees Mise Clic heen ISt@varccnctoesvesscedees

- Add -seydi/-saydi and the personal suffix to the verbs in brackets.

Dialogue-1 Dialogue-3
A: Recep din evini tasidi. Ona yardim ettin mi? A: Bana da bilet aldin mi?
B: Hayir. Bilseydim yardim ederdim. (bil-) Bi hay Wbeseneete-ceeeetnasne
mwas alirdim. (hatirla-)

Dialogue-2 Dialogue-4
A: Partiye gittin mi? A: Ayhan sinavda basarisiz oldu.
eA VI: PUVA DANA: srcecrasccsesscuacsvapsessreeese giderdim. (sdyle-) BaDOrstaccctecna:cnnataieeeeees basarili olurdu. (calis-)

Add -meseydi/-masaydi and the personal suffix to the verbs in brackets.

Dialogue-1 Dialogue-3

A: Hirsiz yakalandi mi? A: Yarigsmaya katildin mi?

Bu aV il AVAGIM csccrterteccressatte aveamenee katilirdim. (kir-)

Dialogue-2 Dialogue-4

A: Din piknige gittiniz mi? A: Ayse toplantya zamaninda yetisti mi?

Be HAVIE AMal YARMUPrscscizcroce.cvtsaccteastecesses giderdik. (yag-) BrEVetaind takSive iitiasitaststesccoscts gec kalirdi. (bin-)

229
-ebil/-abil (can, be able to)
expressing ability in the present simple tense positive and negative

by any tense
-ebil/-abil is added to the verb to express ability and means can or be able to. \t can be followed
or mood marker. In this unit, we will study its use in the present simple tense: Piyano
calabilirim.
yliz-ebil-ir-im = /canswim.

personal
swim’ can suffix for/
present simple
tense marker

Positive

-ebil -abil -y-abil

-y-ebil
Person after consonants after consonants
after e, i, 6, U after a, 1, 0, U
preceded bye, i, 6, preceded by a,1, 0, u
Ben yliz-ebil-ir-im. yaz-abil-ir-im. yuirti-y-ebil-ir-im. oku-y-abil-ir-im.

Sen yuiz-ebil-ir-sin. yaz-abil-ir-sin. yurii-y-ebil-ir-sin. oku-y-abil-ir-sin.

O yiiz-ebil-ir. yaz-abil-ir. yuri-y-ebil-ir. oku-y-abil-ir.

Biz yuiz-ebil-ir-iz. yaz-abil-ir-iz. yuri-y-ebil-ir-iz. oku-y-abil-ir-iz.
Siz yuiz-ebil-ir-siniz. _ yaz-abil-ir-siniz. yuri-y-ebil-ir-siniz. oku-y-abil-ir-siniz.
Onlar _ yiiz-ebil-ir-ler. yaz-abil-ir-ler. yurii-y-ebil-ir-ler. oku-y-abil-ir-ler.

Peki,
¢ Piyano calabilirim. (/ can play the piano.) Saat 3’te
bekliyorum.
gelebilirim.
e Turkce konusabilirim. (/ can speak Turkish.)
e Ahmet bisiklet stirebilir. (Ahmet can ride a bicycle.)
e Servet kek yapabilir. (Servet can make a cake.)
e Fikret cok hizli kosabilir. (Fikret can run very fast.)

e A: Saat 3’te gelebilirim. (/ can come at 3.)

B: Peki, bekliyorum. (OK, | am waiting.)

We add -(y)-eme-(z) / -(y)-ama-(z) to verb stems to make negative sentences.

Negative

-eme(z) -ama(z)
-y-eme(z) -y-ama(z)
Person after consonants after consonants
aftere,i,6U after a, 1, 0, u
preceded bye, i, 6, preceded by a,1, 0, u
Ben yuz-eme-m. yaz-ama-m. yuru-y-eme-m. oku-y-ama-m.
Sen yuz-emez-sin. yaz-amaz-sin. yuru-y-emez-sin. oku-y-amaz-sin.
O | yuz-emez. yaz-amaz. yuru-y-emez. oku-y-amaz.
Biz yuiz-eme-yiz. yaz-ama-yiz. yuru-y-eme-yiz. oku-y-ama-yiz.
Siz yuz-emez-siniz. yaz-amaz-siniz. yuru-y-emez-siniz. oku-y-amaz-siniz.
Onlar _yiz-emez-ler. yaz-amaz-lar. yuri-y-emez-ler. oku-y-amaz-lar.

¢ Turkce konusamam ama Ispanyolca konusabilirim. ¢ Bilgisayar kullanamazlar.

(/ cannot speak Turkish, but | can speak Spanish.) (They cannot use a computer.)
¢ Bugun gelemem. Calisiyorum. e YUzemem ama cok iyi kosabilirim.
(I cannot come today. | am working.) (! cannot swim, but I can run very well.)
LISTIRMALAR
Add -ebil/-abil, followed present simple tense marker and the personal suffix to the verbs.

| ia gel- to come 2 konus- to speak 3 yaz- to write 4 resim ciz-todraw 5 kos-torun

Ben gele@bilicim.... | KOIUS feten gurnectest: WaZerd cnet
sieereac RESHTNCIZ wstosenceore KOS Stee seotstater,
Sen gelebilicsin.... KONUS ea eee Valarie RESUT CZ ree eee KOS seco
een
» | oye
.O gelebiliv: see KOMUS css erence VAZis ote retcs FESNTCIZerse ees KOSmoncnseeanre
| IBiz | gelebiliviz wane KOMUS ccpceeset cence VoZ uss teser ReSII ClZceeenence KOSS rerun
| ‘Siz eelebilirsiniz KOMUS eerste VAL eee tees FOSIg Cz cecteenaa, KOSS eee
7Onlar gelebilicler.... konus Reeth dates WAZ ieee [| TESIM CIZ....-n-sneozece eKOS fate eee .

6 sarki sdyle- tosing 7yap-todo/make 8 kullan- touse —_-Yal- to take/buy ' 10 uyan- to wake up

Ben sarki s6yle...........0... Vapin wera ke laric sete eet alc tee ree UVa scsocteenee i

Sen E Sarkt SOyle...........000 Vapsneec nn Kuen ee Beall Ste Vereen

roan UVa ieerecrestemeretes

|0 sarki sOyle...........00 Val trecesencesere Killa senescent Fetal ewan toa UVAalle eect tet

Biz sarki sOyle...........00 Wal Dictaccarssustcee COLNE Uirsdsehoscnscoadeade ce] PP

ara eee er UVANi eer ae

PSiz - |. i sarkisdyle............... Valine cess: kullany® eveset BY Witt Oso Hvansincain eee |

fOnlar sarki soyle...........0.. Va Dateien tees kullan....... sesteneeasoes al...hee steseessstes suet | | uyan...... vscesesonsenens

11 yasa- to live 12 u¢- to fly | 13 ic- to drink 14 oku- to read _ 15 sir- to ride |

Ben | MISO: Vcc

cscsosore UG suilescnaeranenets IGicstehe settee iss eees OkUg ese etree Sleytr See |

Sen VASA aewin cracls aves UG. -ersssresrervesenrers IGieaeeecaeeo secieas

tirt re eee
OKU er eseee SU eee eas ee

ie) WAS ees oie Sesavaneise ICSE ee ee ie Inner

eneccomes
e OKUerespecon reece SU esssessesseereseeese

Biz WAS crete cis UC arene eesess | IG eesessesesseseeee sevesvoes OKIE Genes (SU esseeseeeseeeceseee

Siz YOGA. sssssessessssneessees LIC ooe aeseartcrcteees IGesrersonseessrresesessees OKU.....ssseessssesseesoes SUM sessesseeese seseeneeees

Onlar | VASA erences U Ghat wae IGeesssessesessssseeeecenees Oku...... ree esreerees | SUPscsssessesseesteeneeee

- Complete the sentences by adding -(y)ebi!l/-(y)abil to the verbs in brackets.

1 Elbette, Kerem telefonumu _ Kullanabilir..... (kullan-\e 79 Sessiz ol Bebek oo esate sense . (uyan-)
PCT AAI COK PNZIT io ccesee desc cccaseeseasees . (kos-) 10 Fethiye harika! Biz orada OMUr DOyU ou... eee . (yasa-)
B N@SE COK BUZELTESIIN .csc.ccccssecsesesseecoseeceses . (ciz-) eas . (uc-)
TOrdekienin. eterno
Eee BOT COK BUZE! PIZZA 2i2c..cscncccescoaneseeetsenes . (yap-) 12 Gontil cok:guizel sarkiys: os sa see . (soyle-)
BE IVUKE DIAZ LULKCE cisiascccteccccseesonaecerssses . (konus-) 13 Sami 3 yasinda ama bilgisayar ............seceseeeeeeees . (kullan-)
6 Onlar cok zenginler. Liks bir araba ..........ccsseseseseereeeee Sdal-)-44. Korkma. Bursu: temizs 22:5 Soa) eicsacqecenssdece . (i¢-)
PPP OMIZAN RICAN SOS Matvcteddocasadevarsacses . (cal-) 15 SEMSIVENE Al. svncececantsvasctrans ste . (islan-)
Bee BOT Ava Daictcccisesics<csceoek cectsstess . (kullan-) 16 Kerem dort yasinda ama kitap ....... .. . (oku-)
ceceeseeeseeseneee

- Complete the sentences by adding -(y)-eme(z) / -(y)-ama(z) to the verbs in brackets.

1 K6pekler .......4GaMaz . (uc-) Fac Atal Sarkinge ei er, _ (soyle-)
U1 WESENaente SyaR eed eS . (yuiz-) S. SEFKAMN, Bital sinccc-cozscrescrecrssosecesnee . (cal-)
BeArabalarl DOZUIGU. OMlate DUBUM cccesscrsecse-reevsurtoscersene { (gel-}e- =9: Pelin Sattane!..c.ceccs-saccacesscoterimans . (oyna-)
PAV VAOIAN Gass. Seeestancdancenesescisass . (konus-) TOSTeKINKeK ees arco . (yap-)
B® Bebekler DISIKICE ..c.ics:.sesceecssnenvacesernee . (sur-) HCE Vollater ecg ents phe Corea ee . (oku-)
SPRITE VATE cee. coc sseectenenenroucesse . (yaz-) TOUBI2 DULAC arnt Sircacesssectocacen tone. (yasa-)
i eee ean e nig rine eet ee
231
-ebil/-abil (can, be able to)
expressing ability in the present simple tense question

In this unit, we will study

-ebil/-abil is added to the verb to express ability. It can be followed by any tense or mood marker.
its question form in the present simple tense:
Evet,

= Canyou swim? Yuzebilirim.

Yiiz-ebil-ir mi-sin?

swim can present simple question personal

tense marker particle ending for You

Question Positive Negative

-ebil/-abil in present -ebil/-abil in present -ebil/-abil in present

simple question simple positive simple negative
Ben yuiz-ebilir miyim? Ben — yuz-ebil-ir-im. Ben yuz-eme-m.

Sen yuz-ebilir misin? Sen yuz-ebil-ir-sin. Sen yUz-emez-sin.

O yuz-ebilir mi? O yuz-ebil-ir. O yuz-emez.

Biz yuz-ebilir miyiz? Biz yuz-ebil-ir-iz. Biz yuz-eme-yiz.
Siz yUz-ebilir misiniz? Siz yuz-ebil-ir-siniz. Siz yuiz-emez-siniz.
Onlar ytz-ebilirler mi? Onlar yiuz-ebil-ir-ler. Onlar ytiz-emez-ler.

e A: Turkce konusabilir misin? e A: Gitar calabilir misin?

(Can you speak Turkish?) (Can you play the guitar?) Mae Evet,
4 bili tirmanabilirim.
B: Evet, Turkce konusabilirim. B: Hayir, gitar calamam. tien 5
(Yes, | can speak Turkish.) (No, | can’t play the guitar.) j

e A: Tenis oynayabilir misin? ¢ A: Kediler ucabilir mi?

(Can you play tennis?) (Can cats fly?)

B: Evet, tenis oynayabilirim. B: Hayir, kediler ucamaz.

(Yes, | can play tennis.) (No, cats cannot fly.)

e A: Hizli kosabilir misin? ¢ A: Bugtin evimize gelebilir misiniz?

(Can you run fast?) (Can you come to our home today?

B: Evet, hizli kosabilirim. B: Hayir, bugtin gelemeyiz.

(Yes, | can run fast.) (No, we cannot come today.)

e A: Agaca tirmanabilir misin? e A: Dans edebilir misin? -In short answers, we can
(Can you climb the tree?) (Can you dance?) use only the verb after
Evet/Hayir:
B: Evet, trmanabilirim. B: Hayir, dans edemem.
(Yes, | can climb.) (No, | can’t dance.) ¢ A: Tenis oynayabilir misin?
B: Evet, oynayabilirim.
-Note that in everyday Turkish, it is common to hear that third person plural (onlar=they)
Hayir, oynayamam.
verbs are used without -ler/-lar. e.g. Onlar yiizebilir mi? instead of Onlar yuzebilirler mi?

232
 1. kos- to run ‘ 2 gel- to come 3 konus- to speak

L Ben i kosabalir..waiyim Recent i SOM Maas Mera cavsseessactsvsccsteiss. ? KOTUS peerec

peteee
rere ete ?

' eo KOS iecccces srtesenseseaesonseresesenens ? BCLs. Wee earsahors uatccshesks ? KONUS tae aes enti.an,?

|O ROS reese Sees cntee cosedensat 2) ons +. SePe i KOMUS hatte gseAca tee hese ?

. Biz KOS........ NONI Sac ane ? Selb eerrtre St occacctvssvseeavaee ? KOMUS 2 as.cccaeecetr
he ae ?

‘Siz OCR eat: sc. oe ? x a RO ee ? ROMULUS: 1:5. 0c.20:. eects ?

_Onlar | Susie: tai ae eee fy Olea arsaue cikets tar tawene ages e KOBUS. ie--sslgseeeetene
mat eee ?

Complete the conversations.

Dialogue-1 Dialogue-8
Beni erres cose cect cecen ein eee ease eae ee ?
B: Hayir, yurliyemem. Cok yorgunum. A: Hayir, Moskova’da yasayamayiz. Orada hava cok soguk.

Dialogue-2 Dialogue-9
UNS. osodasadaaa0tloa dened ace REO n Pee cEe sa eeeee ae ? PAG) Laci es ac Recor RaGHORELT EE CoS ROGER oa OEE DOROE ?
B: Evet, Turkce konusabilirim. B: Evet, Selda yarin baslayabilir.

Dialogue-3 Dialogue-10
NEPA Rate sone ceneces rueadevetascceedeccddcvenaessascevesseuser , Te ae are ita CA RRL aid oe Ne te aa eer OO ?
B: Hayir, bisiklet suremem. B: Elbette. Seni okula gotUrebilirim.

_ Dialogue-4 Dialogue-11
eRe ee eR eR cnc ceeeecese ase easet se yas siacens nsdeaderehoctansnes ? PGT I eee Ua men eter ai holwycra len on ot ioe da 7
B: Hayir, supermarkete gidemem. Cok mesguliim. B: Evet, sana yardim edebilirim.

Dialogue-5 Dialogue-12
TANG nice ge ent en ee a ora EE ? DPE eee ee ASR EReN voneccsene vanes cnatenecen cae ?

B: Hayir, gozlUksUz okuyamam. B: Hayir, Berkan keman calamaz.

Dialogue-6 Dialogue-13

ENS ce sce dea esc eeHERE Soa rade ae SSECE cone Seen eee ? PG atlas aa nea ay, ee eee Eto a aR RD ere ip

B: Evet, satranc oynayabilirim. B: Evet, yemek yapabilirim.

Dialogue-7 Dialogue-14

PRET ER fetae Sat owes Jia ciactocinosaeawatea

water tenes Tiss e LIES aos (he we ee he Rect amagaatenenertenteccteareest?

B: Evet, annem bilgisayar kullanabilir. B: Hayir, biz tenis oynayamayiz.

-ebil/-abil (can, be able to)
expressing offers, requests and permission in the present simple tense

As in English, we can also use -ebil/-abil to express offers, requests and permission:

Merhaba.
Merhaba.
Yardim edebilir
Yardim edebilir
misiniz?
miyim?

e A: Merhaba. Yardim edebilir miyim? e A: Merhaba. Yardim edebilir misiniz, lUtfen?

(Hello. Can | help?) (Hello. Can you help, please?)

B: Evet, litfen. / Cok tesekktir ederim. B: Elbette. / Tabii ki.

(Yes, please. /Thank you so much.) (Certainly. / Of course.)

Responding to offers and requests

offers : ... -ebilir/-abilir miyim? requests :... -ebilir/-abilir misiniz?

(Cot cas B) (Can you... ?)

responses : Evet, lUtfen. / Hayir, tesekkurler. responses : Elbette. / Tabii ki. / Hayir, izgintim.
(Yes, please.) /(No, thanks.) (Certainly. / Of course.) / (No, sorry.)

Haylr, Biraz Hayir,

Iceri_ anne. dinlenebilir polisler
girebilir miyim, Yalniz kalmak miyiz? pesimizde.
tatlim? istiyorum.

¢ A: iceri girebilir miyim, tatlim? ¢ A: Biraz dinlenebilir miyiz?

(May | come in, sweetie?) (Can we relax a bit?)
B: Hayir, anne. Yalniz kalmak istiyorum. B: Hayir, polisler pesimizde.
(No, mum. | want to stay alone.) (No, the police are following us.)

234
 Fill in the speech bubbles with the questions below.

a) Bir soru sorabilir miyim? b) iki cay alabilir miyiz, litfen? c) Kapty! acabilir misiniz? |

Tabii ki.

2 Complete the conversations.

Dialogue-1 Dialogue-7
a: Telefonu kullanabilir migim. ? Ask ithe te oe bite ha Radiat ro te 2
B: Elbette, telefonu kullanabilirsiniz. B: Elbette, burada oturabilirsiniz.

Dialogue-2 Dialogue-8
tee ee Sag Mee eee fs suc cslicacessucaeidveavenseateoouees fi eee rte he ee occ Re Ae Fe: ?
B: Hayir, burada sigara icemezsiniz. B: Tabii ki. Onunla konusabilirsin.

Dialogue-3 Dialogue-9
PNW, Se eene ne oe eM ae i cuca cuacecctesnccmecteamtererse
ties ? AP See ere sata scoreceneneasteateacet
eres toot memeemteetees ?
B: Hayir, disari cikamazsin. B: Evet, partiye sen de gelebilirsin.

Dialogue-4 Dialogue-10
UN eee eee eres ures oe ys cuaczucnvsocacee nian deteenee ? INGORE ON ROARS Sait aoa oh aac toed gee cece ©
B: Elbette, burada bekleyebilirsiniz. B: Elbette, kalemimi kullanabilirsin.

Dialogue-5 Dialogue-11
IN aN ey Se a ve Rope rn ie end. IR Ne a ? TNE A ee ge a ae a iyAr acd , lutfen?

B: Tabii ki, cocuklar burada oynayabilirler. B: Tabii ki. Siz ne almak istersiniz, efendim?
C: Ben baklava alabilir miyim, litfen?
Dialogue-6 A: Elbette.
Beene ER enced Tass Sonat oe eases cote cam te sevasnessosustas ?
A: Hayir, eve erken gidemezsin. Cok is var.
Sc eC
239
 -mis/-mis/-mus/-miis
reported/heard past tense positive
a
to talk about actions that we witnessed in the past. The reported
CA In Unite-37, 38, and 39, we studied the seen past tense
or the heard past tense in Turkish is made by adding -mis/-mis/-mus/-miis to verb stems. We use it to report past actions
that we have heard from someone else.

-mis -mis -mus -mus

Person after finalsyllables after final syllables after final syllables _ after final syllables
having aort having e ori having o or u having 6 or U
Ben -mis-im -mis-im -mus-um -mus-Um
Sen -mis-sin -mis-sin -mus-sun -miis-siin
O -mis -mis -mus -mus
Biz -Mig-Iz -mis-iz -mus-uz -mius-uz
Siz -Mis-Siniz -mis-siniz -mus-sunuz -mus-sunuz
Onlar -mis-lar -mis-ler -mus-lar -mis-ler

Examples:
Person seen pasttense heard past tense
basla-tostart ye-to eat oku- to read gor- to see
Ben al-di-m. al-mis-im.
San Auta al-mis-sin. basla-mis-im ye-mis-im oku-mus-um gor-mus-im
0 eae Penis: basla-mis-sin ye-mis-sin oku-mus-sun gor-muis-stin

Biz al-di-k. al-mis-iz. pes aan dagine : oes oC ee 5

basla-mis-iz ye-mis-iz oku-mus-uz gor-mus-z
Siz al-di-niz. al-mig-siniz. basla-mis-siniz_ ye-mis-siniz oku-mus-sunuz g6r-miis-stintiz
Onlar __al-di-lar. al-mis-lar. basla-mis-lar ye-mis-ler oku-mus-lar gor-mis-ler

Sana cok
guzel bir Annem bana
elbise aldim. cok giizel bir
elbise almis.

e Anne: Sana cok giizel bir elbise aldim. ° Bilge =: Annem bana ¢ok giizel bir elbise almis.
(| got you a very beautiful dress.) (My mother has bought me a very beautiful dress.)

Bilge : Gercekten? Nilay : Hayirli olsun!

(Really?) (Congratulations!)

Anne_: Evet.
(Yes.)

BL As in the examples above, -mis can be used for the first person singular (ben) as well. In this
case, it means / am told that|
have done something which I don’t remember or | am not aware of:

¢ Onu Uzmuistim. (Somebody told me that | upset her but | am not aware of it.)
(I have upset her.)

° Sinavi ge¢misim. (Somebody told me that | passed the exam but | am not aware of it.)
(I have passed the exam.)

236
*LISTIRMALAR
i a

Add -mis/-mis/-mus/-miis plus the personal ending to the verbs.

1 gel- to come 2 bitir- to finish 3 kagir- to miss 4 kazan- to win 5 kaybet- to lose
| Ben gelWMISIM.......... Dita tee. KCI. ees. otarae
ey oot KaZaiesbeeet iam. se
Sen gelMalssiin. esibedetane Dit semanatars KOC metre
ts hts KAZaMistrvatecseanstucne
(@) gelMls RacnteseAeaes a] SAR erento KACINS Lala aie ats Kazan teersearese:

> Biz gelWMlsiz Sco Ditonto

tes Kaa errr err. LEVEN) Parra (Ae

| | Siz gelMISSIIZ........ 8)| Ree oe an KaCiiee nero ace KAZAN ranrtt ess:

Onlar gelmisler tee Woe Diterree meee KACI een ieee

este Kazaa ee

6 git- to go 7 yap- todo/make _ 8 basla- to start 9 al- to take/buy

Ben (A ied
ocean rser AR Va Doan eee is DaSlas.sscstictscat Ci esa Rate St i a! 8

Sen Bie rsity icrartecste Vial biescemecata

ties Daslatstra
cc.cconnt Gilles Fe meeeoe

O [<ANees aerahea Vol Dasstatreniaceumers Daslane ecmenae

cea Fe) Meets
eee eaae Aa

Biz Pilsen ees, Vo Dew tr ne Daslaitrescte as al, anes

Siz IBitiseaet cer cticcazcetetsetaes WE\opetaiananrtnpa aetna baslacieeee fel esa

a ee see

Onlar (Ae dieters

eee eee WEYeat heaacting eecncnoe DaSlajccssncceneccs Aleta
aa ees

11 bekle- to wait 12 oyna- to play 13 yardim et-tohelp 14 sdyle- to say/tell

Ben Heakie teen. VN crv

se core Vardinvets ames. SOVIG Mi te wea

Sen Dekiow ene src. (IE Bae oe eres Varun etree SOVIC Lae ees

O DEK eve easier OV Mater ercereee yardim et........000 SOVIGRMecee cents

Biz Deklen tiie: OVINE Setar rer yardim et...........06 SOVICi eae

| Siz peklasse eee OVNOT Shoes Varquinvetinceties: SOVIGrer eee

Onlar Dekies cere

es aoe Ovaries Vardiiy Ct icsc..-ses SOVICM tree

? Write the the following sentences in the heard past tense.

seen past tense heard past tense

Mag basladi.
Butiin kek bitti. eee eee te eee teeta e tener ee eee eee Ee eE eH EH eee E eH EHH OOH HEE SSE ESE SET SEH ESSE SOD EES SEES

Ali yemek yapt. ace n cere eee ee eee tener eter e eres eer HEE EE EEE Oe HEE Eee eee EeH ese eEs ees ssEseseeHesEsseeeee

Cok para kazandilar. PTT Ter rrr rrrrrrreeee eerie eee ee

Yeni bir ev aldiniz.

Kuyrukta iki saat beklediler. cece eee e eee ee eee eure eee eee esse eee eee sees eee Heres see eeEeeeee nesses sssss eH eee eeeee

OnaherseyisGyledi, asesenassesccsescscncencacocscssonssssnsnscsecsersnssnsssssassensacscnteaneneeneses
Bu sabah bir ucak dustu. eee cece cece eee eee ee eee nese eres eee esses eH ees eeE esses eneeHese Ese ese seHsesseeeeEeeEe®

OWMert
oan
oO
NY
WwW
FB bir cuzdan buldu. eee v cere cee reece een cease ese ree cess ese vee see eneseeceseesssssnssoreseecnesereseseseneees

10 Komsular tatile gittiler. eee bec e ence ccc ne ec cce nn eceecceceesssneerecenssceeecceeossscsosenevesesseessesoesessees

Ne
E nn
y es sSSnngt a
 -memis/-mamis -mis mi?/-mis mi?/-mus mu?/-miis mu?
reported past tense negative and question

Ryne We insert -me/-ma between the verb stem and -mis/-mis to make negative reported past tense verbs.

-ma -me
person after final syllables sat- to sell after final syllables gel- to come
having a, 1, 0,U having e, i, 6, U
Ben sat-ma-mis-im | haven’t sold. gel-me-mis-im | haven’t come.
Sen sat-ma-mis-sin You haven't sold. gel-me-mis-sin You haven’t come.
O sat-ma-mis He/She/It hasn’t sold. gel-me-mis He/She/It hasn’t come.
Biz sat-ma-mis-iz We haven’t sold. gel-me-mis-iz We haven’t come.
Siz sat-ma-mis-siniz You haven't sold. gel-me-mis-siniz You haven’t come.
Onlar = sat-ma-mis-lar They haven't sold. gel-me-mis-ler They haven’t come.

Examples:

bak-ma-mis oku-ma-mis sdyle-me-mis dusln-me-mis

anla-ma-mis al-ma-mis gor-me-mis bit-me-mis Kapiyl
uyu-ma-mis duy-ma-mis iste-me-mis gel-me-mis kilitlememisler.

¢ Babam bana hicbir sey almamis.

(Dad hasn’t bought me anything.)

e Film daha bitmemis.

(The film hasn’t ended yet.)

e Kapiy! kilitlememisler.
(They haven’t locked the door.)

Bo We use the question particle mi/mi/mu/mii followed by the personal suffix to make questions:

Peon mi mi mu mu
after -mis after -mis after -mus after -miis
Ben -mis miyim? -mis miyim? -mus muyum? = -miis miiyiim?
Sen -mis misin? -mis misin? -mus musun? ~—_-mils miisiin?
O -mis mi? -mis mi? -mus mu? -mus mii?
Biz -mis miyiz? -mis miyiz? -mus muyuz? ~— -miis miiyiiz?
Siz -mis misiniz? -mis misiniz? -mus musunuz? -miis misiiniiz?
Onlar -mislar mi? -misler mi? -muslar mi? -musler mi?

e A: Babam bana bir hediye almis mi? e A: Kupay! kazanmis miyiz?

(Has dad bought me a present?) (Have we won the cup?)

B: Evet, baban sana ¢ok guzel bir hediye almis. B: Hayir, biz kazanmamisiz. Besiktas kazanmis.
(Yes, your dad has bought you a very nice present.) (No, we haven’t won. Besiktas has won.)

238
LISTIRMALAR
a ee ee

idd the question form of -mis/-mis/-mus/-miis.

1. kazan- to win 2. bitir- to finish 3. kagir- to miss 4 basla- to start/begin

Ben kazanWls WALGM,...... wi N8) Sate tess
rd eine Re ? KA tnetot aes PARED ASlaccet creer
here ee ?

Sen kazanVals.. WUSIN........ HW Dit scneescngteaneetetereome

tote ? KC eetterece siesta ack Zo Papen AS Asner craerence: ?

D kazanUWls. Vee Came Cate. creme

hire cin 2 Ka Cllopececene
tray Soe erecises Daie DaSla nets etecoeae
oes ie

Piz kazanYWals. MIYIZ........ ame: DiC erncoat

tinct cancer ct ? Ka Clogtacertteer
ce nrc PU DASIde wer tere eee ee ?

Siz Rare ie GINA PAE DIE ccavaseuiige sonconestsnensoas ? KOC Greases

acereumnatnics POMP DOSlalscesscves atuanaoneteeeee g

Onlar kazanmuslar. mi sete MMOL Cree reaee testo ceten tote 2 KaCil eccmu care eee: POEM DASIA tne, cewtceyecaeeee
eens ?

5 kaybet- to lose 6 hazirla- to prepare 7 ver- to give 8 al- to take/buy

Ben REG Cte

ancade Aiocuausne RpREGEUOZINdvcssaceceucrseitcanaeece f WG hopes porceedenaacencen
sen PMR al aecoeteriesee
were arte ?

Sen KAVISOT ciate iacachest PEA VAZI laotecastacapsctecssseeie: ? VOI aroma ie tcenees nates PALM Al cere ciod satescnetaen
esceeees ?

O REVIIOU sai casss.tavounte

lootoes fey aatedg6Braeeateries
Seetion td VORGee. et err seetttr ener: DoH etial |sseckeeeeeriere
eceeetac cree ?

Biz EGE AES

RE ee AMM BAZIN Aarts aries 2 VGleteictecenccisaiciasesser
arts f 5| east paaedacnre
ati botticascncion 2

Siz HVE Eerencsececossenatctsaccess PEA INAZWAtecestscatintescecsscaree ? NIG Tanita iene tucaee canoe ae acre ? ales ie neatiea
trtenacasace f

OMTATE TE KAY DEC. cocecccsesseonsecesensee MPa AZGlaccess: amcesecesetteeecs P Ifa espn Ale a Gace nd coceneaee Pablreica [brent
essere erates ?

‘omplete the sentences with the reported past tense question form of the verbs in brackets.

Uae bitmismi ? (bit-) qe Detnestanbul ae cmtaee wetter ? (git-)

COUT Fact ine se eeness ene eeee ? (uyu-) Se CtINOCODUS Ulecereceeneeeesecesree seeecreeses ? (kacir-)
PREZ OZZA SID ANS hires cs cence saebesecacesartonscnnvas ? (ver-) OMe BULAKLOGEVIMI cmecettes soeceenete teens ? (yap-)
BEAN TAC <n velsscnent<sscnsrné vacvensrsouieine ? (kaybet-) LOND GN VAGUE EG:scence
ore eee ? (yag-)
PITA UIDIV
AN POY U cess scssletiies
sevvaecsncescaveocss ? (kazan-) TP eOnlamvemeKercs.cccesectre
acca oes ? (ye-)
DA oy reise ajas cess coer enesnes ? (basla-) QE Rizaibanaihediveleensett-ccreeter erates ? (al-)

‘omplete the conversations.

ialogue-1 Dialogue-4

\: Yemek yemisler mi? UNC ae eaters Ni pr em area ernie ah aon ts

PAUP RVOINCK faved ccc cecee wet onivenacesorssunaei B: Hayir, o kitab1 okumamislar.

ialogue-2 Dialogue-5

\: Parti baslamis mi? A: Komsular tatile gitmisier mi?

EVE UNDORUittsrccecs ssiteosivsasedecsanenccermeatroanees 5 BoEVety KOmis Ula iuertitccssnctiaccreat

stents tacoomtemnreen sees 3

Jialogue-3 Dialogue-6

\_vangnd ab6 SRSORESREAE HOS SEE IS cReee Ree an aes err ? Neher teen ieudcsete-conceuseontrecscsessenroue iM

3: Hayir, Leyla cuzdanini bulmamis. B: Hayir, adam evi temizlememis.

nnn
1)

239
 wail

ims the Jel Se

 GRAMMAR ESSENTIALS
Contents
UNITE-1 burada (here) surada (there) orada (over there)
UNITE-2 iste! (There it is!)
UNITE-3 - bir (one; only; once)
UNITE-4 birkag¢ (a few, several)
UNITE-5 gibi (as, like)
UNITE-6 gore (according to)
UNITE-7 ne (what)
UNITE-8 nasil (how)
UNITE-9 fiiller (verbs)
UNITE-10 -men/-man gerek(ir) (You need to/should ...)
-men/-man gerekirdi (You should have ...)
UNITE-11 arasinda (between, among)
UNITE-12 ... ister misiniz? (Would you like ...?)
expressing polite offers and requests
UNITE-13 ileri (forward, ahead)
geri (back, backward)
UNITE-14 emir cumleleri (the imperative)
UNITE-15 -ler/-lar (the plural)

241
GRAMMAR
ESSENTIALS-1

surada = in that place, there

Laptop
burada. 4
/

a
q

e Laptop burada. e Yatak surada. ¢ Televizyon orada.

(The computer is here.) (The bed is there.) (The television is over there.)

We use the question word nerede/nerde (where) to ask in what place somebody/something is.
Ayakkab
reyonu e A: Ayakkabi reyonu nerede? (Where is the shoes section?)
nerede?
B: Ayakkabi reyonu orada. (The shoes section is over there.)
y)

e A: Canta nerede? (Where is the bag?)

B: Canta burada. (The bag is here.)

e A: Sinema nerede? (Where is the cinema?)

B: Sinema orada. (The cinema is over there.)

buraya = to this place, to here suraya = to that place, to there oraya = to that place, to over there

e Amcam buraya geliyor. e Oraya zamaninda vardik.

(My uncle is coming here.) (We got there on time.)
- We use the question word nereye/nerye to ask to what place or direction somebody/something is going, heading, mov-
ing, etc.:

e A: Nereye gidiyorsun? (Where are you going?) ¢ A: Nereye geliyorlar? (Where are they coming?)
B: Oraya gidiyorum. X Orada gidiyorum. B: Buraya geliyorlar. X Burada geliyorlar.
(lam going there.) (They are coming here.)

buradan = from here suradan =from there oradan =from over there
e istanbul buradan Uc saat uzaktr. (Istanbul is three hours
far from here.)
- We use the question word nereden/nerden to ask from what place or direction somebody/something is coming:
A: Nereden geliyorsun? B: Oradan geliyorum.
(Where are you coming from?) (lam coming from there.)

burasi means this place, here:

Burasi ¢ok soguk. (This place/Here is very cold.) Burasi Antalya. (This place/Here is Antalya.)

burasi vs burada: These words have different meanings although the English word here may refer to
both of them.
burasi = this place, here _burada = in this place, here

V Burasi cok pahali. X Burada cok pahall. VY Burada banka yok. X Burast banka yok.
(This place/Here is very expensive.) (There isn’t a bank in this place/here.)

242
 ESSENTIALS-2

Telefonum Iste orada!

'» Berna : Telefonum nerede?
nerede?
) (Where is my phone?) nerede?

» Filiz : iste orada!

(There it is!)

e Anne: Burak nerede?

(Where is Burak?)

Baba: Iste orada!

(There he is!)

iste senin iste benim

r hediyen! favori yemegim!
e |Iste benim favori yemegim! J
(Here is/This is my favourite dish!)

e iste senin hediyen!

(Here is/This is your present!)

e iste babam geliyor! Yasasin!

(There comes my dad! Yippee!)

iste is also used at the end of the sentence when you are repeating something
that you have already said or meant with your attitude:

° Konusmak istemiyorum iste! Bilmiyorum iste!

(I don’t want to talk, | said!) (I don't know, | said!)

We can form expressions like iste boyle (just like that, GF We can use the phrase "iste bu!" to praise someone or
like this), iste bu, iste o (like this/that, precisely): to say that we are pleased with what has happened.

¢ Polis :Hangi adam sana vurdu? Yalcin : Sinavi gectim!

Police : (Which man hit you?) (I passed the test!)

© Cocuk : iste o adam! Mert _ : iste bu!

Child : (Precisely that man!) (Well-done!)

in colloquial Turkish, there are a number of words and expressions

which have the same meaning as iste: Kedi jIste orada! |
Aetede2

eA : Kedi nerede?
(Where is the cat?)

B : Aha/Te/Nah orada!
(There it is!)

Note that nah is slang.

243
GRAMMAR bir (one; only; once)
ESSENTIALS-3

it means only:
tA | bir normally means one and a/an. When it is used as an adverb,
Partiye bir
e Bana bir Selim yardim etti. Ayse gelmedi.
e Bunu bir sen anlayabilirsin.
(Only you can understand this.) (Only Selim helped me.)

e Bir senin icin buraya geldim. e Partiye bir Ayse gelmedi.

(I have come here only for you.) (Only Ayse didn’t come to the party.)

In this sense, bir can be replaced by sadece:

e Bana bir/sadece Selim yardim etti.

(Only Selim helped me.)

BT bir also means once. It commonly occurs in phrases like giinde bir (once a day), haftada bir (once a week), ayda bir (once
a month), yilda bir (once a year):
e Yilda bir Turkiye’ye gideriz. e Haftada bir buraya gelirim.
(We go to Turkey once a year.) (I come here once a week.)

bir can also be used as follows:

e Polis bir ona, bir de bana bakt.

(The policeman gave a look at him and a look at me.)

,D | Probably, the most commonly used expressions in Turkish are made with bir. Some of them are below:

bir bu eksikti Nothing but this bir guzel very well birdenbire al/ of asudden, suddenly
was lacking!/This was all that was bir hamlede in one go, at a stroke birebir one-to-one
needed! bir hos quaint arada bir from time to time, now and
bir tanem my precious/my only one _ bir iki one or two then
bir an for a moment birkag several, a few ayda yilda bir very rarely,
bir ara fora moment, some time bir kere once once ina blue moon
bir anlamda in a sense bir middet for a while binde bir one in a thousand,
biraz a little bir nebze a little bit, a sprinkling of | one thousandth (of)
bir bakima in a way bir nevi sort of dort bir yandan from all quarters
bir basina al/ alone, by oneself bir numara number one hep bir agizdan with one voice, altogether
bir baskasi someone else bir Glciide to some extent hepsi bir arada all-in-one
bir bir one by one bir Ornek uniform, identical her bir every, each
bir cirpida in a trice, very quickly and_ bir parga a bit, a piece of herhangi bir any, some
suddenly birtakim some, several hicbir none
bir gift a pair of bir tane one piece ikide bir constantly, again and again
bir daha once again, again bir tutam a pinch of, a sprinkling of | Nisan Bir/ Bir Nisan April Fool’s Day
bir defa once bir turlii in no way baska biri someone else
bir derece to a certain extent bir yana aside from, except that higbiri none of them
bir digeri the other one bir yanda on one side bir zahmet please
bir dizi a number of, a range of bir yandan on the one hand bir zamanlar once upon a time
bir diizine a dozen (of) bir yigin many, a heap of bir varmis bir yokmus once upon a time
bir an evvel as soon as possible bir yudum a sip of bir vakitler once upon a time
bir giin Once one day ago

244
ibirkag means a few or several and is followed by a singular noun (i.e. without -ler/-lar):

V birkac kitap X birkag kitaplar

)
_birkac kisi = several people birkag problem = several problems
Mbirkac gin = several days birkag kez/kere = several times
birkag 6grenci = several students birkag kitap = several books
..birkacg saat = several hours birkac yil = several years
Poirkac sey = several things birkag hediye = several presents

« e Birkag insan disarida bekliyor. ¢ Sepette birka¢ sey var.

(Several people are waiting outside.) (There are a few things in the basket.)

Yusuf’u birkac¢ kez uyardim. e Ramazan* birka¢ gin sonra basliyor.

(Ilhave warned Yusuf a few times.) (Ramadan begins after several days.)

' birgok means many or a /ot of and is followed by a singular noun (i.e. without -ler/-lar):

VY bircok kitap X bircok kitaplar

birgok insan = many people birgok kitap = many books

bircok sirket = many companies birgok hata = many mistakes
bircok Ulke = many countries birgok isci = many workers
bircok turist = many tourists bircok kez/kere = many times

e Bircok insan kredi karti kullantyor. ¢ Bircok sirket ucuz isci calistiriyor.
(Many people are using credit cards.) (Many companies employ cheap workers.)

We can use pek cok instead of bircok to say many and it is followed by a singular noun (i.e. without -ler/-lar):

e Pek cok/Bircok turist ucuz otellerde kaliyor. X pek cok/bircgok turistter

(Many tourists are staying at cheap hotels.)

birtakim means some, a number of. It is followed by a plural noun (i.e. with -ler/-lar):

birtakim problemler = some problems birtakim soylentiler = some rumours

birtakim dUstinceler = some thoughts birtakim beklentiler = some expectations

e Sirket birtakim problemler yasiyor.

(The company is having some problems.)

e Birtakim soylentiler geziyor.

(Some rumours are circulating.)

V birtakim soylentiler
eam caters

* The 9th month of the Muslim year, when Muslims do not eat or drink between dawn and sunset.

245
GRAMMAR
ESSENTIALS-5

cA gibi can be used with any noun to say like or similar to. It can take any personal suffix:
Palyaco
... gibi-yim. = Gnilikeven ... gibi-yiz. = We are like... . gibisin.
... gibi-sin. = You are like... . ... gibi-siniz. = You are like... .
... gibi. = He/She/It is like... . ... gibi-ler. = They are like... .
Bu ev
¢ Palyaco gibisin. saray gibi.
(You are like a clown.)

e Erkek kardesin gibisin.

(You are like your brother.)

¢ Bu ev Saray gibi.
(This house is like a palace.)

coy gibi also means in the same way as somebody/something:

¢ Nazli, cocuk gibi davrantyor. e Politikaci gibi konusuyorsun.

(Nazli behaves like a child.) (You are talking like a politician.)

; a

gibi can be used to give examples:

¢ Portakal, elma ve muz gibi meyveler cok sagliklidir.

(Fruits like orange, apple and banana are very healthy.)

oa a
Gy gibi follows words like benim, senin, onun, etc. to form the phrases below:

benim gibi = /ike me onun gibi = like him/her/it sizin gibi = like you
senin gibi = like you bizim gibi = like us onlar gibi = like them

e Sizin gibi doktor olacagim. ¢ Benim gibi tembelsin.

(I will be a doctor like you.) (You are lazy like me.)

a
G gibi follows the words bunun, sunun, onun, etc. to form the phrases below:

bunun gibi = like this bunlar gibi = like these

sunun gibi = like that sunlar gibi = like those
onun gibi = /ike that/it onlar gibi = like those/like them

¢ Baba, sunun gibi bir araba istiyorum.

(Dad, | want a car like that.)
"4
Ge) -digi gibi is used to make clauses as follows:

e Bildigin gibi yap! (Do as you know!)

¢ Sdyledigim gibi yapacaksin. (You will do as | said.) Sdyle-digi-m gibi = as | said

246
 ESSENTIALS-€

| -(y)e/-(y)a gére means according to:

rapora gore = according to the report tarife gore = according to the recipe/instructions
) agiklamaya gore = according to the explanation kurallara g6re = = according to the rules

;* Rapora gore, sirket bu yil cok kar edecek.

Kurallara gore
(According to the report, the company will make a big profit this year.)
oynamalisiniz.

.¢ Ahmet’e gore, cantayi Tarik calmis.

(According to Ahmet, Tarik has stolen the bag.)

| ¢ Kurallara gore oynamalisiniz.

(You should play according to the rules.)

| @ Ayse yemegi tarife gore yapiyor.

(Ayse is cooking the food according to the recipe.)

Ayse yemedi tarife gore yapryor.

-e/-a gore is used with words like bana, sana, ona, etc.
to express opinion: Bu ayakkabilar
tam sana gore.
bana gore = in my opinion bize gore = in our opinion
sana gore = /n your opinion size gore = in your opinion
ona gore = in his/her opinion onlara gore = in their opinion

_ © Bana gore, bu yilin en iyi filmi Titanic.

(In my opinion, the best movie of this year is Titanic.)

* Ona gore en gizel tatli kunefe.

_ (in his/her opinion, the best dessert is kunafah.)

-e/-a gore is also used to form expressions like

tam bana gore, tam sana gore, etc:

¢ Bu araba tam bana gore.

(This car is just right for me.)

e Bu ayakkabilar tam sana gore.

(These shoes are just right for you.)

-e/-a gore also means in view of:

e Bu duruma gore, onlarin teklifini kabul edecegiz.

(in view of this situation, we will accept their offer.)

-e/-a gdre occurs in the phrase Otekine gdre to say compared with the other one:

e Otekine gore bu masa cok daha iyi.

(This table is much better compared with the other one.)

; 247
GRAMMAR
ESSENTIALS-7

ne is a question word which means What:

Adin ne?
Bu ne? Adin ne?
(What is this?) (What is your name?) Adim Elif.
Sinemaya i
Senin adin ne?
Bu aksam gidiyorum.
However, ne precedes the verb: ne yaplyorsun? Benim
adim Betul.
e Bu aksam ne yaplyorsun?
(What are you doing tonight?)

e Mine sana ne soyledi?

(What did Mine tell you?)

e Ne oldu?
(What happened?)

e Ne oluyor?
(What's happening/going on?)

ne can take the personal suffixes:

Ne-yim? = What am !? Ne-dir? = What is she/he/it? Ne-siniz?= What are you?

Ne-sin? = What are you? Ne-yiz? = What are we? Ne-ler? = What are they?
(Ne-dirler? or Ne-lerdir?)

ne can take the suffix -(y)le (with, by) to show how or in what way something is done.
In this sense, it can be replaced by nasi! (how):
-igin also combines with ne to form the question
e A: Yarin Ankara’ya gidecegiz. (We will go to Ankara tomorrow.) word nicin (ne + icin) = Why?/For what?

B: Neyle/Nasil gideceksiniz? (How will you go?) ° Nicin aradin? (What did you call for?)
j ?
A: Arabayla gidecegiz. (We will go by car.) Wastes)

ne also precedes adjectives to say that you think that something is especially good, bad, etc.:

e Ne guzel bir manzara! Ne guzel bir

manzara!
(What a beautiful view!)

e Ne yazik!
(What a pity!)

¢ Ne aptal bir adam!

(What a stupid man!)

e Ne lezzetli bir tatli!

(What a delicious dessert!)

ne can help us make the following phrases:

¢ Ne munasebet! = Far from it! That’s impossible! * Buradane ariyor? = What is s/he doing here?
¢ Ne haber? = What’s up? What’s the news? ¢ Ne pahasina olursa olsun = Whatever the cost, at all costs

248
 ESSENTIALS-8

asil is a question word which means How. It precedes verbs to ask or talk about the method of doing something:

Bu makine nasil galisiyor?

(How does this machine work?)

»Nasil dustun?
(How did you fall?)
:
‘o

‘asi! can be followed by any form of the very “to be”:

with “to be” in present simple tense with “to be” in seen past tense lyiyim.
-di TesekkUrler
Nasil-im? = How am !|? Nasil-di-m? = How was |?
Nasil-sin? = How are you? Nasil-di-n? = How were you?
Nasil? = How is she/he/it? Nasil-di? = How was she/he/it?
Nasil-1z? = How are we? Nasil-di-k? = How were we?
Nasil-siniz? = How are you? Nasil-di-niz? = How were you?
Nemilar? = How are they? Nasil-di-lar? =How were they: ?
-di-lar? =
Nasil-lar-di?

» A: Nasilsin? e A: Gezi nasildi?

(How are you?) (How was the trip?)

B: lyiyim. Tesekkirler. B: Harikaydi.

(Fine. Thanks.) (It was wonderful.)

nasil can also be used with -mis to ask how somebody/something is/was. The meaning depends on the context of the
onversation topic:

» A: Film nasilmis? (You are asking a third person as to how somebody else found the film. )
(How was the film?)

B: Harikaymis! (lam told that it was superb.)

(It was superb!) or (It is said to be superb)

Nasil bir ... is used with nouns to say What sort of/What kind of... ?:

» Nasil bir kek istiyorsun? ¢ Nasil bir is yapiyorsunuz?

(What kind of cake do you want?) (What kind of job do you do?)

Nasil bir ... ? can also be replaced by Ne tir bir... ?

» Ne tur bir/Nasil bir ceket istiyorsun?

(What kind of jacket do you want?)

249
GRAMMAR
ESSENTIALS-9

infinitive
ee Turkish verbs are cited in their infinitive forms in the dictionary. That is, they appear with the
suffix of -mek/-mak:

gitmek = to go oturmak = to sit kosmak = to run igmek = to drink

calismak = to work konusmak = to speak bakmak = to look uyumak = to sleep

We have omitted the -mek/-mak in our explanations in this book. You will see the verbs with their stem and a (-):

bil- = to know sor- = to ask

ig- = to drink git- = to go
kal- = to stay ye- = to eat
dinle- = to listen ac- = to open
yap- = to do/make bak- = to look
kalk- = to stand up kapat- = to close

dinlemek

We can also omit -mek/-mak to use the verb in the imperative to give an order:

e Git! (Go!) ¢ Otur! (Sit!) e Kapiyi ac! (Open the door!)

See Grammar Essentials-14 for further details on the imperative.

Turkish verbs may not always be explained with a single English verb:

acik- = to become hungry

stkil- = to be fed up with
uzil- = to become upset
yorul- = to get tired
endiselen- = to be worried

stkilmak

Similarly, we cannot always find direct equivalents to English verbs:

to complain = sikayet et- to ignore = g6z ard! et- to volunteer = géniillii ol-
to comment = yorum yap- to reveal = ortaya cikar- to disappoint = hayal kirikligina ugrat-

The verbs etmek and olmak are commonly used with many adjectives or nouns:

yardim = help mutlu = happy

yardimetmek =tohelp mutlu olmak = to be happy

We insert -me/-ma between the stem and -mek/-mak in order to make the verb negative:

anlamamak = not to understand bilmemek = not to know kosmamak = not to run

250
 ESSENTIALS-1(

‘Ve can add -men/-man gerek(ir) to the verb to say someone needs to do something in the present.
Jote that it is optional to use the possessive adjectives with this structure:

=a—_giy-me-m
jBenim gerek. | should wear.
HavaAksoguk.
Senin _giy-me-n gerek. You should wear. giymen gerek.
Onun giy-me-si gerek. He/She/It should wear.
Bizim giy-me-miz gerek. | We should wear.
PSizin giy-me-niz gerek. You should wear.
Onlarin giy-me-leri gerek. They should wear.

» Cok yorgunsun. (Senin) dinlenmen gerek.

(You are so tired. You should have a rest.)

» Erken yatmaniz gerek.

_ (You need to go to bed early.)

» Ayse cok Uzgtin. Onunla konusmam gerek.

(Ayse is so upset. | need to talk to her.)

We can add -men/-man gerekirdi to say that someone should have done something in the past.

Benim — giy-me-m gerekirdi. | should have worn.

Senin giy-me-n gerekirdi. You should have worn.
Onun giy-me-si gerekirdi. He/She/It should have worn.
-Bizim giy-me-miz gerekirdi. We should have worn.
~ Sizin giy-me-niz gerekirdi. You should have worn.
Onlarin giy-me-leri gerekirdi. They should have worn.

e Cuma’ya kadar ddevini bitirmen gerekirdi.

{You should have finished your homework by Friday.)

e Elbiseyi alman gerekirdi. Artik indirimde degil.

(You should have bought the dress. It is no longer on sale.)

We use -mek/-mak gerek to express a general fact or advice:

¢ Cok dikkatli olmak gerek. e Dizenli spor yapmak gerek.

(One should be so careful.) (One should do sports regularly.)

ee Unite-99 for -meli/-mali which is similar in meaning to -men/-man gerek.

ee Unite-100 for -meliydin/-maliydin which is similar in meaning to -men/-man gerekirdi.
EU
r c nn EEE
201
GRAMMAR
ESSENTIALS-11

ge arasinda means among when it modifies more than two people or things. Gostericiler
It is optional to use the possessive case markers on the previous word: _arasinda bir
provokator var.
yarismacilar arasinda = among the contestants _ isciler arasinda = among the workers
gostericiler arasinda = among the demonstrators seyirciler arasinda = among the audience

e Yarismacilar arasinda iki UnlU var.

(There are two celebrities among the contestants.)

¢ Gostericiler arasinda bir provokator var.

(There is a provocator among the demonstrators.)

... ile or -(y)le/-(y)la ... arasinda = between... and...

Polisle
e Polisle gostericiler arasinda catigsma cikt. gostericiler arasinda
(Fighting broke out between the police and the demonstrators.) catisma cikti.

e istanbul ile Ankara arasinda hizli tren hatti var.

(There is a fast train line between Istanbul and Ankara.)

e Turkiye ile ingiltere arasinda iyi iliskiler var.

(There are good relations between Turkey and England.)

-Note that -y- is the buffer letter between the vowel and -la in the word sinema-y-la

¢ Sinemayla restoran arasinda bir postane var.

(There is a post office between the cinema and the restaurant.)

We can make phrases like ...ile benim aramda (between ... and me):

... le benim aramda = between... and me ... lle bizim aramizda = between... and us
... lle senin aranda = between... and you ... lle sizin aranizda = between... and you
... ile onun arasinda = between... and him/her/it ... fle onlarin arasinda = between... and them

¢ Murat’la benim aramda problem yok.

(There isn’t any problem between Murat and me.)

e Selin’le Pinar’in arasinda Uc yas fark var.

(There are three years’ difference between Selin and Pinar.)

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 ESSENTIALS-1

Ve can use the verb iste- to want in the present simple tense to express polite offers:

... ister misin? Would you like... ?

Su ister
L... ister mi? Would she/he/it like ... ? misiniz?

*,.. ister misiniz? Would you like... ?

4. isterler mi? Would they like... ?

Tatli menUsUnu
ister misiniz?
» Offers : ... ister misiniz? |
(Would you like... ? Hayir,
tesekkurler.
| responses : Evet, lUtfen. / Hayir, tesekkiirler.
| (Yes, please. / No, thanks.)

» A: Su ister misiniz?
(Would you like water?)

B: Evet, lutfen.
(Yes, please.)

A: Tatli mentsdnu ister misiniz?

(Would you like the dessert menu?)

B: Hayir, tesekkirler.
(No, thanks.)

We can use the verb iste- (to want) in the present continous tense (i.e. istiyorum) to request something although it is not
the polite way of doing so:

requests : ... istiyorum. ¢ A: iki kisilik bir masa istiyorum.

(I'd like... .) (I’d like a table for two.)
. |
responses : Tabii ki. /Elbette. / Peki efendim. / Buyrun. B: Tabii ki. Buyrun.
(Certainly. / Of course. / All right sir/madam. / Here you are.) (Certainly. Here you are.)

- To request something politely we can use verbs ending in -ebil/-abil as explained in Unite-112.
° A: iki cay alabilir miyiz? B: Elbette.
(Can we have two teas?) (Certainly.)

We can use the infinitive verb (-mek/-mak) plus iste- to say "/ would like to..." .

¢ Dondurma almak istiyorum. e Bu aksam film seyretmek istiyorum.

(I would like to have ice-cream.) (| would like to watch a film tonight.)

-In polite questions, we say, ... -mek/-mak ister misiniz? = Would you like to... ?

» icecek almak ister misiniz?

(Would you like to have a drink?)

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GRAMMAR
ESSENTIALS-13

kward:
As an adverb ileri means forward/ahead. Its opposite, geri means back/bac Biraz daha geri
gel. Cok yer var.
ileri git- go forward geri gel-/d6n- come back, return
ileri bak- look ahead geri gotiir- take something back
ileri cek-/al- move something forward geri cek-/al- move something back

e Biraz daha geri gel. Cok yer var. jleri geri

(Come back a bit more. There is so much space.)

¢ Tatilden diin geri dénduk.

(We came back from holiday yesterday.)

¢ Onlar ayrildi ama ben geride kaldim. a sol —>

(They left, but | stayed behind.)

e jleri baktim ve birden onu gérdum.

(| looked ahead and all of asudden saw him/her.)
- Learn these verbs too: sola don- (to turn left) and saga d6n- (to turn right)

We can use ileriye instead of ileri:

e (leri/ileriye baktim ve birden onu gérdiim.

(| looked ahead and all of asudden saw him/her.)

With the locative case marker -de (in, at, on) ileride means at a place or position that is in front, further ahead; in the
future. |ts opposite, geride means at a place or position that is at the back; in the past:

e A: Burada eczane var ml? B: Evet. ileride bir eczane var.

(Is there a pharmacy here?) (Yes. There is a pharmacy further ahead.)

ileri also means advanced. geri is its opposite which means backward:

ileri teknoloji = advanced technology _— geri dUsUnce =a backward idea _ Geri kafali! = Slow-witted!

ilerisi refers to the place in front or further/straight ahead; the future. Its opposite, gerisi means the rest of something:

e ilerisi daha giivenii. e jlerisi parlak gdruniyor.

(The place further ahead is safer.) (The future looks bright.)

¢ ilk on soru kolaydi ama gerisi zordu. ¢ Sen elinden geleni yap. Gerisi Gnemli degil.
(The first ten questions were easy but, the rest were difficult.) (You do your best. The rest is not important.)

ilerde is also possible instead of ileride:

e A: Tuvaletler nerede? " TUVALETLER ILERIDE.

(Where are the toilets?) 3

B: Tuvaletler ileride/ilerde.
(The toilets are straight ahead.)
 ESSENTIALS-14

ye imperative is used to give a direct order, instructions or to make an invitation. We make imperative sentences in
urkish as follows:

2n = You (second person singular}

ie don’t add any suffix to the stem of the verb if we are giving an order to second person singular (Sen):

Gel. =Come. eic. = Drink. e Kos. =Run. e Yaz. =Write

Pit. = Go. © Otun 7=Sit: ¢ Kalk. = Stand up. e Yat. =Goto bed.

1 = She, He, It (third person singular)

We add the suffix -sin/-sin/-sun/-siin to the verb stem if we are giving an order to third person singular (O):

Gelsin = Let him/her/it come. e Otursun = Let him/her/it sit.

Aglasin = Let him/her/it cry. ¢ Diisunsitin = Let him/her/it think.

iz = You (polite ‘you’ or plural ‘you’; second person plural)

Ve add the suffix -(y)in/-(y)in/-(y)un/-(y)iin to the verb stem if we are giving an order to second person plural or the
ormal ‘you’ (Siz).

» Bekleyin. = Wait. e Okuyun. = Read.

» Baslayin. = Start. e YuruyUn. = Walk.

We use Litfen before the verb to be polite or formal:

Utfen bekleyin. Litfen oturun.

Please wait.) (Please sit.)

The suffix can also occur as the suffix -(y)iniz/-(y)iniz/-(y)unuz/-(y)Gnuz:

Utfen bekleyiniz. Lutfen oturunuz.

Please wait.) (Please sit.)

Inlar = They (third person plural)

Ne add the suffix -sin/-sin/-sun/-siin or -sinler/-sinlar/-sunlar/-siinler to the verb stem if we are giving an order to third
yerson plural (Onlar):

Beklesinler. = Let them wait. e Okusunlar. = Let them read.

- Baslasiniar. = Let them start. e Yurusunler. = Let them walk.

255
GRAMMAR -ler/-lar
ESSENTIALS-15 the plural

ees We add -ler/-lar to nouns to make them plural:

= book kitaplar = books eelma = apple elmalar = apples

e kitap
=night geceler = nights e kalem = pencil kalemler= pencils
e gece
= dish tabaklar = dishes e canta = bag cantalar = bags
e tabak
= eraser silgiler = erasers ekedi =cat kediler = cats
e silgi

es We don’t add -ler/-lar to nouns if a number is used:

/ bes elma = five apples X bes elmatar

/ onkitap=ten books X onkitaptar

V iki kedi = two cats X iki kediter

- However, some noun phrases (film titles, stories, place names etc.) do not obey this rule:

Yedi Cticeler (Seven Dwarfs) Kirk Haramiler (Forty Thieves)

Ug Silahs6rler (Three Muskeeteers) Besevler (a popular place name in Istanbul)

Most uncountable nouns in English are countable in Turkish:

bilgi = information bilgiler = pieces of information

muzik = music miuzikler = pieces of music

mobilya = furniture mobilyalar = pieces of furniture

tavsiye = advice tavsiyeler = pieces of advice

donanim = equipment donanimlar = pieces of equipment

See Unite 20, 26, 27, 28, 33C, and Grammar Essential 4 to learn how the plural suffix is used with other grammar element

256
DICTIONARY
Turkish-English Dictionary

-abil/-ebil the suffix to indicate ability, alkol alcohol

possibility, etc. can/can’t; almak 1) to take 2) to buy
to be able to German (language)
Almanca
abla elder sister Germany
Almanya
abonelik subscription bottom, underneath
alt
a¢ hungry
alt six
agmak to open
altin gold
acaba | wonder if...
altinci sixth, 6"
acele hurry, haste
altmis sixty
aceleci hasty, always in hurry
altmisinci sixtieth, 60"
acele etmek to hurry up
ama but
aceleyle in haste; quickly
amac¢ aim
acl 1) hot, bitter 2) pain
ambulans ambulance
acik open
amca uncle (father’s brother)
agikgozli 1) wide-awake 2) shrewd, canny
Amerikali American
aciklamak to explain
ampil bulb
aciklayici explanatory
ana 1) mother 2) main, principal
aclik hunger
anahtar key
agmak to open
ananas pineapple
actirmak to have somebody open something
ancak but
ad name
anlam meaning
adam man
anlamak to understand
adamak to devote, to dedicate
anlamli meaningful
adil fair, just, impartial
anlamsiz meaningless
adres address
anlasma agreement
affetmek to forgive
anlasmak to reach an agreement
Afiyet Olsun! Bon appetit!, Enjoy your meal!
anlatmak to tell, to explain
Afrikali African
anne mother
aga¢ tree
annelik motherhood
agir heavy
antidemokratik antidemocratic, undemocratic
agiz mouth
apartman apartment block
aglamak to cry
aptal stupid
aglatmak to make somebody cry
araba car
Agri a mountain in eastern Turkey
ara¢ vehicle
agri pain
aramak 1) to look for, to search 2) to call/
agustos August
phone
Aha! 1) There/Here it is. 2) a word used
arasinda between, among
to express surprise, happiness, etc.
arka the back of something/somebody
ahenk harmony
arkadas friend
aldatmak to betray
arkadasca friendly
alfabe alphabet
arkadaslik friendship
alismak to get used to
arkali 6nlii double-sided
alistrmalar exercises
artk 1) any/no longer 2) remnant
alisveris shopping
artmak to go up (e.g. Prices have gone up.)

258
 Turkish-English Dictionary

arttrmak to increase something bahar spring

arzu desire, request bah¢e garden
as food bahsis tip
asagl down, lower, below bakim maintenance
asagida down, downstairs, below baklava baklava
asagilamak humiliate, insult baklavaci baklava maker/seller
asagilayici humiliating, insulting, scornful bakmak to look
asagisi the place below/in a lower level balik fish
asagiya (to) down, to a lower level balina whale
asansor elevator bambaska completely different
as¢i cook bana to me
asiri excessive banka bank
asirmak to steal, to pinch banyo bath, bathroom
ask love bardak a glass
asker soldier bari at least
asla never baris peace
aslan lion barismak to make peace
Asyali Asian bas head
at horse basar success
ates fire basaril successful
atki scarf basarisiz unsuccessful
atmak to throw Basbakan Prime Minister
Avrupali European baska different
avukat lawyer baskan president, chair

ay 1) moon 2) month baskasi another one

ayak foot basketbol basketball
ayakkabi shoe baski 1) pressure 2) print, press
aylik 1) monthly 2) monthly salary baslamak to start, to begin
ayni same bastan from the beginning
ayran a drink made of yoghurt and water batirmak 1) to cause something to sink
2) to cause someone or a company
ayrilmak 1) to leave (a place), 2) to divorce
to go bankrupt
az little, few
batmak to sink
azaltmak to decrease
bayilmak to faint
baba father
bayram eid
bacak leg
bazen sometimes
badem almond
baz some
bagcikli shoe with laces
bebek baby
bagciksiz shoe without laces
beden 1) body 2) size
bagirmak to shout
begenmek to like, to admire
bagirtmak to make somebody shout
bekar single, unmarried
baglamak to tie
beklemek 1) to wait 2) to expect
baglayici binding (e.g. binding agreement)
beklenti expectation
bahane excuse

sss

259
Turkish-English Dictionary

bekletmek to make somebody/something wait bir 1) one 2) once 3) only

bedava/beles free bir tanem sweetheart

bedavaci/belesci sponger birakmak 1) to leave 2) to quit (a habit)

belge document biraz a little

belgesel documentary birbirimizi each other

ben ! bircok a lot of, many

bence in my opinion birdenbire all of a sudden

bencil selfish birebir one-to-one
bencilce selfishly birinci first. 1%

beni me birkag a few, several

benim my birlikte together
benimki mine birtakim some, a certain number of
benimle with me bisiklet bicycle
benle with me (informal) biskiivi biscuit
bensiz without me bitmek to finish, to end
benzin petrol, oil biz we
beraber together bizce in our opinion
berber barber bize (to) us
bes five bizi us
besinci fifth, 5" bizim our
beslik 1) something which is five units in bizimki ours
length, weight, etc. 2) fiver bizimle with us
bigak knife bizsiz without us
bicare poor, destitute, helpless bécek insect
bildiri announcement, notice, declaration bogaz throat
bile even bol abundant
bilerek deliberately, on purpose bolmek to divide
bilet ticket béliicti divisive, separatist
biletsiz without a ticket bombos altogether empty
bilgi information
bore debt
bilgisayar computer borek pie
bilgisiz ignorant, uninformed bos empty
bilim science
bosaltmak to empty, to evacuate
bilimsel scientific
bosanmak to get divorced
bilmek to know
boy length, height
bin thousand
boya paint
bina building
boyamak to paint
bindirmek to help somebody to get on a bus,
boyatmak to get something painted
train, etc.
bdyle such, this kind of, like this
binici rider
boyun neck
bininci thousandth, 1000"
boyunca along (the road), throughout,
binlerce thousands
during
binmek to get ona bus, train, etc
boyut dimension

ee eee eee
260
 Turkish-English Dictionary

bozmak 1) to make a mess of c¢amasir laundry, dirty clothes

2) to disrupt 3) ruin
cami mosque
bozuk broken, out of order
canim darling, sweetheart
bozulmak 1) to break down 2) to deteriorate
canta bag
3) to become out of order
cGarsamba Wednesday
bronz bronze
Cars market, shopping centre
bu this
cat roof
bu ylizden for this reason; therefore
¢atisma clash, conflict
bu sebeple for this reason; therefore
gay tea
bu sekilde this way
caydanlik teapot
bucuk half
cehalet ignorance
bugday wheat
cek cheque
bugtin today
ceket jacket
bulasik dirty dishes
ceketsiz without a jacket
bulmak to find
cekici attractive
bulusmak to meet
cekmek 1) to pull 2) to attract 3) to suffer
bulut cloud
cekyat sofa bed
bulutlu cloudy
cenaze 1) funeral 2) corpse
burada here
cesitlilik variety
buradan from here
cesur brave, courageous
buras! this place, here
cetvel ruler
burun nose
cevap answer
bitin all
cevaplamak to answer
Buyrun 1) Here you are! 2) Please come in!
ceviz walnut
3) Help yourself.
cevirici 1) converter 2) translator
biiyuicti magician, sorcerer, wizard
cevre environment
biiyuik big, large
ceyrek a quarter
biiyilemek to fascinate
ceza punishment
buyuleyici fascinating
cicek flower
biiyumek to grow up
cift double, two, couple
biyutmek 1) to raise, bring up (e.g. children)
2) to grow cift yonli two way (traffic)

buz ice cikmak to exit, to go out, to leave a place

buzdolabi refrigerator, fridge (We can also cikolata chocolate

dolap instead of buzdolabi.) cilek strawberry
cadde street cizgi line
cadi witch cizgili striped

ag age, era cizme boot

cagdas contemporary, modern cizmek to draw
cagirmak to call cocuk child
caliskan hard-working cocukluk childhood
calismak 1) to work 2) to study cocuksu childish
3) (a machine) to run cografya geography
calmak 1) to steal 2) to play an instrument most of it/them
cogu
cam glass
Raa a ne ee EEaeena:

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Turkish-English Dictionary

cok 1) very 2) many, a lot of deli mad, crazy

cokmek 1) to collapse 2) to squat delil evidence

rubbish demek 1) to say 2) to have the meaning of

¢op
corap sock demlik teapot
corba soup demokrasi democracy

¢ozmek to solve denemek to try, to test

¢ozum solution deneme 1) trial 2) test 3) essay

cuma Friday denetim supervison, inspection

cumartesi Saturday deney experiment

cumle sentence deneyimli experienced

cunkt because, for deneysel experimental
curlimek to rot, to decay deniz sea
cuizdan wallet, purse deprem earthquake
dag mountain derbi derby
daginik untidy, messy derece degree
dagitmak to distribute ders lesson
daha more ders calismak to study
daima always destek support
daire 1) flat 2) circle desteklemek to support
dakik punctual deterjan detergent
dakika minute deve camel
daktilo typewriter deviet state
damlamak to drip disci dentist
dana calf diger other
danisma 1) information desk 2) consultation digeri the other one
dans dance diken thorn
dar narrow dikkat attention, care
daracik very narow dikkatle with care, carefully, attentively
darmadagin messed up, in a real mess dikkatli careful
davet invitation dikkatlice carefully, attentively
davetli invited dikkatsiz careless
davranmak to behave, to treat dikkatsizce carelessly
davul drum dikkatsizlik carelessness
davulcu drummer dikmek 1) to plant (e.g. tree) 2) to erect
day! uncle (mother’s brother) (e.g. a building)
dede grandfather diktirmek get somebody to plant or erect
defa something
times (e.g. ig defa = three times)
dil 1) tongue 2) language
defter notebook, exercise book
dilemek to wish
degerli valuable
dilenmek to beg
degil not (e.g. hazir degil = not ready)
dilim slice
degisiklik change, variation, alteration
dindar religious, pious, devout
degismek to change (e.g. weather changes)
degistirmek
dindarlik religiousness, piety
to change (I changed my car.)
dindas of the same religion
rr
262
 Turkish-English Dictionary

dinlemek to listen doviismek to fight

dinlendirici relaxing doymak to be full up
dinlendirmek to rest doyurmak to feed
dinlenmek to rest, to relax diigme button
dinmek to cease, stop (rain, snow, etc.) dugiin wedding
dis tooth diikkan a small shop, kiosk
disarda (informal) outside diin yesterday
disarida outside diinden beri since yesterday
disari the outer part, exterior diinkii yesterday’s ...
disci dentist diinya world
diyalog dialogue diinyaca world-wide
diye 1) so that 2) in case 3) called, named durdurmak to stop (somebody/something)
dizi TV drama durgun calm, still, stagnant
dogmak 1) to be born 2) to rise (sun) durmadan non-stop, incessantly
dogru 1) correct 2) straight on durmak to stop (e.g. The car stopped.)
dogum birth durum situation
dogurmak to give birth dirtist honest
dokmek to spill diisman enemy
doksan ninety diismek to fall
doksaninci ninetieth, 90% dissel fictional, imaginary
doktor doctor diisiince thought
dokuz nine dustinmek to think
dokuzuncu ninth, 9° diisurmek 1) to drop 2) to reduce (e.g. prices)
dolap cupboard, wardrobe, cabinet (dolap duvar wall
also means fridge like buzdolabi) duygu emotion
dolar dollar duygusal emotional
dolasmak to walk about, to go around duymak to hear
dolayisiyla so, as a result, therefore diiz flat
doldurmak to fill diizelmek to improve, to get better
donanim equipment dizeltmek 1) to correct, to fix something 2) to
dondurma ice cream straighten something 3) to improve
dondurmak to cause to freeze diizenlemek to organise, to arrange

dénem period diizenli organised

doner doner kebab dizine a dozen

donerci doner kebab shop ebediyen forever

donmak to freeze eczane pharmacy

donmek to return, to come back edilgen/pasif passive

dontisim transformation efendim 1) sir, madam, miss 2) Pardon?

dorder four each eglenmek to have fun

dérdiincii fourth, 4" egzersiz exercise

dort four ehliyet driving licence

dost friend eklemek to add

dovmek to beat (somebody) ekmek 1) bread 2) to plant

nn LEE

263
Turkish-English Dictionary

ekonomik economic, economical etsiz without meat

eksik lacking, deficient ettirgen causative

el hand ev home, house

elbette surely, certainly evet yes

elbise dress evienmek to get married
eldiven gloves evli married
elektrik electricity evlilik marriage

elektrikli electric, electrical evren universe

eleman 1) element 2) employee, personnel evrensel universal

elli fifty evsiz homeless
ellinci fiftieth, 50" evvel prior
elma apple eylil September
elmas diamond ezmek to run over, to crush
emin sure, certain fabrika factory
emir order fakat but
emniyet safety, security fakir poor
endise worry, anxiety fakirlik poverty
endiselenmek to fee! worried, anxious faks fax
endiseli anxious, worried fal fortune, fortune-telling
endisesiz unworried, calm fare mouse
enerji energy fark difference
enfeksiyon infection farkli different
enflasyon inflation fatura invoice
e-posta/email email favori favourite
erik plum faydali useful, beneficial
erimek to melt fazla much, surplus
erkek male fena bad, terrible
erken early festival festival
ertelemek to postpone fidan sapling
es spouse fiil verb
esek donkey fikir idea
eser work/piece of art film film
esitlik equality fincan cup
eski old firgalamak to brush (teeth)
esnek flexible, elastic firin 1) oven 2) bakery
esneklik flexibility, elasticity firlatmak to throw, to cast, to hurl, to whisk
esya stuff, (household) goods, things firtina storm
et meat fisnkhi containing pistachio
etli containing meat fiyat price
etmek this is an auxiliary verb used with fizik 1) physics (subject) 2) one’s bodily |
nouns to create many phrasal appearance
verbs such as yardim etmek = to
form 1) form (document) 2) the shape/
help, rahatsiz etmek = to disturb
condition/fitness of a person’s
body
a nr
264
 Turkish-English Dictionary

formil formula gerisi 1) the back part of something

fotograf photograph 2) the rest of something
fotokopi photocopy getirmek to bring
fuar fair, expo gezi trip, sightseeing, walk
futbol football gezmek to goon a trip, to wander about,
to take a walk
futbolcu football player
gibi like
galeri gallery
gider expenditure
garaj garage
gidermek to eliminate, to dispel, to remove
garip strange
girmek to enter
garson waiter
gitar guitar
gayret/efor effort
gitmek to go
gaz gas
giydirmek to put clothes on someone
gazete newspaper
giymek to put on clothes
gazeteci journalist
gizli secret
ge¢ late
gizlice secretly
gece night
gok sky
geceleri at night, every night
gol goal
geceleyin at night, every night
gol lake
geceli giinduzli day and night
gomlek shirt
gecelik 1) nightly, per night 2) nightgown
gondermek to send
gegen last (e.g. gecen hafta = last week)
gonullu volunteer
gecerli valid
(-e/-a) gore according to
gecikmek to be late
gorevli official, attendant,
gecirmek 1) to pass, to spend (e.g. zaman
the person in charge
gecirmek = to pass the time, hayatini
gecirmek = to spend your life) gormek to see
2) to get something through gorusmek to meet

gecmek 1) to enter 2) pass (time) gosterici demonstrator

(e.g. zaman geciyor = time is passing) gostermek to show
gelgelelim but, however goturmek to take, to bring away
gelir income goz eye
gelisme development, improvement gozetim monitoring, surveillance,
gelismek to develop, to improve supervision

gelmek to come gozluk eyeglasses

gemi ship gozlikci optician

genelde generally gozliksuz without eyeglasses

genellikle generally grev strike

genis wide guc power

gercek real gucli powerful

gercekten really gil rose

gerek necessary gile gile Bye! Goodbye!

geri back, rear, backward gulmek to laugh

geride behind, back, at the back gun day

265
Turkish-English Dictionary

gundiz daytime, daylight hastane hospital

gundizleri during the day, in the daylight hat line

gunes sun hata error, mistake

giineslenmek to sunbathe hatira memory, souvenir

giinesli sunny hatirlamak to remember

gunlerce for days hava weather

gunlerdir for days havasiz stuffy, airless

gunluk 1) diary 2) daily havayolu airline

gurulti noise havra synagogue
gurdltili noisy havuc carrot
guvenli secure, safe havuz pool
guvenmek to trust hayalkirikligi disappointment
guya supposedly, allegedly hayat life
guzel beautiful hayatta alive, in life
haber news Hayir No
hafif light, lightweight hayir charity
hafta week hayirli good, caring, beneficial,
haftalarca for weeks benevolent

haftalardir for weeks hayvan animal

haftalik weekly hazir ready

hafta sonu weekend hazirci one who expects everything to be

given to him ona silver plate
hak right (noun)
hazirlamak to prepare (something)
hakem referee
hazirlanmak to get prepared
haketmek to deserve
hazirlik preparation, readiness
hakli right, just
hediye gift, present
hala aunt (father's sister)
hele 1) at last 2) especially, particularly
hala still
hem... hem de both... and
halbuki whereas, but
hemen at once, immediately, promptly
hali carpet
hemsire nurse
halletmek to solve, to sort out, to fix
heniiz yet, still, just now
hamle move, attempt
hep always
hamsi anchovy
hepimiz all of us
hangi which
hepiniz all of you
hangisi which one
herhangi bir any
hani you know, to tell the truth, you said that
herkes everybody, everyone
hanim 1) lady 2) Miss, Mrs 3) wife
her sey everything
harami thief
hesap 1) bill 2) account 3) statement
harcamak to spend
heyecanla with excitement
hareket motion, movement
heyecanli excited
harf letter of the alphabet
heyet/komite board, committee
harika wonderful, marvellous
heyheyleri tistiinde to be in a bad temper,
harita map
olmak to be in a foul mood
hasta sick, patient
hic 1) nothing 2) never 3) any
hastalik sickness, illness
oo
Sa a—aeaeo=q>os*n aS eee
266
 Turkish-English Dictionary

hic yoktan 1) after all 2) for no reason, out of ilelebet forever

nothing 3) suddenly
ilerde (informai) ahead, some day
higbir none, not any
ileri 1) ahead, forward 2) advanced
hicbiri none of them
ileride ahead, some day
|hikaye story
ilerisi 1) the place further ahead
Hindistan India 2) the future
hirsiz thief, burglar ilging interesting
his feeling iliski relation, relationship
hissetmek to feel ilk first
hiz speed ilkogretim primary education
hizh speedy, fast inan¢ belief
horlamak to snore inandirici credible
hos nice inandirmak to convince, to persuade
hoslanmak to like, to admire inanmak to believe
hukuk justice inceleme investigation
huy temper, nature, disposition incelemek to investigate
huysuz grumpy, moody inci pearl
icecek drink, beverage indirim discount
igerde inside (informal) indirimde on sale
iceri inner part, interior inek cow
igeride inside ingiliz English (race)
icerisi the inner part of something ingilizce English (language)
igermek to contain, to include ingiltere England
icin for ingiltereli from England
_iginde in, inside inmek to get off (e.g. bus)
ic¢mek to drink insan human
idam execution insanca humanely, in an acceptable way,
decently
ihmal negligence
internet internet
ihtiyatl: cautious, very careful
iptal etmek to cancel
iken while
irkgilik racism
iki two
irmak river
ikide bir now and then, again and again,
constantly irmik semolina

ikinci second, 2 is work

ikiser two each, two at a time isci worker, employee

- kisi both ise while, whereas

ikna persuasion isemek to pee, to urinate

ikram offer, treat isik light

ikramiye prize, reward, sweepstake isinmak to get warm, to warm up

il city isirmak to bite

ila¢ medication, medicine isitmak to heat

ile with, by iskender Kebap a popular type of kebab dish

iskocya Scotland

ee

267
Turkish-English Dictionary

islanmak to get wet kacirmak 1) to miss (e.g. the bus)

2) to kidnap
islemek to process
kagmak to escape, to run away, to flee
ismarlamak to order
kacta What time ...?
ispanak spinach
kadar GS sas
ispanya Spain
-a/-e kadar until, till
ispanyol Spanish (nationality)
kadin woman
ispanyolca Spanish (language)
kafa head
istanbullu from istanbul
kalin kafali thickheaded
istasyon station
kafe cafe
iste at work
kagit paper
iste! There/Here it is!
kahraman hero
isteksiz reluctant
kahvalt breakfast
istemek to want
work place kahve coffee
isyeri
itfaiye fire brigade kala (while telling the time) sekize bes
kala = atfive to eight
itibaren since
kalabalik crowd, crowded
itinayla carefully, meticulously
kaldirmak to lift, to move
iyelik possession
kale castle
iyi good
kalem pencil
iyice well, well enough
kalemlik pencil case
iyilesmek to recover, to improve
kalite quality
iyilik goodness, favour
kaliteli of good quality
iz trace
kalitesiz of poor quality
izlemek to watch
kalkmak to stand up, to make a move
izlenmek to be watched, to be followed
kalmak to stay
izletmek to make somebody watch
kalorifer central heating
izleyici viewer, audience, spectator
kalp heart
jakuzi jakuzzi
kamu general public
Japon Japenese (nationality)
kamyon lorry, truck
Japonca Japenese (language)
kan blood
Japonya Japan
kanepe couch, sofa
jelatin gelatin
kanun law
kabartmak to cause to swell, to make
someting puff up or rise kapak cover
kabartma tozu baking powder kapakli furnished with a cover,
having a cover
kabiliyetli capable, gifted, talented
kapali closed
kablo cable
kapatmak to close
kabul etmek to accept
kapattirmak to get something closed
kag how many
kapi door
kaginci which (in order)
kapitalizm capitalism
kaplumbaga turtle
kar SNOW

268
 Turkish-English Dictionary

kara 1) land 2) black kendim myself

karanlik dark, darkness kentsel urban
karar decision kentsel related urban
kardes brother or sister, sibling kentsel d6niisiim urban transformation
> kardeslik brotherhood kere times (e.g. bes kere = five times)
kargo cargo, freight, shipping kermes fair, food fair, charity fair
karin belly, abdomen, stomach keskin sharp
karistrmak to mix kesmek to cut
karl snowy kestane chestnut
karpuz watermelon kez (informal) times
karsl against (e.g. bes kez = five times)

kart card kibar kind, polite

kasaba small town or large village kibarca kindly, politely

kase bowl kili¢ sword

kasim November kilise church

kasiyer cashier kilitlemek to lock

kat 1) floor (in an apartment block) kilo kilo

2) layer kilometre kilometre
katil murderer, killer kilometrelik of ... kilometre (e.g. on kilometrelik
katilmak to join, to participate yol = a road of ten kilometres)

katiyen never, no way kim who

katli -storeyed (e.g. lic katli ev = kimin whose

three-storeyed house) kiminki whose
kavga fight kiminle with whom
kavun melon kimse no one, nobody
kavurucu very hot, boiling, scorching (e.g. kimsesiz all alone, lonely, desolate
kavurucu sicaklar = scorching heat) kimya chemistry
kaybetmek to lose kir an area with fields outside towns
kaybolmak to get lost kira rent
kaygan slippery kiralik for rent, to let
kaynatmak to boil kirdirmak to get something broken
kaza accident kirtk broken
kazak pullover, jumper kirk forty
kazanmak to win, to earn Kirk Haramiler Forty Thieves
kazayla accidentally kirkinet the fortieth, 40"
kebap kebab kirletmek to make dirty, to pollute
kebapci kebab shop, kebab maker/seller kirli dirty
kedi cat kirmak to break
kedicik kitten kirmizi red
kek cake kirsal rural
kelebek butterfly kirsal alan/b6lge rural area
keman violin kis winter
kemer belt kisa short

ES

269
Turkish-English Dictionary

kisi person korkak coward

kisilik personality korkmak to be afraid, to be scared

kisim part, section korku fear

kisisel personal korkulu fearful

kiskanmak to be jealous korkung scary

kismak to reduce, to cut down on korkusuz fearless

kita continent korkusuzca fearlessly

kitabevi bookshop korkutmak to scare

kitap book korkutucu scary, frightening

kitaplik bookcase korkuyla with fear

kitlemek to lock (informal) same as kilitlemek koruma protection, bodyguard

kivircik curly korumak to protect

kiz girl koruyucu protective
kizarmak 1) to be fried, to be roasted k6sk mansion,
2) to blush, to turn red a richly-decorated large house
kizdirmak to annoy, to make someone angry kosmak to run
kizgin annoyed, mad, furious kosucu runner, athlete
kizmak to be annoyed kosul condition
koca husband kotii bad
kok root koy village
kokmak to smell (e.g. yemek guzel kokuyor = koyun sheep
the food smells nice) kravat tie
koklamak to smell (e.g. yemegi kokladim = | kredi credit
smelled the food
kiicictik very small, tiny
koku smell, scent
kuguk small
kokulu having a smell of (e.g. guzel kokulu =
kiicilmek to become small, to decrease in
having a good smell)
size, to shrink
kokutmak 1) to make something stink, to make a
kiiciltmek 1) to reduce something in size
place smell 2) to fart
2) to humiliate
kol arm
kullanmak to use
kolay easy
kum sand
kolayca easily
kumsal beach, sandy seashore
kolej 1) college 2) it mainly refers to a pri-
vate school in Turkey
kuinefe kunafah (a kind of dessert)

koltuk armchair kupa cup

komsu neighbour kur rate (e.g. para kuru = exchange

rate)
komiur coal
kuraklik drought, aridity
konak mansion
kural rule
konferans conference
kurallara uygun according to the rules
konser concert
kurallara uymak to follow the rules
konu subject, topic
kurmak to establish, to set up
konusmak to speak, to talk
kurs course
kopek dog
kurt wolf
kopril bridge

a eeeeeeeeeeSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSeeeeeeeeS

270
 Turkish-English Dictionary

kurtarmak to save, to rescue masa table

kurum institution, foundation, masraf cost, expenditure
establishment
mavi blue
kurus a unit of Turkish money (e.g. 100
mazot diesel
kurus = 1 Turkish lira)
meger/megerse Apparently, It seems that...
> kus bird
mektup letter
kiis(miis) upset, sulky
memleket country, one’s native land
kutlama celebration
memnun pleased
kutlamak to celebrate
memnun olmak to be pleased
_kutsal holy, sacred
memur officer, civil servant
| kutu box
menu menu
kituphane library
merak curiosity
kuyruk tail
merakli curious
lahmacun Turkish pizza
merhaba hello
lakin but
merkez centre
lale tulip
mesai work, shift
leke stain
mesai saatleri working hours
lezzetli/leziz delicious
mesai yapmak to work overtime
limon lemon
mesaj message
lira lira
mesgul busy
liralik of ... liras (e.g. yirmi liralik hediye =
Mesgultm. lam busy.
a twenty-lira present)
meslek occupation
litre litre
metot method
lolipop lollipop
metre metre
Londra London
meyve fruit
lifer bluefish
meyvelik fruit bowl
luks luxury, luxurious
mezar grave
lutfen please
mezarlik graveyard
maalesef unfortunately
meze starter, appetizer
maas salary
millet nation
mac match
milletvekili deputy, Member of Parliament
madem seeing that
milliyet nationality
magara cave
milyar billion
-magaza store
milyarinci billionth
mahalle neighbourhood
milyarlarca billions
makine machine
milyon million
_mantar mushroom
milyonlarca millions
mantarli containing mushroom
milyonuncu millionth
manzara scenery
minare minaret
maraton marathon
minibus minibus
marka brand
misafir guest
market shop, supermarket
misir corn
Mars Mars
Misir Egypt
mart -March
I ——————

214
Turkish-English Dictionary

Egyptian Nerelisin? Where are you from?

Misirli
mobilya furniture nereye (to) where

moda fashion nerye (to) where (informal)

mont jacket neseli cheerful

Moskova Moscow nicin why

micadele struggle, fight (for a cause) nisan April

miiddet/periyot period, duration nitekim as a matter of fact, thus

muhabir correspondent niye why

muhasebeci accountant not note

miuhendis engineer nufus population
muhtesem marvellous, wonderful numara number
minasebet relation oO he, she, it, that

musait available o halde then, in that case

miusteri customer ocak 1) oven, cooker 2) January
miutemadiyen for ever, eternally oda room
mutfak kitchen oduncu woodcutter, seller of firewood
mithis marvellous, wonderful, fascinating ofis office
mutlu happy ogul son
mutluluk happiness okul school
mutsuz unhappy okumak to read
muz banana okutmak 1) to make somebody read 2) to
muzlu containing banana send somebody to school,
university, etc to study
muze museum
okyanus ocean
muzik music
olabilir possible, maybe
Nah orada! There it is! (slang)
olarak as
nane mint
olasi probable, potential, likely (e.g.
nar pomegranate
olasi bir savas = a potential/prob-
nasil how able war)
ne what olay incident
nebze bit, particle (e.g. bir nebze = a little bit) olay inceleme ekibi incident investigation team
neden reason, cause olay inceleme yeri crime scene investigation
Neden? Why? olmak to be, to become
nedeniyle because of, due to (e.g. yogun kar olumlu/pozitif positive
nedeniyle = due to heavy snow)
olumsuz/negatif negative
nefis delicious
Olur. OK.
nefret hatred
omlet omelette
nefret etmek to hate
on ten
nefretle hatefully, in disgust
onlar they, those
nehir river
onsuz without him/her/it/that
nerde where (informal)
onu him/her/it/that
nerden from where (informal)
onun his/her/its
nerede where
onuncu tenth, 10%
nereden from where
onunki his, hers, its

SSS

272
 Turkish-English Dictionary

onunla with him/her/it on front

orada (in) there Once before, ago
oradan from there Oncelikle first of all, first
orda (in) there (informal) Ooncu pioneer, leader
ordan from there (informal) Onemli important
oraya (to) there Onumde in front of me
orya (to) there Oniimiuizde in front of us
orijinal original Onuinde in front of you/him/her/it
orman forest 6nuinuizde in front of you
ortaya into the middle (plural you or formal sigular you)
oruclu fasting Opmek to kiss

ot weed, herb, grass ordek duck

otel hotel ornek example, sample

otobiis bus ortmek to cover

otobisle by bus ortu cover, sheet

otopark car park, parking place ortilii covered

oturmak to sit oteki the other one

otuz thirty -den otiru because of, on account of

otuzuncu thirtieth, 30" doyle like this/that, such, so

ozellikle especially
oynamak play
oysa whereas, while ozlemek to miss, to long for

) oysaki whereas, while oztr apology

oyun game pahali expensive

oyuncak toy pahasina at the cost of

oyuncu player paket parcel, pack

odemek to pay palto overcoat

palyaco clown
6dev homework
pantalon trousers
odiul prize, reward
para money
Ofkeli furious
parasiz moneyless
dgle noon, midday
parasizlik moneylessness
dgle yemegi lunch
parca piece, part (e.g. yedek parca =
ogrenci student, learner
spare part)
ogrenmek to learn
pardesui topcoat, overcoat
dgretmek to teach
park park
ogretmen teacher
park etmek to park
oksurmek to cough
parlak bright
oksurdk cough
parlamak to shine
olcgu measure, measurement,
parlatmak to make something shine
dimensions
parmak finger
6ldirmek to kill
parti party
6lene kadar till death
pasta cake
6lmek to die
pastane patisserie
omiur life
patlama explosion
ce Es I

273
Turkish-English Dictionary

patlamak to explode rahatsiz 1) uncomfortable 2) not feeling well

patlayici explosive rahatsiz etmek to disturb

paydos break, recess randevu appointment

pazar bazaar, open market rapor report

pazarci seller in a market reklam advertisement

pazartesi Monday renk color

pek very, many, quite renkli colourful, coloured

Peki. OK. resim picture, painting

pembe pink restoran restaurant

pembeli (wearing clothes) in pink revani a kind of Turkish cake/dessert

pencere window reyon section in a store

perde curtain roket rocket

performans performance rota route, course, track

persembe Thursday ruh soul, spirit

pesimizde behind us, following us Rusc¢a Russian (language)
peynir cheese Rusya Russia
peynirli containing cheese Rusyali Russian (nationality)
pijama pyjama ruya dream
piknik picnic ruzgar wind
pil battery saat 1) hour 2) watch, clock
pilav rice saatlerce for hours
pilot pilot saatlik hourly
pisirmek to cook sabah morning
piyango lottery sabahlari every morning
piyanist pianist sabahleyin in the morning, every morning
piyano piano sabahtan beri since morning
plan plan sabir patience
polis police sabirla with patience, patiently
politikaci politician sabirli patient
populer popular sabretmek to be patient
porsiyon portion sabun soap
portakal orange sa¢ hair
Portekiz Portugal sagma nonsense, absurd, silly
poset plastic bag sadece only
posta post sag 1) right 2) alive, not dead
postaci postman saga onto to the right

postane post office sagda on the right

problem problem saglamak to provide

program programme saglik health

saglikli healthy
proje project
sagliksiz unhealthy
provokator provocator
saha field, ground pitch
ragmen despite
sahil coast
rahat comfortable, comfort
sahte fake
eeee eee

274
 Turkish-English Dictionary

sahtekar impostor seksen eighty

sakin calm, quiet sekseninci eightieth, 80"
Sakin! Don’t you dare! sel flood
salata salad selam hi
-_salatalik cucumber sen you
saldiri/atak attack, assault, aggression senaryo scenario
saldirmak to attack sene year
salgin epidemic, outbreak senelik yearly, per year
sali Tuesday senin your
salon 1) hall, living room 2) saloon seninki yours
sana to you seninle with you
sanal virtual senle with you (informal)
sanatcl artist, performer, singer sensiz without you
sandalye chair sepet basket
saniye second serce sparrow
saniyesi saniyesine on the dot, in the nick of time serpmek to sprinkle
sanmak to think, to suppose servis service
sansur censorship ses sound, voice
saray palace seslenmek to shout to someone,
sarhos drunk to call out to someone

sari yellow sesli 1) loud 2) vowel

sarilik jaundice sessiz 1) silent, quiet 2) consonant

satici seller sessizce silently, quietly

satin almak to buy, to purchase sessizlik silence

sestes homophone
satis sale
sevgi love
satmak to sell
sevgilim darling
satranc chess
sevgisiz without love
savas war
sevgiyle with love, with affection
savunmak to defend
sevmek to love, to like
sayfa page
seyirci spectator, viewer
saygl respect
seyretmek to watch
saygill respectful
sezon season
say! number, digit
sicacik nice and warm
sayisal digital
sicak warm, hot
saymak to count
sifat adjective
saz a stringed musical instrument
sifir zero
sebebiyle due to, because of
sigara cigarette
sebze vegetable
sihirli magical, magic
secim 1) choice 2) election
sik sik frequently
sehpa coffee table
sikt 1) firm 2) tight 3) strict 4) dense
sekiz eight
sikici boring
sekizinci eighth, 8"
sikilmak to get bored
sekreter secretary

oe
eeeee ee

219
Turkish-English Dictionary

sinav exam sonuncu last, final

sinif classroom sonunda finally, at last

sir secret sormak to ask

sira 1) desk 2) queue soru question

sirada in the queue sosis sausage

sirayla in turn, respectively sote saute
sirdas confidant soyguncu robber
sIVI liquid soymak to rob
silmek to erase, to wipe sondiirmek to extinguish
silah weapon, gun sondurucu extinguisher
silgi eraser sonmek (fire, light) to die down, to go off
simdi now soylemek to say, to tell
simit bagel soylenti rumour
simitci bagel seller spor sport
sinema cinema stadyum stadium
sinirlendirici annoying su water
sinirlendirmek to annoy suclu guilty
siparis order sultan sultan
sirk circus sunmak to present
sis fog supermarket supermarket
sisli foggy supurge broom
sistem system supurmek to sweep
siyah black supurtmek to have someone sweep
siyasi political suratle rapidly, swiftly
siz you siratli rapid, swift
sizin your surekli constant, continuous
sizinki yours surmek 1) to last 2) to drive a car (araba
sizinle with you surmek), to ride a bicycle (to ride a
bicycle)
sizle with you (informal)
surpriz surprise
sizsiz without you
suruct driver
soba stove
susamak to become thirsty
sofra table with meal on it, dinner table
suslu decorated
soguk cold
susmak to be quiet
sogumak to be cold
susturmak to make somebody stop talking,
sogutmak to make something cold,
to silence
to refrigerate
sut milk
sogutucu fridge
sutli milky
sokak street
sutsuz without milk
sol left
sampiyon champion
sola to the left
sans chance
son last, end
sansli lucky
sonra then, after
sanssiz unlucky
result

276
 Turkish-English Dictionary

sapka hat tamirci mechanic, serviceman, repairer

sarki song tane piece
sarkici singer tanesi each
sasirmak to be surprised tanimak to know, to recognize
sasirtic: surprising tanismak to meet
sasirtmak to surprise someone tank tank
saskinlikla in/with surprise taraf side
sehir city, town tarafli sided
sehirli from the city, living in the city tarafsiz impartial
seker sugar, sweets tarak hairbrush
sekerli sweet taramak to brush
sekerlik sugar bowl tarayici scanner
sekersiz without sugar tarife 1) tariff 2) instructions 3) schedule
semsiye umbrella tarih history
serbet sherbet tarihli dated
sey thing tartisma argument, discussion
sifre password, code tartismak to argue, to discuss
sik smart tas stone
sikayet complaint tasarim design
sirket company tasimak to carry
sis skewer tat taste
sisman fat, plump tatil holiday
sismanlik obesity tatilde on holiday
sofor driver, chauffeur tatli sweet
sukir thankfulness, gratitude tatlim darling, sweetheart, honey
Sukir! Thank God! tatmak to taste
siiphe doubt, suspicion tavsan rabbit
siphelenmek to suspect tavsiye advice
supheli 1) suspect 2) dubious, suspicious tavuk hen, chicken

surada there taze fresh

tabak plate tehlikeli dangerous

Tabii (ki). Certainly. For sure. tek only one

tabii/naturel natural teker tyre, wheel

takim team tekerlek tyre, wheel

takip chase teklif proposal

takmak 1) to wear (a necklace, tie, etc.) teknoloji technology

2) to be bothered, to care tekrar again
taksi taxi telas fuss, haste, rush
tam complete telaslanmak to be fussy
tamamen completely telasli fussy, ina rush
Tamam. OK. telefon telephone
tamamlamak to complete televizyon television
tamir etmek to repair

a
rc

2h
Turkish-English Dictionary

tembel lazy Turk Turk, Turkish

temiz clean Turk¢e Turkish (language)

temizlemek to clean Turkiye Turkey

temizletmek to have somebody clean tutam a handful of

somewhere/something tutmak to hold
temizleyici cleaning agent, detergent tuvalet toilet
temizlik cleaning, cleanliness tuz salt
temizlikci cleaner tuzlu salty
temmuz July tuzluk salt-cellar
ten skin, complexion tuzsuz unsalty
tenis tennis ucak airplane
tercih choice, option ucakla by airplane
terketmek _to desert, to quit ugmak to fly
teror terror ucurmak to make something fly
tertemiz very clean, spotless ucus flight
tesekkur thank ucuz cheap
tesekkiur etmek to thank ugramak to call at, to pop in
Tesekkurler. Thanks. ulasmak to reach, to arrive
ticaret trade uluslararasi international
tilki fox ummak to expect
_timsah alligator umut hope
tr truck umutlu hopeful
tirmanmak to climb umutsuz hopeless
titremek to shiver unutmak to forget
tiyatro theatre utandirici embarrassing
tok full, not hungry utandirmak to embarrass, to make somebody
top ball shy
toparlamak 1) to pick up 2) to tidy up, to clear uyanmak to wake up
up 2) to collect oneself uyarmak to warn
toplam total uydurmak to make up
toplamak to add uyku sleep
toplanmak to come together, to gather uymak 1) to suit/fit (clothes) 2) to conform
toplant meeting (to the rules)
toplatmak to have somebody pick up uysal meek
something
uyum rapport
toplum community
uyum icinde olmak to have a good rapport with some-
toprak soil body
toz dust uyumak to sleep
trafik traffic uyuyakalmak tofallasleep = tual
tren train uzak far |
tum all uzay space oF
tour uzun long
variety, species ug three
tourist
eee
278
 Turkish-English Dictionary

-uger .three each ya... yada either ... or

—ucgiincil third, 3 ya da or
ulke country yag oil, fat
ulkece as a country yagisli rainy
. : Universite university yagli containing fat; fatty
unl famous yagmur rain
| urkutmek to scare, to frighten yagmur yagmak to rain
P urpermek to shudder due to fear yagmurlu rainy
urpertmek to cause somebody to shudder, yagsiz not contaning oil or fat
to frighten yahut ay

pen product yakalamak to catch

pust 1) top, surface — yakalanmak to be caught
2) upper, upper side/part
ss at yakin close
ustinlik superiority
es yakinmak to complain
_usiimek to feel cold
yakisikli handsome
Usiitmek to catch a cold ;
}- yakismak to suit (clothes, house, car etc.)
uti iron
yakit fuel
utiilemek to iron
i yaklagsmak to come close, to come nearer
-lzerinde/iistinde on
yakmak to burn
uzgtin sad :
| yalan lie
~uzmek to make sad, to upset a ; : i
yalan sdylemek to lie, to tell a lie
uzucu upsettin
se P g yalniz 1) alone, lonely 2) only 3) but
—uziilmek to get upset : <
yan side
uzinti sorrow P
ee -den yana olmak __ to be on the side of,
uzuntild sorrowful, upset to be in favour of
uzintiyle with sorrow yangin fire
_vakit time yani that is
vanilya vanilla yanlis 1) wrong 2) mistake
var There is/are. yanlislikla by mistake
_varmak to arrive, to reach yapi structure

Vavl Wow! yapmak to do, to make

_vazgecmek to give up yarali wounded

_vazo pV Se yaramaz naughty, mischievous

ve ay and — yaramazlik mischief

veda etmek to say goodbye Yaratic Creator

_ vejetaryen vegetarian yaratici creative
vermek _to give yaratmak to create
oe OF yardim help, assistance
veyahut ore. yardimci olmak to help, to assist
villa villa yardimsever helpful, benevolent, charitable
viraj | bend, curve | yarim half
_vurmak 1) to hit, to strike 2) to kill — yarin tomorrow
-vurucu 1) striking 2) shooter, striker -yaris Pate

ene te

268)
Turkish-English Dictionary

yarisma competition yigin stack, heap

yarigmaci competitor yikamak to wash

yastik pillow yikanmak to have a bath

age yikatmak to get something washed
yas
yasak ban, prohibition yikmak to demolish, to destroy

yasamak to live yil year

Yasasin! Yippee! yil d6numu anniversary

yasinda ... years old (e.g. on yasinda = ten years old) yildiz star

yasli old yillarca for years

yat yacht yillardan beri for years
yatak bed yillik yearly, perannum
yatirim investment yine again

yatmak to go to bed yirmi twenty

yavas slow yirminci twentieth, 20"
yavas¢a slowly yirtmak to tear
yavaslamak to slow down yiyecek food

yaygin widespread yogun busy

yaz summer yogurt yoghurt
yazar writer, author yok There isn’t/aren’t.
yazi piece of writing, text yoksa otherwise
yazici printer yokus ramp, slope
Yazik! What a pity! What a shame! yol road, way
yazin in the summer yorgun tired
yazmak to write yorucu tiring
yedi seven yorulmak to get tired
yedinci seventh, 7% yorum comment
yedirmek to feed yon direction
yemek food yore area, region
yemek yemek to eat yoresel regional, relating to a locality
yemyesil lush, very green yudum a sip, a gulp of a drink
yenge sister-in-law, aunt-in-law yukarda upstairs (informal), above
yeni new yukardan from upstairs, from above
yenmek to beat yukari to an upper level, above
yer floor, ground yukarida upstairs (informal), above
yerel local yukarisi the place up there,
yesil green the upper part of a place
Yeter! That’s enough! yumurta egg
yetismek to catch (bus, train, etc.) yurt 1) one’s native country
2) boarding house
yetistirmek 1) to raise (animals)
2) to grow (fruits, vegetables, etc.) yurttas fellow citizen
yetmis seventy yurttaslik citizenship
yetmisinci seventieth, 70" yuiksek high
yetmislik septuagenarian yukseklik height

eee eee eee

280
 Turkish-English Dictionary

yiikselmek to go up, to rise, to increase

yurimek to walk
yuriyls a short walk
yuz 1) face 2) hundred
. yuzlerce hundreds of
yuzmek to swim
yiiziici swimmer
- “yiiziik ring
| yiiziincii hundredth, 100"
victory zafer
zahmet burden
zaman time
zamanla in time, over time
zamanl timely, well-timed
zannetmek to think, to suppose
zeki a clever
zekice 7 cleverly
zengin rich
zeytin olive
zihin mind
ail bell
zira | because, for
ziyaret visit
20r . hard, difficult
mhanee! mental, cognitive

281
 vet" On Le 3a

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Lt
ANSWER KEY
ANSWER KEY
ANSWER
Eee
UNITE-4 cocugum
UNITE-1 UNITE-2 UNITE-3
rengim
umudum
sekerli sorunlu KANEPE
hesabim
kokulu borglu GAZETE
ayagim
yagmurlu motorlu KAHVE
DMkagidim
FS
ON
O
sutlu buzlu KITAP
10 ekmegim
peynirli kumlu LIMON
11 yurdum
guclu sutlu NANE
12 bilegim
bulutlu gurultulu CEYLAN
13 topragim
-
PH
ON
PWN
DU="
SS
eon
ple
Me) sisli uzUntulu AMPUL
14 kazagim
SS elektrikli
IS)
Oy
ES
(a
(oy)
SI)
(62)
We) ps buyulu
Em
RION
SOO
Ul
ING)
CONCON— pS BADEM
OMNDUBRWNP
15 amacim
10 mantarl! 10 tuzlu 10 HAMSi
16 kalbim
ARABA
11 KESTANE
17 borcum
12 ROKET
BALIK 18 inancim
sogutucu 13 OTOBUS
CETVEL karanlik 19 yanagim
yorucu 14 DUNYA
CiLEK basar| 20 bacagim
bolUcu 15 TELEVIZYON
DAG yagmurlu 21 cevabim
kosucu 16 TELEFON
ELMA sekersiz 22 gozlugum
FARE atki yuzucu
23 ucagim
GEMI balik surucu
24 ilacim
6)SoAGAG
GES
©WM
PS internet kurucu
10 HALI neseli UzuCU aklim
11 IRMAK PD
OMNDUBRWNE
satis CON ¢ozucu
ESTIND
CONDON
GTS
Cy
I)
OCON boynum
burnum sagim
12 INEK 10 dizenii 10 sondurtict
setim
13 JAKUZi 11 cocuk agzim
gonlum sutum
14 KALE 12 yukari
beynim dostum
15 LALE 13 ikinci kosulsuz
sehrim topum
16 MASA 14 temizlik sorunsuz
karnim DnuUBRWNPW
¢opum
17 NAR 15 endiseli gucsuz
18 OKUL 16 belgesel sutsuz PA
FP omrum
HPWN
DUN
OWON

19 ORDEK 17 caydanlik tuzsUuz 10 alnim

20 PARA 18 kedicik borcsuz 11 oglum Nihat’a
21 ROKET 19 yazar huysuz 12 fikrim Mehmet’e
22 SANDALYE 20 kahvalt utusuz Tokat’a
23 SEKER DU
W ¢ozumsuz
OWON
BPWNEeE UNITE-5 Konak’a
24 TIMSAH 10 yuzsuz Fikret’e
25 UCAK Aytac’a
26 UTU Tevfik’e
gozluk
27 VAZO DS Zeynep’e
ONIDUBRWNPe
tuzluk cicek
28 YASTIK gunluk tarak
29 ZEYTIN bolluk kazak
yogunluk - ekmek
OB
WNP yardim ediyor
uzunluk rahatsiz ediyor
yorgunluk okula gidiyor
sogukluk ¢orbay! tadiyor
agacim
huysuzluk nefret ediyor
ci¢egim
DS korkuluk
OMDANDURWNHE kavga ediyor
AN dolabim
WNP
10 soforliik park ediyor
11 gozluk YI kabul ediyor
ONOUBWNFeP

12 durgunluk

284
ANSWER KEY
eC AWM
UNITE-6 21 yazdi E 2
il a sildi - 1 hastayim Dialogue-1
1 agacta 23 surdu 2 hastasin Hayir, okulda degildim.
pe otobiste 24 kullandi 3 hastadir/hasta
3 kitapta 25 icti 4 hastayiz Dialogue-2
4 internette 26 kurdu 5 hastasiniz Evet, tiyatrodaydim.
5 yolda 27 bozdu 6 hastadirlar/hastalar
6 sahilde 28 dondii Dialogue-3
7 izmir’de 29 gordi 3 Evet, partideydim.
8 Bodrum’da 30 Bezdi 1 Ahmet bir dgretmendir,
9 ofiste UNiTE-7 2 Yunus bir ressamdir. Dialogue-4
10 nehirde 3 Ben cok yorgunum. Hayir, tatilde degildim/degildik.
11 telefonda 7 = : 4 Siz bir doktorsunuz.
12 ucakta ESS Ali 5 Onlar hastadirlar/hastalar. 3
13 sirkte 2 hemsireyim 6 Betil bir 6grencidir. Dialogue-1
14 derste 3 ole 7 Siz cok giizelsiniz. A: Sen diin gece neredeydin?
15 iste fetes 8 Biz aciz. B: Sinemadaydim.
16 istanbul’da > Polisim 9 Elif bir sarkicidir. A: Film nasildi?
17 Sinop’ta 6 futbolcuyum 10 Ben bir gazeteciyim. B: Harikaydi!
18 trende
19 televizyonda : UNITE-8 Dialogue-2
20 sutte 1 yorgunum 1 A: siz pazar gunu neredeydiniz?
21 Mars’ta 2 yorgunsun A B: Piknikteydik.
22 uzayda 3 yorgundur/yorgun (Rea yore. A: Hava eta
23 defterde 4 yorgunuz 2 Sopa, B: Muhtesemdi!

Ae SI 5 yorgunsunuz 3 O yorgundu.
25 sinifta 6 yorgunlar/yorgundurlar 4 Biz yorgunduk. 4
ebsalayda 5 Siz yorgundunuz. 1 degildim
27 bardakta B 6 Onlar yorgunlardi/yorgundular. 2 guzeldi
28 cayda 1 acim 3 nasildi

3 actir/ac¢ 1 Ben actm.

4 aciz 2 Sen actin.
2 5 ag¢siniz 3 Oe.
1 gorundi 6 actirlar/aclar 4 Biz actk.
2 sath 5 Siz actiniz.
3 dustu G 6 Onlar aclardi/actilar.
4 dusundu 1 uzgiinim
5 optu 2 uzginsiin C
6 bitirdi 3 dzgiindir/izgiin 1 Ben hastaydim.
7 getirdi A tizgiintiz 2 Sen hastaydin.
8 sondiurdu 5 uzgiinstiniz 3 Ohastaydi.
9 dogdu 6 Uzgtindurler/Uzginler 4 Biz hastaydik.
10 tast 5 Siz hastaydiniz.
11 yoruldu D 6 Onlar hastaydilar/hastalardi.
12 buldu 1 caliskanim
13 gitti 2 caliskansin D
14 uyandi 3 caliskandir/caliskan 1 Ben futbolcuydum.
15 kaldi 4 caliskaniz 2 Sen futbolcuydun.
16 oturdu 5 caliskansiniz 3 O futbolcuydu.
17 kalkt 6 caliskandirlar/caliskanlar 4 Biz futbolcuyduk.
18 boldu 5 Siz futbolcuydunuz.
19 bindi 6 Onlar futbolcuydular/futbolculardi.
20 konustu
ee

285
ANSWER
PAINSVVER KEY
UNITE-9 6 2 3
Caliskansam Dialogue-1 il
Caliskansan sinemaya arabadayim
Caliskansa arabadasin
Caliskansak Dialogue-2 arabada
Caliskansaniz maca arabadayiz
Caliskansalar arabadasiniz
Dialogue-3 arabadalar
vy), partiye
SG)
fs
®M
GSor)
fy
=@)
Zenginsem 2
Zenginsen Dialogue-4 evdeyim
Zenginse Betul’e evdesin
1
Zenginsek evde
Hazirsam
Zenginseniz evdeyiz
Hazirsan
Zenginseler evdesiniz
Hazirsa
Ahmet’e evdeler
Hazirsak
Hazirsaniz
3 konsere
1 degilseniz maca 3
Hazirsalar/Hazirlarsa
2 degillerse/degilseler Yuzmeye isteyim
3 degilse Tuvalete istesin
2
4 degilsen 10’a iste
Yorgunsam
5 degilse 0 ise
ES
TS
by
Ss
Gl
ey
SV isteyiz
Yorgunsan
istesiniz
Yorgunsa
UNITE-10 isteler
Yorgunsak UNiTE-11
Yorgunsaniz
4
Yorgunsalar/Yorgunlarsa markete arabada
yoldayim
ise carsida
yoldasin
3 Londra’ya ingiltere’de
yolda
Mutluysam parka parkta
yoldayiz
Mutluysan Marmaris’e Marmaris’te
Mutluysa yoldasiniz
banyoya sinifta
Mutluysak yoldalar
tuvalete mutfakta
Mutluysaniz sinemaya Antalya’da
Mutluysalar Gy
SI
os)
W)
ES
NW
OD
SS
G denize S)
6)
We)
SS
NW)
WH)
Ss
Gi
@ denizde
5
10 Turkiye’ye 10 Turkiye’de
4 tatildeyim
11 koleje 11 okulda
Uzgtinsem tatildesin
12 restorana 12 iste
Uzgiinsen tatilde
13 konferansa 13 tatilde
Uzgtinse tatildeyiz
14 maga 14 ucakta
Uzgtinsek tatildesiniz
15 magazaya 15 kitapta
Uzgtinseniz 16 kafeye tatildeler
16 bardakta
Uzginseler 17 konsere 17 konserde
18 Ayse’ye 6
18 Londra’da
5 19 bahceye parktayim
19 bahcede
Hastaysam 20 komsuya parktasin
20 evde
Hastaysan parkta
Hastaysa parktayiz
2 parktasiniz
Hastaysak
Dialogue-1 Arabada parktalar
Hastaysaniz
Dialogue-2 Tatilde
Hastaysalar
Dialogue-3 Agacta
Dialogue-4 Mutfakta

286
ANSWER KEY
ee

UNITE-12 6 Tarlada bir inek var. UNITE-15 2 UNITE-16

7 Mutfakta bir iziim sepeti var.
1 il 1
tatilden 8 Sinifta bes 6grenci var.
‘il izliyorum 1
pazardan 9 Sokakta bir ambulans var.
oturuyorum izliyorsun bilmiyorum
ispanya’dan oturuyorsun izliyor bilmiyorsun
sehirden 2 oturuyor izliyoruz bilmiyor
k6yden 1 Evet, ekmek var. oturuyoruz izliyorsunuz bilmiyoruz
bankadan 2 Hayir, burada postane yok. oturuyorsunuz izliyorlar bilmiyorsunuz
isten 3 Hayir, dolapta sut yok. oturuyorlar bilmiyorlar
4 Evet, arabada benzin var. 2.
Almanya’dan
piknikten 5 Hayir, cuzdanda para yok. bekliyorum
WOON
DUBWNP 2 2
6 Evet, sinemada yeni bir film bekliyorsunuz
10 savastan seviyorum konugsmuyorum
var. bekliyor
11 alisveristen seviyorsun konusmuyorsun
7 Hayir, bugtin okul yok. bekliyoruz
12 motordan seviyor konugsmuyor
8 Evet, gazete var. bekliyorsunuz
13 internetten seviyoruz konugsmuyoruz
9 Hayir, yeni kitap yok. bekliyorlar
14 istanbul’dan seviyorsunuz konugsmuyorsunuz
15 yemekten 10 Evet, bu aksam bir program seviyorlar 3 konusmuyorlar
16 mactan var. soyluyorum
17 tiyatrodan 11 Hayir, ofiste yazici yok. 3 soyluyorsun 3
18 sinemadan 12 Evet, tost var. calisiyorum soyluyor sevmiyorum
19 geziden calisiyorsun soyluyoruz sevmiyorsun
20 izmir’den UNITE-14 calistyor soyllyorsunuz sevmiyor
calisiyoruz soyluyorlar sevmiyoruz
Benim bir laptopum var. calisiyorsunuz sevmiyorsunuz
Mactan calisiyorlar 4 sevmiyorlar
Sizin yeni bir komsunuz var.
Partiden Onlarin guzel bir villasi var. anliyorum
Motordan anliyorsun 4
Benim bir kedim var.
Magazadan
BWNPN
4 anliyor gitmiyorum
Onun bir tavsani var.
Sizin bir probleminiz var. konusuyorum anliyoruz gitmiyorsun
Senin Ug arkadasin var. konusuyorsun anliyorsunuz gitmiyor
Bizim magimiz var. konusuyor anliyorlar gitmiyoruz
Antalya’dan
konusuyoruz gitmiyorsunuz
tatilden 4 Onun toplantis! var.
OO
OS
Ga
>)
SI)
(6)
We)
TS 5
10 Benim uzun saclarim var. konusuyorsunuz gitmiyorlar
Turkiye’den basliyorum
11 Onlarin yarin bir partisi var. konusuyorlar
Sinemadan basliyorsun
Ww isten
OBWNP 12 Senin cok paran var. basliyor
) caligsmiyor
basliyoruz
sahyorum aglamiyor
basliyorsunuz
satyorsun calismiyor
evden ise Zamanin var ml? basliyorlar
sathyor yemiyor
Turkiye’den ingiltere’ye Onun telefonu var mi?
satiyoruz 6 sevmiyorum
Okuldan eve Sizin bir eviniz var mie
satyorsunuz dinliyorum PD oynamiuyorlar
DuUBRWNP
Alisveristen restorana Senin kalemin var mi?
satiyorlar dinliyorsun /oynamuyor
Salondan bahceye Senin ehliyetin var mi?
dinliyor 7 gitmiyoruz
DB Postaneden bankaya
NuhWNP Onlarin bir sirketi var mi?
6 dinliyoruz 8 beklemiyorsun
Onun cantas! var mi?
veriyorum dinliyorsunuz 9 gelmiyor
DP Onun adi var mi?
ONDUBWNHPE
UNITE-13 veriyorsun dinliyorlar 10 konusmuyor
veriyor 11 anlamiyor
Disarida bir aslan var. veriyoruz 12 satmiyor
Nuray’in bir kedisi var. veriyorsunuz 13 yazmiyor
Bahcede iki tavsan var. anliyor
Fikret’in iki kardesi var. veriyorlar 14 bilmiyorum
Disarida bir maymun var. seyrediyorlar
Nesrin’in guzel bir elbisesi var.
Mutfakta bir fare var. basliyor 15 seyretmiyor
Murat’in cok paras! var.
WU
pp
PH Yolda bir kaplumbaga var.
BWN dinliyor
Kerem’in bir tavsani var.
gidiyoruz
Selim’in kardesi yok.
WDUOBWNH
Ww yaplyorsunuz
DOBWNPH

Sr EE

287
ANSWER
FN
eee EN KEY

UNiTE-17 8 istemiyorum 2
9 kiskanmiyorum 3 onsekiz
10 hatirliyorum 5 yirmi —
Fatma simdi ders calisiyor mu?
11 istiyor 7 yirmi iki
Ali okula gidiyor mu?
12 goruyorum 8 yirmi U¢
Burak mac seyrediyor mu?
10 yirmi bes
Cocuklar oyun oynuyorlar mi?
UNITE-19 12 yirmi yedi
Kitap okuyor muyum?
13 yirmi sekiz
Biz piknige gidiyor muyuz?
15 otuz
Calisinyor muyum?
17 otuz iki
Egleniyor muyuz?
18 otuz U¢
ESSBebek uyuyor mu?
IS)
OS)
ES
Gn
Sey
Ce)
Ws)
20 otuz bes
10 Film basliyor mu?
22 otuz yedi
23 otuz sekiz
25 kirk
Evet, cocuklar bahcgede top oynuyorlar.
CONDO
FP
BWNtye)
fep
ey
fet
Zar
(ey
ae)
Hayir, simdi yagmur yagmuiyor.
Evet, Meral bugtn bize geliyor.
Hayir, korkmuyorum. on bir
Hayir, seninle gelmiyorum. bes
Evet, seni seviyorum. yuz doksan alt
Hayir, misafirler eglenmiyorlar. altmis
Hayir, araba calismiyor. on iki
I Evet, muzik dinliyorum.
Con
CON
N)
Ess
Connon
ES)
Un)
Gye iki
10 Evet, parti basliyor. a) yirmi dort
CONN
UleS)
STO
PD
DunBWNP
O20
0o®

niye Uc kalem
ne zaman elli iki hafta
Nerede Danisma gorevlisi:
Kirk Haramiler
nasil Kac kisilik oda istiyorsunuz?
yuz lira
Ww
PP kim
OBWN DS iki polis
OUBWNP
Musteri:
iki kisilik oda istiyorum.
UNITE-21
UNITE-18
UNITE-20
i altinci
1 h-kokuyor yedinci
2 a-istiyorum yedi
sekizinci
3 g-taniyorum on uc
dokuzuncu
4 d-iceriyor yirmi bir
yirmi birinci
5 f - korkuyorum on dokuz
yirmi ikinci
BPWNP
CON
6 b-hoslaniyorum yirmi U¢
10 yirmi dérdtncut
7 i -hissediyorum yuz
12 otuz birinci
8 c-duyuyoruz elli yedi
14 otuz Uguncl
9 j -seviyorum kirk U¢
15 otuz dérdtincti
10 e - anliyor DU
>
PF on alt
OWAN
BRWN

10 altmis bir
11 yetmis 2
12 bin bir tet 6-520
bilmiyorum
13 iki bin on alti 2-7 13; I-24
seviyorum
14 on bin Semel: shel Os
gorunuyorsun
15 on bin bes yuiz ee): oso:
anlamiyorum/anlamiyoruz
Dome. 10- 40
korkuyorlar
igermiyor
hissediyorum
NOUBWNED
SE

288
ANSWER KEY
3 6 2 4 ii
a) Ugunct gotururum gulerim aglarim iger miyim?
b) birinci goturursun gulersin aglarsin iger misin?
aglar iger mi?
c) ikinci goturur guler
aglariz iger miyiz?
gotururuz guleriz aglarsiniz iger misiniz?
goturursunuz gulersiniz aglarlar igerler mi?
a) altinci gotururler gulerler
5 8
b) dokuzuncu baslarim satar miyim?
c) besinci 3
baslarsin satar misin?
d) Uclncl kapatrim yuzerim baslar satar mi?
kapatirsin yuzersim baslariz satar miyiz?
kapatir yuzer baslarsiniz satar misiniz?
UNITE-22 kapatiriz yuzeriz baslarlar satarlar mi?
a4 kapatirsiniz yuzersiniz
1 UNITE-23 9
kapatirlar yuzerler il alir miyim?
ogretirim il alir misin?
Ogretirsin 8 4 ¢alisir miyim? alir mie
Ogretir bulusurum yaparim Calisir misin? alir miyiz?
Ogretiriz calisir mi? alir misiniz?
bulusursun yaparsin calisir miyiz? alirlar mi?
ogretirsiniz bulusur yapar calisir misiniz?
ogretirler bulusuruz yapariz calisirlar mi? 10
bulusursunuz yaparsiniz dustnur muyum?
?) bulusurlar yaparlar 2 dusuUnUr mustin?
bitiririm sever miyim? dustnur mu?
sever misin? dustntr muyuz?
bitirirsin 9 5) sever mi? dustntr mustintiz?
bitirir calisirim satarim sever miyiz? duisUnurler mi?
bitiririz calisirsin satarsin sever misiniz?
bitirirsiniz calisir satar
severler mi? 2
bitirirler calisiriz satariz
3 ... bilir misin?
Calisirsiniz satarsiniz oynar miyim? ... Yapar misiniz?
3 calisirlar satarlar oynar misin? ... oynar mie
gosteririm oynar mi? ... Calisir mie
gosterirsin oynar miyiz? ... Yapar misin?
10 4 oynar misinize ... seyrederler mi?
gosterir dusunurum ‘i oynarlar ml? ... yatar misin?
gosteririz dusUntrstin ... gider misinize
yasarim
gosterirsiniz dustinutr 4 ... yerler mi?
yasarsin
gosterirler dusunuruz yapar miyim? .. gorusur mUsUnuz?
yasar
yapar misin?
dusuntrsunuz yasariz
4 yapar mle 3
dustnitrler yasarsiniz yapar miyiz? Dialogue-1:
savunurum yapar misiniz? Evet, ben cok iyi yUzerim.
yasarlar
savunursun yaparlar mi?
savunur Dialogue-2:
ogretir 2 Hayir, burada semsiye satmazlar.
savunuruz 5
okurum oynarim gider miyim?
savunursunuz
calisir oynarsin gider misin? Dialogue-3:
savunurlar gider mi? Hayir, Antalya’ya cok kar yagmaz.
bitirir oynar
DN dusunursun
OBWNEP oynariz gider miyiz?
5 gider misiniz? Dialogue-4:
oynarsiniz Sen her gtin kitap okur musun?
kullanirim giderler mi?
3 oynarlar
kullanirsin
1 Dialogue-5:
kullanir 3 6
Hayir, Sedat hig ders ¢aligsmaz.
igerim konusur muyum?
kullaniriz dinlerim
igersin konusur musun?
kullanirsiniz dinlersin Dialogue-6
konusur mu?
iger Evet, ben cok erken yatarim.
kullanirlar dinler konusur muyuz?
igeriz konusur musunuz?
dinleriz
icersiniz konusurlar mi?
dinlersiniz
icerler
dinlerler SSE
I
ANSWERKEY
UNITE-24 wh 2 2
allyordum oynuyordum geliyor muydum? .. kosuyor muydu?
a
aliyordun oynuyordun geliyor muydun? .. izliyor muydunuz?
1
aliyordu oynuyordu geliyor muydu? .. agliyor muydu?
biliyordum
aliyorduk oynuyorduk geliyor muyduk? .. gidiyor muydu?
biliyordun
aliyordunuz oynuyordunuz geliyor muydunuz? .. uyuyor muydun?
biliyordu
aliyorlardi oynuyorlardi geliyorlar miydi? .. bekliyor muydu?
biliyorduk
.. Galisiyor muydum?
biliyordunuz
8 3 3 .. yaplyor muydunuz?
biliyorlardi
geliyordum hazirliyordum uyuyor muydum? .. gidiyor muydun?
OMNDURWNED
geliyordun hazirliyordun uyuyor muydun? sy(=) .. oynuyor muydu?
2
geliyordu hazirlryordu uyuyor muydu?
kullaniyordum
geliyorduk hazirliyorduk uyuyor muyduk?
kullantyordun
geliyordunuz hazirliyordunuz uyuyor muydunuz? .. allyor muydun?
kullaniyordu
geliyorlardi hazirliyorlardi uyuyorlar miydi? .. oturuyor muydunuz?
kullaniyorduk
kullaniyordunuz .. kullantyor muydunuz?
4 4
kullantyorlardi .. Galistyor muydun?
calisiyvordum dinliyordum bekliyor muydum? .. yaplyor muyduk?
3 calisiyordun dinliyordun bekliyor muydun? Ww .. yaplyorlar miydi?
OuBWNP
kosuyordum calisiyordu dinliyordu bekliyor muydu?
kosuyordun calisiyorduk dinliyorduk bekliyor muyduk?
kosuyordu calisiyordunuz dinliyordunuz bekliyor muydunuz?
kosuyorduk calisiyorlardi dinliyorlardi bekliyorlar miydi?
kosuyordunuz
kosuyorlardi 10 5 5
DS
WNP
Er
CO,
©)
VB
egleniyordum agliyordum yaplyor muydum?
4 egleniyordun agliyordun yapiyor muydun?
egleniyordu agliyordu yapiyor muydu? UNITE-26
yaziyordum
yaziyordun egleniyorduk agliyorduk yapiyor muyduk?
yaziyordu egleniyordunuz agliyordunuz yapliyor muydunuz? Bazi

yaziyorduk egleniyorlardi agliyorlardi yapiyorlar miydi? Bazi

yaziyordunuz Cogu
yaziyorlardl 6 Hicbir
yuruyorlardi .. deniyordu. izliyor muydum? Butun
5) gidiyordu .. agliyordu. izliyor muydun? Bazi
yuruyordum satiyordu .. hazirliyordu. izliyor muydu? Bazi
yuruyordun calisiyordum .. dinliyorduk. izliyor muyduk? Cogu
yuruyordu egleniyorlardi .. oynuyorlardi. izliyor muydunuz? EN Hicbir
ES
IS
8)
ESS
Gal
ep)
if
(62)
We}
yuruyorduk kullanityordu .. bekliyordun.
DuoRWNED izliyorlar miydi?
yuruyordunuz yaziyordu
i,
yuruyorlardi PD yaplyorlardi
ONDUKRWNE Cogu
UNITE-25 gidiyor muydum? Bazi
6 gidiyor muydun? Hicbir
1
satiyordum 1 gidiyor muydu? BWNRN
Butun
il
satiyordun deniyordum gidiyor muyduk?
calisiyor muydum?
satiyordu deniyordun gidiyor muydunuz?
calisiyor muydun?
satiyorduk deniyordu gidiyorlar miydi?
calisiyor muydu? Some people talk too much.
satiyordunuz deniyorduk Today all the roads are closed.
calisiyor muyduk?
satiyorlardi deniyordunuz Today some roads are open.
¢alisiyor muydunuz?
deniyorlardi agliyor muydum?
Calisiyorlar miydi? WwW
BWNPR
No bus is running./No buses are
agliyor muydun?
running.
agliyor muydu?
Some shops are open.
agliyor muyduk?
Most students are on holiday.
agliyor muydunuz?
All books are on the floor.
agliyorlar miydi?
DWMMost people use smart phone.
CON

290
ANSWER KEY
EEE
SSPE

UNITE-27 3 11 a- davetsiz
1 1 Kag¢ tane ekmek istiyorsunuz? 12 h-yemeksiz
1 ogrenci 2 Bu otelde kac tane oda var?
2 yiyecek 3 Kag tane salatalik istiyorsun? 2
3 magaza 1 c-biletsiz
4 ara¢ 4 2 d- Sekersiz
5 ucak 1 Limonun tanesi kag lira? 3 a- benzinsiz
2 Kavunun tanesi kac lira? 4 f- yagsiz
3 Yumurtanin tanesi kac lira? 5 b- Semsiyesiz
6 e-tuzsuz
UNITE-29 3
1 Al Bensiz
Sample answers 2 Sensiz
Om
VEO!
Oro:
3 Onsuz
Dialogue-1 4 bizsiz
B: Yunanistanliyim / Amerikaliyim 5 Onlarsiz
Dialogue-1 / Misirliyim.
Hayir, hicbir sikayetim yok.
Dialogue-2 Etsiz
Dialogue-2 B: iskocgyaliyim.
Ya siz? sagliksiz
NPS
Hayir, hig¢bir arzum/arzumuz yok. A: Ben Portekizliyim.
UNITE-31
Dialogue-3 Dialogue-3
Hayir, hicbir sey anlamadim. B: Makedonyaliyim. Ya sen? aldatici
A: Ben de Makedonyaliyim. aticl
Dialogue-4 yuzucu
Hayir, hicbir gelisme yok. okuyucu
c - benzinli kullanict
Dialogue-5 f - sacli parlaticl
Hayir, hi¢bir problem yok. h - yonlu yapicl
k - etli sonduruct
Dialogue-6 j - kapakli BE temizleyici
OMNDHONBRWNPH
Hayir, hi¢bir gazete yok. n - tuzlu 10 silici
d - tekerlekli 11 alici
UNITE-28 | - gUnesli 12 akici
1 PD e - cizgili
ODMNDUBWNPRP 13 calistirici
1 Uc tane bilet istiyorum. 10i - sekerli 14 ezici
2 Diinyada yuz doksan alt tane Ulke vardir. 11 b - sansli 15 koruyucu
3 iki tane yumurta yerim. 12 a- anlamli 16 yakici
4 istanbul’da yiiz on dért tane AVM vardir. 13 g - gozlu 17 verici
5 Bu mahallede bes tane cami vardir. 14 m-pilli 18 Isitic!
6 Dunyada yedi tane kita vardir. 19 sogutucu
UNITE-30 20 karistirici
21 cevirici
2
1 yumurta j- anlamsiz
2 muz l- etsiz
3 kavun g- sekersiz
4 balik e- $anssiz
5 portakal k- problemsiz
f- tarafsiz
i- perdesiz
b- kakaosuz
pp c- dugmesiz
OMONDUBRWNP
10 d- sessiz WD SS
fer
©)
fy
@Sie
ONDUBWNHP
rere

291
 ANSWER KEY
e ee

UNITE-32
kurumsal
sazcl yapisal
gozlukcu hukuksal
kitap¢! bitkisel &)
fel,
(ty
top

telefoncu kimyasal
taksici bilimsel
oduncu kentsel
gazeteci fiziksel
elektrikci PD yoresel
OMNDUBWNHR
Ep
OMNDUBRWNH
eczaneci 10 zihinsel Ww
BWNP
(ob
ter
Gi
3}
10 ayakkabici 11 deneysel
11 televizyoncu 12 ruhsal UNITE-35
12 firinci 13 uysal
13 came! 14 kisisel
Ormandaki hava tertemiz.
14 basketbolcu 15 tarihsel
Yarinki sinav cok zor.
15 tenis¢i 16 kutsal
Bu aksamki parti saat kacta basliyor?
16 yorumcu
Kitaptaki hikaye cok ilging.
17 tasarimci
Disaridaki adam kim?
18 modaci
Odadaki koku cok k6tu.
19 halici deneysel calismalar
Bu magazadaki elbiseler cok guzel.
20 baklavaci kentsel do6nustim/calismalar
Televizyondaki program cok sikicl.
kutsal kitap
BE Parktaki cocuklar cok mutlu.
COONDUBRWNEH
yoresel yiyecekler
10 Gazetedeki haber cok sasirtici.
kisisel esya/calismalar
11 Yerdeki kalem kimin?
WwW uysal k6pek
BWNPH
DUO

yarinki
Kerem’s family is living in istanbul.
bugUnki
Nuray’s family is going to buy a new house.
haftaki
Semra’s family is going to England tomorrow.
ayki
Ss
Gi
©)
SI]
Ce)
OM
AS Ge)
fr
SF
&}
=@©, Ozan’s family has gone for a picnic today.
yilki
We are going to Hakan’s house tonight.
aksamki
UNITE-33 DAD Ayten’s family is inviting us.
DuOBWNE
dunkt
sabahki
yoldas UNITE-34 DUO
PA
OONsezonki
KPWNF
sestes 10 doénemki
soydas meyvelik
dindas kitaplik UNITE-36
anlamdas sekerlik
koktes yagmurluk
sirdas Bugun, duinden daha soguk.
kiralik
Ferrari, Audi’den daha pahali.
cagdas iyilik
Wwemektas
-WN
PF Asli, Pelin’den daha uzun.
AS
Gi
op)
S)
©)
We)
ss
Es kalemlik
10 yandas yemeklik
11 paydas a@ gozluk
Si
Me)
Ss
psMS
12 yurttas 10 askerlik Gokhan, Ali’den daha caliskan.
13 meslektas 11 avukatlik Leyla, Mine’den daha akilli.
14 fikirdes 12 kahvaltilik Bu film daha heyecanl.
15 dildes Bu kitap daha ucuz.
16 irktas PA
UBSinop, Antalya’dan daha soguk.
WNP

292
ANSWER KEY
eee

3 6 4 2
1 Turkiye daha kalabalik. verdim almadim anladim mi?
2 Banka daha yakin. verdin almadin anladin mi?
3 Fiat daha ucuz. verdi almadi anladi mi?
verdik almadik anladik mi?
4
verdiniz almadiniz anladiniz mi?
1 Suen ucuz icecek./ verdiler almadilar anladilar mi?
En ucuz icgecek su.
2 Agri dagi en yliksek dag./ 5 3
En yuksek dag Agri Dagi. yatmadim duydum mu?
oynadilar
3 Nil en uzun nehir./ yatmadin duydun mu?
gittik
En uzun nehir Nil. yatmadi duydu mu?
aldi
geldi yatmadik duyduk mu?
UNITE-37 calist yatmadiniz duydunuz mu?
1 kostu yatmadilar duydular mi?
i okudum
kostum bitirdi 6 4
kostun DN
FP
BWN
DU
WOONbasladi gelmedim dondtiim mu?
kostu 10 girdiler gelmedin do6ndtin mui?
kostuk 11 getirdi gelmedi dondti mt?
kostunuz 12 bozuldu / géturdim gelmedik dondiik mu?
kostular 13 sath gelmediniz dondiiniz mt?
14 gonderdi gelmediler dondiler mi?
y 15 bitti
gittim 2
gittin soylemedi Dialogue-1
gitti yagmadi Ne zaman evlendiniz?
gittik
UNITE-38 yatmadi
gittiniz 1 yemedi Dialogue-2
gittiler 1 yapmadik Duin ne yaptin?
gitmedim ig¢medi
3 gitmedin aglamadi Dialogue-3
calistim gitmedi gitmediler izmir’e nasil gittiniz?
calistin gitmedik baslamadi
DURWNHRD
OMAN
calist gitmediniz 10 gelmedi Dialogue-4
calistk gitmediler 11 aramadi Kahvaltl yaptin mi?
calistiniz 12 anlamadiniz
calistilar 2 13 duymadi Dialogue-5
baslamadim 14 gormedi Filmi begendin mi?
baslamadin 15 okumadi
4 baslamadi Dialogue-6
geldim baslamadik UNITE-39 Dizi basladi mi?
geldin baslamadiniz 1
geldi baslamadilar A
geldik bildim mi? kaldin
geldiniz 3 bildin mi? oturduk
geldiler yapmadim bildi mi? Ww
FE
WNaldin
yapmadin bildik mi?
iS yapmadi bildiniz mi?
oynadim yapmadik bildiler mie
oynadin yapmadiniz
oynadi yapmadilar
oynadik
oynadiniz
oynadilar
ne

293
ANSWER KEY
ee
ae

11 hizlica &
UNITE-40
12 sessizce calisacagim
13 bencilce calisacaksin
Kasiyer olarak galisiyorum.
14 isteksizce calisacak
Filiz disci olarak ¢alisiyor.
15 korkusuzca calisacagiz
Berna sekreter olarak ¢alisiyor.
ep
®)
CL
()
)
calisacaksiniz
pp Muhabir olarak c¢alisiyorum.
BWwWNP WN
OBWNRP
calisacaklar

4
Normal olarak
UNITE-43
sevecegim
arkadas olarak seveceksin
Takim olarak Bu magaza cok pahali. sevecek
tatli olarak Bugun cok yorgunum.
DY
DOBRWNEP
a2
9@0+>G sevecegiz
PN icecek olarak
OBWNEP Bu sehir cok kalabalik.
seveceksiniz
Bu film cok heyecanli.
sevecekler
Bu cay cok sekerli.
UNITE-41
Bu yemek cok tuzlu.
5
OM Bugutn cocuklar cok oynadilar.
Soe
Ss
GS Ww
igeri yazacagim
Dialogue-1
igeri yazacaksin
Mahir: Sence hangi ayakkabilar
disart yazacak
daha guzel?
iceri yazacagiz
Yasin: Bence siyah ayakkabilar
disari yazacaksinIz
daha guzel.
iceri yazacaklar
disart Dialogue-2
iceri Nuray: Bence bugiin yagmur
DR
DuOBWNP
=)
(ek
fer
=9
()
)
) iceri
Ss
COS
ES
Gh
ey)
SI
C2) goOnderecegim
yagacak. Sence?
10 Disari gondereceksin
Elif: Bence bugin yagmur
3 gonderecek
yagmayacak.
Dialogue-1: c gonderecegiz
Dialogue-2: a gondereceksiniz
disarida
Dialogue-3: d gonderecekler
igeride
disarida Dialogue-4: b
disarida
DN Disarida
UBWNBP 4
DL
hWNPe
oS
Om
OD
1 You are so beautiful. yapacak
2 The weather is a little cold. kosacagim
Please turn on the heating. UNITE-45 alacak
Disarisi
3 There are very few spectators 1 gelecek
icerisi
in the stadium. i FS) yapacaklar
TS
IS)
(8)
PS
Gh)
Disarisi
4 |amso excited/nervous. | am kosacagim
icerisi
getting married tomorrow. kosacaksin
Ww Disarisi
UBWNPHE
kosacak
baslayacak
UNITE-44 kosacagiz
okuyacak
kosacaksiniz
UNITE-42 kosacaklar
aglayacak
korkakca bekleyecekler
cesurca V izleyecegiz
PY
INS)
(U8)
ASS
Tq)
2
dikkatsizce
igecegim
aptalca
igeceksin
4
kibarca 1 gidecekler
igecek
gizlice 2, edecek
igecegiz
yavas¢a 3 seyredecegiz
igeceksiniz
Bp
NOUBWNE
o&
=
@QE
Lo dikkatlice
igecekler
BE akillica
OMNDUBRWNP
10 giizelce
SU
294
ANSWER KEY
oa hiatal

UNITE-46 2 6 3
1 1 oynamayacak ¢aligacak miyim? 1 Selin got married three years ago.
1 2 gelmeyecegim ¢aligacak misin? 2 Selin got divorced three years later.
yemeyecegim 3 oynamayacagiz Caligacak mi? 3 Selin is married to Mehmet now.
yemeyeceksin 4 icmeyecek caligacak muyiz? 4 Arif was here two hours ago.
yemeyecek 5 seyretmeyecekler ¢aligacak misiniz? 5 Ali is on holiday now. He will come
yemeyecegiz 6 gitmeyeceksiniz ¢aligacaklar mi? back two days from now.
yemeyeceksiniz 7 kalkmayacak
yemeyecekler 8 ¢alismayacaklar UNITE-49
9 olmayacak 2 1
2 10 yatmayacagim Dialogue-1: ... oynayacagiz? fe
gelmeyecegim sess Dialogue-2: ... gelecek mi? eb is
gelmeyeceksin UNITE-47 Dialogue-3: ... katilacaklar mi? 4 &
gelmeyecek 1 Dialogue-4: ... gidecek misin? ae
gelmeyecegiz 1 Dialogue-5: ... seyredecek misin? Ss A
gelmeyeceksiniz gelecek miyim? Dialogue-6: ... yagacak m1?
gelmeyecekler gelecek misin? Dialogue-7: ... varacak? 2
gelecek mi? Dialogue-8: ... baslayacak? Dialogue-1: c
3 gelecek miyiz? Dialogue-9: ... bitecek? Dialogue-2: b
gitmeyecegim gelecek misiniz? Dialogue-10: ... soyleyecek misin? Dialogue-3: d
gitmeyeceksin gelecekler mi? paar Dialogue-4: a
gitmeyecek UNITE-48
gitmeyecegiz D 1 UNITE-50-51
gitmeyeceksiniz icecek miyim? 1 filmden 6nce/sonra 1
gitmeyecekler igecek misin? 2 dersten 6nce/sonra 1b
igecek mi? 3 isten Gnce/sonra 2e
: " igecek miyiz? 4 mactan 6nce/sonra 3 €
i¢meyecegim igecek misiniz? 5 geziden 6nce/sonra Aa
ig¢meyeceksin igecekler mi? 6 tatilden 6nce/sonra Sard
igmeyecek 7 kazadan 6nce/sonra
BEY CLES Ay. 3 8 partiden 6nce/sonra 2
igmeyeceksiniz kogacak miyim? 9 yemekten 6nce/sonra 1¢
i¢meyecekler kosacak misin? 10 sinemadan 6nce/sonra a
kosacak mi? 11 yarindan Once/sonra ee
5 . kosacak miyiz? 12 piknikten 6nce/sonra 4a
yatmayacagim kosacak misiniz? 13 reklamlardan Gnce/sonra 5 g
yatmayacaksin kosacaklar mi? 14 kahvaltidan 6nce/sonra Gua
yatmayacak 15 bayramdan 6nce/sonra 7 ¢
yatmayacagiz 4 16 secimden 6nce/sonra 8b
yatmayacaksiniz yuzecek miyim? 17 toplantidan 6nce/sonra 9d
yatmayacaklar yuzecek misin? 18 sinavdan Once/sonra 10h
yuzecek mi? 19 diigiinden once/sonra
6 yuzecek miyiz? 20 banyodan 6nce/sonra 3
oturmayacagim yuizecek misiniz? Dialogue-1
oturmayacaksin ylizecekler mi? 2 Hayir, istanbul’a hic gitmedim.
oturmayacak ine
oturmayacagiz 5 29 Dialogue-2

oturmayacaksiniz ——_gidecek miyim? BE Evet, ingiltere’ye gittim.

oturmayacaklar gidecek misin? are
gidecek mi? Gab Dialogue-3
gidecek miyiz? eah Hayir, hic Ingilizce anlamiyorum.
gidecek misiniz? Id
gidecekler mi? Q f Dialogue-4
Evet, lahmacun yedim.

OES ee
(0
295
ANSWER KEY
PEN
A ——— oe

4 UNITE-59
1 Hayir, onu hig tanimiyorum. Ogleden 6nce okula gittim. 1
2 Evet, ona her zaman guvenirim. Sabahlari yuruyUs yapariz. Dialogue-1:
3 Hayir, hic alkol almam. Ogleden sonra sinemaya gidiyoruz. Ankara ucagi saat sekizde inecek.
4 Evet, beni her zaman arar. Yarin aksam Keremgile gidiyoruz.
Metin her sabah yuzer. Dialogue-2:
Ogle arasi saat 12’de baslar. Her gin saat yedi bucukta kalkarim.
UNITE-52-53 @ Bu aksam partiye gitmiyorum.
G&S
SO)
TS
SS
WH
Dialogue-3:
UNITE-56-57 Otobiis saat onda gelecek.
1
Dialogue-1: Dialogue-4:
Dialogue-2: Yemek saat on ikide gelecek.
@)
oO,
Sr
G=
Dialogue-3:
Dialogue-4: Dialogue-5:
Dialogue-5: Konferans saat on bire on kala bitecek
Dialogue-6:
Dialogue-7: Dialogue-6:
YNHDUMARWNE
POM
ppoO@
er
=?
Ce) Wate)
PF
Soh
en
@
Dialogue-8:j Program saat onu yirmi gece baslayac

2 Dialogue-9: h
Dialogue-10: f Dialogue-7:
1 It has been snowing for days.
Cocuklar saat dokuz bucukta kalktlar.
2 There have been road works here for
weeks.
Dialogue-8:
3 Defne hasn’t gone on the internet for Mithat yarin aksam buraya geliyor.
Film saat ikiye ceyrek kala bitti.
days. Gecen gece bizim eve hirsiz girdi.
4 Ahmet has been at home for days. He Caner geceleri cok horlar.
Dialogue-9:
doesn’t go out. Bugun mUusait degilim.
Ozge saat bese on kala aradi.
lam so busy this week. Babam her aksam kitap okur.
| go to the cinema every week. Antalya’da Uc gece kaldik.
Dialogue-10:
| was ill last week. Bugtn bizim evde parti var.
WNGecenin bu saatinde ne yapiyorsun?
Saat on bucukta yatacagim.
There are seven days in a week. Ss
Gi
@)
S]
Cy
ys)
ES
DUM
OONWe are going on a holiday next week.
10 We play a match twice a week.
UNITE-58
UNITE-54-55 Fikret saat sekizde gelecek.
Babam saat dokuzda yatt.
Saat UG.
Yaris saat birde baslayacak.
Saat bes.
Konser saat on ikide bitti.
Saat ddrde bes var.
PD Ucak saat Ucte kalkt.
OBRWNFP
Saat on ikiye ceyrek var.
Saat onu yirmi geciyor.
|)
im)
(oh
i)
(or
Saat on biri ceyrek geciyor.
Saat dokuzu ceyrek geciyor.
Saat altiya on var.
DOSaat altiy! on geciyor.
FP
ON
O
BPWN

10 Saat yediyi ceyrek geciyor.

11 Saat U¢e yirmi var.
Pp
OURWNPN
URWNE
te
oO
©)
@ 12 Saat yedi bucuk.
13 Saat ikiye on var.
14 Saat bir bucuk.
15 Saat on bir bucuk. Ww
OMNDUBRWNP

Ww
OBWNP
ter
(Gy
uy
sh
fot

296
ANSWER KEY
eee

UNITE-60 9 Ali’nin Turkcesi

10 telefonun markasi
11 Londra’nin niifusu
12 Hatice’nin saati
13 Arda’nin arkadasi
14 bankanin adi NM
Go
Ww
Oa
= Ee)
fom
om
15 Burcu’nun elbisesi
OG
ep)
py
is
&WM@) 16 villanin adresi
On
OF
=n)
4
17 magazanin adi
Baba, bizim icin ne aldin?
18 diinyanin nifusu
Sizin igin cikolata aldim.
19 Berna’nin amcasi
Bu benim arabam.
20 dairenin fiyati
Turkiye senin memleketin. UNITE-63-64
Sizin eviniz cok guzel.
Onun cocugu ¢ok yaramaz. Ayse’nin arabas! ...
begendir-
Benim favori takimim Arsenal’dir. Burcu’nun elbisesi ...
calistr-
Onun evi cok guzel. Marmaris’in havas ...
buldur-
Onlarin evi Ankara’da. Elif’in bisikleti bozuk.
actir-
Bizim okulumuz cok uzak. Yasar’in kalemi cok guzel.
inandir-
DPD Onun cantas! cok pahali.
OMNDUBRWNHR Suzan’in telefonu nerede?
baristir-
10 Benim biletim nerede? Evin adresi aklimda degil.
kestir-
Ali'nin kardesi cok ¢aliskan.
sustur-
WW O okulun adi ne?
COOMONDUBWNPR
pp kapattr-
OMNDUBRWNP
10 Arkadasinin evi nerede?
UNiTE-61 10 sattir-
11 Kerem'in oyuncagl... .
11 hissettir-
12 Otelin adresi nedir?
bilgisayarin kablosu 12 dustindir-
Faruk’un ayakkabisi UNITE-62 13 sdndur-
amcamin evi 14 guldir-
Elif’in babasi Sinav icin ders calisiyoruz.
15 optur-
okulun adi Yarisma icin hazir degilim.
Yasar’in kalemi Ayse icin bir hediye aldim.
kartin sifresi Bu aksam icin ne yaplyorsunuz?
evin adresi Hepimiz takim icin ¢alisiyoruz.
Bp otelin adi
ONDNDUARWNHE Kerem icin bir surprizim var.
10 Suzan’in telefonu Benim icin bir sinema bileti alir misin?
11 annemin yemekleri Burasi cocuklar icin guvenli degil.
12 izmir’in nufusu ss Alisveris icin nereye gidiyorsunuz?
Ss
Ge)
2S
Gh
GY)
ST
6)
Ww) Ww
DuUBRWNP
SD
©)
ter
fo.
S)
©
13 Marmaris’in havasi 10 Mutluluk icin para 6nemii. Si
(8)
ES
0)
es
Gi)
@ MAST
+m
on
14 Melih’in gitar 11 Okul icin yeni bir minibUis aldik.
15 otelin adresi 12 Arkadasim icin bir parti yaplyoruz.
16 Erdem’in kardesi 13 Evsizler igin yardim topluyorlar.
doyur- Arabay!
17 cayin kokusu 14 Bu mac Fenerbahce icin cok 6nemii.
igir- yangini
18 Elif’in bisikleti 15 Kardesim icin dogum gutnu partisi
yatir- sacinl
19 cocuklarin okulu yaptik. duyur- ucagl
20 Kemal’in ceketi 16 Bebek icin elbiseler aldim.
SS batir-
OPBWNP WM bilgisayar1
OBWNP
17 Tatil icin Turkiye’ye gidiyoruz.
18 Kahvalti icin ekmek ve yumurta lazim.
Turkiye’nin nufusu 19 Cocuklar icin bir aktivite duzenledik.
ingiltere’nin havasi 20 Tarik alisveris icin 400 lira 6dedi.
Ayse'nin arabasi
Duygu’nun okulu
caminin minaresi
caddenin adi
kapinin sifresi
PD arabanin yas!
ONDUNAWNP
a DN
OUBWNP
——— fo)EE ———E—
()
teh
jep
Y) eee

297
ANSWER
PAINS KEY
NE ee

UNITE-65-66
Tatile tren veya/ ya da otobiis ile gidecekler.
Tatile ucak veya/ya da gemi ile gidecekler.
koyun ve inek
PR Tatile karavan veya/ya da araba ile gidecekler.
WNF
kopek ve kedi
deve ve esek
tavsan ve kaplumbaga
atki ve eldiven
> semsiye ve cizme
DnUOBWNP

2)
Dialogue-1: Sedef’le Kemal
Dialogue-2: Yumurtayla borek
Dialogue-3: Galatasarayla Besiktas
Ww =n
OG!
00)
9)
©&
5-10
ONDUKRWNKH
Dialogue-4: Berrinle Nazll

SUpermarkete gidip sUt aldim. Ne yemek yedik ne de ¢ay ictik.

Evi supUrUp UtU yapacagim. Ne gildtk ne de agladik.
Biraz dinlenip ders calisacagim. Ne gildiim ne de agladim.
Restoran arayip siparis verdim. BD Tulay ne geldi ne de aradi.
BWNP

Cay icip tatli yiyecegim.

Ww Kitap okuyup yatacagim.
DuOBWNH 5
1 Hem balik hem de tavuk cok lezzetli.
2 Ne yemekler ne de icecekler hazir.
Sinemaya gidiyoruz. Sen de geliyor musun? 3 Hem Salih hem de Akif cok iyi ingilizce bilir.
Yemek de tatli da cok nefis. 4 Ya balik ya da tavuk ismarlayacagiz.
Yarin da yagmur yagacak. 5 Hem Pinar hem de Nazan vejetaryendir.
Atkin da eldivenin de cok sik. 6 Alisverise ya annemle ya da babamla gidecegim.
Babam da kardesim de hasta.
SD Elif de Berna da burada.
DAUBRWNB UNITE-69
1 2
1 kalemle 1 i-otobtsle
Cocuk hem hasta hem de cok yaramaz. 2 postayla 2 f-benzinle
Meltem hem kitap okuyor hem de mizik dinliyor. 3 otobisle 3 b-sobayla
Hem ¢alisiyorum hem de egleniyorum. 4 trenle 4 g-bisikletle
Hem senaryo hem de oyuncular harikaydi. 5 kargoyla 5 e-ucakla
Mithat hem zengin hem de mutlu bir adamdir. 6 bisikletle 6 d-bardakla
Bu arag hem denizde hem de karada gider.
NubPwnereugy 7 telefonla 7 a-deterjania
8 minibUusle 8 h-kargoyla
9 gemiyle 9 j -kalemle
UNITE-67-68 10 internetle 10 c - internetle
11 sobayla
12 k6mutrle
13 benzinle
14 gazla
15 sebzeyle
16 ucakla
17 arabayla
18 kamyonla
Pp
ONDUKRWNHPHK
>to
aAaAnNm
TO 19 atla
20 esekle
ANSWER KEY
ene
AA
3 3 2
Dialogue-1 ive 1 Giya
Alisverise annemle gidiyorum. 2 ama/fakat 2 Gtya
3 ve 3 Ne yazik ki
Dialogue-2 4 ama/fakat 4 Giya
Yarin Firat’la bulusacagim. 5 ama/fakat 5 maalesef
6 ama/fakat 6 Guya
Dialogue-3 7 ve 7 Maalesef
Kardesimle oyun oynuyorum. 8 ama/fakat 8 Maalesef
9 ve 9 Maalesef
Dialogue-4 ° 10 ve...ama/fakat 10 Giya
Cengiz Berna’yla evlendi.
4 3
Dialogue-5 ‘ie ‘ee
Ayse’yle kavga ettim. De a
3 © 3g
Dialogue-6 4b noe
Telefonda arkadasimla konusuyorum. 5 BG
6eb
4 5 7 ©
1 by mistake 1 yalniz 8 Ff
2 with care, carefully, attentively 2 ancak
3 meticulously, carefully 3 yalniz
4 quickly, in haste 4 yalniz UNITE-74
5 speedily, rapidly 1
6 with fear 6 _
7 confidently, with confidence ee Iq
8 in/with surprise Pes
9 with patience, patiently Ay ag
10 with excitement due 5 f
11 with love 5 q as
12 in/with hatred ae
13 in turn
14 in time 2

UNITE-72-73 1c
UNiTE-70-71 1 site
1 Dialogue-1: Maalesef au
1b Dialogue-2: Halbuki
Id Dialogue-3: Maalesef
a4 Dialogue-4: Halbuki 3
es Dialogue-5: Maalesef rac
oe Dialogue-6: Halbuki 2a
EW ie
4b
2
iad 4
oe 1 Meger Pelin bir haftadir hastaymis.
3 a 2 Meger Ozcan hakliymis.
4b 3 Yoksa adam bizi aldatth mi?
out 4 Yoksa beni sevmiyor musun?

299
ANSWERKEY 4
UNITE-75 UNITE-78 5
alayim diye gittigimde
alasin diye gittiginde
havu¢
alsin diye gittiginde
salatalik
alalim diye gittigimizde
sarimsak
alasiniz diye gittiginizde
misir
alsinlar diye gittiklerinde
domates
DuoKRWNP
pp turp
6 5
konusayim diye basladigimda
konusasin diye basladiginda
Pp
OMNAHAUOBRWNHPE
konussun diye basladiginda
_ oO ar
Seen
Oe
9
OO
Ce
Des
OO
2
konusalim diye basladigimizda
konusasiniz diye basladiginizda
P
FE
BWNye)
fewiiy
Lae
konussunlar diye basladiklarinda

6
vardigimda
vardiginda
vardiginda
fox
my
job
i)
uN PBWNPW
fol
©)
fer
mS) vardigimizda
vardiginizda
UNITE-79 DN
DURWNP
fet
MH)
er
(@)
(@
= vardiklarinda
1
al V
olayim diye duydugumda
olasin diye duydugunda
olsun diye duydugunda
olalim diye duydugumuzda
WW e100
OO.
OD
BPWNPRP
PA
nNUuUBWNF-P
NOW
Ww
BWNrP
tob
(se
tan
igh
olasiniz diye duydugunuzda
olsunlar diye UNITE-80 duyduklarinda
1
Bugin erken yatiyorum clink cok yorgunum. 2 8
1
Elbiseyi almadim clink cok pahaliydi. Ogreneyim diye gordugumde
geldigimde
Dustim cUnkU yerler cok kaygandi. Ogrenesin diye gordugunde
geldiginde
DB Acim gunkti yemek yemedim.
BWNeP Ogrensin diye gordugunde
geldiginde
ogrenelim diye geldigimizde gordugumtuzde
UNIiTE-76-77 Ogrenesiniz diye geldiginizde gorduguniizde
ogrensinler diye geldiklerinde gordiuklerinde

3 2 9
c¢aligayim diye durdugumda aradigimda
calisasin diye durdugunda aradiginda
pp
BWNP
(@)
iY
fer ¢alissin diye durdugunda aradiginda
Mm
PA
Fe
BWN(9)
coh,
(gy
fY
(ep calisalim diye durdugumuzda aradigimizda
Calisasiniz diye durdugunuzda aradiginizda
calissiniar diye durduklarinda aradiklarinda

3 4 10
yakalayim diye sattiigimda anlathgimda
yakalayasin diye sattiginda anlathginda
Ww
BWNPR
OS
a)
DOs BD
BWNP
So
a)
ao
yakalasin diye sattiginda anlathginda
yakalayalim diye sathigimizda anlathgimizda
yakalayasiniz diye sattiginizda anlatiginizda
yakalasinlar diye sattklarinda anlattiklarinda
eee
300
ANSWER KEY
oo
ee SS el Aca cial eS
11 UNITE-81
istedigimde okuldayken
istediginde gelince siradayken
istediginde alinca mactayken
istedigimizde dontince konserdeyken
istediginizde gidince sinemadayken
istediklerinde kalkinca tiyatrodayken
sdyleyince Marmaris’teyken
i. istanbul’dayken
bitince
soyledigimde duistince PD bankadayken
ODNDUBWNPH
soylediginde . Pp arayinca
OMONDUBWNP 10 banyodayken
sdylediginde 10 oturunca 11 camideyken
soyledigimizde 11 baslayinca 12 kilisedeyken
soylediginizde a Qiolunca 13 miizedeyken
soylediklerinde 43 kapatinca 14 festivaldeyken
14 acinca 15 arabadayken
15 inince 16 ucaktayken
A) 17 trendeyken
bitirdigimde 2 18 otobiisteyken
bitirdiginde ;: 19 bahcedeyken
bitirdiginde 3b 20 kolejdeyken
bitirdigimizde A 5
bitirdiginizde Se 3
bitirdiklerinde a: 1 Ben banyodayken telefon caldi.
om 8 ¢ 2 Mehmet kosarken muzik dinler.
Mies 9g 3 Ben eve giderken bir kopek gordtim.
su) 0lus 4 Tatildeyken cok eglendik.
ictiginde 3 5 Londra’dayken ne yaptiniz?
i¢tiginde 1 Adami gortince cok korktum.
i¢tigimizde 2 Benzin bitince araba calismaz. UNITE-83
ae 3 Ucaktan inince seni arayacagim. 1
igtiklerinde j
; : ate eae antats vanenn 1 Sandim ki sadece ben davetliyim.
15 2 Dustindtim ki bu aksam evde bir film seyredebiliriz.
diistiguimde UNITE-82 3 Goruyorum ki hala oyun oynuyorsunuz.
diistiigiinde 1 4 Korkarim ki bu ilaci almalisiniz.
diistiigiinde (@asarken 5 Anladim kibeni hi¢ sevmiyor.
diistiigimiizde Pea lerken 6 Eminim kio her seyi biliyor.
diistiigiintizde Sa iianicken 7 Bakiyorum kihepiniz buradasiniz.
diistiiklerinde Amey naren 8 Biliyorum kiher sey guzel olacak.
PRS ether 9 Duydum ki hala ayni yerde ¢alisiyorsun.

2 6 yerken
1 gérdiigimde 7 yaparken 2 Laren ;
2 girdiginde 8 yaparken 1 Film o kadar guzeldi kiug kere seyrettim.
3 vardigimda 9 seyrederken 2 Doner o kadar nefisti ki 2 porsiyon yedim. .
4 aradiginda 10 uyurken BO kadar acim ki butun yemekleri bitirebilirim.
5 dosduginda 11 konusurken 4 Elbiseler o kadar ucuz ki 5 gomlek bir 4 pantolon aldim.
6 sathzimda 12 toplarken 5 Keko kadar nefisti ki hemen bitti.
Pec sidiginda acanercen 6 Yunus o kadar yorgundu kihemen uyudu.
8 bitirdiginde 14 beklerken i © SRT susamisim ki iki litre su igebilirim. 7
@ geldiklerinde Aeocarken 8 Cem’in o kadar parast var ki bir Ferrart alabilir.
fo eieginizde 16 yasarken 9 Bankada fe)kadar insan vardl ki iki saat bekledim.
17 uyurken 10 Diin o kadar soguktu ki iki ceket giydim.
18 kacarken
19 icerken
a

301
KEY
ANSWER
UNITE-84 3
1 2 1 Seeing that you have spilt the water, wipe it out.
1d ie 2 Seeing that you don’t love me, let’s split.
DaG Df 3 Seeing that you have apologized, then |forgive you.
ae 3d 4 Seeing that it will be sunny today, we can go for a picnic.
4b 4b 5 Seeing that you have made tea, then get me some as well.
5 a 6 Seeing that you have an exam tomorrow, you need to study.
6G 7 Seeing that we are hungry, then let’s go to a restaurant.
3 8 Seeing that they will live in Turkey, then they should learn
ee Turkish.

2 ae
2h) it UNITE-87
4b 1
DiC 1 gecenhaftadan beri 5 agustostan beri
2 bayramdan beri 6 mactan beri
4 3 dugiinden beri 7 2001’den beri
1 | wonder if Ahmet has come home? 4 salidan beri 8 kasimdan beri
2 | wonder if Suzan has called the doctor?
3 | wonder if the teacher has come to school? 2
4 | wonder if my father has woken up? 1 Gecen haftadan beri
5 | wonder if the kids have gone to bed? 2 temmuzdan beri
6 | wonder if the airplane has landed? 3 Mactan beri
7 | wonder if the match has started? 4 Dugtnden beri
8 | wonder if the food is ready? 5 2013’ten beri
6 Cumartesiden beri
UNITE-85 7 Gecen yildan beri
1 2 8 Eylulden beri
Peceninki 7c 9 Sabahtan beri
asin ae 10 10’dan beri
3 Benimki 3 {9
4 Onlarinki 3
5S Onunki Dialogue-1 B: Bes yildan beri istanbul’da yasiyoruz.
6 Bizimki Dialogue-2 B: Sekiz haftadan beri Turkce kursuna gidiyorum.
7 Sedat’inki Dialogue-3 B: Alt aydan beri bu sirkette calisiyorum.
Dialogue-4 B: iki giinden beri elektrik yok.
UNITE-86
1 a
1 f ap 1 | haven’t seen Ali since yesterday.
one ae 2 They have been living in Marmaris since last year.
Ag Poe 3 | have been ill since Friday.
ee gd 4 |have been working at this company since September.
5 They have been on holiday since last week.
2 6 We have been living here for a long time.
CaN iedenecreuntne ccd 7 We eve been friends for years.
2 Madem yagmur yagiyor evde film seyredelim. oe aavert oes yoUG sings peg
3 Madem otobiisii kacirdik eve yiiriyelim. piabiaye nt visited my grandpa since last month.
4 Madem Turkce anliyorsun ona yardim edebilirsin. 10 I nave been Jearning TUnkiSiiaineG Iu ly.
5 Madem hasta eve gitsin.
6 Madem vazoyu kirdiniz burayi hemen siiptiriin.
7 Madem oztr diledin seni affedecegim.
8 Madem burasi pahali baska magazaya gidelim.
9 Madem yarin sicak olacak denize gidelim.

ee
302
ANSWER KEY
ee

UNITE-88 4 5
1 bittigi icin 1 kalkmadigi icin
kurakliktan dolay! 11 firtinadan dolayi 2 aldigi icin 2 yapmadigi icin
parasizliktan dolay! 12 yogun kardan dolay! 3 geldigi i¢in 3 i¢medigin icin
gurultUden dolay 13 asiriihmaldendolayi 4 yagdigi icin 4 gelmedigi icin
yagmurdan dolay! 14 hastaliktan dolay1 5 Galistigi igin 5 etmedigi icin
festivalden dolay! 15 cehaletten dolay 6 konustugun icin 6 ¢alismadigim igin
problemlerden dolay! 16 baskidan dolayi
yardimlardan dolay 17 fakirlikten dolay! UNITE-90
dikkatsizlikten dolay! 18 soguktan dolay! 1
BP yogun destekten dolay
OMDNDUBWNP 19 depremden dolay! 1 arkadastan yana 6 grevden yana
10 bir hatadan dolay! 20 selden dolay! 2 futboldan yana 7 sansiirden yana
3 kaliteden yana 8 idamdan yana
2 4 asktan yana 9 sucludan yana
ok 19) kar yuzUnden 5 isten yana 10 esitlikten yana
De 8 e soguktan dolay!
3 | 9d Festivalden dolay1
AS b 10h baski yuzUnden Salih’ten baska 7 babamdan baska
Ey © seh Parasizliktan dolay! Ali’den baska 8 benden baska
6 g WwW problem yUzUnden
DnuhRWNH Suzan’dan baska 9 senden baska
Burak’tan baska 10 ondan baska
UNITE-89 annemden baska 11 kebaptan baska
1 DN caydan baska
DuoBRWNP 12 yumurtadan baska
al, 4
yaptigimdan dolay! geldigimden dolay!
yaptigindan dolay) geldiginden dolay benden baska 4 Kerem’den baska
yaptigindan dolay! geldiginden dolay televizyondan baska 5 Birol’dan baska
yaptigimizdan dolay! geldigimizden dolay! Ww masadan baska
WNP 6 sutten baska
yaptiginizdan dolay! geldiginizden dolay
yaptiklarindan dolay! geldiklerinden dolay! 4
1 ... yumurtadan baska bir sey yok.
2 5 2... magazadan baska bir sey yok.
durdugumdan dolay! bitirdigimden dolay! 3... kebaptan baska bir sey yok.
durdugundan dolay! bitirdiginden dolay! 4... haberden baska bir sey yok.
durdugundan dolay! bitirdiginden dolay! 5... peynir ve zeytinden baska bir sey yok.
durdugumuzdan dolay! bitirdigimizden dolay!
durdugunuzdan dolay! bitirdiginizden dolay) 5
durduklarindan dolay! bitirdiklerinden dolayi 1 gelecek yildan itibaren
2 pazartesiden itibaren
3 ° sas 3 gelecek haftadan itibaren
sattigimdan dolay! igtigimden dolay 4 gelecek aydan itibaren
sattigindan dolay! ictiginden dolay! 5 ocaktan itibaren
sattigindan dolay! i¢tiginden dolay! 6 marttan itibaren
sattigimizdan dolay! i¢tigimizden dolay
sattiginizdan dolay! ictiginizden dolay!
sattiklarindan dolay! ictiklerinden dolay!

bittiginden dolay! kalkmadigindan dolay!

aldigindan dolay! yapmadigindan dolay!
geldiginden dolay! igmediginden dolay!
yagdigindan dolay! gelmediginden dolay
calistigindan dolay! etmediginden dolay!
PD konustugundan dolay!
NDUORWNEBE Ww calismadigimdan dolay!
DOBWNPH
Soe

303
KEY
ANSWER
UNITE-91 UNITE-93

bankaya dogru 11 magazaya dogru halinin altinda / UstUnde

okula dogru 12 Universiteye dogru sehpanin altinda / Ustunde
arabaya dogru 13 istasyona dogru sandalyenin altinda / Ustinde
topa dogru 14 kaleye dogru ortUiniin altinda / Ustunde
kafeye dogru 15 muzeye dogru yatagin altinda / Ustunde
sinemaya dogru 16 restorana dogru agacin altinda / Usttinde
otobUse dogru 17 izmir’e dogru evin altinda / Ustunde
ofise dogru 18 Marmaris’e dogru kanepenin altinda / Usttinde
pS bisiklete dogru
OMDNDURWNP 19 Ankara’ya dogru GES
Gy)
SI)
(YO)
SS
Ss cantanin altinda / Ustunde
10 hastaneye dogru 20 aksama dogru 10 ayakkabinin altinda / Ustinde
11 defterin altinda / UstUnde
2 12 sepetin altinda / Ustlnde
1 .. Marmaris’e dogru ... 13 laptopun altinda / Usttinde
2 .. Universiteye dogru ... 14 masanin altinda / UstUnde
Sa .. otobiise dogru ...
Ae... arabaya dogru ...
5 .. akgsama dogru ...
Canta masanin UstUnde.
6 ... okula dogru ...
Canta masanin altinda.
7 Bankaya dogru ...
Top kanepenin altinda.
8 G6éle dogru ...
Top kanepenin UstUnde.
9 ... Saat 5’e dogru ...
Telefon sehpanin Ustunde.
10 ... Yunus’a dogru ...
DN Telefon sehpanin altinda.
DUOBWNE

3
1 sansure karsi 6 idama karsi
All the new product are under inspection.
2 teklife karsi 7 Portekiz’e karsi
The suspects are under detention.
3 barisa karsi 8 Fenerbahce’ye kars
All the documents are under inspection.
4 dusmana kars! 9 ter6re karsi
W The man is under suspicion.
BWNRP
5 enfeksiyona karsi 10 saldiriya karsi

4 UNITE-94
1 Yeni teklife karsi degilim.
2 Bu adam demokrasiye karsi bir insandir. kapinin OnUnde / arkasinda
3 Saldiriya karsi hazirlik yapiyorlar. otobUstn Ontinde / arkasinda
4 Dusmana karsi zafer kazandik. adamin 6niinde / arkasinda
5 Bizim takim Besiktas’a karsi oynuyor. kadinin OnUnde / arkasinda
yatagin OnUnde / arkasinda
UNITE-92 bankanin Ontinde / arkasinda DUN
PQ
Fe
fBWN
“fer
a)
(qe)
{eb
fob,
(a
1 arabanin OnUnde / arkasinda
i 5 e duvarin OnUnde / arkasinda
2a 6a Ep
OMNDUBWNHH
televizyonun Ontinde / arkasinda
3b 720 10 koltugun Gniinde / arkasinda
4 f 11 evin GnUnde / arkasinda
12 okulun 6ntinde / arkasinda
2 3 13 binanin Gntinde / arkasinda
1 Sinem is not as hard-working as Asli. i 19 14 magazanin 6niinde / arkasinda
2 Tevfik is not as clever as Kenan. 2a
3 Basketball is not as popular as football. 3 c 3
4 Paris is as beautiful as London. Al Calar saat kutunun arkasinda.
5 History is as hard as geography. 2 Calar saat kutunun 6ntnde.
6 July is as hot as August. 3 Bisiklet otobUstin 6niinde.
7 Bulent is as fast as Sedat. 4 Bisiklet otobistin arkasinda.
8 Necla is as hard-working as Asli.
Scan
ee
304
 ANSWER KEY
eee

UNITE-95 UNITE-97

televizyonun yaninda 11 arabanin yaninda kutunun iginde / disinda

okulun yaninda 12 firinin yaninda cantanin icinde / disinda
kadinin yaninda 13 laptopun yaninda binanin iginde / disinda
>
evin yaninda 14 kutunun yaninda bankanin icinde / disinda
restoranin yaninda 15 sokagin yaninda evin icinde / disinda
postanenin yaninda 16 istasyonun yaninda odanin icinde / disinda
bankanin yaninda 17 kitabevinin yaninda kafenin icinde / disinda
dukkanin yaninda 18 sinifin yaninda arabanin icinde / disinda
Pp yatagin yaninda
OMDNDUBWNPR 19 kanepenin yaninda Pp banyonun icinde / disinda
ONMNHDUBWNP
10 masanin yaninda 20 sehpanin yaninda 10 clzdanin iginde / disinda
11 okulun icinde / disinda
12 caminin icinde / disinda
Okulun yaninda supermarket var.
Evin yaninda nehir var.
Laptopun yaninda telefon var. Fare kutunun icinde.
Firinin yaninda magaza var. Fare kutunun disinda.
PQ Koltugun yaninda televizyon var.
OBBWNF Ekmek sepetin icinde.
Ekmek sepetin disinda.
Para cuzdanin icinde.
Omletin yaninda peynir istiyorum. DPD Para cUzdanin disinda.
DOBWNEFB
Cayin yaninda biraz biskUvi istiyorum.
Lahmacunun yaninda ayran istiyorum.
Tatlinin yaninda dondurma istiyorum. Baklava disinda ...
iskenderin yaninda pilav istiyorum. Ahmet disinda ...
Ww Kahvenin yaninda su istiyorum.
DuUKRWNP Su disinda ...
Ww Pilav disinda ...
BWNP

UNITE-96
UNITE-98
televizyonun karsisinda 11 barin karsisinda
stadyumun karsisinda 12 kafenin karsisinda Top oynamak hosuma gitmiyor.
bankanin karsisinda 13 kutUphanenin karsisinda Sarki soylemek hosuma gitmiyor.
caminin karsisinda 14 hastanenin karsisinda Muzik dinlemek onun hosuna gitmiyor.
binanin karsisinda 15 sinemanin karsisinda Gezmek bizim hosumuza gitmiyor.
postanenin karsisinda 16 tiyatronun karsisinda Turkce 6grenmek hosuma gitmiyor.
villanin karsisinda 17 kilisenin karsisinda C== Yuzmek onlarin hosuna gitmiyor.
roy
OO
CO
a
ae
istasyonun karsisinda 18 havranin karsisinda
BE okulun karsisinda
OMDNDUBWNP 19 magazanin karsisinda
10 mutfagin karsisinda 20 sarayin karsisinda Yemek hosunuza gitti mi?
Hediye hosuna gitti mi?
Film hosuna gitti mi?
Bankanin karsisinda ... 8 Okulun karsisinda ... Kitap hosuna gitti mi?
Tiyatronun karsisinda ... 9 Kilisenin karsisinda ... Festival hosunuza gitti mi?
Caminin karsisinda ... 10 Magazanin karsisinda ... @WeProgram hosunuza gitti mi?
SS
Gl
a)
Ss
KUtUphanenin karsisinda ... 11 Hastanenin karsisinda ...
Binanin karsisinda ... 12 Sarayin karsisinda ...
Televizyonun karsisinda ... 13 istasyonun karsisinda ...
PD Villanin karsisinda ...
NOUBWNHR

ry)

Ww
WNP fs
nu te
oO

305
ANSWER KEY
UNITE-99 3 | 4
1 yardim etmeliydim aramaliydim
5 yardim etmeliydin aramaliydin
il
i vi yardim etmeliydi aramaliydi
op eaee ak hak enala ue yardim etmeliydik aramaliydik
konusmalisin temizlemelisin
yardim etmeliydiniz aramaliydiniz
konusmalt temizlemeli
yardim etmeliydiler aramaliydilar
konusmallyiz temizlemeliyiz
konusmalisiniz temizlemelisiniz 5 6
konusmalilar temizlemeliler almaliydim gelmeliydim
almaliydin gelmeliydin
2 6 almaliydi gelmeliydi
gitmeliyim bitirmeliyim almaliydik gelmeliydik
gitmelisin bitirmelisin almaliydiniz gelmeliydiniz
gitmeli bitirmeli almaliydilar gelmeliydiler
gitmeliyiz bitirmeliyiz 7 8
gitmelisiniz bitirmelisiniz kalkmaliydim gitmeliydim
gitmeliler bitirmeliler kalkmaliydin gitmeliydin
kalkmaliydi gitmeliydi
3 v/ kalkmaliydik gitmeliydik
gelmeliyim almaliyim kalkmaliydiniz gitmeliydiniz
gelmelisin almalisin kalkmaliydilar gitmeliydiler
gelmeli almali
gelmeliyiz almaliyiz a
wae LG AMT,
gelmelisiniz almalisiniz oe Bad
gelmeliler almalilar Bae Gab

4 8 3
yatmaliyim acele etmeliyim ib 3
yatmalisin acele etmelisin Za 4
yatmall acele etmeli
yatmallyiz acele etmeliyiz
yatmalisiniz acele etmelisiniz
yatmalilar acele etmeliler

2 3
il 1 Ders calismali miyim?
2a 2 Erken kalkmali miyim?
sh if 3 Ceket giymeli miyim?
4e 4 Kitap okumali miyim?
57d 5 Disarida beklemeli miyim?
6b 6 Acele etmeli miyim?

UNiTE-100
1
1 2
soylemeliydim yapmaliydim
soylemeliydin yapmaliydin
soylemeliydi yapmaliydi
soylemeliydik yapmaliydik
soylemeliydiniz yapmaliydiniz
soylemeliydiler yapmaliydilar

306
 ANSWER KEY
eee

UNITE-101 UNIiTE-102 UNITE-103

1 1
gorulur 13 karistirilir 1 alinmaz 12 kapatilmaz 1 dldutruluyor 13 isitliyor
yazilir 14 kaynatilir 2 icilmez 13 okunmaz 2 pisiriliyor 14 firlatiliyor
kapatilir 15 gosterilir 3 satilmaz 14 bilinmez 3 kapatiliyor 15 gosteriliyor
»
acilir 16 tutulur 4 atilmaz 15 gidilmez 4 agciliyor 16 tutuluyor
satilir 17 pisirilir 5 birakilmaz 16 soylenmez 5 satiliyor 17 yikiliyor
yapilir 18 birakilir 6 kesilmez 17 tamir edilmez 6 yapiliyor 18 veriliyor
getirilir 19 sogutulur 7 yazilmaz 18 izlenmez 7 getiriliyor 19 atliyor
cirpilir 20 durdurulur 8 yenmez 19 gosterilmez 8 konusuluyor 20 savunuluyor
pp gonderilir.
OMDNDUBRWNP 21 serpilir 9 yapilmaz 20 anlatilmaz 9 gonderiliyor 21 yetistiriliyor
10 anlatilir 22 dokulur 10 getirilmez 21 konusulmaz 10 anlatiliyor 22 sayiliyor
11 bitirilir 23 kesilir 11 acilmaz 11 bitiriliyor 23 kesiliyor
12 bosaltilir 24 unutulur 12 durduruluyor 24 dagitliyor
2
1 Busu icilmez.
beklenir 7 alinir 2 Bu yemek yenmez. bekleniyor 7 aliniyor
okunur 8 baslanir 3 Bu araba alinmaz. okunuyor 8 baslaniyor
boyanir 9 toplanir 4 Bu film izlenmez. boyaniyor 9 toplaniyor
taranir 10 hazirlanir 5 Busir anlatilmaz. taranlyor 10 hazirlaniyor
eklenir 11 sdylenir 6 Burada ingilizce konusulmaz. ekleniyor 11 soyleniyor
temizlenir 12 yikanir 7 Burada sigara icilmez. @n) temizleniyor
PS)
ES
IS)
WS)
IS
Ua 12 yikantyor
8 Buraya ¢op atilmaz.
9 Burada fal bakilmaz.
hazirlanir 6 kesilir 10 Buraya yazi yazilmaz.
sogutulur 7 dokilur 11 Burada iyi servis yapilmaz. Q
cirpilir 8 serpilir 12 Burada bugday yetistirilmez.
eklenir 9 yapilir 13 Burada gazete satilmaz. Ww
WNP nuns @)
=)
er
W pisirilir
PrP
RO
WNEF
OPWN
DOR
14 Burada ayakkabi tamir edilmez.
15 Degerli esyalar burada birakilmaz.
satiliyor
boyantyor
Burada yuzulur mu? oynantyor
Burada ayakkabi tamir edilir mi? yikaniyor
Burada sigara satilir mi? pisiriliyor
Burada ananas satilir mi? gonderiliyor
Burada sigara icilir mi? satiliyor
Burada ingilizce konusulur mu? bitiriliyor
Rize’de cay yetistirilir mi? ®o yetistiriliyor
CS)
Ww
His
NW
GS
WW Buraya ¢op atilir mi?
ONDUBRWNH 10 veriliyor

307
ANSWER
O
ANSWER KEY
KEY e
UNITE-104 UNITE-105
1
1 aranmuiyor 12 pisirilmiyor acildi 9 dustinuldu 17 yikildi
2 yapilmiyor 13 boyanmiyor sunuldu 10 anlatildi 18 verildi
3 gorulmuyor 14 beklenmiyor kapatildi 11 ulasildi 19 atildi
4 satilmiyor 15 konusulmuyor sayildi 12 durduruldu 20 saldirildi
5 sevilmiyor 16 verilmiyor yazildi 13 isitildi 21 yetistirildi
6 calinmiyor 17 yetistirilmiyor gonderildi 14 pisirildi 22 dagitildi
7 oynanmuiyor 18 silinmiyor bitirildi 15 gosterildi 23 azaltildi
8 cizilmiyor 19 hazirlanmiyor duyuldu 16 tutuldu 24 arttrildi
9 izlenmiyor 20 anlatilmiyor
10 alinmiyor 21 kurtarilmiyor
11 temizlenmiyor hazirlandi 5 yikandi 9 dizenlendi 13 aciklandi
yakalandi 6 temizlendi 10 toplandi 14 oynandi
boyandi 7 bulundu 11 bilindi
Burada toplant yapilmiyor. arandi 8 silindi 12 incelendi
Mutfakta simdi yemek pisirilmiyor.
Adam hastaneye goturulmuyor.
Mac izmir’de oynanmiyor.
Bu villalar satilmiyor.
Antalya’da portakal yetistirilmiyor. (qa)
feb)
(ep’
Burada sigara icilmiyor.
ea)
Siparis verilmiyor. Ww
BWNFRN
CaS
is
OBWNP
CONG
CONNIE
> 10g
PA
FP Burada guzel servis yapiImiyor.
HBPWN
CONDON
O

10 Yarin kar beklenmiyor.

11 Cocuklara hikaye okunmuyor.
dagitildi 6 yikandi
12 Burada bugday yetistirilmiyor.
dustintldu 7 bulundu
13 Yaralilar kurtarilmiyor.
gonderildi 8 calindi
14 Burada guzel muzik calinmiyor.
duyuldu 9 kurtarildi
15 Butun odalar temizlenmiyor.
BS verildi
OBWNP 10 goturuldu

3
UNiTE-106
Dialogue-1
A: Burada et satilryor mu?
satilmadi 8 bilinmedi 15 toplanmadi
Dialogue-2 yapilmadi 9 izlenmedi 16 yenmedi
A: Burada Iskender Kebap yapiliyor mu? oynanmadi 10 aciklanmadi 17 kurtarilmadi
alinmadi 11 temizlenmedi 18 yakalanmadi
Dialogue-3 sunulmadi 12 verilmedi 19 hazirlanmadi
A: Burada ikinci el telefon satiliyor mu? getirilmedi 13 varilmadi 20 bulunmadi
pisirilmedi 14 gonderilmedi 21 odenmedi
Dialogue-4
A: Bu aksam mag oynaniyor mu?
Katiller bugiin yakalanmadi. 9 Fatura 6denmedi.
Dialogue-5 Dagcilar kurtarilmadi. 10 Tavuk firinda pisirilmedi.
A: Selda icin dogum giini partisi yapiliyor mu? Sinav sonuclari aciklanmadi. 11 Tatil program! hazirlanmadi.
Aksam yemegi yenmedi. 12 Sokaklar gizelce temizlenmedi.
Dialogue-6 Butun daireler satilmadi. 13 Dilek hastaneye gétiiriilmedi.
A: Burada guzel muzik calintyor mu? Pizza siparisi verilmedi. 14 Yeni bir magaza acilmadi.
Evsizler icgin para toplanmadi. 15 Elbiseler makinede yikanmadi.
Dialogue-7 PD Kimsesizler icin kermes yapilmadi.
ONDUBWNP
A: Bu gece kar bekleniyor mu?

Dialogue-8
A: Buraya yeni bir alisverig merkezi aciliyor mu?
es
308
ANSWER KEY
3 : 2 UNITE-108 7
Dialogue-1 baslarsam 1 bulursam 4, kalksam
A: Araba satildi mi? baslarsan 2 gelirse 1 kalksan
baslarsa 3 yaparsan — yapsam kalksa
Dialogue-2 baslarsak 4 olursam yapsan kalksak
A: Siparis verildi mi? baslarsaniz 5 kalkarsak — yapsa kalksaniz
baslarlarsa 6 calisirsan yapsak kalksalar
Dialogue-3 7 baslarsak —yapsaniz
A: Fatura 6dendi mi? 5 8 gidersen yapsalar 8
bitirirsem gitsem
Dialogue-4 bitirirsen 3 5 gitsen
A: Bulasiklar yikandi mi? bitirirse 1 gelsem gitse
bitirirsek yapmazsam __ gelsen gitsek

i oatevene aciklandi mi? aes Ne ied

yapmazsa aes
gelsek Sate
gitseler
yapmazsak gelseniz
Dialogue-6 6 yapmazsaniz __ gelseler 9
A: Hirsizlar yakalandi mi? bulursam yapmazlarsa arasam
bulursan 3 arasan
Dialogue-7 bulursa 2 Bitar arasa
A: Dagcilar kurtarildi mi? bulursak gelmezsem 6igan arasak
bulursaniz gelmezsen Blea arasaniz
Dialogue-8 bulurlarsa gelmezse Bleak arasalar
A: Cuzdan bulundu mu? gelmezsek olsaniz
7 gelmezseniz olsalar 10
kalkarsam gelmezlerse istesem
kalkarsan 4 istesen
kalkarsa 3 baslasam istese
UNITE-107 AGotieal bulmazsam _ baslasan isteseks
1 email bulmazsan baslasa Bans
1 bulmazsa baslasak isteseler
yaparsam . bulmazsak baslasaniz
yaparsan ; bulmazsaniz __ baslasalar 2
yaparsa gidersem bulmazlarsa 1 gelse
gidersen 5 2 olsa
velgelicals giderse
yaparsaniz 4 alsam Se kalksan
yaparlarsa gidersek baslamazsam _alsan 4 istese
giderseniz baslamazsan alsa 5 olsam
2 giderlerse baslamazsa _alsak 6 arasan
gelirsem 5 baslamazsak _—_alsaniz 7 yapsan
gelirsen ies baslamazsaniz_alsalar 8 satsa
gelirse baslamazlarsa
ararsan 6 3
gelirsek
gelirseniz ee) 5 bulsam 1 | would accept it if | were you.
gelirlerse ararsak yemezsem bulsan 2 If they wanted, they would finish
Ghiches Tie yemezsen bulsa the project quickly.
3 ararlarsa yemezse bulsak 3. What would you do if you were
olursam a yemezsek bulsaniz rich? .
olursan yemezseniz bulsalar 4 Firat would be successful if he
Aisa ders calisirsam Vemezlerse studied/were to study.

eae Haas wn
Olureal ders calisirsan 5 | would buy a new car if | were to

olurlarsa 6 What would you do if you were

ders calisirsaniz ee
ders calisirlarsa
a
309
ANSWER KEY
ANSWER
N e
Se eS eee

UNITE-109 7 2 9
kalksaydim konusabilirim alabilirim kullanabilir
1
kalksaydin konusabilirsin alabilirsin kosabilirler
1
kalksaydi konusabilir alabilir cizebilir
duysaydim
kalksaydik konusabiliriz alabiliriz yapabilirim
duysaydin
kalksaydiniz konusabilirsiniz alabilirsiniz konusabilir
duysaydl
kalksaydilar konusabilirler alabilirler alabilirler
duysaydik
calabilir
duysaydiniz
8 3 10 kullanabilirim
duysaydilar
gitseydim yazabilirim uyanabilirim PD uyanabilir
OMNDUNRAWNHHR
gitseydin yazabilirsin uyanabilirsin 10 yasayabiliriz
2
gitseydi yazabilir uyanabilir 11 ucabilirler
gelseydim
gitseydik yazabiliriz uyanabiliriz 12 soyleyebilir
gelseydin
gitseydiniz yazabilirsiniz uyanabilirsiniz 13 kullanabilir
gelseydi
gitseydiler yazabilirler uyanabilirler 14 icebilirsin
gelseydik
gelseydiniz 15 Islanabilirsin
9 4 11 16 okuyabilir
gelseydiler
arasaydim resim cizebilirim yasayabilirim
arasaydin resim cizebilirsin yasayabilirsin
3 ugamaz
arasaydi resim cizebilir yasayabilir
olsaydim yuzemez
olsaydin arasaydik resim cizebiliriz yasayabiliriz
gelemez
olsaydi arasaydiniz resim cizebilirsiniz yasayabilirsiniz
konusamaz
olsaydik arasaydilar resim cizebilirler yasayabilirler
suremez
olsaydiniz yazamaz
olsaydilar 10 5 12
soyleyemez
isteseydim kosabilirim ucabilirim
calamaz
4 isteseydin kosabilirsin ucabilirsin
ucabilir
W
RP oynayamaz
BPWN
DMN
WOON
baslasaydim isteseydi kosabilir
10 yapamaz
baslasaydin isteseydik kosabiliriz ucabiliriz
11 okuyamaz
baslasaydi isteseydiniz kosabilirsiniz ucabilirsiniz
12 yasayamayiz
baslasaydik isteseydiler kosabilirler ucabilirler
baslasaydiniz UNITE-111
baslasaydilar 6 hs} aI
Bilseydim sarki soyleyebilirim icebilirim 1
5 soyleseydi sarki soyleyebilirsin icebilirsin kosabilir miyim?
alsaydim Hatirlasaydim sarki soyleyebilir i¢ebilir kosabilir misin?
alsaydin calissaydi
BWNFPPD sarki soyleyebiliriz icebiliriz kosabilir mi?
alsaydi sarki soyleyebilirsiniz icebilirsiniz kosabilir miyiz?
alsaydik sarki soyleyebilirler igebilirler kosabilir misiniz?
alsaydiniz gelmeseydi kosabilirler mi?
alsaydilar W 14
yagmasaydl 2
kirmasaydim yapabilirim okuyabilirim
gelebilir miyim?
6 Ww binmeseydi
BWNrH
yapabilirsin okuyabilirsin
yapabilir gelebilir misin?
bulsaydim okuyabilir
gelebilir mi?
bulsaydin yapabiliriz okuyabiliriz
UNITE-110 yapabilirsiniz okuyabilirsiniz
gelebilir miyiz?
bulsaydi
1 yapabilirler gelebilir misiniz?
bulsaydik okuyabilirler
dl gelebilirler mi?
bulsaydiniz
gelebilirim 8 15 3
bulsaydilar
gelebilirsin kullanabilirim surebilirim konusabilir miyim?
gelebilir kullanabilirsin surebilirsin konusabilir misin?
gelebiliriz kullanabilir surebilir konusabilir mi?
gelebilirsiniz kullanabiliriz konusabilir miyiz?
surebiliriz
gelebilirler kullanabilirsiniz konusabilir misiniz?
surebilirsiniz
kullanabilirler surebilirler konusabilirler mi?
————————— a 8 eee
310
ANSWER KEY
5 6 6 Kuyrukta iki saat beklemisler.
Yuruyebilir misin? kaybetmisim gitmisim 7 Ona her seyi soylemis.
Turkce konusabilir misin? kaybetmissin gitmissin 8 Bu sabah bir ugak diismis.
Bisiklet sUrebilir misin? kaybetmis gitmis 9 Mert bir cuzdan bulmus.
SUpermarkete gidebilir misin? kaybetmisiz gitmisiz 10 Komsular tatile gitmisler.
GdzlUkstiz okuyabilir misin? kaybetmissiniz gitmissiniz
UNITE-114
Satran¢ oynayabilir misin? kaybetmisler gitmisler
Annen bilgisayar kullanabilir mi? 1 8
Moskova’da yasayabilir misiniz? 7 8 kazanmis miyim? almis miyim?
PD
FE
BWN
DU
OMANSelda yarin baslayabilir mi? yapmisim baslamisim kazanmis misin? almis misin?
kazanmis mi? almis mi?
10 Beni okula gotirebilir misin? yapmissin baslamissin
kazanmis muyiz? almis miyiz?
11 Bana yardim edebilir misin? yapmls baslamis kazanmis misiniz? almis misiniz?
12 Berkan keman calabilir mi? yapmisiz baslamisiz kazanmislar mi? almislar mi?
13 Yemek yapabilir misin? yapmissiniz baslamissiniz
14 Tenis oynayabilir misiniz? yapmislar baslamislar 2.
bitirmis miyim? 2
bitirmis misin? 1 ... bitmis mi?
UNITE-112 9 10 bitirmis mi? 2 ... uyumuslar mi?
almisim bulmusum bitirmis miyiz? 3 ... vermis misiniz?
almissin bulmussun bitirmis misiniz? 4 ... kaybetmisler mi?
almis bulmus bitirmisler mi? 5 ... kazanmis mi?
6 ... baslamis mi?
almisiz bulmusuz
3 7 ... gitmis mi?
almissiniz bulmussunuz kagirmis miyim? 8 ... kacirmis mi?
almislar bulmuslar kacirmis misin? 9 ... yapmis mi?
kacirmis mi? NO yagmis mi?
1 Telefonu kullanabilir miyim? antl 12 kagirmis miyiz? 11... yemisler mi?
2 Burada sigara icebilir miyim? kacirmis misiniz? 12... almis mi?
beklemisim oynamisim kacgirmislar mt?
Burada sigara icebilir miyiz? beklemissin oynamissin 3
Disari cikabilir miyim? beklemis oynamis 4 Dialogue-1:
Burada bekleyebilir miyim? beklemisiz oynamisiz baslamig mtyim? ... yememisler
Cocuklar burada oynayabilirler mi? beklemissiniz oynamissiniz baslamis misin?
Eve erken gidebilir miyim? baslamis mi? Dialogue-2:
beklemisler oynamislar baslamis muyiz? ... baslamis.
W
fH
NOWBurada oturabilir miyim?
baslamis misiniz?
Burada oturabilir miyiz? 13 14 baslamislar mi? Dialogue-3
8 Onunla konusabilir miyim? yardim etmisim soylemisim Leyla cuzdanini bulmus m
9 Partiye ben de gelebilir miyim? yardim etmissin sdylemissin 5
10 Kalemini kullanabilir miyim? kaybetmis miyim? Dialogue-4
yardim etmis soylemis kaybetmis misin? O kitabi okumuslar mi?
11 Kiinefe alabilir miyim? yardim etmisiz soylemisiz kaybetmis mi?
yardim etmissiniz sdylemissiniz kaybetmis miyiz? Dialogue-5
UNITE-113 yardim etmisler soylemisler kaybetmis misiniz? ... gitmisler.
kaybetmisler mi?
1 Dialogue-6
1 2 15 6 Adam evi temizlemis mi?
gelmisim bitirmisim dusmusum hazirlamig miyim?
gelmissin bitirmissin dusmussun hazirlamis misin?
dusmus hazirlamis mi?
gelmis bitirmis
hazirlamis miyiz?
gelmisiz bitirmisiz dusmusuz
hazirlamis misiniz?
gelmissiniz bitirmissiniz dusmUussunuz hazirlamislar mi?
gelmisler bitirmisler dusmiusler
7
4 vermis miyim?
3 vermis misin?
kacirmisim kazanmisim Mag baslamis. vermis mi?
kacirmissin kazanmissin Buttin kek bitmis. vermis miyiz?
kagirmis kazanmis Ali yemek yapmis. vermis misiniz?
kagirmisiz kazanmisiz Cok para kazanmislar. vermisler mi?
kagirmissiniz kazanmissiniz AD Yeni
OBWNP bir ev almissiniz.
kacirmislar kazanmislar
i
ce ee ee
311
 Index ‘yond 58
-(i)yor 40

-1r/-ir/-ur/-tr 137
-1t/-it/-ut/-tit- 137
-ken (while) 58
Suffixes* ee
-acagi/-ecegi igin 188 -ki (as an adjectival suffix) 80
-acagindan/-eceginden dolay1 188 -ki (as a pronominal suffix - benimki, seninki, onunki, etc.) 180
-a/-e dogru (towards) 192 -ler/-lar 48, 256
bana dogru = towards me 192 -lik/-hk/-luk/-lik 48, 78
bize dogru = towards us 192 -li/-li/-lu/-lii_ 48, 68
ona dogru = towards him/her/it 192 -mek/-mak 250
onlara dogru = towards them 192 -mek/-mak gerek 251
sana dogru = towards you 192 -meli/-mali (must, should, have to) 208
size dogru = towards you 192 -meli mi?/-mali mi? 208
-a/-e karsi (against) 192 -meli miydi?/-mali miydi? 210
-ar/-er- 137 -meliydi/-maliydi (should have) 210
-ce/-ca/-¢e/-ca -me/-ma + y + -ecek/-acak + personal suffix 102
bence 98 -me/-mez or -ma/-maz 56
bizce 98 -memis/-mamis 238
sence 98 -men/-man gerekirdi (You should have ...) 251
-ce/-ca/-ce/-ca (adverb-making sufhix) 98 -men/-man gerek(ir) (You need to/should ...) 251
-ci/-c1/-cu/-cti/-¢i/-¢1/cu/-cit_ 74 -mis mi?/-mis m1?/-mus mu?/-miis mui? 238
-das 76 -mus/-mis/-mus/-miis 236
-de/-da 32 -n- (buffer e-letter) 132
-de/-da/-te/-ta 32, 36 ... ne demek(tir)? = What does ... mean? 166
.. demek(tir). =... means... 166 =f 04
-den baska (apart from) 190 -sel 76
-den beri (since, for) 184 -se/-sa 224
diinden beri =since yesterday 184 -siz/-siz/-suz/-stiz 68, 70
o zamandan beri (since then) 184 -t 54
sabahtan beri = since morning 184 -t- 136
uzun zamandan beri (for a long time) 184 -te/-ta 32
yiullardan beri (for years) 184 -t in the verbs git-, et-, tat-, seyret- 40
-den/-dan (from) 92 -y- 32,72
-den/-dan/-ten/-tan 34 -(y)-ama-(z) 230
-den dolay1/6tiirti (because of, due to, thanks to) 186 -y- (buffer letter) 30
-den itibaren (with effect from) 190 -(y)-eme-(z) 230
-den yana (as regards) 190 -(y)ince (upon doing something; when) 172
-di 27 -(y)le/-(y)la 252
-digi gibi 246 -yor 18
-dim/-dim/-dum/-diim 26 -(y)se/-(y)sa 28
-dir 24
-dir- 136 A
-digi icin 188 Acasi2
-digindan dolayi 188
ablative case 34
-diginda (when) 170
-den/-dan/-ten/-tan 34
-e/-a dogru 30
okuldan, isten, vs. 34
-e/-a kadar 30
adjectives 48
-ebil/-abil (can, be able to) 230, 232, 234
adjective + noun combinations 48
-ecek/-acak + mi/mi + personal suffix? 104 -ler/-lar 48
sates 54
-lik/-hk/-luk/-lik 48
8 -li/-li/-lu/-la 48
-ici/-1¢c1/-ucu/-ticll 72
: 2 refix
-il/-1l/-ul/-til 220 P eo
. Zz sifatlar 48
-im/-1m/-um/-iim 18
suffixes 48
-ip/-1p/-up/-tip 140
aksam 120
-ir/-1r/-ur/-iir 54
... ister misiniz? (Would you like ...?) 253 aksama 120
aksama dogru 120
*You will also find these and other suffixes under
their relevant grammar topics listed in the index. 312
ama kadar 120 bir sekilde 98
amdan beri 120 birtakim 245
ami bulmak 120 biz 24, 130
amlari 120 bizce 98
vamleyin 120 bizde 32
Kam uzeri 120 bize gore = in our opinion 247
onda (under, below) 196 bizim 130
ya 154 bizim gibi = like us 246
_a, fakat, lakin, ne var ki (but) 150 bizim i¢gin = for us 134
Mma 150 bizimki 180
sak, yalniz, (but, only) 150 bizimle = withus 148
sinda (between, among) 148, 252 bucuk (half) 126
ge EP bu gece = tonight 123
xa (back) 198 bugiin (today) 124
xasinda (behind) 198 bu kadar = this much 194
1k (no longer, not ... any more; from now on) 108 buna ragmen, (ama) bununla birlikte (despite this, nevertheless)
»undan béyle 108 152,
sundan sonra 108 bundan béyle 108
agi 94 bundan dolayi (so, therefore) 160, 186
isagida 94 bundan sonra 108
isagidan 94 bunlar gibi = like these 246
asagis1 94 bunun gibi = like this 246
asagiya 94 bunun icin = because of this, so 134
la 112 bununla beraber 152
larca 98 bununla birlikte 152
96 burada = in this place, here 242
cok 96 buradan = from here 242
burasi = this place, here 242
burasi vs burada 242
buraya = to this place, to here 242
hep lb
bu sebeple (so, therefore) 160
ick vowels 14
biitiin (all) 62
ina gore = in my opinion 247
biitiin giin 115
z1 (some, certain) 62
bu yiizden (so, therefore) 160, 186
n 24, 130
nce 98
G:
nde 32
‘nim 130 Grcel2
nim gibi = like me 246 C,¢ 12
nim icin = for me 134 calar saat 114
nimki 180 cardinal numbers 50
nimle = with me 148 sayma sayilar1 50
l- (know) 46 cay saati/vakti 114
nlerce 98 ceyrek (a quarter) 126
n (one thousand) 50 cogu (most) 62, 96
Rewbine 12 cok 96
raz 96 az cok 96
t bicimde 98 bircok 96
rcok 96, 245 cogu 96
rde 244 en cok 96
rinci 52 pek cok 96
risi var 36 comparatives and superlatives 82
risi var mi? 36 daha 82
rivar 36 en 82
rkac (a few, several) 245 En... hangisidir? 82
r kisim 62 Hangisi daha ...? 82
r milyar (one billion) 50 Compounds 18
r milyon (one million) 50 Consonant Mutation 20, 22
r(one) 50 he:
r (one; only; once) 244 loan words 20

313
 p. ¢ t, k, (n)k 20 en cok 96
single-syllable words 20 etmek 40, 250
voiced consonants 20, 22 ettirgen ¢ati-1 136
20, 22 ettirgen ¢ati-2 138 z .
voiceless consonants
ciinki, zira (because, for) 160 expressing ability in the present simple tense positive and negative
230
o -ebil/-abil (can, be able to) 230
-(y)-eme-(z) / -(y)-ama-(z) 230
Heise expressing ability in the present simple tense question 232
ty a -ebil/-abil (can, be able to) 232
simple
iran
daha tes
énce 106 aii expressing AN requests and permission in the present
ee offers,
daha simdi 108
bil (can, > be bleable to)to) 234
ebil/-aabi
-ebil/-
daha yeni 108
expressing past unreality with the conditional 228
cosas -ma-saydi 228
daima, hep, her zaman, stirekli (always) 110 aa eedi 228
dakika 114 Y
-seydi/-saydi 228
dakika basi 114
Yerinde olsaydim (If Ihad been you) 228
dative case 30
expressing polite offers and requests 253
a 4 ... ister misiniz? (Would you like ...?) 253
okula, ise, vs. 30 :
PRP GN istemek (to want) 253
de/da (and, also, too, as well) 140 F
degil 24
degildi 26 Bf 12
degil mi ki 182 filler (verbs) 250
degilse or degil ise 28 etmek 250
demek (it means, that is to say) 166 -mek/-mak 250
Demek ki 166 olmak 250
Demek oluyor ki 166 foreign words 18
demektir 166 front vowels 14
... demek(tir). = ox NETS 5 UGE future tense negative 102
diye biri 168 Gelmeyecegim. (I won't come.) 102
diye (so that, as, in case) 168 -me/-ma + y + -ecek/-acak + personal suffix 102
-digi zaman 170 future tense positive 100
disari 92 -ecek/-acak + mi/mi + personal suffix? 104
disari cik- 92 ecek/acak + personal suffix 100
disarida 92 Gelecegim. (I will come.) 100
disaridan 92 -y- (buffer letter) 100
disarisi 92 future tense question 104
disariya 92 Gelecek miyim? (Will come?) 104
disaridan 92
disinda (outside) 204 G
dolayi 186 Ge
dolayisiyla 186 Gap
diin gece = last night 123 28
diin (yesterday) 124 one
duvar saati 114 oe ae r ;
gece giindiiz = day and night 123
E geceleri 123
geceleyin 123
Heal gecen gece = the other night 123
ecek/acak + personal sufix 100 gecenin bu vaktinde = at this time of night 123
edilgen ¢ati (gec¢mis zaman — olumlu ciimle) 220 Gelecegim. (I will come.) 100
edilgen cati (ge¢mis zaman - olumsuz ve soru ciimleleri) 222 gelgelelim (however) 154
edilgen ¢ati (genis zaman - olumlu ciimle) 212 Gelmeyecegim. (I won't come.) 102
edilgen ¢ati (genis zaman - olumsuz ve soru ciimleleri) 214 geri (back, backward) 254
edilgen ¢ati (simdiki zaman - olumlu ciimle) 216 geri ¢ek-/al- move something back 254
edilgen ¢ati (simdiki zaman - olumsuz ve soru ciimleleri) 218 geride 254
emir ciimleleri 255 geri gel-/dén- come back, return 254

314
-{ gdtiir- take something back 254 her gece = every night 123
pisi 254 her giin 115
vi (as, like) 246 herhangi bir 64
renim gibi = like me 246 her vakit 110
sizim gibi = like us 246 her zaman 110
punlar gibi = like these 246 hiest12
punun gibi = like this 246 hicbir (no, none of, not... any) 62, 64
|digi gibi 246 hicbiri 64
oniar gibi = like those/like them 246 hicbir sey 64
nun gibi = like him/her/it 246 hicbir yerde 64
onun gibi = like that/it 246 hicbir zaman 64
senin gibi = like you 246 hig degilse 112
e-zin gibi = like you 246 hic kimse 112
sunlar gibi = like those 246 hig olmazsa 112
sunun gibi = like that 246 hig yoktan 112
t- 40 ... hosuma gidiyor. (I like ... .) 206
ore (according to) 247 ... hoguma gitmiyor. (I don't like ... .) 206
bana gore = in my opinion 247 hosuna git- 206
bize gore = in our opinion 247
ona gore = in his/her opinion 247 I
onlara gore = in their opinion 247
I,1 24
sana gore = in your opinion 247
igeri 92
size g6re = in your opinion 247
iceride 92
-(y)e/-(y)a gore 247
iceriden 92
in 114
iceri gir- 92
biitiin giin 115
icerisi 92
her giin 115
icerlye 92
indtiz 122 icinde (inside) 204
indtiz gdztiyle 122 icin (for) 134
indtizleri 122 I have/don't have 38
inlerce 98, 115 iken, -(y)ken (while, when, as) 174
inlerdir 115 ile 140, 148, 252
unt 115
ilerde 254
‘ipegiindiiz 122 ileri (forward, ahead) 254
‘iya (allegedly, supposedly) 154 ileri bak- look ahead 254
ileri cek-/al- move something forward 254
I
ileride 254
pale 12 ileri git- go forward 254
afta 116 ilerisi 254
atta aras1 116 ileriye 254
afta basi 116 ile/-(y)le instead of ve 140
aftada bir 116 ile, -(y)le/-(y)la (with, by, and) 148
afta ici 116 ilk 52
aftalarca 98 Is/Are there ... ? 36
aftalardir 116 ise 28
afta sonu 116 -(y)se/-(y)sa 156
ala 108 isek 28
ala, daha, heniiz (still, yet) 108 iseler 28
albuki, oysaki (whereas, though) 154 isem 28
ani (you said that, you promised that, you know that) 162 isen 28
ard consonants 24 iseniz 28
ele (especially, in particular) 162 ise (whereas, as for, however) 156
ele hele 163 Isn't/Aren't there ... ? 36
2m (de) 142 iste béyle (just like that, like this) 243
2m ... hem de (both... and) 142 Iste bu! 243
nuz 108 iste bu, iste o (like this/that, precisely) 243
»p 110 Iste! (There it is!) 243
er aksam 120 iste- (to want) 46, 253
aece 123 iyelik durumu-1 130

315
iyelik durumu-2 132 N
lyi geceler. = Good night 123
nasil (how) 27, 44, 60, 104, 249
WA she 22
Nasil bir ... 249
K nasildi 27
Nasil bir ... 249
KI nasilmis 249
Kac (How many) 50 nasilmis 249
kaginci 52 native words 18
Kag tane 66 ne 44, 146
kadar (about, as ... as, until, by, as far as) 194 ne demek(tir)? = What does ... mean? 166
benim kadar = as... as me 194 nedeniyle 186
bizim kadar = as... as us 194 ne... ne de (neither... nor) 146
bu kadar = this much 194 nerede 27, 32, 44
o kadar = so much 194 nereden 34
onlar kadar = as... as them 194 nerede (where) 44, 104
onun kadar = as... as him/her/it 194 nerede (where) 60
senin kadar = as ... as you 194 nereye 30
sizin kadar = as ... as you 194 ne var ki, gelgelelim (however) 154
su kadar = that much 194 ne (what) 44, 248
kala 128 ne (what) 60
karsisinda (opposite) 202 ne yazik ki, maalesef (unfortunately) 154
kere 116 neyle 248
kez 116 Ne zamandan beri... ? = Since when... ? 184
kim 44 ne zaman (when) 44, 104
Kimde 32 nicin (ne+icin) = Why?/For what? 134
Kimden 34 nitekim (just so, just as, likewise; as a matter of fact) 164
Kime 30
niye/neden (why) 44
kimi 62
non-action verbs 46
kiminki 180
iste- (want), bil- (know), sev- (love), vs. 46
kiminle 148
numbers 50
kimin (whose) 132
Kac¢ (How many) 50
kimse yok 36 -ler/-lar 50
kimse yok mu? 36 ordinal numbers 52
kim (who) 44
sayilar 50
kisi 48
kisilik 48 O
ki (that) as a conjunction-1 176
ki (that) as a conjunction-2 178 O, 0 24, 130
kol saati 114 o gece = that night 123
6gle 118
L 6gleden beri 119
6gleden 6nce 119
loan suffixes and prefixes 18
ogleden sonra 119
locative case 32
dglen 119
-de/-da/-te/-ta 32
dgleye/Sglene kadar 119
okulda, iste, vs. 32
o kadar ... ki 176
locative case marker 27
okula, ise, vs. 30
M okulda, iste, vs. 32
olarak 90
maalesef (unfortunately) 154 ilk olarak 90
madem (ki) (seeing that, now that, considering that) 182 son olarak 90
degil mi ki 182 tam (olarak) 90
megerse, meger = apparently, it seems that 158 olmak 24, 26, 28, 250
mesai/calisma saati 114 ona gore = in his/her opinion 247
milyarlarca 98 Once (before) 106
milyonlarca 98 daha 6nce 106
mi?/mi?/mu?/mii? 214 -den/-dan/-ten/-tan 106
mi/mi/mu/miti 26 Oncelikle 106
mi/m1/mu/miui (the question particle) 24 onda 32
- (front) 198 possessive adjectives 130, 180
mar 24, 130 possessive pronouns 180
wlara gore = in their opinion 247 benimki 180
alarda 32 -ki (as a pronominal suffix - benimki, seninki, onunki, etc.) 180
ilar gibi = like those/like them 246 seninki 180
ilar icin = for them 134 present continuous negative 42
slarin 130 Gelmiyorum. (I am not coming.) 42
arinki 180 -mi/-mi/-mu/-mti +yor 42
alarla= with them 148 present continuous positive 40
jun 130 Geliyorum. (Iam coming.) 40
aiinde (in front of) 198 -(i)yor 40
nun gibi = like him/her/it 246 yor 40
sn icin = because of that, so 134 present continuous question 44
aun i¢gin = for him/her/it 134 Geliyor musun? (Are you coming?) 44
aunki 180 mu+sun? 44
bizimki 180 . present simple negative and question 56
onlarinki 180 Gelir misin? (Do you come?) 56
onunki 180 Gelmem. (I don't come.) 56
sizinki 180 -me/-mez or -ma/-maz 56
qunla = with him/her/it 148 mi/mi/mu/mii + personal suffix 56
-adan = from over there 242 polite requests 56
-ada (over there) 242 present simple positive 54
-aya = to that place, to over there 242 -er/-ar 54
-dinal numbers 52 Gelirim. (I come.) genis zaman 54
birinci 52 -ir/-1r/-ur/-tir 54
ilk 52 -r 54
-inci/-inci/-uncu/-tincti 52 -t 54
kaginei 52
son 52 R
sonuncu 52
real conditional 224
‘uru 186
-ir/-tir/-r 224
ylew.. ki 176 -ir/-ur/-r 224
ysaki (whereas, though) 154 -se/-sa 224
zamandan beri (since then) 184
reported/heard past tense positive 236
-mis/-mis/-mus/-mus 236
reported past tense negative and question
ast continuous negative and question 60 -memis/-mamuis 238
Konusmuyordum. (I wasn't talking.) 60 -mis mi?/-mig mi?/-mus mu?/-miis mti? 238
Konusuyor muydun? (Were you talking?) 60 rounded vowels 16
-mi/-mi/-mu/-mti + yordu 60
ast continuous positive 58 S
-diginda (when) 58 canted 14.
-(i)yordu ("was/were doing") 58 saat basi 114
-ken (while) 58 saat farki 114
Konusuyordum. (I was talking.) 58 Saat kacta? (What time ...?, When ...?) 128
ast simple negative 86 -de/-da/-te 128
daha 86 hour + minutes + -de/-da/-te 128
Gelmedim. (I didn’t come.) 86 hour + minutes + -i/-1/-u/-ii + gece 128
hentiz 86 kala 128
-ma/-me + -di/di + personal suffix 86 Saat kac? (What time is it?) 126
ast simple positive 84 -de/-da/-te/-ta 126
-di/-di/-du/-dii or -ti/-t1/-tu/-tii 84 hour + -e/-a + minute + var 126
Geldim. (I came.) 84 hour + -i/-1/-u/-ii + minute + geciyor 126
ast simple question 88 sabah 118
Geldim mi? (Did I come?) 88 sabaha 118
ek cok 96, 245 sabaha kadar 118
ersonal Pronouns 24, 32, 130 sabahlari 118
ece 66 sabahleyin 118
tane 66

Bat.
sabahtan beri 118 tanesi 66
sakin (don't you dare) 164 tat- 40
Sakin ha! 164 the causative case-1 136
sana gore = in your opinion 247 -ar/-er 137
saniye 114 -dir 136
saniyesi saniyesine 114 ettirgen ¢ati-1 136
sayilar = numbers 50 -1r/-ir/-ur/-Ur 137
sira sayilari 52 -1t/-it/-ut/-tit 137
sebebiyle 186 -t 136
sen 24, 130 the causative case-2 138
sence 98 ettirgen ¢ati-2 138
sende 32 the syntax of the causative 138
senin 130 the genitive case-1 130
senin gibi = like you 246 iyelik durumu-1 130
senin i¢in = for you 134 personal pronouns 130
seninki 180 possessive adjectives 130
seninle = with you 148 the genitive case-2 132
sesli uyumu 14, 16, 18 iyelik durumu-2 132
sessiz harflerde déniistim 20, 22 the imperative 255
sev- = to love/like 42, 46 emir climleleri 255
seyret- 40 the passive voice in past simple negative and questions 222
sifir 12 edilgen cati (gegmis zaman - olumsuz ve soru ciimleleri) 222
simdi (now) 106, 108 the passive voice in the past simple positive 220
siz 24, 130 edilgen cati (ge¢mis zaman — olumlu ciimle) 220
sizde 32 -il/-11/-ul/-wl 220
size gore = in your opinion 247 the passive voice in the present continuous negative and question
sizin 130 218
sizin gibi = like you 246 edilgen ¢ati (simdiki zaman - olumsuz ve soru ciimleleri) 218
sizin i¢in = for you 134 the passive voice in the present continuous positive 216
sizinki 180 edilgen ¢ati (simdiki zaman - olumlu ciimle) 216
sizinle = with you 148 the passive voice in the present simple negative and questions 21
sifatlar 48 edilgen cati (genis zaman — olumsuz ve soru ciimleleri) 214
sifir 12 -maz/-mez 214
sira sayilari = ordinal numbers mi?/mi?/mu?/mu? 214
-inci/-inci/-uncu/-iincti 52 the passive voice in the present simple positive 212
soft consonants 24 -il/-11/-ul/-til 212
son 52 -in/-1n/-un/-tin 212
son dakika 114 the plural 256
son giinlerde 115 -ler/-lar 256
son olarak 90 There is/are ..., There isn't/aren't ... 36
sonra (after) 106, 108 to be 24, 26, 28
bundan sonra 108 tiim/biitiin gece/gece boyunca = all night 123
-den/-dan/-ten/-tan sonra 106 Turk Alfabesi 12
sonuncu 52 Turkish Alphabet 12
su kadar = that much 194
sunun gibi = like that 246 U
suradan = from there 242
unreal conditional 226
surada (there) 242
-se/-sa 226
suraya = to that place, to there 242
Yerinde olsam (If Iwere you) 226
surekli 110
lstiinde (on, over, above) 196
surekli (olarak) 110
uzerinde 196
T uzun zamandan beri (for along time) 184

tam (olarak) 90 Vv
tane 66
var 38
dorder 66
var mi? 36, 38
ikiser 66
var / yok 36
ucer 66
ve 140

318
-ip/-1p/-up/-ip 140
"(and) 140
rya 144
yahut 145
ya, ya da, yahut, veyahut (or) 144
iced consonants 30
iceless consonants 20, 30
owel Harmony 14, 16, 18
compounds 18
poreign words 18
-im/-1m/-um/-tim 18
joan suffixes and prefixes 18
ative words 18
~yor 18
awels 12
Back 12
Front 12
Rounded 12
Unrounded 12

1 162
ida 144
ahut 144
ikininda 200
an 200
ininda (beside, next to) 200
arin gece = tomorrow night 123
arin (tomorrow) 124
1... ya da (either ... or) 144
rel saat 114
erinde olsam (If Iwere you) 226
llarca 98
llardan beri (for years) 184
ok 38
ok mu? 36, 38
oksa otherwise, if not, I wonder if 158
aukar1 94
yukarda 94
yukardan 94
yukarida 94
yukaridan 94
yukarisi 94
yukariya 94
izlerce 98
iz (one hundred) 50
iziinden 186

ra (because, for) 160

319
 t
Aimed at beginner level learners of Turkish, this book is a perfect accompanimen
to the grammar units covered in the Turkish Grammar in Practice book.

L|@Ae7

for beginners

Main features:

Suitable for A1 (beginner) learners of Turkish

carefully graded, fun and engaging stories based on real-life situations
comprehensive grammar and vocabulary framework
full-colour illustrations
comprehension, grammar and vocabulary quizzes following each story
full key to quizzes
Turkish-English dictionary
free and instant access to online audio recordings of the stories

To find out more, please visit foxtonbooks.co.uk/turkish-graded-readers

320
‘i
Turkish Grammar in Practice
A self-study reference & practice book

Turkish Grammar in Practice introduces grammar to learners at beginner

to intermediate level. It consists of 114 units, each on a grammatical topic.
The units cover the main areas of Turkish grammar. The explanations are on |

the left-hand page, and the exercises are on the right-hand page. Plenty —

of sample sentences and conversations help you use grammar in real-life

situations. The explanations are followed by exercises that practise the new
language in authentic situations. There is a full answer key for you to check
your answers to the exercises in the book.

Key features:
¢ Clear and easy-to-follow explanations
* Over 2000 sample sentences and dialogues
¢ Around 3000 practice questions
¢ Around 450 colour illustrations
¢ A dictionary of 1900 headwords used throughout the book
* Tips highlighting common errors and characteristics of Turkish grammar
¢ Full key to exercises