Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence Definition, History, and Applications

Artificial Intelligence and Human Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence Definition
Artificial Intelligence Foundations
Artificial Intelligence Characteristics and Advantages
Artificial Intelligence Applications
Artificial Intelligence History and The Turing Test
What is Artificial Intelligence?
What is the definition of artificial intelligence, and what are the most
important branches?
Artificial Intelligence and Human Intelligence

• To build systems capable of simulating human intelligence, it needs to

understand how humans perform intelligent tasks.

For example, to build a robot that can move intelligently as a human

from one place to another, it must first study how a human can move
from an intellectual, scientific, psychological, and technical perspective.
Definition of Intelligence

• At the beginning, we will define Intelligence and Human intelligence.

• Intelligence: the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, think, make sense, remember
inspiring information, and deal with the demands of everyday life.

• Human intelligence: the ability to analyze and make conclusions, the ability to categorize and
visually perceive, the ability to understand and generate spoken and read languages, the ability
to analyze emotions, the ability to solve mathematical problems.
Artificial Intelligence
Definition

Artificial Intelligence:
It’s a science that aims to build a system that
simulates human behavior in its ability to
learn, understand, make decisions, and
solve problems.
Artificial Intelligence Theories

• Artificial Intelligence Theories

• The Researchers' efforts in artificial intelligence theories were divided
into four sections:
1. Thinking Rationally: Define AI as Computational studies that make it
possible to perceive, think, and act.
2. Thinking Humanly: Define AI as the automation of all the activities related
to human thinking.
3. Acting Rationally: Define AI as a field study the intelligent behavior in the
industry.
4. Acting Humanly: Define AI as the art of creating machines that can do all
the activities that need intelligence.
Artificial Intelligence Foundations

Artificial Intelligence Foundations

• AI is a modern science related to different science fields:
1. Philosophy:
▪ Contributed to the establishment of concepts in artificial intelligence as the
rationality concept.
▪ It formulated its elementary rules by Aristotle.
2. Mathematics:
▪ Many of the concepts used in artificial intelligence have been built in the
sciences of mathematics, statistics, and logic.
▪ Use the theory of probability and completeness.
Artificial Intelligence Foundations

3. Psychology:
▪ Contributed to the studies of human vision and perception in building the
models.
▪ It looks at the brain as a device for processing information, and it is a
knowledge-based agent system.
4. Neuroscience:
▪ Contributed to AI in the study of the nervous system and the brain.
▪ Neuroscience research has contributed to the development of several Neural
Network models.
 AI Branches (Strong/Weak)

• The researchers consider that there are two branches of artificial intelligence, and they are what is known
as artificial intelligence, the strong and the weak:

Weak AI Strong AI
Define Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI): Define Artificial General Intelligence (AGI):
when the machine simulates narrow and limited tasks or when a machine can simulate multiple human bits of
capabilities of human tasks and their cognitive ability. intelligence without being tied to a single task.

• A weak or limited artificial intelligence approach is used in: • General artificial intelligence has potential applications in
building artificial intelligence systems at present. robotics, where machines can think, make decisions on
their own, and make them more efficient and productive.
• Examples: personal assistant programs in smartphones Examples: Google and Deep Mind
(Apple’s Siri) or autonomous vehicles.

• Narrow rangeability holding perspective that executes Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI):
specific focused tasks, without the ability to the self- operates beyond human-level intelligence, capable of
expand mechanism(functionality). outsmarting human beings in potentially every field of
knowledge and activity. However, it’s currently a hypothetical
concept because no system has yet achieved ASI.
The characteristics of AI.
Why AI is important?
Automation

1. Automation:
uses technology to perform tasks automatically with minimal or
no human intervention.
• Automation helps in :
1. Reduce the cost of hiring in human resources.
2. It helps human resources to complete tasks continuously,
which increases productivity.
• Examples:
Use machines to transport and deliver parts and packages
across factory floors or programs.
Reliability and Accuracy

2. Reliability and Accuracy

• AI enhances data analysis by quickly and accurately identifying
patterns and insights from large datasets, which is especially valuable
in fields like science and healthcare.

• Examples:
Systems that require high accuracy like the system for identifying
cancer cells of the brain and cervix in medical imaging.
Availability

3. Availability
• Machines or software that simulate intelligent human
behaviour can operate continuously and efficiently as
customer service.

• An example of this: a chatbot service that can answer

customer questions 24 hours a day.
Efficiency

4. Efficiency
• Computers can quickly process and respond to large,
unorganized data from multiple sources more efficiently than
humans.

• Example: accident monitoring systems that can analyse large

amounts of data from many different sources, such as obtaining
information from sensors, databases, and blogs.
Risk Mitigation

5. Risk Mitigation
• Is the ability to replace humans in dangerous and critical
situations.

• For example, using robots to defuse bombs, as well as

using robots to explore the deepest parts of the ocean or
dangerous or difficult-to-reach places.
AI Applications
Speech Recognition

1. Speech Recognition
• Smart software hears the spoken sentences and understands them,
then implements or responds with relevant information.
• This is converting the sound waves into texts, then analysing them and
generating the appropriate responses.

• Example:
Personal assistant applications in smartphones and some electronic devices.
Computer Vision

2. Computer Vision
• Enable a machine to simulate the human ability to understand, extracting
high-dimensional data from real-world images or the content of digital
images or videos.

• Example:
1. People identification applications through images.
2. Medical image analysis applications to detect diseases.
Natural Language Processing

3.NLP
• Is related to different corrections such as linguistics, computer science, and information
engineering.
• Its applications aim to read, analyse, process, and generate human languages to achieve
many goals.
• Most natural language processing techniques rely on machine learning.

• Examples :
1. Natural language processing techniques are used in several areas, including answering
questions, machine translation, automatic corrective, spam filtering, and many others.
Robotics

4. Robotic:
• The goal of robotics is to design intelligent machines that can help humans,
facilitate their daily lives, and keep everyone safe.

• Example:
1. Robots are used in dangerous environments, manufacturing processes, or
places where humans cannot exist.
History and Evolution of the AI
The start of the AI

1956 to
1943 1950 1960
1970
Alan Turing Lutfi Zadeh
Warren McCulloch John McCarthy
(Philosopher and (Mathematician) (Scientist)
• Developed the Lisp
medical scientist ) language Programs.
Walter Bates
(Mathematician) • Proposed a program
Wrote a scientific
article called called The Advisor Taker
"Computing Published his to search for solutions to
Machines and research paper common problems .
Proposed the first "Fuzzy Groups",
Intelligence”
model of artificial which is considered
neural networks. a theory in
Each neuron is intelligent systems.
assumed to be a
machine with two
states that can be Frank Rosenblat
represented by 0 or • Developed the simplest
1 or on/off. model of artificial neuron
called Albertson.
The Expert System Technology 1970-1980

1970 to Mid-
1980 1980s
1. The expert system that was developed in this
era is the Dondrell system.
Great progress has been made in all areas of
The Dondrell program is an expert systems artificial intelligence.
program designed to assist organic chemists
using knowledge of chemistry.

Many important results and developments have

emerged in several areas, including:
2. The expert system that was developed is the • Machine Learning
MYCIN system. • Intelligent Teaching
It is an expert system that aims to diagnose • Multi-agent Planning
infectious blood diseases. • Uncertain Thinking, Data Mining
• Understanding And Translating Natural
Language
• Computer Vision
• Virtual Reality.
Machine learning and Deep learning

1982 1986 1999

Mater Rummelhart, Hinton,
John Hopfield
and McClelland

1. Great development took

place in the field of deep
learning techniques.

Introduced neural networks

with field networks. They use the backpropagation
algorithm, which is one of the
methods of machine learning in
artificial neural networks.

2. Artificial neural network

models began to compete with
the support vector machine
model.
Turing Test

• Alan Turing proposed a test called the "Turing imitation Test" to measure the ability of machines
to imitate human behaviour.
The test steps:

1. Text-based interaction occurs through a terminal connected to either a human or a computer.

2. If a dialogue lasts long enough without revealing whether it's with a

human, computer, or smart program, the distinction becomes unclear.
Turing Test

• In the following are the skills that should be included in Turing's test to success:
1. Natural Language Processing: For the program to be able to speak to analyse the sentence.

2. Knowledge representation: To answer questions, the program needs extensive stored

information and must quickly analyze it to draw a conclusion.

3. Machine Learning: The machine must adapt and learn instantly during conversation by
analyzing data and detecting patterns to conclude.
Thank You