ACADEMIC WINDOW

2025-26

PHYSICS
Grade 12
Dear students
The aim of physics is to discover the essential nature and natural phenomena. A totally different
attempt has been made through this book for the students to understand the concepts of Physics
and I am sure that it will be extremely useful to the senior secondary students.
This book is truly a synergistic product of a team of people in which every team member has put
in their wholehearted and unique contribution. I express my deep appreciation to their tremendous
efforts.
I take pride in conveying my sincere thanks to my team for their excellent support in bringing
out this book.
In order to make it simple this book has been divided into two terms. Students mainly require
focusing on the understanding, proper knowledge and physical interpretation of the formulae.
Special focus has been given to add formulae at a glance at the beginning of each unit, which
helps students to easily recollect them. This is followed by the synopsis and the type of questions
that can be asked for CBSE exams.
Another added feature is the solved samples papers and their blueprint which will enable students
to understand the approach towards solving questions as per the value points in order to score
maximum marks.
Suggestions on this book shall be gratefully acknowledged.

Regards,

HOD – Physics
DPS, Sharjah

March, 2025
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 COURSE STRUCTURE
QUESTION PAPER DESIGN (Class: XI/XII)
Board Examination –Theory
Maximum Marks: 70 Duration: 3 hrs.

Objective SA LA-I LA-II Total

No Typology of Questions %
(1 mark) (2mark) (3marks) (5marks) Marks

Remembering: Exhibit memory of

1 previously learned material by recalling 2 2 1 - 9 12%
facts, terms, basic concepts, and answers.

Understanding: Demonstrate
understanding of facts and ideas by
2 organizing, comparing, translating, 6 2 2 1 21 31%
interpreting, giving descriptions, and
stating main ideas.
Applying: Solve problems to new
situations by applying acquired
3 6 2 1 2 23 33%
knowledge, facts, techniques
and rules in a different way.
Analysing and Evaluating: Examine and
break information into parts by identifying
motives or causes. Make inferences and
find evidence to support generalizations
4 6 1 2 - 14 20%
Present and defend opinions by making
judgments about information validity of
ideas, or quality of work based on a set of
criteria.
Creating: Compile information
together in a different way by combining
5 - - 1 - 3 5%
elements in a new pattern or proposing
alternative solutions.
Total 20x1=20 7x2=14 7x3=21 3x5=15 70 100
 CLASS XII (2019-20)
(THEORY)

Time: 3 hrs. Max Marks: 70

No. of Periods Marks

Unit–I Electrostatics
Chapter–1: Electric Charges and Fields 22
Chapter–2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance 16
Unit-II Current Electricity
20
Chapter–3: Current Electricity
Unit-III Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
Chapter–4: Moving Charges and Magnetism 22
Chapter–5: Magnetism and Matter
17
Unit-IV Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents
Chapter–6: Electromagnetic Induction 20
Chapter–7: Alternating Current
Unit–V Electromagnetic Waves
Chapter–8: Electromagnetic Waves 04
Unit–VI Optics 18
Chapter–9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 27
Chapter–10: Wave Optics
Unit–VII Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Chapter–11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter 08
Unit–VIII Atoms and Nuclei 12
Chapter–12: Atoms 15
Chapter–13: Nuclei
Unit–IX Electronic Devices
Chapter–14: Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, 12 7
Devices and Simple Circuits
Total 150 70
Unit I: Electrostatics 22 Periods
Chapter – 1: Electric Charges and Fields
Electric Charges; Conservation of charge, Coulomb's law-force between two point charges, forces
between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution. Electric field,
electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines, electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole,
torque on a dipole in uniform electric field. Electric flux, statement of Gauss's theorem and its
applications to find field due to infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and
uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and outside).
Chapter – 2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and system of
charges; equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of
electric dipole in an electrostatic field. Conductors and insulators, free charges and bound charges
inside a conductor. Dielectrics and electric polarisation, capacitors and capacitance, combination of
capacitors in series and in parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric
medium between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor.
Unit II: Current Electricity 20 Periods
Chapter – 3: Current Electricity
Electric current, flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity, mobility and their
relation with electric current; Ohm's law, electrical resistance, V-I characteristics (linear and non-
linear), electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity and conductivity, temperature dependence
of resistance. Internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and emf of a cell, combination of cells
in series and in parallel, Kirchhoff's laws and simple applications, Wheatstone bridge.
Unit III: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism 22 Periods
Chapter – 4: Moving Charges and Magnetism
Concept of magnetic field, Oersted's experiment. Biot - Savart law and its application to current
carrying circular loop. Ampere's law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire. Straight and
toroidal solenoids (only qualitative treatment), force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and
electric fields. Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field, force between two
parallel current-carrying conductors-definition of ampere, torque experienced by a current loop in
uniform magnetic field; moving coil galvanometer-its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter
and voltmeter.
Chapter – 5: Magnetism and Matter
Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment, magnetic dipole moment of a
revolving electron, magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and
perpendicular to its axis, torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field; bar
magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; earth's magnetic field and magnetic
elements. Para-, dia- and ferro - magnetic substances, with examples.
Unit IV: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents 20 Periods
Chapter – 6: Electromagnetic Induction
Electromagnetic induction: Faraday's laws, induced EMF and current; Lenz's Law, Eddy currents.
Self and mutual induction.
Chapter – 7: Alternating Current
Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/voltage; reactance and impedance;
LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only), LCR series circuit, resonance; power in AC circuits,
power factor, wattless current. AC generator and transformer.
Unit V: Electromagnetic waves 04 Periods
Chapter – 8: Electromagnetic Waves
Basic idea of displacement current, Electromagnetic waves, their characteristics, their
Transverse nature (qualitative ideas only). Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves,
infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses.

Unit VI: Optics 27 Periods

Chapter – 9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

Ray Optics: Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula, refraction of light, total internal
reflection and its applications, optical fibers, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens
formula, lens maker's formula, magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in
contact, refraction of light through a prism. Optical instruments: Microscopes and astronomical
telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers.

Chapter – 10: Wave Optics

Wave optics: Wave front and Huygen's principle, reflection and refraction of plane wave at a
plane surface using wave fronts. Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen's
principle. Interference, Young's double slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent
sources and sustained interference of light, diffraction due to a single slit, width of central
maximum, resolving power of microscope and astronomical telescope.
Unit VII: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter 08 Periods
Chapter – 11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Dual nature of radiation, Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard's observations; Einstein's
photoelectric equation-particle nature of light. Matter waves-wave nature of particles, de-
Broglie relation, Davisson-Germer experiment (experimental details should be omitted; only
conclusion should be explained).
Unit VIII: Atoms and Nuclei 15 Periods
Chapter – 12: Atoms
Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford's model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels,
hydrogen spectrum.
Chapter – 13: Nuclei
Composition and size of nucleus, Radioactivity, alpha, beta and gamma particles/rays and
their properties. Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its
variation with mass number; nuclear fission, nuclear fusion.
Unit IX: Electronic Devices 12 Periods
Chapter – 14: Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits
Energy bands in conductors, semiconductors and insulators (qualitative ideas only)
Semiconductor diode - I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier;
Special purpose p-n junction diodes.
UNIT-1 ELECTROSTATICS
 ASSIGNMENT – Electrostatics

Class Work Homework Evaluation

LEGENDS

One MARK QUESTIONS – 1, 2,3,4,5,11, 12, 13

Two MARK QUESTIONS – 1, 2,4, 8, 11
1.
Three MARK QUESTIONS – 2, 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, 14, 18,
Class Work
Five MARK QUESTIONS – 1, 2, 3
One MARK QUESTIONS – 9, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20
Two MARK QUESTIONS – 3, 6,14, 15, 16, 17,18, 19
2.
Three MARK QUESTIONS – 3, 9, 10, 19, 20
Homework
Five MARK QUESTIONS – 4,
One MARK QUESTIONS – 6,7,8,10, 17,18
Two MARK QUESTIONS – 5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13
3.
Three MARK QUESTIONS – 1, 4, 8, 11, 15, 16, 17,
Evaluation Five MARK QUESTIONS – 5, 6
SYNOPSIS
Properties of electric charge
Quantisation of electric charge. The total charge on any charged body is an integral multiple of the
charge of an electron. q = +ne or q = -ne
Conservation of electric charge. The net positive and negative charges in an isolated system remain
constant.
Electric charge is additive. The total charge on a body is the algebraic sum of all the positive and
negative charges present on the different parts of the body.
Coulomb’s law in electrostatics states that the force of attraction or repulsion between 2 point
charges q1 and q2 separated by a distance r is directly proportional to the product of the charges and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. F = k q1 q2 / r2
where Coulomb force constant or electrostatic force constant, k = 1/40 = 9 x 109 Nm2/C2
0 is permittivity of free space and is = 8.85 x10 –12 C2/Nm2
Case 1 : F> 0 means q1 q2 > 0 ie charges are like and force is repulsive.
Case 2 : F< 0 means q1 q2 < 0 ie charges are unlike and force is attractive.
Dielectric constant K [relative permittivity r]
in terms of electric permittivity: it is the ratio of electric permittivity of the medium to the electric
permittivity of free space. K = r =/ o or  = r r = k o

in terms of force between electric charges: it is the ratio of force between 2 charges separated by a
distance in air or vacuum to the force between the same 2 charges in the medium held at the same
distance. K= Fvac / Fmed
Electric field is the region or space around a charged body within which the force of attraction or
repulsion can be felt.
Electric field intensity/strength [E] at any point in an electric field is defined as the force
experienced by unit positive test charge placed at that point. E = F / q0.
The direction of force F acting on the charge is in the direction of E if q is positive, and direction of
force F is opposite to the direction of E if q is negative.
Electric field intensity at any point due to a point charge E = k Q/ r2
Electric lines of force are imaginary lines straight or curved such that the tangent at any point gives
the direction of electric field intensity at that point.
Properties of electric lines of force
 It begins from positive charge and ends in negative charge.
 No two lines of force will intersect because if it intersects, at the point of intersection, there
will be two different directions of electric field that is not possible.
Electric dipole. A pair of equal and opposite charges separated by a short distance.
Electric dipole moment, p Its magnitude is equal to the product of either charge and the distance
between the charges.
SI unit : Coulomb metre
It is a vector quantity directed from –q to +q
Electric field at any point on the axial line of the dipole E = k 2pr/(r2-a2)2
Case : When the point p is at an infinite distance ( r >> a) E = k 2p/ r3
Electric field at any point on the equatorial line of the dipole E = k p/(r2+a2)3/2
Case : when the point p is at an infinite distance ( r >> a) E = k p/ r3
Torque acting on an electric dipole placed in uniform electric field. =pEsin
Case 1 : torque is minimum when  = 0
Case 2 : torque is maximum when  = 90
Potential energy by a dipole in uniform electric field U = pE [Cos1 -Cos2]
Case 1 : pE is minimum or in stable equilibrium when p parallel to E
Case 2: pE is maximum or in unstable equilibrium when p is antiparallel to E.
Electric potential due to dipole V = kpcos /r2
Case 1: At any point in axial line, = 0, V = kp /r2
Case 2: At any point on the equatorial line  = 90, V =0
Equipotential surface is a surface in an electric field such that there is same electric potential at
every point on the surface.
Properties of equipotential surface.
No work is done in moving a test charge from one point to another on an equipotential surface.
No two equipotential surface can intersect each other.
Gauss’s Theorem states that the surface integral of electric field over a closed surface is 1/ε o times the
net charge enclosed by the surface. Ø= q/εo
Dielectrics are insulators which transmit electric effects without conducting.
Behaviour of a conductor in an electrostatic field:
-Net electrostatic field and net charge in the interior of the conductor is zero.
-The electrostatic field at a point just outside a charged conductor is normal to the surface at every
point.
-Since the electric field is zero, electric potential is constant within the conductor and on the surface.
-Charges always reside on the outer surface of the conductor
-Electrostatic shielding: It is the phenomenon of protecting a region of space from the external electric
field such that the field inside the cavity is always 0.
-Electric field at the surface of a charged conductor is E=/0
Capacitance: has the ability to store electric charge.
C depends on: -a) Shape and size of the conductor b) Nature of the medium
Dielectric strength is the maximum electric field that a dielectric medium can withstand without
breakdown.
Dielectric strength of air = 3 x106 V/m and of mica = 100 x 106 V/m.
Energy density in a capacitor ue = (1/2) 0E2