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 Core Concepts
in
Cultural Anthropology
 Core Concepts
in
Cultural Anthropology

ROBERT H. LAVENDA

EMILY A. SCHULTZ

SEVENTH EDITION
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the
University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing
worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and
certain other countries.

Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press

198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America.

© 2020, 2017, 2007, 2000 by Robert H. Lavenda and Emily A. Schultz;

© 2013, 2010, 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

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All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
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Oxford University Press, at the address above.

You must not circulate this work in any other form

and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Lavenda, Robert H., author. | Schultz, Emily A. (Emily Ann), 1949- author.
Title: Core concepts in cultural anthropology / Robert H. Lavenda, Emily A. Schultz.
Description: Seventh edition. | New York : Oxford University Press, [2020] | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018060667 (print) | LCCN 2019001018 (ebook) | ISBN 9780190924768
(e-book) | ISBN 9780190924751 (pbk.)
Subjects: LCSH: Ethnology. | Ethnology--Bibliography.
Classification: LCC GN316 (ebook) | LCC GN316 .L39 2020 (print) | DDC 305.8—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018060667

987654321
Printed by LSC Communications, Inc., United States of America
To Jan Beatty
 CONTENTS

PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Chapter 1 Anthropology
1.1 An Anthropological Perspective
1.2 The Subfields of Anthropology
1.3 Is Anthropology a Science? Modernism,
Postmodernism, and Beyond
1.4 Reflexive Anthropology and the Ontological Turn
1.5 Moral Anthropology
Chapter 2 Culture
2.1 Culture Against Racism: The Early Twentieth
Century
2.2 The Evolution of Culture
2.3 Culture and Symbolism
2.4 Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism
2.5 The Boundaries of Culture?
2.6 The Concept of Culture in a Global World:
Problems and Practices
2.7 Culture: Contemporary Discussion and Debate
2.8 Culture: A Contemporary Consensus?
Chapter 3 Meaning-Making and Language
3.1 Making Meaning
3.2 Studying Language: A Historical Sketch
 3.3 The Building Blocks of Language
3.4 Language and Culture
3.5 Language and Society
3.6 Discourse
3.7 Language Contact and Change
3.8 Meaning-Making and Art
3.9 The Anthropology of Media and the Arts
Chapter 4 Worldview and Religion
4.1 Religion
4.2 Myth
4.3 Ritual
4.4 Magic and Witchcraft
4.5 Religious Practitioners
4.6 Change in Religious Systems
4.7 Secularism, Fundamentalism, and New Religious
Movements
Chapter 5 TheDimensions of Social
Organization
5.1 What Is Social Organization?
5.2 Dimensions of Social Organization
5.3 Caste and Class
5.4 Race
5.5 Ethnicity
Chapter 6 Sex, Gender, and Sexuality
6.1 Sex, Gender, and Feminism in the Twentieth
Century
6.2 Sex, Gender, Race, and Class
6.3 Gender Performativity
 6.4 Theoretical Diversity in Studies of Sex and
Gender
6.5 Sex, Gender, and the Body
6.6 Sex, Gender, and Sexuality
6.7 Sex, Gender, and Sexuality in Ethnographic
Context
Chapter 7 Relatedness:Kinship, Marriage,
Family, and Friendship
7.1 Kinship Versus Biology
7.2 Descent
7.3 Bilateral Descent
7.4 Unilineal Descent
7.5 Kinship Terminologies
7.6 What Is Marriage?
7.7 Whom to Marry and Where to Live
7.8 How Many Spouses?
7.9 Marriage as Alliance
7.10 Family
7.11 Divorce
7.12 Friendship
Chapter 8 Political Anthropology
8.1 Power
8.2 Political Ecology and Political Economy
8.3 Disputes and Dispute Resolution
8.4 Forms of Political Organization
8.5 Social Stratification
8.6 Forms of Political Activity
8.7 Social Control and Law
8.8 Nationalism and Hegemony
Chapter 9 Economic Anthropology
9.1 The “Arts of Subsistence”
9.2 Subsistence Strategies
9.3 Explaining the Material Life Processes of Society
9.4 Modes of Exchange
9.5 Production, Distribution, and Consumption
9.6 Mode of Production
9.7 Peasants
9.8 Consumption
9.9 The Anthropology of Food and Nutrition
Chapter 10Globalization
10.1 The Cultural Legacy of Colonialism
10.2 Analyzing Sociocultural Change in the Postcolonial
World
10.3 Globalization
10.4 The Cultural Effects of Contact
10.5 Globalization, Citizenship, and Human Rights
10.6 New Global Institutions
Chapter 11The
Anthropology of Science,
Technology, and Medicine
11.1 Science and Anthropology
11.2 Anthropology, Science, and Technology
11.3 The Anthropology of Medicine
11.4 Human Health in Evolutionary Context
11.5 Human Health and Nutrition
11.6 Health and Human Reproduction
11.7 Sickness and Health in the Global Capitalist
Economy
Chapter 12Theory in Cultural Anthropology
12.1 Anthropology as Science
12.2 Nineteenth-Century Approaches
12.3 Early Twentieth-Century Approaches
12.4 Mid-Twentieth-Century Approaches
12.5 Late Twentieth-Century Debates
12.6 New Directions in the Twenty-First Century
Appendix Reading Ethnography
The Parts of an Ethnography
The Use of Indigenous and Local Terms
The Photographs
Why Are You Reading This Ethnography (and How
Should You Read It)?

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INDEX
 PREFACE

T
his book is a concise introduction to the fundamental key
terms and issues of contemporary cultural anthropology. It is
not a condensed version of our textbook, Cultural
Anthropology: A Perspective on the Human Condition; this is
something different. Our goal is to provide students with a rapid
sketch of the basic ideas and practices of cultural anthropology in a
style analogous to an expanded glossary. A good glossary supports
beginners in a discipline by expanding the analytic vocabulary at
their command and situating this new terminology in the theoretical
and practical history of the field. So, too, we hope, will this volume:
we introduce the core concepts and key terms in cultural
anthropology and indicate briefly where they come from and how
they are related to one another to provide students with a context
for understanding anthropological writing, especially ethnographic
writing, when they turn to it. Our expectation is that this text will be
used in conjunction with ethnographies and/or collections of
readings during the term. For that reason, we have omitted
extended ethnographic examples and other kinds of details found in
our textbook Cultural Anthropology (and most introductory texts),
and we have concentrated on providing a scaffolding on which
students can rely as they begin to read more conventional
anthropological texts.

FEATURES
• Flexibility. This text can be used in many different ways. It
can be used by itself as a concise introduction to cultural
 anthropology when the course time that can be devoted to
covering the discipline is limited. It can also be used very
successfully in conjunction with other readings, either
anthologies or ethnographies or both. Core Concepts in
Cultural Anthropology may be assigned at the beginning of
the term to go along with introductory lectures and be
referred to as needed. Another approach, popular with users
of earlier editions of Core Concepts in Cultural Anthropology,
is to assign specific chapters to be read along with particular
ethnographies or course topics. To accommodate various
uses, we have made each chapter as self-contained as
possible. Each chapter has numbered section headings to
make it easier for students to navigate the text and to give
instructors additional flexibility should they wish to assign
segments of chapters in novel ways best suited for the
organization of their courses. We have included cross
references to related topics in other chapters wherever
possible. If the order of our chapters does not fit your
arrangement of topics in your course, we invite you to
rearrange the chapters and sections in any order that works
for you. We think our order makes sense, but there are many
different ways to arrange a course, and instructors should feel
free to assign (or omit) the chapters and sections in whatever
way best suits their approach to teaching anthropology.
• Brief and affordable. What you have in your hands is an
unadorned framework for teaching cultural anthropology. This
book was written to be brief and to be affordable. Quite
intentionally, there are no photographs, no lavish graphics, no
elaborate text boxes, no extended ethnographic examples. A
consequence of writing a concise introduction is that many of
the details and nuances of the field are left out. We assume
that instructors will provide favorite ethnographic examples
both in class and in other readings to illustrate the issues they
 raise in class. It is our hope that the brevity and affordability
of this text will allow the assignment of additional course
readings and will engender lectures and class discussions that
bring back the nuance and subtlety that are a part of every
human endeavor, including anthropology, teaching, and
learning.
• Provides useful study aids. Each chapter opens with a list of
key terms discussed in that chapter. Each chapter ends with a
list of suggested readings, which—along with an extensive
end-of-book bibliography—directs students to more detailed
discussions. The index allows students to quickly find the key
terms they need.
• Includes a chapter on theory. Because all anthropological
writing is theoretically situated, we have included a chapter
on theory in cultural anthropology. We think it is important for
students to get a sense of how the texts they are reading fit
into a broader theoretical context of the discipline. We also
think they need some intellectual tools for interpreting what
they are reading: ethnographic writing often refers to
alternative theoretical positions, and it is useful for students
to know the issues those positions have raised in the course
of ongoing anthropological discussion and debate.
• Provides a unique appendix on reading ethnography. Chapters
1 and 2 provide discussion of ethnographic methods. The
distinctive appendix in this book provides students with a set
of tools for reading ethnographic writing. It looks at how
ethnographies are put together and how they are written; it
also offers students strategies for getting the most from their
reading.

WHAT’S NEW IN THE SEVENTH EDITION?

There has been a significant amount of revision in this edition.
 Based on reviewers’ experience with their students, we have
reduced the number of primary key terms, which remain boldfaced.
As in previous editions of the text, secondary key terms appear in
italics. We have also revised the “For Further Reading”
recommendations.
Chapter 1:

• Definition of culture now includes material culture.

• New material on archaeology of the contemporary world.
• New section on engaged anthropology.
• New discussion of anthropological engagement with the
Anthropocene.
• Expanded discussion of reflexivity, linking it to the ontological
turn in contemporary anthropology, which is further
developed in chapters 4 and 12.
• Consideration of recent anthropological work building on
insights from the anthropology of science, technology, and
medicine.

Chapter 2

• Based on reviewers’ suggestions, we have included new

material from James Scott’s recent work in which he reads
“against the grain” archaeological and historical evidence
traditionally interpreted in terms of cultural evolution and
incorporates the notions of niche construction and the
Anthropocene.
• New material on Peircean semiotics in a section discussing
role of symbolism in anthropological analyses of culture.
• Discussion of processual approaches in anthropology based
on Ingold and Palsson’s Biosocial Becoming.

Chapter 3
 • New discussion of the status of the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis in
contemporary linguistic anthropology.
• New material on speech communities, based on Marcyliena
Morgan (2014).
• New section on raciolinguistics, based on Alim et al. (2016).
• Revised introduction on meaning-making and art.
• Brief new discussion of recent work on hip-hop.
• New discussion of media ideologies based on Gershon (2017).

Chapter 4

• Extended discussion of consequences of the ontological turn

in contemporary anthropological studies of religion and
worldview based on work by Descola (2013, 2014) and de la
Cadena (2015).
• New material on Christian conversion in the context of the
ontological turn based on the work of Holbraad and Pedersen
(2017).

Chapter 5

• Extended discussion of race based on Peter Wade’s work on

genomics.
Chapter 7

• Extended discussion of robots and kinship in Japan.

Chapter 8

• Extended discussion of state, including reference to the work

of James Scott (2017).
Chapter 9

• Revised discussion of history of subsistence practices.

 • Revised discussion of formalist position in economic
anthropology.
• New material on precarity under capitalist production.
• Revised discussion of peasants.
• Discussion of global institutions.
• New material on environmental anthropology.

Chapter 10

• New section on border studies and migration.

• New material on the built environment.
• New discussion of global organizations such as the UN,
including material on ethnographic research within such
organizations.

Chapter 11

• Significantly revised section on science studies.

Chapter 12

• New discussion about the Anthropocene and its consequences

for anthropological theory.
• New material on science and technology studies and
anthropological theory.
• Extended discussion of the ontological turn in anthropological
theory and practice.

If you prefer to teach the material of your course in a different

order, please don’t hesitate to assign the chapters in the order that
makes sense to you and your approach to the material. We have
tried to write the chapters as self-contained units with plenty of
cross references.
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

W
e continue to be delighted that Core Concepts in Cultural
Anthropology, now in its seventh edition, has joined our
other textbooks at Oxford University Press. It has been a
great pleasure to work with Executive Editor Sherith Pankratz, who
enthusiastically supported bringing Core Concepts to Oxford. Our
thanks, too, to Associate Editor Meredith Keffer for all the work she
does in taking a manuscript and turning it into a book. Reviewers are
extremely important to authors, even when we disagree, because
they enable us to look at what we are doing from a wide variety of
perspectives. Oxford found a particularly interesting set of reviewers
for this edition; responses were thoughtful, supportive, and
thorough. We have taken many of their suggestions. Even where we
didn’t, they pushed us to think through our decisions. So we would
like to thank the following people: David M. Buchman, Hanover
College; Paula Bulgier, University of Tennessee Chattanooga; Alfonso
Peter Castro, Syracuse University; Ellen Dubas, Nebraska Wesleyan
University; Huma Mohibullah, Renton Technical College; Boris
Nikolov, Towson University; and three anonymous reviewers.
Finally, we would like to thank Jan Beatty, who suggested a book
like this to us in the first place. This continues to be an interesting
and valuable project for us as we think about new ways to present
anthropology to new generations of students. We hope that you find
it to be an effective tool for teaching anthropology.
 Not for Profit. All for
Education.
Oxford University Press USA is a not-for-
profit publisher dedicated to offering the
highest quality textbooks at the best
possible prices. We believe that it is
important to provide everyone with
access to superior textbooks at
affordable prices. Oxford University Press
textbooks are 30%–70% less expensive
than comparable books from commercial
publishers.

The press is a department of the

University of Oxford, and our publishing
proudly serves the university’s mission:
promoting excellence in research,
scholarship, and education around the
globe. We do not publish in order to
generate revenue: we generate revenue
in order to publish and also to fund
scholarships, provide start-up grants to
early-stage researchers, and refurbish
libraries.

What does this mean to you? It means

that Oxford University Press USA
published this book to best support your
studies while also being mindful of your
wallet.
 CHAPTER 1

Anthropology

The key terms and concepts covered in this chapter, in the order in which they
appear:

anthropology
holistic
comparative
evolutionary

biological anthropology
medical anthropology
cultural anthropology
culture
fieldwork
informants
participant-observation
ethnography
anthropological linguistics
linguistic anthropology
language
archaeology
applied anthropology
engaged anthropology

objective knowledge
positivism
 modernism
postmodernism

reflexive
multisited fieldwork

moral anthropology
material culture
Anthropocene
process

A
nthropology is a discipline that exists at the borders of the
social sciences, the humanities, and the biological sciences.
The term comes from two Greek words: anthropos, meaning
“human beings,” and logia, “the study of.” The “study of human
beings” would seem to be a rather broad topic for any one field, but
anthropologists take the name of their discipline seriously, and
anything that has to do with human beings probably is of potential
interest to anthropologists. Indeed, anthropology can be formally
defined as the study of human nature, human society, and the
human past. This means that some anthropologists study human
origins, others try to understand diverse contemporary ways of life,
and some excavate the past or try to understand why we speak the
ways we do.

1.1 AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

Given its breadth, what coherence anthropology has as a discipline
comes from its perspective. Anthropology is holistic, comparative,
field based, and evolutionary. For anthropologists, being holistic
means trying to fit together all that is known about human beings.
That is, anthropologists draw on the findings of many different
disciplines that study human beings (e.g., human biology,
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conscience Jane
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