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Modern C++ For Absolute Beginners 1st Edition Slobodan Dmitrović (Dmitrović Digital Version 2025

Modern C++ for Absolute Beginners is a comprehensive guide by Slobodan Dmitrović that introduces readers to C++ programming from the basics to advanced concepts, covering C++11 to C++20 standards. The book includes practical exercises and examples to reinforce learning, making it suitable for beginners. It is available in various formats, including PDF and eBook, and includes supplementary materials on GitHub.

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100% found this document useful (1 vote)
21 views107 pages

Modern C++ For Absolute Beginners 1st Edition Slobodan Dmitrović (Dmitrović Digital Version 2025

Modern C++ for Absolute Beginners is a comprehensive guide by Slobodan Dmitrović that introduces readers to C++ programming from the basics to advanced concepts, covering C++11 to C++20 standards. The book includes practical exercises and examples to reinforce learning, making it suitable for beginners. It is available in various formats, including PDF and eBook, and includes supplementary materials on GitHub.

Uploaded by

maruligia4085
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Slobodan Dmitrović

Modern C++ for Absolute Beginners


A Friendly Introduction to C++ Programming
Language and C++11 to C++20 Standards
1st ed.
Slobodan Dmitrović
Belgrade, Serbia

Any source code or other supplementary material referenced by the


author in this book is available to readers on GitHub via the book’s
product page, located at www.​apress.​com/​9781484260463. For more
detailed information, please visit http://​www.​apress.​com/​source-code.

ISBN 978-1-4842-6046-3 e-ISBN 978-1-4842-6047-0


https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-6047-0

© Slobodan Dmitrović 2020

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the


Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned,
specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other
physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,
electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks,


service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the
absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the
relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general
use.

The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the
advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate
at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the
material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have
been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Distributed to the book trade worldwide by Apress Media, LLC, 1 New


York Plaza, New York, NY 10004, U.S.A. Phone 1-800-SPRINGER, fax
(201) 348-4505, e-mail [email protected], or visit
www.springeronline.com. Apress Media, LLC is a California LLC and the
sole member (owner) is Springer Science + Business Media Finance Inc
(SSBM Finance Inc). SSBM Finance Inc is a Delaware corporation.
To M. R., whose work is an inspiration to me.
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank my friends and fellow C++ peers who have
supported me in writing this book.
I owe my gratitude to outstanding professionals at Apress for their
amazing work and support during the entire writing and production
process.
I am thankful to the StackOverflow and the entire C++ community
for their help and feedback.
My deepest appreciation goes to S. Antonijević, Jovo Arežina, and
Saša Popović for their ongoing support.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1:​Introduction
Chapter 2:​What is C++?​
2.​1 C++ Standards
Chapter 3:​C++ Compilers
3.​1 Installing C++ Compilers
3.​1.​1 On Linux
3.​1.​2 On Windows
Chapter 4:​Our First Program
4.​1 Comments
4.​2 Hello World Example
Chapter 5:​Types
5.​1 Fundamental Types
5.​1.​1 Boolean
5.​1.​2 Character Type
5.​1.​3 Integer Types
5.​1.​4 Floating-Point Types
5.​1.​5 Type void
5.​2 Type Modifiers
5.​3 Variable Declaration, Definition, and Initialization
Chapter 6:​Exercises
6.​1 Hello World and Comments
6.​2 Declaration
6.​3 Definition
6.​4 Initialization
Chapter 7:​Operators
7.​1 Assignment Operator
7.​2 Arithmetic Operators
7.​3 Compound Assignment Operators
7.​4 Increment/​Decrement Operators
Chapter 8:​Standard Input
Chapter 9:​Exercises
9.​1 Standard Input
9.​2 Two Inputs
9.​3 Multiple Inputs
9.​4 Inputs and Arithmetic Operations
9.​5 Post-Increment and Compound Assignment
9.​6 Integral and Floating-point Division
Chapter 10:​Arrays
Chapter 11:​Pointers
Chapter 12:​References
Chapter 13:​Introduction to Strings
13.​1 Defining a String
13.​2 Concatenating Strings
13.​3 Accessing Characters
13.​4 Comparing Strings
13.​5 String Input
13.​6 A Pointer to a String
13.​7 Substrings
13.​8 Finding a Substring
Chapter 14:​Automatic Type Deduction
Chapter 15:​Exercises
15.​1 Array Definition
15.​2 Pointer to an Object
15.​3 Reference Type
15.​4 Strings
15.​5 Strings from Standard Input
15.​6 Creating a Substring
15.​7 Finding a single Character
15.​8 Finding a Substring
15.​9 Automatic Type Deduction
Chapter 16:​Statements
16.​1 Selection Statements
16.​1.​1 if Statement
16.​1.​2 Conditional Expression
16.​1.​3 The Logical Operators
16.​1.​4 switch Statement
16.​2 Iteration Statements
16.​2.​1 for Statement
16.​2.​2 while Statement
16.​2.​3 do Statement
Chapter 17:​Constants
Chapter 18:​Exercises
18.​1 A Simple if-statement
18.​2 Logical Operators
18.​3 The switch-statement
18.​4 The for-loop
18.​5 Array and the for-loop
18.​6 The const Type Qualifier
Chapter 19:​Functions
19.​1 Introduction
19.​2 Function Declaration
19.​3 Function Definition
19.​4 Return Statement
19.​5 Passing Arguments
19.​5.​1 Passing by Value/​Copy
19.​5.​2 Passing by Reference
19.​5.​3 Passing by Const Reference
19.​6 Function Overloading
Chapter 20:​Exercises
20.​1 Function Definition
20.​2 Separate Declaration and Definition
20.​3 Function Parameters
20.​4 Passing Arguments
20.​5 Function Overloads
Chapter 21:​Scope and Lifetime
21.​1 Local Scope
21.​2 Block Scope
21.​3 Lifetime
21.​4 Automatic Storage Duration
21.​5 Dynamic Storage Duration
21.​6 Static Storage Duration
21.​7 Operators new and delete
Chapter 22:​Exercises
22.​1 Automatic Storage Duration
22.​2 Dynamic Storage Duration
22.​3 Automatic and Dynamic Storage Durations
Chapter 23:​Classes - Introduction
23.​1 Data Member Fields
23.​2 Member Functions
23.​3 Access Specifiers
23.​4 Constructors
23.​4.​1 Default Constructor
23.​4.​2 Member Initialization
23.​4.​3 Copy Constructor
23.​4.​4 Copy Assignment
23.​4.​5 Move Constructor
23.​4.​6 Move Assignment
23.​5 Operator Overloading
23.​6 Destructors
Chapter 24:​Exercises
24.​1 Class Instance
24.​2 Class with Data Members
24.​3 Class with Member Function
24.​4 Class with Data and Function Members
24.​5 Class Access Specifiers
24.​6 User-defined Default Constructor and Destructor
24.​7 Constructor Initializer List
24.​8 User-defined Copy Constructor
24.​9 User-defined Move Constructor
24.​10 Overloading Arithmetic Operators
Chapter 25:​Classes – Inheritance and Polymorphism
25.​1 Inheritance
25.​2 Polymorphism
Chapter 26:​Exercises
26.​1 Inheritance
Chapter 27:​The static Specifier
Chapter 28:​Templates
Chapter 29:​Enumerations
Chapter 30:​Exercises
30.​1 Static variable
30.​2 Static data member
30.​3 Static member function
30.​4 Function Template
30.​5 Class Template
30.​6 Scoped Enums
30.​7 Enums in a switch
Chapter 31:​Organizing code
31.​1 Header and Source Files
31.​2 Header Guards
31.​3 Namespaces
Chapter 32:​Exercises
32.​1 Header and Source Files
32.​2 Multiple Source Files
32.​3 Namespaces
32.​4 Nested Namespaces
Chapter 33:​Conversions
33.​1 Implicit Conversions
33.​2 Explicit Conversions
Chapter 34:​Exceptions
Chapter 35:​Smart Pointers
35.​1 Unique Pointer
35.​2 Shared Pointer
Chapter 36:​Exercises
36.​1 static_​cast Conversion
36.​2 A Simple Unique Pointer:​
36.​3 Unique Pointer to an Object of a Class
36.​4 Shared Pointers Exercise
36.​5 Simple Polymorphism
36.​6 Polymorphism II
36.​7 Exception Handling
36.​8 Multiple Exceptions
Chapter 37:​Input/​Output Streams
37.​1 File Streams
37.​2 String Streams
Chapter 38:​C++ Standard Library and Friends
38.​1 Containers
38.​1.​1 std:​:v
​ ector
38.​1.​2 std:​:a
​ rray
38.​1.​3 std:​:s​ et
38.​1.​4 std:​:m
​ ap
38.​1.​5 std:​:p
​ air
38.​1.​6 Other Containers
38.​2 The Range-Based for Loop
38.​3 Iterators
38.​4 Algorithms and Utilities
38.​4.​1 std:​:s​ ort
38.​4.​2 std:​:f​ ind
38.​4.​3 std:​:c​ opy
38.​4.​4 Min and Max Elements
38.​5 Lambda Expressions
Chapter 39:​Exercises
39.​1 Basic Vector
39.​2 Deleting a Single Value
39.​3 Deleting a Range of Elements
39.​4 Finding Elements in a Vector
39.​5 Basic Set
39.​6 Set Data Manipulation
39.​7 Set Member Functions
39.​8 Search for Data in a Set
39.​9 Basic Map
39.​10 Inserting Into Map
39.​11 Searching and Deleting From a Map
39.​12 Lambda Expressions
Chapter 40:​C++ Standards
40.​1 C++11
40.​1.​1 Automatic Type Deduction
40.​1.​2 Range-based Loops
40.​1.​3 Initializer Lists
40.​1.​4 Move Semantics
40.​1.​5 Lambda Expressions
40.​1.​6 The constexpr Specifier
40.​1.​7 Scoped Enumerators
40.​1.​8 Smart Pointers
40.​1.​9 std:​:u
​ nordered_​set
40.​1.​10 std:​:u
​ nordered_​map
40.​1.​11 std:​:t​ uple
40.​1.​12 static_​assert
40.​1.​13 Introduction to Concurrency
40.​1.​14 Deleted and Defaulted Functions
40.​1.​15 Type Aliases
40.​2 C++14
40.​2.​1 Binary Literals
40.​2.​2 Digits Separators
40.​2.​3 Auto for Functions
40.​2.​4 Generic Lambdas
40.​2.​5 std:​:m
​ ake_​unique
40.​3 C++17
40.​3.​1 Nested Namespaces
40.​3.​2 Constexpr Lambdas
40.​3.​3 Structured Bindings
40.​3.​4 std:​:f​ ilesystem
40.​3.​5 std:​:s​ tring_​view
40.​3.​6 std:​:a
​ ny
40.​3.​7 std:​:v
​ ariant
40.​4 C++20
40.​4.​1 Modules
40.​4.​2 Concepts
40.​4.​3 Lambda Templates
40.​4.​4 [likely] and [unlikely] Attributes
40.​4.​5 Ranges
40.​4.​6 Coroutines
40.​4.​7 std:​:s​ pan
40.​4.​8 Mathematical Constants
Summary and Advice
The go-to Reference
StackOverflow
Other Online Resources
Other C++ Books
Advice
Index
About the Author
Slobodan Dmitrović
is a software development consultant
and an author from Serbia. He
specializes in C++ training, technical
analysis, and software architecture. He is
a highly visible member of the SE
European C++ community and a
StackOverflow contributor. Slobodan has
gained international experience working
as a software consultant in Denmark,
Poland, Croatia, China, and the
Philippines. Slobodan maintains a
website at www.cppandfriends.com
.
About the Technical Reviewer
Chinmaya Patnayak
is an embedded software developer at
NVIDIA and is skilled in C++, CUDA, deep
learning, Linux, and file systems. He has
been a speaker and instructor for deep
learning at various major technology
events across India. Chinmaya holds an
M.Sc. degree in physics and B.E. in
electrical and electronics engineering
from BITS Pilani. He has previously
worked with Defence Research and
Development Organization (DRDO) on
encryption algorithms for video streams.
His current interest lies in neural
networks for image segmentation and applications in biomedical
research and self-driving cars. Find more about him at
chinmayapatnayak.github.io.
© Slobodan Dmitrović 2020
S. Dmitrović, Modern C++ for Absolute Beginners
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-6047-0_1

1. Introduction
Slobodan Dmitrović 1
(1) Belgrade, Serbia

Dear Reader,
Congratulations on choosing to learn the C++ programming
language, and thank you for picking up this book. My name is Slobodan
Dmitrović, I am a software developer and a technical writer, and I will
try to introduce you to a beautiful world of C++ to the best of my
abilities.
This book is an effort to introduce the reader to a C++ programming
language in a structured, straightforward, and friendly manner. We will
use the “just enough theory and plenty of examples” approach
whenever possible.
To me, C++ is a wonderful product of the human intellect. Over the
years, I have certainly come to think of it as a thing of beauty and
elegance. C++ is a language like no other, surprising in its complexity,
yet wonderfully sleek and elegant in so many ways. It is also a language
that cannot be learned by guessing, one that is easy to get wrong and
challenging to get right.
In this book, we will get familiar with the language basics first.
Then, we will move onto standard-library. Once we got these covered,
we will describe the modern C++ standards in more detail.
After each section, there are source code exercises to help us adopt
the learned material more efficiently. Let us get started!
© Slobodan Dmitrović 2020
S. Dmitrović, Modern C++ for Absolute Beginners
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-6047-0_2

2. What is C++?
Slobodan Dmitrović 1
(1) Belgrade, Serbia

C++ is a programming language. A standardized, general-purpose,


object-oriented, compiled language. C++ is accompanied by a set of
functions and containers called the C++ Standard-Library. Bjarne
Stroustrup created C++ as an extension to a C programming language.
Still, C++ evolved to be a completely different programming language.
Let us emphasize this: C and C++ are two different languages. C++
started as “C with classes,” but it is now a completely different language.
So, C++ is not C; C++ is not C with classes; it is just C++. And there is no
such thing as a C/C++ programming language.
C++ is widely used for the so-called systems programming as well as
application programming. C++ is a language that allows us to get down
to the metal where we can perform low-level routines if needed, or soar
high with abstraction mechanisms such as templates and classes.

2.1 C++ Standards


C++ is governed by the ISO C++ standard. There are multiple ISO C++
standards listed here in chronological order: C++03, C++11, C++14,
C++17, and the upcoming C++20 standard.
Every C++ standard starting with the C++11 onwards is referred to
as “Modern C++.” And modern C++ is what we will be teaching in this
book.
© Slobodan Dmitrović 2020
S. Dmitrović, Modern C++ for Absolute Beginners
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-6047-0_3

3. C++ Compilers
Slobodan Dmitrović 1
(1) Belgrade, Serbia

C++ programs are usually a collection of C++ code spread across one or
multiple source files. The C++ compiler compiles these files and turns
them into object files. Object files are linked together by a linker to
create an executable file or a library. At the time of the writing, some of
the more popular C++ compilers are:
– The g++ frontend (as part of the GCC)
– Visual C++ (as part of the Visual Studio IDE)
– Clang (as part of the LLVM)

3.1 Installing C++ Compilers


The following sections explain how to install C++ compilers on Linux
and Windows and how to compile and run our C++ programs.

3.1.1 On Linux
To install a C++ compiler on Linux , type the following inside the
terminal:

sudo apt-get install build-essential

To compile the C++ source file source.cpp, we type:

g++ source.cpp
This command will produce an executable with the default name of
a.out. To run the executable file, type:

./a.out

To compile for a C++11 standard, we add the -std=c++11 flag:

g++ -std=c++11 source.cpp

To enable warnings, we add the -Wall flag:

g++ -std=c++11 -Wall source.cpp

To produce a custom executable name, we add the -o flag followed


by an executable name:

g++ -std=c++11 -Wall source.cpp -o myexe

The same rules apply to the Clang compiler. Substitute g++ with
clang++.

3.1.2 On Windows
On Windows , we can install a free copy of Visual Studio.
Choose Create a new project, make sure the C++ language option is
selected, and choose - Empty Project – click Next and click Create. Go to
the Solution Explorer panel, right-click on the project name, choose
Add – New Item – C++ File (.cpp), type the name of a file (source.cpp),
and click Add. Press F5 to run the program.
We can also do the following: choose Create a new project, make
sure the C++ language option is selected, and choose – Console App –
click Next and click Create.
If a Create a new project button is not visible, choose File – New –
Project and repeat the remaining steps.
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