Heavy Duty Gas Turbine

Overview
Training Program

1 - Gas Turbine General - Overview Installation layout Main

equipment location

2 - Operating Principles Describe the gas turbine

thermodynamic cycle, main
parameters and performance

3 - Description of GT Componentes Describe in detail all gas turbine

componentes and their
functions

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November 17, 2008
Training Program

4 - Main GT Auxiliary Systems Describe the Auxiliary systems,

P&ID

5 - Gas Turbine Control System Basic of Control and Protection

System, Start-up and Shut-down
sequences

6 – Maintenance Overview Scheduled and Borescope

Inspection, Disassembling and
reassembling procedures,
Components acceptability
criteria

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November 17, 2008
What is Gas Turbine?

Gas Turbine is an
engine as four cycle
reciprocating engine
•It’s an high technology engine
•It’ an high speed rotating machine (3.000÷30.000 rpm)
•In industrial application may drive generators (GD = Generator Drive) o pumps and
compressors (MD = Mechanical Drive)
•It’s used for mobile application as aircraft ships etc.
•Power range of gas turbine is between 100 kW and 350 MW
•It’s efficiency is between 25% and 40%
•High specific power (light and powerful machine)
•May use a large typology of fuels (gas and liquid types)
•It may operate continuously without stop also for one year

Additionally for power higher than 500 kW it has

•Low cost of installed kw

•Low maintenance costs
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November 17, 2008
What is Gas Turbine?

The primary scope is….

To produce mechanical
energy in continuously!!

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November 17, 2008
GE Gas Turbines

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November 17, 2008
Gas Turbine Families
HEAVY DUTY JET

SINGLE SHAFT TWO SHAFTS “PURE AEREONAUTICAL”

“PENGIUN TURBINES”

INDUSTRIAL & MARINE USE

LM SERIES

INDUSTRIAL USE INDUSTRIAL USE PGT/GE SERIES

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November 17, 2008
Gas Turbines Product Range
Solid Technology Base …
GE 5-
5-1 5.5 MW
GE 5-
5-2 5.6 MW
... For Every Application
GE 10-
10-1 11.2 MW  High Efficiency,
GE 10-
10-2 11.7 MW Reliability & Availability
LM 1600/PGT 16 14.2 MW  Low Life- Cycle Costs
LM 2000/PGT 20 18.1 MW  Application Flexibility
LM 2500/PGT 25 23.2 MW  Fuel Flexibility
MS 5001 26.3 MW  Low Emissions
MS 5002C 28.3 MW
MS 5002E 30.0 MW
LM 2500+/PGT 25+ 31.3 MW
MS 5002D 32.5 MW
MS 6001B 42.1 MW
LM 6000 44.7 MW
MS 7001EA 85.1 MW
MS 9001E 123.4 MW Multi Shaft
Single Shaft
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November 17, 2008
PGT 5/1
KEY DATA
• The PGT5/1 heavy-duty gas turbine has been designed with
modular concepts to facilitate accessibility and maintainability.
• The gas generator consists of a 15-stage, high efficiency,
axial-flow compressor directly coupled to a two stage turbine.
• The PGT5 has a single combustion chamber system which is
rugged, reliable and able to burn a wide range of fuels, from
liquid distillates and residuals to all gaseous fuels, including
low BTU gas.
• It is specially designed for small power generation and
cogeneration

PERFORMANCE (@ ISO CONDITIONS; MD)

 Output : 5.220 Kw Weight: 28.000 Kg
 Efficiency : 26,9 %
 Heat Rate : 13.422 kJ/kWh
 Ex. Gas Flow : 24,6 kg/s
 Ex. Gas Temp. : 524 °C
 Nominal Speed : 11.140 rpm
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November 17, 2008
 PGT 5/2
KEY DATA
• The PGT5/2 heavy-duty gas turbine has been designed with
modular concepts to facilitate accessibility and maintainability.
• The gas generator consists of a 15-stage, high efficiency,
axialflow compressor directly coupled to a single stage turbine.
• The low pressure shaft is a single-stage, high-energy turbine,
with variable second stage nozzles which grant maximum
flexibility for mechanical drive service.
• The PGT5/2 has a single combustion chamber system which is
rugged, reliable and able to burn a wide range of fuels, from
liquid distillates and residuals to all gaseous fuels, including low
BTU gas.
• Typical applications include pump drive for oil pipelines and
compressor drive for gas pipelines. Also used in PG
Weight: 28.000 Kg

PERFORMANCE (@ ISO CONDITIONS; GD & MD)

 Output : 5.450 Kw
 Efficiency : 26,9 %
 Heat Rate : 13.422 kJ/kWh
 Ex. Gas Flow : 24,6 kg/s
 Ex. Gas Temp. : 524 °C
 Nominal Speed : 11.140 rpm 10 /
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November 17, 2008
GE 5/1
KEY DATA

• Single Shaft ideal Prime Mover

for Industrial Cogeneration
• 50Hz or 60Hz Power Generation
• 11 stage Compressor scaled from GE10
• DLE Combustion System
• High Reliability & Maintainability
• Compact Package
• Low Maintenance Cost.

PERFORMANCE (@ ISO CONDITIONS; MD)

Weight: 23.900 Kg
 Output : 5.500 Kw
 Efficiency : 30,7 %
 Heat Rate : 11.740 kJ/kWh
 Ex. Gas Flow : 19,6 kg/s
 Ex. Gas Temp. : 574 °C
 Nominal Speed : 16.630 rpm
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November 17, 2008
GE 5/2 (New Product)
KEY DATA
• Twin Shaft driver for Centrifugal
Compressors and Pumps
• 3D Aero
• Advanced static and brush seals
• New coatings
• Advanced compressor design
• Optimization of clearances

PERFORMANCE (@ ISO CONDITIONS)

Weight: 24.000 Kg
 Output : 5.600 Kw
 Efficiency : 31,5 %
 Heat Rate : 11.428 kJ/kWh
 Ex. Gas Flow : na kg/s
 Ex. Gas Temp. : na °C
 Nominal Speed : na rpm
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November 17, 2008
PGT 10 A (two shaft)
KEY DATA
• The PGT10 A/2 design goals are: high performance, high
reliability and availability, easy maintenance concepts.
• High technology design: High pressure ratio, firing
temperature level in line with second generation gas turbines,
variable axial compressor stator vanes and power turbine
nozzles.
• The PGT10 combustion system consists of a single
combustion chamber suitable for a large variety of gaseous
and liquid fuels.
• Typical applications for PGT10 are natural gas compression,
centrifugal pump drive and process application, Offshore
applications.
PERFORMANCE (@ ISO CONDITIONS)
MD GD
Weight: 34.000 Kg
 Output : 10.660 10.220 Kw
 Efficiency : 32,5 31,4 %
 Heat Rate : 11.250 11.540 kJ/kWh
 Ex. Gas Flow : 42,3 42,1 kg/s
 Ex. Gas Temp. : 493 484 °C
 PT Nominal Speed : 10.800 10.800 rpm
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November 17, 2008
GE 10/1
KEY DATA
• Derivative of PGT10A - 2.000.000+
hours experience
• High efficiency high pressure ratio Compressor with less
stages - 11 Vs 17
• DLN combustion system available
• Good Reliability & Maintainability
• Low maintenance cost

• Model available may Have combustion chamber horizontal or vertical

according customer request

PERFORMANCE (@ ISO CONDITIONS; GD)

 Output : 11.250 Kw Weight: 34.000 Kg

 Efficiency : 31,4 %
 Heat Rate : 11.481 kJ/kWh
 Ex. Gas Flow : 47,5 kg/s
 Ex. Gas Temp. : 482 °C
 Nominal Speed : 11.000 rpm
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November 17, 2008
GE 10/2
KEY DATA
• Turbine designed and developed by Nuovo Pignone Since reliability
and availability to worldwide customers while keeping with easy
maintenance concepts.
• Two shafts for mechanical drive and single shaft for power generation
and cogeneration applications.
• The GE10 Gas Turbine, with its ability to burn different fuels (natural
gas, distillate oil, low BTU fuel), can be installed in many countries with
different environmental conditions continental, tropical, offshore and
desert.
• Oxides (NOx) reduction in order to meet present and future standards
for pollutant emissions.
Weight: 40.000 Kg
PERFORMANCE (@ ISO CONDITIONS; MD)
 Output : 11.615 Kw
 Efficiency : 32,5 %
 Heat Rate : 11.121 kJ/kWh
 Ex. Gas Flow : 46,9 kg/s
 Ex. Gas Temp. : 488 °C
 Nominal Speed : 7.900 rpm
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November 17, 2008
PGT 16
KEY DATA
• First unit in operation 1991
• Based on proven LM 1600 GG and
NP developed heavy duty power turbine
• High efficiency
• Proven reliability in MD and PG applications
• Effective DLE system

This turbine use some power turbine of PGT 10/A and GE 10/2

PERFORMANCE (@ ISO CONDITIONS)

MD GD
 Output : 14.252 13.735 Kw
 Efficiency : 36,2 34,9 % Weight: 19.000 Kg
 Heat Rate : 9.939 10.314 kJ/kWh
 Ex. Gas Flow : 47,4 47,4 kg/s
 Ex. Gas Temp. : 493 493 °C
 PT Nominal Speed : 7.900 7.900 rpm
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November 17, 2008
PGT 25
KEY DATA
• Power Turbine developed by Nuovo
Pignone in the early ‘80s
• First unit installed in 1983
• M.D. & P.G. fleet firing hours exceed
1,800,000

PERFORMANCE (@ ISO CONDITIONS)

MD GD Weight: 38.000 Kg

Output : 23.261 (shaft) 22.417 (el.) Kw

Efficiency : 37,7 (shaft) 36,3 (el.) % PGT25 Power Turbine
Heat Rate : 9.560 (shaft) 9.919 (el.) kJ/kWh
Ex. Gas Flow : 68,9 68,9 kg/s
Ex. Gas Temp. : 525 525 C
PT Nominal Speed : 6.500 6.500 rpm

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November 17, 2008
PGT 25+
KEY DATA
• Designed by Nuovo Pignone using G.E.
LM 2500 Plus gas generator
• The PGT 25 + is a last generator,
30 MW size
• First unit in operation during 1997
• Fleet firing hours exceed 100,000

PERFORMANCE (@ ISO CONDITIONS – MD & PG)

 Output : 31.364 Kw
 Efficiency : 41,1 %
 Heat Rate : 8.754 kJ/kWh
 Natural Gas Fuel
 Ex. Gas Flow : 84,3 kg/s
 Dry Operation
 Ex. Gas Temp. : 500 °C (no steam or water injection)
 PT Nominal Speed : 6.100 rpm  Base Load
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November 17, 2008
MS 5001 N
KEY DATA
• The MS5001 single shaft turbine is a compact heavy-
duty turbine designed for long life and easy maintenance.
• The MS5001 gas turbine is the ideal solution for
industrial power generation where low maintenance,
reliability and economy of fuel utilization are required.
• Low investment costs make the MS5001 package power
plant an economically attractive system for peak load
generation.
• The MS5001 is ideally suited for cogeneration achieving
very high fuel utilization indexes
• Typical applications are industrial plants for
Weight: 87.430 Kg
cogeneration of power and process steam or in district
heating systems.
PERFORMANCE (@ ISO CONDITIONS; GD)
 Output : 26.300 Kwe
 Efficiency : 26,3 %
 Heat Rate : 12.650 kJ/kWh
 Ex. Gas Flow : 124,1 kg/s
 Ex. Gas Temp. : 487 °C
 Nominal Speed : 5.100 rpm 19 /
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November 17, 2008
MS 5002C / MS 5002D
KEY DATA

• Low capital & maintenance cost

• Long maintenance intervals
• Fleet leader in excess of
100.000 running hours
• More than 420 units worldwide

PERFORMANCE (@ ISO CONDITIONS) Weight: 110.000 Kg

MS5002C MS5002D

 Output : 28.340 32.580 Kw

 Efficiency : 28,8 29,4 %
 Heat Rate : 12.470 12.239 kJ/kWh
 Ex. Gas Flow : 124,3 141,4 kg/s
 Ex. Gas Temp. : 517 509 °C
 PT Nominal Speed : 4.670 4.670 rpm
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November 17, 2008
MS5002E (New Product)
Features
• Leverage GE Technology
• Moderate Firing Temperature
• Reliability & Efficiency as
Key Factors
• DLN System derived from
large Frames
• Twin Shaft - suitable for MD or PG Rotordynamic Test

Introductory Performance
 Output Shaft : 30 MW
 SC Efficiency : 36,4 %
 LPT shaft speed : 6.100 rpm
CTV Test Rig
 Exhaust Temp. : 523 °C
 NOx Emission : 25 ppm CTV Compressor Test

Weight: 117.000 Kg 21 /
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November 17, 2008
LM 6000
KEY DATA

• Most efficient GT in its class

• Proven high reliability and availability
• Generator & Mechanical drive applications
• 3 + millions cumulating operating hours

PERFORMANCE (@ ISO CONDITIONS – PG; MD)

Weight: 31.000 Kg
 Output : 43.076 kW
 Efficiency : 41,3 %
 Heat Rate : 8.707 kJ/kWh
 Ex. Gas Flow : 131,0 kg/s
 Ex. Gas Temp. : 449 °C
 PT Nominal Speed : 3.600 rpm
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November 17, 2008
MS 6001 B
KEY DATA
• The MS6001 is a single shaft heavy-duty gas turbine. Its
design was based on the well proven mechanical features of
the MS5001 in order to achieve a compact, high efficency unit.
• The MS6001 is widely applied in power generation
applications for base, mid-range and peak load service.
• Other typical applications include driving of process
machines, such as compressors, in LNG plants.
• Combined cycle plants based on MS6001 achieve very high
efficiencies with higher availability and reliability.
Weight: 96.000 Kg

PERFORMANCE (@ ISO CONDITIONS)

MD GD
Output : 43.530 (shaft) 42.100 (el.) Kw
Efficiency : 33,1 (shaft) 32,06 (el.) %
Heat Rate : 10.852 (shaft) 11.230 (el.) kJ/kWh
Ex. Gas Flow : 145 145,8 kg/s
Ex. Gas Temp. : 544 552 °C
Nominal Speed : 5.133 5.100 rpm
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November 17, 2008
MS 7001 EA
KEY DATA
• The MS7001EA is a single shaft heavy-duty gas turbine for
power generation and industrial applications requiring the
maximum reliability and availability.
• With design emphasis placed on energy efficiency,
availability, performance and maintainability, the
• MS7001EA is a proven technology machine with more than
500 units of its class in service.
• Typical applications in addition to the 60Hz power
generation service are large compressor train drives forLNG
plants.
PERFORMANCE (@ ISO CONDITIONS)
MD GD Weight: 121.000 Kg

Output : 81.590 (shaft) 85.100 (el.) Kw

Efficiency : 32,67 (shaft) 32,73 (el.) %
Heat Rate : 11.020 (shaft) 11.000 (el.) kJ/kWh
Ex. Gas Flow : 278 300 kg/s
Ex. Gas Temp. : 546 537 °C
Nominal Speed : 3.600 3.600 rpm
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November 17, 2008
MS 9001 E
KEY DATA
• The MS9001E is a single shaft heavy-duty gas turbine.
• It was developed for generator drive service in the 50
Hertz market.
• The MS9001E is widely applied in power generation for
base, mid-range and peak load service.
• Combined cycle plants based on MS9001E achieve
very high efficiencies with higher availability and
reliability than conventional thermal plants.
• Newest field of application is LNG for MD
Weight: 217.500 Kg

PERFORMANCE (@ ISO CONDITIONS – PG & MD)

 Output : 126.100 kW
 Efficiency : 33,8 %
 Heat Rate : 10.650 kJ/kWh
 Ex. Gas Flow : 418 kg/s
 Ex. Gas Temp. : 543 °C
 PT Nominal Speed : 3.000 rpm
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November 17, 2008
MS 9001 FA

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November 17, 2008
MS 9001 H

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November 17, 2008
Nuovo Pignone 32,5 Mw

29 Mw
OUTPUT POWER 26 Mw

23,2 Mw

14 Mw
10,5 Mw 12 Mw

6 Mw For any further need,

5 Mw please find NP on Internet
at the following andress:

2 Mw

http://www.gepower.com/nuovopignone
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November 17, 2008
Gas Turbines Service according load type

SINGLE SHAFT GAS TURBINES DOUBLE SHAFT GAS TURBINES

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November 17, 2008
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine Families
HEAVY DUTY

SINGLE SHAFT TWO SHAFTS

INDUSTRIAL USE
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November 17, 2008
Gas Turbines Applications

Liquified Natural
Gas Plants
Gas Booster, Pipeline Petrochemical
and Re-injection Plants

Gas Turbines produced

by GE Energy

District
Power Generation and Heating
Cogeneration Plants
Offshore Applications
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November 17, 2008
Gas Turbines Typical Loads

Centrifugal and Axial Electric Generators

Compressors
GE Energy
Gas Turbines

Reciprocating
Compressors Centrifugal Pumps

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November 17, 2008
 Gas Turbine
Operating Principles

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November 17, 2008
KEY TERMS

ISO conditions
Firing Temperature
Pressure Ratio
Heat Rate
Compressor Ratio

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November 17, 2008
ISO conditions

Gas Turbine performance are declared in ISO condition and the constructors
have to declare fuel used to obtain declared performances.
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November 17, 2008
ISO conditions

Ambient Pressure: 101325 Pa (14,7 P.S.I.A.)

Ambient Teperature: 15 °C (59 °F)

Relative Humidity: 60%

Pressure drop in inlet/exhaust: 0 mm H2O

There are the condition to refer for evaluation of GT performance

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November 17, 2008
FIRING TEMPERATURE

Section A refers the so called “TURBINE INLET TEMPERATURE”, wich is the average temperature of gas at plane A.

Section C refers to the so-called “ISO FIRING TEMPERATURE”, wich is the average gas temperature at plane C,
calculated as a function of the air and fuel flow rates via a thermal balance of combustion according to the ISO
2314 procedure.
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November 17, 2008
FIRING TEMPERATURE
According to the NUOVO PIGNONE-GENERAL ELECTRIC standard, the
temperature that best represents point (3) is the one in section B

The difference in the interpretation of temperatures in section A and B

consists in the fact that the section B temperature takes account of T 3

mixing with 1st stage nozzle cooling air, wich was not involved in the
combustion process, but mixes with burnt gases after cooling the 2
surface of the nozzle. 4

P 2
S
3

4
1

V38 /
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November 17, 2008
PRESSURE RATIO

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November 17, 2008
HEAT RATE

P 2 3 T 3

2
Q1
HR 
4

1 4 1

V S Lu
Heat Rate is the inverse of efficiency,
2 in that it indicates the ratio between
4
thermal energy, resulting from the
3
combustion process, and mechanical
energy, obtained on the power shaft.
1

In generally expressed as Kj/KWh

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November 17, 2008
Power & Heat Rate
HEAT RATE

THERMAL ENERGY THAT WE SPEND TO PRODUCE

1 UNIT OF MECHANICAL ENERGY

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November 17, 2008
Power & Heat Rate
HEAT RATE

HEAT RATE IS THE

INVERSE OF EFFICIENCY

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November 17, 2008
Power & Heat Rate

If we think about a car, HEAT

RATE is…

MUCH MONEY FOR

LOW HEAT RATE
OUR COMPANY 43 /
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November 17, 2008
Power & Heat Rate

HIGH POWER & LOW HEAT RATE

MUCH MONEY FOR

OUR CUSTOMERS

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November 17, 2008
COMPRESSOR RATIO

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November 17, 2008
Brayton Cycle
Fuel
Air Exhaust
1 Intake
4
CC
3 C - Compressor
2 CC - Combustion
C T L T - Turbine
L - Load

Combustion Expansion
T 3
P
2 3

2 4

1 4
1
Compression Exhaust
V S

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November 17, 2008
Brayton Cycle
T 3 3I

Theoretical Cycle
2I 4I
Real Cycle
2is
4is
P2

P1 1

S
Pressure drops are The hot gaes flowing the Exhaust gases flowing
caused by airfilter and combustion system are through this system are
silencer system subjected to friction subjected to friction

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November 17, 2008
Specific Compression Work

Wc  c pm (T2 T1 )  (T2  T1 ) Mesured in

Kj
kg inlet _ air
2
4

Cpm=average specific heat

1
at costant pressure

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November 17, 2008
Specific Expansion Work

Wt  c pm (T3 T4 )  (T3  T4 ) Mesured in

Kj
kg gas
2
4

Cpm=average specific heat

1
at costant pressure

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November 17, 2008
Heat supplied to the combustion chamber

Q1  c pm (T3 T2 )  (T3  T2 ) Mesured in

Kj
kg gas
2
4

Cpm=average specific heat

1
at costant pressure

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November 17, 2008
Heat supplied to the atmosphere with exhaust gas

Q2  c pm (T4 T1 )  (T4  T1 ) Mesured in

Kj
kg ehxaust _ gas
2
4

Cpm=average specific heat

1
at costant pressure

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November 17, 2008
Thermodynamic efficiency

2
4

(Q1  Q2 )
 cl 
1
Q1

This equation tell us that, by parity of

heat Q1, introduced into the
T  f T ;C ;CC ; cl ... combustion chamber by fuel,
efficiency will increase as heat Q2
“dissipated” into the atmosphere
decreases
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November 17, 2008
Useful work supplied to the driven machine

Pu  (Gair  G fuel )  Wt  Gair  Wc

Kj
2
Measured in
4
s
3

Gair= amount of air

1

Gfuel= amount of fuel

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November 17, 2008
Main parameters affecting gas turbine performance

In the Brayton Cycle are very important the following

parameters:
T 3

2
4

FIRING TEMPERATURE T3
1
PRESSURE RATIO P2
P1
P 2
S
THERMAL EFFICIENCY 3

SPECIFIC POWER Kw (kg )

s
4
1

V
54 /
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November 17, 2008
Brayton Cycle: T1, T2 and T3

T3=?

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November 17, 2008
Brayton Cycle: T4

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November 17, 2008
Brayton Cycle: P2

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November 17, 2008
Brayton Cycle: T3

T3=f(T4,P2)

963°C
ß=10,5
(1765°F)

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November 17, 2008
Main parameters affecting GT performance

lu
g
g   0.85
lu

T 3  kost
  0.7

  0.6

1 5 10 15 

59 /
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November 17, 2008
Main parameters affecting GT performance

lu g

g   0.85 lu

  kost
  0.7

  0.6

800 1000 1200 T3 k

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November 17, 2008
Gas turbine
(ISO conditions)

TURBINE

COMBUSTION TMAX= 963°C

COMPRESSOR

INLET
TEMPERATURE

Piso: 1 ATM EXHAUST Tiso= 517°C

PRESSURE

TEMPERATURE
TISO=15°C
PRESSURE
T= near 250°C MAX : +4” H20
ATMOSPHRIC LEVEL

MAX : – 4” H20 61 /
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November 17, 2008
SINGLE SHAFT GAS TURBINE

EXHAUST GAS
AIR
4
COMBUSTORS
COMBUSTIBILE
1 3
STARTING MOTOR

2
 AXIAL LOAD

COMPRESSOR

AUXILIARY GEARBOX
TURBINE

60 MW 120 MW 60 MW
(50%) (100%) (50%)*
1-2 AIR COMPRESSION *typical value for HD GT
2-3 COMBUSTION
3-4 EXPANSION

LOAD = ELECTRIC GENERATOR (OFTEN) COMPRESSOR, PUMP (NOT COMMON)

AUXILARY GEAR BOX=DRIVES OIL PUMPS AND TRANSMITS TORQUE FROM STARTING
MOTOR
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November 17, 2008
 Gas Turbine
Main Componentes

63 /
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November 17, 2008
Inlet Section Gas Turbine

Inlet casing:
- directs the flow of outside air from the air inlet
equipment into compressor blading
- Variable Inlet Guide Vane assembly
- N°1 bearing assembly
- Thrust bearings, active and inactive
- Low pressure air sea

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November 17, 2008
HD GT Axial Compressor Operation

COMPRESSOR
is the part of the
engine where air is
compressed

Compressor Discharge:
(1) 30% is used for primary air (combustion air)
(2) 5% is used to operation of gas turbine accessoryes:
-bleed air and seal air
-gas turbine start and motor air
-gas turbine anti-icing

(3) Remainder is used as secondary air to:

- cool combustion gases
- Provide film cooling of the gas generator turbine
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November 17, 2008
HD GT Axial Compressor Operation

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November 17, 2008
HD GT Axial Compressor Design
AIR

Journal BEARING
DISCS TENSION RODS
IGV

Airfoils with large thicknesses

Rotor stage discs linked by thick tension rods.
Sliding Journal bearings
compressor variable Inlet Guide vanes (IGV)
(to control the air flow)

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November 17, 2008
HD GT Axial Compressor Design

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November 17, 2008
HD GT Axial Compressor Design

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November 17, 2008
HD GT Axial Compressor Design

Random blades are selected for

an automated check, which
checks the curvature, thickness,
width and so farth.

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November 17, 2008
HD GT Axial Compressor Assembly

Compressor Wheels:
Rotor blades are inserted into
these slot and held in axial
position by spacer pieces
which are in turn staked al
each end of slot

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GE /
November 17, 2008
HD GT Combustion Chamber(s) Operation
COMBUSTOR(s)
is the part of the engine
where air is mixed with fuel
and burned with a portion
of the compressor air

The combustion casing 30%

allows compressor
discharge air to be
directed through the
flow sleeve and
30%
ultimately into the
combustion liner
40% 72 /
GE /
November 17, 2008
HD GT Combustion Chamber Design
COVER SPARKLING PLUG
COMBUSTION CHAMBER WRAPPER
LINER
GAS FUEL

LIQUID FUEL
REACTION ZONE EX
DILUITION ZONE HA
US
TG
AS
BURNER

COMBUSTION AIR PORT

GAS CONVEYOR
AIR FROM THE AXIAL COMPRESSOR
“TRANSITION PIECE”
SLOTS OR HOLES FOR THE LINER COOLING AIR

- The air flow through the combustion chamber has three functions: oxidize the fuel,
cool the metal parts, the extremely hot combustion products the desired turbine inlet
temperature.
- The air enters the combustion chamber and flows forward, entering the liner through
holes and louvers in the liner wall.
- A portion of the air reaches the head end of C.C. and enters the liner through the cap
73 /
where the axial swirler creates a vortex. GE /
November 17, 2008
NOx reduction for Heavy Duty Gas Turbines
DRY Systems WET Systems

1) Steam Injection* This system consists of

injection steam atomized in combustion
DLN 1: chamber to decrease flame temperature and
so NOx.
Dry Low NOx.
• Easy to install
• Requires Steam
• Increase maintenance

2) Water Injection * This system consists

of injection of atomized water in combustion
chamber to decrease flame temperature and
so NOx.
• Easy to install
DLN 2:
• Requires water
Dry Low NOx.
• Increase maintenance

* Appliable for all GE HD GT

74 /
GE /
November 17, 2008
HD GT Turbine Section Operation

TURBINE
is the part of the
engine where the hot
gases from the
combustor

The turbine can consist of several stages. Each stage is

comprised of stationary row of nozzles where the high
energy gases are increased in velocity and directed
toward a rotating row of buckets, or airfoils, attached
to the turbine shaft.

As the gas flows through the conversion of the gas

kinetic energy into rotating shaft horsepower.
75 /
GE /
November 17, 2008
HD GT Turbine Section Operation

76 /
GE /
November 17, 2008
HD GT Turbine Section Design
Rotor blades (“Buckets” and stator nozzles with
large thickness, with high corrosion and erosion
resistance.
They can accept also fuel oil (residual treated oil)
although at expense of more frequent
maintenance.

ROTATION AXIS

77 /
GE /
November 17, 2008
HD GT Turbine Sec. Manufacture & Assembly

…after the casting process,

machining and grinding is
done to the dovetail and to
the sealing wings….

78 /
GE /
November 17, 2008
HD GT Turbine Sec. Manufacture & Assembly

…the bucket is then given a

first and second coating…

…the last step before shipping

is to give each bucket a
weight and a serial number.

79 /
GE /
November 17, 2008
HD GT Turbine Section Design

In the turbine there are stationary

nozzles which direct the high-velocity
flow of the expanded hot combustion
gas against the turbine buckets
causing the turbine rotor to rotate.

80 /
GE /
November 17, 2008
HD GT Turbine Section Design

81 /
GE /
November 17, 2008
HD GT Turbine Section Design
Unlike the compressor blading, the turbine bucket tips do not run
directly against an integral machined surface of the casing but
against annular curved segments called turbine shrouds.

82 /
GE /
November 17, 2008
HD GT Exhaust Section Gas Turbine

Exhaust casing:
- the frame consist of an outer cylinder and an inner cylinder
interconnected by radial struts.
- directs the flow of coming from turbine section into the
exhaust duct
- Turing Vanes

83 /
GE /
November 17, 2008
HD Gas Turbine Bearings

The gas turbine unit contains two or three main journal bearings used to
support the gas tiurbine rotor. The unit lso includes thrust bearings to
maintain the rotor-to-stator axial position and to support the thrust loads
developed on the rotor. These bearings and seals are incorporated in two
or three housing.

The main bearings are pressure-lubricated by fluid supplied from the

main lubricating system. The fluid flows through branch lines to an inlet
in each bearing housing.

84 /
GE /
November 17, 2008
HD Gas Turbine Journal Bearings
Type:

Elliptical

85 /
GE /
November 17, 2008
HD Gas Turbine Thrust Bearings

Type:
Load (Equalizing)
Unloaded (Non-Equalizing)
86 /
GE /
November 17, 2008
HD Gas Turbine Thrust Bearings

87 /
GE /
November 17, 2008
1. Where is the location of the Firing Temperature?

A
B C D

88 /
GE /
November 17, 2008
2. Between which two point in the Brayton Cycle is the pressure
costant and the volume of the hot gases increasing?

Fuel

1
Air
Intake
Exhaust A Points 1 - 2

CC
B Points 2 - 3

2 3

C T C Points 3 - 4

89 /
GE /
November 17, 2008
3. Select the letter that corresponds to the section where
high energy gases are increased in velocity, and directed
toward a rotating row of buckets?

D
C
B

90 /
GE /
November 17, 2008