Dungeon Builder: The Demon King'S

Labyrinth Is A Modern City! (Manga) Vo

8
A mastermind's shadow looms overhead, and Procel intends to thwart any
malicious plans! After saving Marco from near death, Procel swears to
always be with her. As he enjoys a peaceful life for the first time in
a long while, Stolas, the Demon Lor

Author: Hideaki Yoshikawa

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The following file is just a random
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.
agris termini pojiti, cedificia collocata : commeraum, emptiones,
venditiones, hcationcs, conduEiiov.fs, obligationes infiitut^, exceptis
quibufditm, quie [a] jure civili introduil^ fuiit. Digeft. lib. i. tit. I . De
JuHitia & Jure, kg. 5. Mr. Ihomafius neverthclefs maintains, that
Commerce is not the La;v of Nations farther, than by alRiming that
Right from fuch general Cu.loms as have proceeded from the
corrupted Manners of Mankind, and which are fettled by corrupted
Reafon ; leeing that the Necelfity, Diverfity, and great Increafc of
Commerce is the Efl'eft of Vice, and the Growth of it. See the
Difcourfc, De Jure Statuum Imperii dandle Civitntis, i 14. and that,
Dc Pretio affcaionii in rej fungibiles nou cadente. Chap. i. §. 5. both
printed at Hall in Saxony. But this rcfpefls another Queftion, which
rather relates to Divinity, than the Civil Law. (See //^. i. cap.\. §. 1 1
. aforegoing.) It is fufiicient, tiut in the State that Thmgs now are,
Commerce, as well as Propriety of Goods, is neceiTary among Men in
the Condition tliey are ; fo that we may i-^y, th.(t tlie Settlement of
Commerce in general is very conformable to the moll pure Reafon,
and the Law of Nations, {o called in the moft agreeable Senle. Lallly,
As Commerce is a Confequence. and one of the chief Ufes of
Property, we muft be careful not to extend the Rights of Property N
n n 2 *"
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4^o Of P RIC E. Book V. II. Wc find t]>en, that Things are

faid to be equal, not only as they agree in three Dimen/ims., but in
feme oiher refpe(5t. I'hiis Honour, Labour, and Wages are laid to be
equal, or unequal, not by reafon of their agreeing or difagreeing in
Dimenlion, but upon fome other account. And tlierefore there niuft
be lb:ne other Q^ianticy, befides that which is tenn'd Phyfical and
Mathematical, the' Philofophers have hitherto talL'd of no other.
Which is evident, if we confider, rhat the Nature of Quantity m
general does not conlift in the Extenfion of Siibilance, but in Things
being capable of having a Vaiue put upon them, and confequendy of
being compared together. But fince things receive a Value, not only
from their natural Subftance, but alfo in refpect of fome moral
Confideration ; it follows, that be(ides the natural there muft bealfo^
moral Qiiantity ^ . However, Tilings of the fame Narure and
Cocdnefs receive a Value even from their natural Qtiantiry, as a great
Diamond, ceteris paribus, is more valuable than a fmall one ; which
yet we have not always a regard to in the Valuation of Things of a
diiferent Species, or Goodnefs ; for a great Dog is not always more
valuable tlian a little one, or a great Mafs of Lead than a fmall Piece
of Gold. How Perfoiis are morally valued according to Opinion '° ;
and their Actions, according as they arc prodi,d;ve of Merit or
Demerit, has already been difcourfed of in its proper Place "^ . My
Defign here is only to cicat of the moral quantity of Things and
Actions, as they arc conceiv'd to have fome ufe in the common
Affairs of Life, and as they are capable of being compared together
in order to Commerce. This we call Piiie, which is the 7noral Quantity
or Value oj Things or Aciions, by v:hich they ate tifiaHy compared
together ia order to Traffick. HI. Prke may be divided into ' proper
and emiKcKt ; the/"'/? is placed in Things and Aftions, fo far as tliey
are capable of procuring either the Neceflaries, or Conveinences, or
Pleafares of Life : the other is placed in Money, which is fuppofed to
contain virtually the Prices of ail Things tlfe, and to be the common
Mcafurd and Standard of them. IV. For the right underftanding the
Nature of l\\^ proper Price, it is ncccllary to confider diflin&l}', firft,
upon what it is founded ; fecondly, what it is that raifes or finks it.
The Foundation of the Price or Value of any Action or Thing is, '
Fitnefs to procure either mediately, or immediately, the Neceflaries,
or Conveniences, or Pleafures of human Life. Hence, in common
Difcourfe we call thofe Things that are ufelefs. Things of no Value i
and thofe Men too we fay are of no Value, that are unprofitable
Burthens of the Earth. Thus the Cock, in the Fable, fet no Value
upon the Jewel, becaufe of no ufe to him. Grotius^l.ii. c.iz. § 14, is
of Opinion, That M^ant is the mofi natural meafure of the Price of
Things. Where if he means, that Want, in its own nature, is the
Foundation of Price, or that therefore Men only value a thing,
becaufe they want k, it will not univerlally hold true. For, if fo, thofe
things that are fubfervient to our fuperfluous Pleafures would bear
no Price, which yet the Luxury of Man has fet a great Rate upon. For
we do not really want any thing, but what we cannot, unlefs with
great Inconvenience, be without, Mdt.h. 1 2. But if his meaning be,
that the Want of the Buyer raifes the Price, I own it is commonly fo ;
but that it is the natural meafure of Price, that the more a Man's
Neceflicies ptcfs him, the more may be juflly exacted of him, no
honefl: Man will admit: Nor does that ^ Place of Ariflotk, cited by
Grotiiis, make tor tlie purpofe ,• for the %?£/'«, or 5 IViint, he
fpeaks of there, which in a manner prefervcs and holds together all
Commerce, is not the Foundation of Price, but ot Bartering only. For
if Men wanted nothing but what tiiey could fupply themfelves with,
there would be no bartering, or exchanging Commodities, but every
one would keep and enjoy his own * . V. Yet it is obfervable, that
fome of the moft iifeful things of human Life have no Price fet upon
them ; either becaufe they are and ought to be free from Property,
or becaufe they are excluded from Commerce, or lafiiy, becaufe they
come within the reach of it, no otherwife than as Appendages of
fome other thing ; befides, the Law has remov'd fome Actions from
Commerce, and thereby exempted them from Price. Thus the Air, the
Sky, the heavenly Bodies, and the vaft Ocean not being
appropriated, can bear no Price, how ferviccable foSee B. i. c. i. §.
2j. '' See B. viii. c. 4. ' See B. i. c. 8. See B. viii. c. 3. §. 18, iffiMr.
Barb. NOTES m §. in, iv. )b far as to do a confider.ible Hurt to
Commerce. We have feen the Ufe of this Remark in the two laft
Chapters of the preceding Book J and 'tis probable that it may fcrve
clfewhcre to decide feveral Cafes better than they ufually are. ' The
.Author faith Pretium vulgare ; but if we flioiild tranflate it fo, viz- *
vu/gtir or common Price, we fliould confound that fort of Price with
the other that is treated on at ^. 9. Pretium commune, i. e. the
Genus with the Species. Moreover, the Terms Proper, or Intrinfuii, do
in themfelves much better exprefs the Notion in which our Author
underilands the Word vulgare in this Place, as any one may caiily
perceive. ' It is one of the general Reafons ; for that which is of no
Ufe, pafles commonly for a Thing of no Value. But whence comes it
then, that Water, and fome other things very ufeful for Life, are not
rated at any Price ? as our Author fpeaks a little lower. We mull
therefore add another Rcafon here, I mean, That things that are
cap.ible of Price ought to be not only of fome Ufe, if not truly, yet at
leall in the Opinion and Affeftions of Men ; but alfo of fucha Nature,
as not to be fufficient for the Needs of all the World. And lb the more
ufeful and rare a thing isjn this Lift Senfe, the higher or lower the
proper and intrinfick Price will be. If the Fafhion of a thing pafTes
away, or few Men efteem it, then it becomes a good Bargain, how
dear foever it was before. On the contrary, if a thing that is common,
and cofts little or nothing, becomes rare, nothing more needs to fet
a Price on it, and fomCtimes to make it- very dear; as appears, for
Example, by Water in dry Places, and at certain rimes, as in a Siege,
i£c. By this Principle we mufl explain and rediify all that our Author
hath faid concerning the Foundation of Price in general. See T/'/w's
Ohfervat. on Pufendorf, CCCXXXI, and on Lauterbach. Ohferv. DHL
as alfo Mr. TI:omnJius's Jtirifprud. Divin. Lib. ii. c. 11. §• 33> i^c.
snd his UikoaTfe De Prerio Jfi-^'ionis, c. i. ^- 10, iffe. * Arij'iot/e'i
Words are, Ae? apa In' riw xavra (nTfcTaiai tbto S' Iq) Tiffitv uh^iiiif:
vi XP"'"' *> »«•''!■« cvviy^t. ' So Arijlotle exprefly fpeaks, "On 10
XP«Ia avvixn 'iv t< cV, SijAcI, oti av (.li^ iv xfelct. uiiv aAAi}AB». tj
a|ii(p3'T«po
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Chap. I. Of PRICE. 4<5i ever they may be to human Life.

And the Law havirg forbid ' things facred to be brought into
Commerce^, has thereby exempted them from frice, although fome
of them have nothing in their own Nature to render tiiem incapable
of it. Nor can any Price be afTign'd tor a Freeman's Head j it being a
Contradiiftion to be free, and at the fame time expofed to Sale ; for
he is no (ooner expos'd to Sale, but he ceafcs to be free : And
therefore, even upon this Account, 5 Liberty is faid to be an
invaluable Thing, bccaufe the Advantages of it are fo great, as to
exceed all Value. Here 'tis worth oblcrving what Philo 'Judaits, De
Spec. Leg. p. 597, Edit- Geuev. delivers. Prices iiere fet upou tboje
who had devoted not only their Goods, but themfelves ; not
according tj their Beauty, or Stature, or fiuh like, but according to
their ylge and Sex : for the L(i\u fixes two hutidnd Silver Pieces as a
Price for a Man, from tie tivetititth to thefixtieth Tear of his Age, and
one hundred and twenty upon a Wvman ; from the fifth to the
twentieth Tear eighty for a Man, and forty fur a IVuman ; from
Infancy to the fifth Tear twenty for a Man, and twelve J or a Woman
; // pafl the fixtietb Tear for a Man fixty, for a Woman forty. All if the
fame Age and liex are rated at the fame Price, for three good
ReafoHS ; fiifl, becauje the Dignity of the Vow is the jamc, wi.ether
great or mean Perfons make it. Secondly, in the cafe of a Vuw
Perfons ought net to be rated upon the fame Terms with Slaves
expvfed to Sale ; for thofe are more or lefs ifieem'd, according to the
Beauty and Vigour
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46z Of P RIC E. Book V. " a Subjeft for the fake of Lucre. "
Thus a Judge ought not to fell that Juftice which he fhould
adminilter gratis ^ . * Nun bene conduBi 'vendunt perjuria teflesy
Nun bene fe.'eEJi judicis area patet, T'uYpe reos empta miferos
defendere lingua, Qliod facial magiias tiirpe tribunal opes. T'uype tori
reditu cenfiis augere paterms, Et faciem lucro projiituijje fuam.
Plutarch, in the Life of Rar.uhis, p. 25. talking of the Duty of Patrons
towards their Clients, adds, 'Ti/ accounted a mean and fordid thing
for thofe who are rich to accept of a Re from thofe that are poor.
Frorn whence the Cincian Law afterwards had its Original. Hie
clamojirabiifa fori 'jurgia vendens improbiis, iras & verba Iccat, Sen.
Here. fur. ver. 171, eiTc. Vid. Qiiint. liflit. Orat. 1. xii. c. 9. The Roman
Laws thought it mean to fet a Price upon Philofophy and
cIv.lKnowledge. Fid. Dig. lib. 1. t.13. leg.i.§,4.5D. De extraordin.
cognit. and Grot, m Flor. Spar, in h. I. and Qjiint. Iiiftit. Orat. 1. xii. c.
7. where difputing whether a Price ought to be let on Eloquence,
among other things, he fays, It may be a means of rendrmg things
cheap to put a Price upon them. A Ruffian, or a Sorcerer, can't juliify
his being hired for Money to kill a Man. A Scholar ought not todebafe
his Style and Learning in writing Scandal ; nor ought any Man to
proftitute his Credit, by maintaining an unjuft Caufe, or ruining a juft
one by Perjury ; and many more of the fame Stamp. VL There are
feveral Reafons why the Prices of things (hould rife, or fall ; why one
thing lliould be preftrr'd before another of as great, or greater Ufe.
For here the neceflity of the thing, and the emineucy of its Ufe does
not always take place. Nay, we generally find the moft necellary
things are cheapeft i becaulc, by the peculiar Providence of God,
Nature affords a greater Licreafe of them. " Whatfocver is necelfary
for Mankind, the divine " Providence has concriv'd that it fhould not
be " dear, or hard to be got, as are Pearls, Gold, Sil" ver, and other
Things, which neither our Body, " nor Nature requires ; but as for
thofe things we " cannot fafely be without, flie has plentifully "
difpers'd them throughout the World ''." T^iat which chiefly raifes
the Price, is Scarcity. 'Thofe things that are fcarce, fays Sextus
Empiricus "^ , are valued : thofe that grow among /I us, and are
every •where to be had, are quite otherwife. If Water were difficult
to be met with, how much more valuable would it be than the things
xve mofi value noiu ? Or, if Gold lay in the Streets as common as
Stones, who do you think would value it, or lock it up .
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Chap. I. Of PRICE. 463 What mighty Rares fome Pearls

bear, fVhofe Goudnefs confijis in fuch a degree of JVhitenefs,
Largenefs, Smoethuefs, and IVeight, ' Qualities fo hard to k match'
d, that never any two of thvfe Pearls are found alike ! Plin. Nat. Hi(K
1. ix. c. 35. Pearls bear the greatejl Priie of any thing ; they were firfl
brought to Rome i^ben Alexandria was taken, not long before Sylla'i
I'lme ; but a little after were ft much in FaJhion, that even ordinary
H^vmen ajfetied to wear them ; for the^ ufed to fay, A Pearl to
fVomen, when they appear'd in publick, was as good as a Liflor,
Idem, ibid. ■Some few. Is are fo valuable, that no Price can be ft
upon them, Id. 1. xxxvii. Prooem. Our Coral amoiig/i the Indians
beiirs as great a Price as their Jewkls do anwngfl us. Idem. 1. xxxii.
c. 2. Ad. Idem. c. xvii. 3-i. 1. X. c. 29. l.xii. c. 14, 17, 19 1. xiii. c. 5.
1. xxxvii. c. 4. 1. vi. c. 7. Of Silk. iVnh fo much Pains, and fo fir is it
brought, that Women, when th':y appear m publick, may be feen
through. At this Day Amber with us bears a ?no.lerate Rite, in the
Eaft it is va/i/j dear. ^ Nay, the Folly ot Men t'aniles thefe miifl; be
foinerhing extraordinary in what cofts much. Hcliogabalus ordered
the Prices of ihc Dainties provided for his Table to be reprefented to
him greater than really they were ; for that, he faid, created an
Appetite to them • magis ilia juvant,qua>pluris emuntur, Jiiv. Sat.xi.
ver. id. Luxury has iinpns'd a Price upon the very Dregs that the Sea
cafts up. Curt. 1. viii. c.p. n. 19. Ed. Cellar. Old Plate receives a
JAtlue from the Fame of the Workmen; Brafs from a few Mens Fi'My,
Sen. Confol. ad Helv. c. xi. "^janus Nicius E'ithraus ^ tells us of
"Tulips, that thirty Years ago (when he writ this) they lay upon the
Top of the Alps, without any Care or Notice taken of them : Yet,
when they were brought to Town, the People fond of them for their
Rarity, fet fuch a Price upon them, as that every Root fold for above
a hundred Crowns. But after they had increafed and grew common,
their Price funk fo low, that hardly any thing was cheaper. As our
Defires are, fo are our EJleem of things ; and there's no End of
raijing the Prices of things, unlefs we firfl fet Bounds to our
Extravagancies, Cicero in Verrem, 1. iv. c. 7. China and Earthen
Wares are the dearer for being brittle : For 'tis an Argument of
Riches, and a glorious piece of Extravagancy to have a thing that
fhall immediately be wholly defiroyed, Plin . 1. xxxiii. T'he Brittlenefs
makes Cryftal the dearer : For among unskilful People the Danger,
which ought to fink the Price, raifes it, Sen. De Ben. 1. vii. c. ix.
Strab. 1. ii. p. 87. Ed. Genev, Of precious Stones, that are fo much
valued, that tbofe that have thetn not, are as happy as thofe that
have them. For Mankind JS fo whimfical and filly, as to think thofe
happy who policfs Superfluities, rather than thofe who abound in all
die Neceil^ries and Convenienciesot Lite. And therefore it ought to
be rank'd among the fenfelefs Opinions of the common People to
value things either for their being new, or (carce, or hard to be
gotten, or brought from far, unlels their Goodnefs alfo and their
Ufefulnefs recommend 'em. Charron de la Sagejje, 1. i. c. 39. num.
11. and 1. ii', c. 9. num. 2. Agatharchis de mari rtibro, c. xlix.
fpeaking of the Altlai and djjandriui, whofe Country abounded in
Gold, fays, They barter' d Gold for a triple quantity of Brafs, but gave
double for Jnm. Fur they proportion d their Plates according to the
Plenty or Scarcity of the Commodities, in which we have not fo much
Regard to the Nature vf the Thing, as the Necejj'ity of its Ufe. But
thofe things tiiat are of daily Ufe, and efpccially fuch as relate to
Proviiion, Apparel, and Arms, rife in their Price, when they become
neceflary as well as fcarce ; as in a Dearth of Corn, or in a Siege, or
in flow Voyr.ges, where Hunger and Thirftare craving to befatisfied,
and Life njufl: be prcferv'd upon any Terms. Plin. Nut. Hifl. 1. viii. c.
57. Quintlil. DecLim. xii. p. i-]6. Ed, Lugd. Bat. hi a very great fcarcity
any thing that can be bought is cheap. When Hmnibal befieged
Cafilirium, a Moufe was fold for two hundred Pieces of Gold J and he
that fold it died of Hunger, whereas he that bought it was preferved.
The Prices of artificial things, befidesthe Scarcity of them, are much
raifed by the 3 Neatnefs of the Art. " In " which L. Mummius was fo
ignorant, that when he had taken Corinth, and thereby got poflelfion
of the Statues and Pidures drawn by the ^tblell " Maflers, he
proclaimed to thofe whom he had " hired to tranfport them into
Italy, that if they " loft them, they ihould find him new ones, Veil.
Pat. 1. i. c. 13. The Reputation of the Artificer adds Credit to fome,
and others are the more valuable for the Charader of their former
Pofleilbr. As Liician ^ mentions one, who had bougtjfc Epicletus's
earthen Lamp at three hundred Denarii, hoping, no doubt, to get
Epitietus's VVifdom, by ftudying by that Light. Tnus the City Cufco in
Peru was in fo great Requeft, that even the Seed that grew near it,
tho' really no better than any other, was yet of more Value than that
which grew elfewhere ■" , In fliort, the Difficulty, the E'egancy, the
Ufefulnefs, and Nece.lity of the Work, the Scarcity of V/orkmen, their
being '' Maflers in the Art, their not being under a Neceflity of
Working, all contribute to the raiiing of the Price. That fort of Work is
mojl artificial, which depends leafi upon ^ Pitmcoth- lib. iii. c. 17. in
the Life of J. Barclay, who was a great Admirer of them. ■> Jdverjus
indoSium, p. 386. Ed. Amfte!. ^ GarcilaJJo de la Vega, Comment.
Reg. 1. iii. c. 20. '^ " The Jthenians had more need of good " ftrong
Roofs to their Houfes, than the famous Ivory Statue of Minerva ; yet
I had rather be Phidias than the bell of Carpen" ters. For a Man muft
be rated, not according to what he can do ; but according to what
Reputation he is in ; efpecially lince " few can draw or carve finely ;
but any one is cipable of being a Carpenter, or a Porter. " Cic. in
Bruto, c. 73. " Thus Nicias " gave a Talent for a Servant to look after
his Silver-Mines. " Xen. Mem. Socrat. p-435. in fin. 1. 2. Mr. Barb.
NOTES on §. vi. ' Etenim qui modus eft in his rebus cupiditatis, idem
eft a:Jlimationis : Difficile efl enirn finem facers pretio, niji libidini
feceris : i. e. In thefe Things the Value of theni is according to Mens
Defires. 'Tis hard to fet Bounds to the Price 'till you have limited your
Defires after them. Cicero in Ferr. lib. iv. chap. 7. * Hence it was, that
by the .^o«(7// Law an Eunuch-flave, which was above ten Years
old, and underftood fome Art, was valued at more than a Slave that
pretended to Phyfick. See Cod. lib. vi. tit. 43. Cominun. de Legal. &
1. 3. princip. and Mr. ThoKafius'^ Difcourfe, De Pretio AffeSlionis,
Sec. chap. ii. §.15. 3 'Tis becaufe curious Works are rare. So that tlie
Author improperly diftingi'.ifhes between the Rarity of fuch things as
are relate with it ; as is evident from other Examples alledged by
him. See Mr, 'Thomaf,ui^i Difcourfe, De Pretio AffeSiionis, and chap.
i. §. 1 1. Fortune ;
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4^4 Of PR I C E, B O O K V. Fortune ; that the mofl fordid,

vclich nwfl defiks the B :^ly ; that the mofi Jeyuile, -which is of mofi
Labour to the Body ; that the mofi ignoble, which requires the lenft
Virtue, Arift, Polic. I. i. c. 7. (i i.) And again, That Exercife, A,t, or
Difcipline is to be reputed mean, that renders either the Body or the
Soul vnjit for the Praclice of Virtue, Polir.l. viii. c. 2. (4) As for the
more noble Arts, fme are more worth than they cofl ; you pur chafe
of a Phyfcian Life and Health, 'Things invaluable ; of a learned Tutor
the liberal Sci' ences, and the Adornment of the Mind : And
therefore, in fuch Cafes, we do not pay for things they teach us, but
fir their Labour, Sen. De Ben. 1. vi. c. 15. VII. But fometimes it
happens, that fome certain things are valued at an high Rate by fone
particular People only, which may be call'd The Price of Fanfy. It was
a Saying ot a certain Arabian, Whatfoever is dear, ahho it be dear,
yet if I have a Fanfy for it, it is not dear ; nor can any thing that
pleafes be fiid to coft too tmich, Leo Afric. 1. iii. All Gifts are valued,
as they are acceptable to the Receiver, Liban. Declam. xli. p. 870. D.
Edit. Parif. And this, where Animals are the Objeft, proceeds from a
fort of Acquaintance with them ' ; or, becaufe they know how to fuit
themfeives with our Humour ; or becaufe we have efcaped fome
imminenc Danger by their Afliftance ; or perhaps they are the
Remembrancers of fome fignal Event. Belides, fme things are
recommended by the Friend that gives them, fo that we would not
part with them for feveral otheis of the fame Goodnefs. ALhi lintewn
remitte. Qitod me non mcvet aftimatione, Vtrum ef} ij.vviiJ.i(rvvov
mei fodalis, Catul. Carm. xii. 11, 12, 13. Acceptiffima femper Munera
funt. Author qua pretiofa facit. Ovid. Epift. xvir. ver. 71, 72.
Manytalfo put a Value on things, becaufe fome great Man, whom
they are willing to compliment, has exprel.s'd an Efteem for them.
Thus, this or that Provilion or Apparel rifes in its Price, when the King
is pleas'd to be taken with if. But here fome obferve, that the Fanfy
of the Bi:yer ought not to raife the Price of the Commodity, iinJefs
fome other Caufes concur. The * /iow«» Laws make no allowance
for the Fanfy of the Party in the Rcftitution of Damage done by
Chance " : And )ec Mercnants frequently raile the Price, when they
fee the Buyer fond of the Commodity. Diudorus ^iculus ^ obferves
what an advantage the Italian Fadors made of the Drunkennefs of
the Gauls: They brought them Wtne, and fold it at mofl
tmconfcionable Rates ; for they had a Boy for a Hogjbead, and fu
exchangd their Wine for a Butler. However the Affcdion of the Seller
may fairly raife the Price, if fo be he h'gnifies it to the Buyer ; for to
pare with a beloved thing, for the fake of the Buyer, deferves fome
Confideracion "" . Laftly. The Price of things is fometimes enhanced
by fome virions Habit of Mind, as Vain-glory, Cruelty, and the like ''.
Vlir. And thefe always raife the Prices of things, as their Contraries
always lower them. But, in order to regulate the Prices ot particular
things, pro hie & nunc, and to reduce them to a j.ifl Standard, vve
muft remember, that in the ftate of Nature every one has Power to
put what Price he pleaies upon his own Goods, as being, in that
Itatc, the fole and fupreme Malter of tnem. For, in this Cafe, fhould
another prize my Goods, ic would ftill be in my Power to accept or r-
j.Ct it ; and thus I fliould, in the end, put the Price upon them my
felf: and tho' I lay never fo extravaganc a Rate upon them, no Man
can have any Ci fe to complain J for no one ( ught to be conctin'd
how much I magnify my Riches in my own Fanly ; and they who
think the Price too great, may let ic alone. And therefore, if any one
has a mind to my Goods, 'tis fit I fliould put what Price i pon them I
pleafe ,• as, on the other iide, fhould 1 force my Commodity upon
another, 1 muft take what the Buyer, who is indifterent, will be
[ilcis'd to give me. Indeed, if any one thro' ill Naciire, or Hatred, or
Envy, refufes a Man in want, either to (ell at all, or at IcaR fells upon
hard ' unreafonable terms, then, and only then there is Caufe to
complain. Fiom whence it tollows, that in a flate of Nature, the " ViJ.
Lib, ix. t. 2. 1. 34.. D. ad L. Aquil. & lib. xxxv. t. 2. 1. 36. ad Leg.
Falcid. i* Lib. v. c. 26. p. 304. The fame d. 1. c. 17. relates, " That
the People of Baleares valued one Woman at the Rate of four Men,
they were fo prone to Venery.
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Chap. I. Of PRICE. 46? Price of every thing is to be

determined by the Agreement of the Conrradtors ; nor can any one
be laid to have oft'ended againft the Law of Comroerce for making
the bell of his Market, provided he has not been inhuman towards
the neceflitons " . But in a regular Government the Prices of things
are determined, either by an Order from the Magiilrate, or lome
Laws, or elfe by the common Judgment and Eftimate of Men,
together with the Confent of the Parties : The former may be cali'd
the legal, the other the natural Price ^ . The icgal is always preium'd
to be confonanc tojuftice and Equity, unjefs the contrary docs
evidently appear : for fometimes grofs Ignorance, and more
frequently Hatred or Favour towards tne Bayer or Seller, or fome
other Corruption, or private Intereil, interpofes. The legal Price is
fix'd, as it u'ere, in a Point, and admits of no Latitude, but the ieafl;
Excefs becomes Injuftice. And when ^tis fix'd (as moft commonly it
is) in Favour of the Buyer, the Seller cannot in Juftice demand more ;
but the Buyer may, with the Content of the Seller, iink below it,
provided he does not fall fliort of the lowe/l Degree in the natural
Price : and tiie Seller may lawfully take lefs, provided it does not
tend to the Prejudice of others of the fame Trade. But if the Price be
fix'd in Favour of the Seller, then the Buyer cannot lawfully prefs the
Seilet to take lels, who yet, if he tiiinks fit, may take it ^ ; tor any
Man may recede from his own Right : However, in this Cafe, the
Seller inny take more, provided it does r.oc exceed the ' higheft
Degree in the natural Price. On Labour, the Price is generally fix'd in
Favour of the Labourer; on Commodities, in Favour of the Buyer. Li
fome Places, a more fnbtil Method is taken to prevent unreafonable
Prices ; as in Greece, the F/Jhrncngers were not permitted to lit, but
obliged to fell their Fifli {landing, that fo, by the tedioufnefs and
tircfomnefs of the Pollure, they might be forced to fell them while
they were fweet, and at a moderate Rate. IX. But the natural Price,
which is not fix'd by Law ' , admits of feme Latitude, within which
more or lefs may be demanded and given. Of this Price Seneca is to
be underflood, when he fays, "■ Wnat matters hove much ii is, fi^ce
the Buyer and Seller agree upon it ? The Value of t!ri.;gs is
:,ccording to the Market ; when you have commended them, tliey
are worth fo much as they can fell for, and no more. De Benef. lib.
vi. c. 15. And Livi 63. of Book XXV. I, 2. of the Digeft. ad L FutJ. 'The
Prices of things 3 are not fis'd acccrdi„g t- ti)e Fancy, or Ufe of
particular People, but as they are valuable to every body. See alfo
Lav.} 35. of Bjok jx. t. 2. of the Digefi. ad L. Aquiliam. In fome Places
(fays Arifktle, Nicojn.ix. i. towards the End) the Lazes allow no AEiion
for voluntayy Commerce ; thinking it reaf enable that the Creditor
flxuld entirely depend tipon the Hoaefty if the Debtor : For they
thought the Debtor fitter to fudge hroj much ought to be paid, than
the other. For 7nan\ things are differently rated by thofe that are in
Pcffcjfton, ana thofe that dcfire to be in Pujfiffion of them ; every
one fetting a great Rate up;n hii ovsn. But a Return ought to be
made according to the Opir.ion of htm that is to make it , -nhiih
perhaps ought to be adfufied, not according to th; Value he puts
upon the things, xxihen in Pfftlfim „f them, but according to the
Value he put upon them before he had them *= . By reafon of this
Laritueic tncy generally divide the natmal Price into three Degrees ;
the lowed or favourable, the middle or Veafonabie, the hightlt or
rigorous : within which Degrees any thing may be bought or fo a
dearer, or clieaper. But of what Extent this Latitude m.^y be, it is not
eafy to give a Rule that will reach all Cafes : But that may be faid to
be the j.ft Price, which is generally agreed i;po'.i by tliole who
fufiiciently underfbnd the Market and tne Commodities. Hither may
be referred that of Varro de Ling. Lat. lib. iv. * Pretium efl, quod
aflmaticnii emptionijque caufa c nfiituitur : ditium a periris, quod hi
foli piffunt facere re:le id. Yet Saljnafius, De Ufuris, ridicules this
Derivation, and that with Reafon. = See Gen. xli. 49. & xlvii. 13, (^c.
•> That is, as Mr. Bnrkyrac has it, the ordinary or current Price. Grot.
1. ii. c. 12. f. 14. (J Ciceron. Verrin. De Signis. S>jii modus cfl in his
reka cupidit/itu, idem efl apmatimis. Vid. Mr. Bare. NOTES en §. vui,
ix. » It is not always allowed to give a Price lower than what is let by
the Law ; and this takes place chiefly when the Taxation is fixed, not
tor the Interell of private Perfons only, but ibr the publick Good, and
as a fumptuary Law. Nor may we always content ourlelves with lefs;
which ouglit principally to be obferved, when the Magillrate, by fixing
a Price, endeavours to hinder Monopolies, or to encourage
Merchandife and Commerce in general, as Mr. Thmnfius has \ery
well obferved in his 7unTiirud Di-jin ubi fupra, §. 56, 57. _ -^ -"^ 3
See Atheiieeus, 1. vi. c. 2. ' The common Price, according to Mx.
Thomnfius, ubi fupra, §. 24. hath alfo Place among thofe xvho live in
the independent St.ue of Nature. For, as he fays, it would be very
hard to maintain any Commerce, if every one fliould always over-
value his own Goods, and under-value another's. The befl: way to
preferve an Equality between Perfons naturallv equal, is, that every
one fubmit himielf to the Judgment of the greater Number ; and fo
there is Reafon for fuch an Eftablilhmen't in Nations as thif. That
both Bai-gainers mould ordinarily govern themfelves by the
Ellimation which their Equals make of things of a like Nature. So th.u
,f Men do not follow that Eftimstion, they may be thought to ofFend,
not truly againft the Law of rigorous Juftice, but againft the Lau .. of
Humanity, and natural Honefty. 'Tis alio a great Imprudence in
Trading to value our Goods at lo high a Price, as to find no Buyers;
as It often happen?, when Men over- value their Goods at more than
they are thought worth by fuch Men, as commonly de i in them, and
underftand them. See the fame Author's Dilcourfe, intitled, De
.^quitatc Cercbrina, leg. ii. Cod. ii. De Rcfdnacnda Vendiiione, c. ii.
§. 24. Seneca % Words are, ^id znterefi quanti Jint, cum de pretio
inter ementem tf vendentem convenerit. Pretium cufiifque rei
froUnporccJi. Cum bene ifia laudaveris, tanti fun't, quanta phris
venire nonpojfunt. ■> He treats here of the Value of a Damage, and
not of ^vhat may be given or required in Baying and Selling, or
making any other Contraifl. See the Difcourfe quoted c. ii. §. 34. . ^
Py''^^' '" Latin Pretium, is that which is appointed upon the Account
cf the Value and Buying of a thing ; 'tis fo called from Perui.', i. e.
fuch as are skilful, becaufe they only are able to fix it. O o 0 X. In
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4^6 Of PRICE, Book V3 X. In regulating this natural Price,

Regard is to be had to the Labour and Expence '* o( the Merchant,
in imporcint^ and taking Care of his Goods ; f r upon this ground it
is that a Merchant can juflity his feiUng fo much dearer than he
bout^ht : But this Regaru is only to be had to rhofe Expences wiiich
thtry are ul'ualiy put to ; extraordinary Chances have nothing to do
h;re. And therefore it can be no reafon for a Merchant to raife his
Races, becaufe he happen'd to break his Leg, or to fall fick, or
becaufe part of his Goods were caft away, or ftolcn ; unlefs fuch
Accidents contribute to the Scarcity of the Commodity; much lefs can
he bring in his own extravagant and fuperfluous Expences. Bur his
Time, his Study, his Care, in getting, prefcrving, and forting his
Commodities, as aifohis Servants Wages, may tairly be rated by him.
And it would be inhuman, and tend to the Difcouragement of
Induftry, to ailow a Tradefman, or a Man of any other Calling, no
more Gain than julf enough to fupply him poL.rly and fparingly with
the NecefTities of Life. The Difficulty aifo, and Length and Danger of
the Voyage, may be brought into the Accounr, as ailo the citferenc
Value of Monies and Commodities in different Countries. Befides, the
way of Sale may alter the Cafe ; for they who fell by Retail may
demand fomewhat more than thofe who fell by Wholefale ; their
Trouble being greater, and it being more advantageous to have a
good round Si.m paid down at once, than to receive the fame by
little and little. But what fudden and frequent Alterations the Markets
admit of by reafon of the Plenty or Scarcity of Buyers, Money, or
Commodities, is well known. For the Scaicity of Money and Buyers
proceeding from fome particular Caule, meeting with a Gli.t of
Commodities, fu ks the Price ^. As, on the other (ide, the Plenty of
Buyers and Money, or the Scarcity of the Commodity, raifes it "^ '.
Belides, it helps to lower the Price, when rhe Seller forces his
Commodities upon lis of his own Accord, as if they lay upon his
Hands - , f- r that ptoceeds from a Scarcity of Buyers ; and btlides,
in this Cafe, the Purchafer lias often no Occafion for the thing, nor
would buy it, but that he thinks it a good Bargain : And indeed, in
fuch a Cafe we often buy, not fo much for our own, as for the
Seller's fake. And tiicrcfore, when things are fold by Auction, or Inch
of Candle, they often go off tor lefs than otherwife they would fell lor
; it being the Condition of that fort cf Sale, that 5 the Ware fhould go
ro the higheff Bidder : And yet, fometimes, the Warmth and
Emulation of the Company riles above the ordinary Price ; which is
indeed, at all times, rais'd by the Plenty of the Buyers. Again, tiic
Seller ought to have Allowance made him for the Lois enfuing, or the
Gain he foregoes, by felling at that time when tfiei Buyer is
importunate : For it would be unreafonable to expett me to part with
my Goods, b.ic upon fuch Terms as to be no Lofer by them. Belides,
the Lofs or Gain, by reafon oi How oc prompt Payment, may be, and
indeed always is, brought into the Account : For + a Day is part of
the Price ; which is more if paid down upon the Nail, than if paid
f-)me time after ; for in the mean time I might perhaps turn and
apply ic another way to my Advantage ^ . And therefore "^ Polybius
commends the Generolity of the younger Siipio, for p.i)tng hii Siflivs
their Portions forthwith^ which he was not obliged to do 'til! tvjo or
three I'eurs after, and that too at Rome, a City where no Mdit gives
away any thing at all, or pays a Penny before it be due ; fo diligent is
every Body in getting Money, and jo much Advantage do they make
of the Time. > Laliiy, We may add what Themiflocles, when he was
going ro fell his Farm, gave a publick Advertillment of ^ , That he
hud a govd Naglbour, A Houfe, fays Sadus s , that has gr.t fuch a
Ncigi bour as you (fpeaking to a rafcally Jew) may p(,jf:bly fell far
ten Drachms (f b.id Mmey ; bin there is hopes, that when you are
gone, it may be worth an hiinared. A good Neighbour therefore
raifes the Price of a Farm ; cfpccially in a Country where the good
old way of the Spartans obtains *" , rvho fnade fre.' with their
Neighbours Servants, Dugs, and Horfs, as if they vjere thdr own :
And when a Alan wanted any thing that his Neighbour was Mafier of,
he need but to open his Store- houfe, and to furnijh himfelf from
thehce with what he had occafion fr. '1 he Caule of railing the Price
of Slaves, in yu/lin, was very unufual, and not a little owing to
Cruelty : The Price of the Tlieban Captives was rais'd, fays he, not
for their being ferviceabk to the Buyer, but cut of Hatred to tl:e
Enemy ' . XI. But, when mod Nations had degenerated from their
primitive Simplicity, 'tis eafy to imagine that this proper Price could
not fuffice for the Dilpatchof Bulinefs and Commerce, wnich daily
incrcafcd : For Commerce conliffed in Bartering only ; and Wo:k was
paid in Work, or elfe in Commodities. But after our Luxury had
increafed our Neccflicies, and we, not content with the Prouuce of
our own Soil, liad a mind to the Delicacies of other Nations, ic was
hard for any one to poiftfs fuch Goods, for which any other would be
» See Grot, in the Place above-cited. *■ " Cheapnefs proceeds from
a multitude of Sellers. " Ta:it. An. vi. c. i - . \"'.^ Socrat.HiJl. Ecclff.
1. iii. c. 17. in the Beginning. '' Vid. Mar/. 1. vi. ep. 30. * In excerptis
Peirefcianis. Aa'd.GrotA.'u. c. 12. f 14. f Plut. Apophtheg. p. 185. D-
« Rofar. Perl. c. iv. ^ Alention'd by Plutarch, Ir.fr.t. L-iconidi, p. 238.
Ed.Wicb. ' Ju/l. 1. xi. c. I. Mr. B.^RE. NOTES on §. x. ' I have added
this Period tikcn out of our Author's Abridgment De Officio Ihrn- is'
Ch- B. 1. i. c. 14. f. 6. -.vheri "rii tiid, a high Price is fct upon a thing,
when 'tis fold only to pleafe one importunate to have it, and without
which Intreary it would not have been fold. Any one may fee that
this ought not to liave been omitted. ^ Efpecially, where Calo\ Rule
of good Husbandry is obferved, which Plutarch relates in his Life, "
Nothing is cheap that is " fuperfluous ; and what we have no
Occafion for, although \u fold for a Farthing, comes dear. " 'Tis a
Provsr'o, M::rx u.'trxet futet, Proffer'd Ware llinks. Plutarch's Words
are, "0*15 Ss n>jJsv iimtv tivai tUv •jtifnrO.v, i>\h'^Tii «' turcu, k^u
aoirap.'s ii-rfiim'f'''*'' tsaab vofii'tiiv' In vit. Caton. ' See Chap. v. 5. 6.
following. * Nam Dies filutianis, Jicuti fumma, pars ejljlipulalimis.
Digeft. 1. ii. tit. 13. De EJc.':Jo, I i §2. See alfo 1. ::viii. t. 2. Df in
Diem atlJifli'jne, 1. 4. §. 6. & 1. 15. in Jin. ' In ail this Paragraph the
Author treats only of the outward Circumftances, which help to raife
or lelTen the Price of things. But we ought always to fuppofe that
the natural and internal Qualities of the things themfclves do very
much alter the V"alui, becaufe theic intrinlick Qualities or
Circumft.-.nces increaie or leflen the Benefii we may have by it. To
this the Example of Ihem'fii
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Chap. I. Of PRICE. 467 willing to barter ihvfe Commodities

that we wanted, or which indeed could be exactly equivalent to th'-
m. And, in a well-regulated State, where the Subjects are divided
into various Orders and Ranks, there nuift needs be feveral forts of
Men which would not be able to fublifl, or at Icalt very hardly, oid
the hmple way of Bartering (till prevail. As 'tis very evident that thofe
Nations, which are yet unacquainted v/ith the life of Money, are
pertedt Strangers to the more improv'd and cultivated way of Living.
Vid. Biisl^tq. E il\. iii. where he treats of the Manners of the Coidi,
Add. \. i. princ. 1. xviii. t. i. D. De contmh. Empt. And therefore
Maximus Tyrius, Diil. xxxvi. p. 344. Ed. Liigd. An. 1630, is in a fweet
Dream, when he fays. Meat, Drink, and Raiment, and other
Neceffaries Men provide, by bartering Brafs and Iron ; and thcje of
more Value, by Gold and Silver. But t'jis is through the Coiritptiun of
Mankind : for -mithout any life vf Mi'ials they might cotnmunicaie
gratis to one another, by this mojl jilfl Meafurc, that he -who ivants
fh'uld provide for bis Nicejjity, by burrotdng of hint that abuunds ;
and he that abounds, Jhould lend npon no other Condition, than that
he in his Turn jh.'.uld be ferviceable to him. XII. And therefore the
moft civiliz'd Nations, by Agreement, thought fit to fet a certain
eminent Price upon fom.e particular thing, as a Meafure and
Standard for the Price of every thing elfe ; by the help of which one
might procure any faleable Commodity, and Commerce might be
carried on ' more conveniently. ^To this Purpofe A:iJiot'e ^
difcourfes excellently ; IVhenPf^ant, fays he, had made Bartering
necejfary, an) fimple Exchange of Commodity -was f/ifpcient to
anfiuer our prifent Exigencies. But becaufe we knew not what, or
how much we might have Oaafan fir hereafter, the Ufe cf Aloney was
introduced; which is, as it were, a Pledge or Security, on which Men
have agreed to iv7p(fe fich a Power, as to make it capable of
procuring any jaleablc Commodity. And in another Place'', IVhen
Alens Ni'Cffjities were to be fupplyd from abroad, by importing what
they wanted, and exporting what they abounded with, it was
neceffary to introduce the Ufe nf Money. For every thing necejfary
for Life ctuld not eafily be convey'd backward and forward. And
therefore to cany on fucb a Barter they confemed to give and
receive fuch a thing at fuch a Value, as Iron, Sihrr, or any thing elfe :
luhich, at firfl, was determined by Quantity, or Weight ; but after had
a Stamp put upon It, to fave the Tumble of Weighing ; for the Stamp
is a Token and Demonflrati'an of fuch a Qumniiy. Again, * '^ Becaufe
an ArcbiteB d^ferves more for his Work, than a Shoemaker does for
his i and it would be difficult for thefe tiuo to barter together, it being
unreafonable to give a Houfe for a Pair of Shoes ; therefore, to
render fuch things faleable. Mankind have thought fit, by comm.n
Confeta, to make ufe of a Piece of Silver, which they call Jvloney :
And this, for the Maintenance of civil Communication^ they have
agreed jhould be accepted for any Commodity, according to the
Value and P)ice of it, Xlll. For this Purpofe the more noble and fcarce
Metals, Gold '', Silver % and Bral's feemed moft proper. For as we
accept a Man of iaiown Credit and Valuci and not every common
Fellow for a Surety, fo no Man would part with his Goods, which
perhaps he iiad acquired with great Labour and Induftry, ior what he
might meet with any where, as a handlul of Duft and Sand ; it was
necelfiry therefore Money Ihould conlifl of fuch a Matter, as might be
convenient for keeping, and, by reafon of its Scarcity, fhouki have
the Value of many things cro;:ded and united in if. Thefe Q^-ialities
are found in Metals, which are alfo of iuch a clofe compaded
Sublfance, as not eafily to be worn out, and yet capable of being
divided into minute Pieces, both which are abfolutcly necefiliry for
that which is defign'd to be a Standard and common Mcalure in
Commerce. But fince this Ufe ot Money does not follow from the
Nature of Things, but the com.mon Coiifent and Agreement of Men '
; any thing elfe, in Cafes of Exigency, may ferve in its (lead. Thus
Leather, Paper, and fuch like, with fome certain Scamp upon them,
have often pafs'd for Money, in Times of NeccUity ; which, when
thole Emergencies were over, have been exchang'd for the common
Species s . Thus in the Kingdom of Congo and Tmbutto m Africa ^ ,
and in many Places of Nurth ^ Nicom. 1. V. c. 8. " Money was found
out as .-i common Meafure to which all other tilings fhould be
referred. " Nicom. ix. c. i. ^ Polyb- 1. i. 6. (9) Nicom. 1. v. c. 8. " All
things th.it are barter "d ought to be cap.ible of being compared
together, to which " KJic Money is fubfervient ; which, in a manner,
is a Medium, for it mcifures all things : For Money was fubftituted by
Conlent, " and is therefore call'd vofjufffxa, as being fuch, not by
Nature, but vo'rxw by the I.kv ; k being in the Power of Man to alter
it, or " mike it ufclefs. Every thing ought to have a Price let upon it,
for fo there will be continual Traffick ; and where that is, there "
muft be Society. Money therefore, as a Mriiiiim, renders things
commenfurable, and confequently equal. For there can be no "
Society, where there is no Exchanging ; nor Exchanging, where there
is no Equality ; nor Equality, but where things arc com" menfurable. '
Max"- Moral. 1. i. c. 34. Rhet. 1. i. c. 16. " Money is, as it were, the
Rate of the Worth of other " things ; and therefore all other tilings
are procur.ible by it. " ^ Which, why it is efteemed the moft noble,
may be feen in Pli/i- Nat. Hill. I. xxxiii. c. 3. about the end. ^ Vid.
etiam 1. xxxiv. c. 14. Plin. Nat. Hi/l. & Liician. in Charm;. p. 350.
Edit. Amfl. where Iron is preferr'd to Gold. ' Add. Philofl. in Fita
Apolknii Tyan. 1. ii. c. 3. ^ VidPolyaen. Strata^, lib. iii. c. lo. n. i . oi
Timotheus M\A liemetrius. Seneca de Benefais, lib. v. c. 14. at the
end. '' hi Leo Afric. lib. \'i. Mr. Bar b. M 0 TE S, en §. xii. ' The Rwian
Lawyers have well difcover'd the Original and firft Eftablifliment of
Money, faying, Origo emendh vendendique a fermutationibus ccspit.
Oliiit enim non ita erat ivmmus, neque aliud mcrx, neque aliud
pretium vocabatur ; fed unufquifque fecundum tieceffttatem
tcmportim, ac reriim, lUilibm inutilia pcrm:i!abat, quando plerumque
evenit, ut quod alteri fuperefl, aheri dejit ; fed quia non Jemper, ner
facile concurrehat, ut cum tu haberes quod ego defiderarem, invicem
haberem quod tu accipere velles, eleSla materia eft, tuj Its public a
is" perpetua leflimatio difficullatibus pcrnritationum, tequalitate
quanlitatis ful/veniret ; eaque materia forma publica pcrcuffa, ufum
dominiumque, non tarn ex fihflantia pr^bet, quam ex q:iantitate ;
nee ultra merx utrtimque, fed alteram pretium vocatar. Digeft. 1.
xviii. tit. i. De contrahendi emptione, frV. leg. i. * Thefe Paffages our
Author quotes at large, but without any great Neceffity* The Greek
of this Paflage is, 'Ets< Se 0 o'lmSotio; tAs.'ovo? aSiau Tiiier ri clvtH
e^Vov, ^ 6 amTe\ii, til vfv 'Ipyov avTMuraWaTTisiai, K3ti rZ ixuTtT
xpo; tou oi.to5ofjiov, a;v9' uicSijfiaTay 5' Bn ^v oUiav Hnlii'u,
tvTavB^i vjSi ti/ofi-cr^v rxura xxvra ui/vitj:. k^i ti dp>ui)iov
■rpaca.Vopti/cravT«{ v6ii.iey.x, ts'tuj Xfv.'iHi, xdi TfJc rijv ««i'av
'Ua:;ov iKXz^ J.Sovrai, rtjv ah^aiiv Ts'tt^Saj T«?' aAAi^^wi', koi
tsVu t^k ■xoHirm^iv fiivuvSav cuvliyiiv. o o o America,
The text on this page is estimated to be only 18.02%
accurate

468 Of PRICE. Book Vi America, a certain fort of Sea-ftiell is

in Ufe, infltad of Money. The Apalachites, a People of Fioridd ^ , life
certain black and white Grair.s for Monty. The (mall Money of the
Province ot Canidu are Lumps of Salt '' , which are alfo current
among the Abyffides - .■ Tho' certainly fiich fort of Money is capable
of carrying-on biic a very imall Trade. In the, Kingdom of Siam the
great Money is Silver, the Imall a certain fort of Shell '' . And here, by
the way, we may obfetve, that in Co-.igb they li ok upon Iron to be a
nobler Metal than Gold, or Sliver, becaufe thefe are of little Uie,
whereas that alfords molt convenient Inftrumenrs for the Service of
Life. Among the Ethinfnm Brafs was the moft Icarce and precious
Metal "^ . And indeed, laying afide the Ufe of Money, Mankind could
better be without Gold and Silver, than without Iron ' . The Peruvicvti
^ thought themfelves happy that the Europeans help'd them to Iron
Inftrurr.ents. And one of rheir Grandees could not enough admire a
Pair of Sciifars brought over by the Spaniards, faying, Had the
Spaniards broiigiA natliing elfi but Raz,ors, Sajfars, Ci.7r.bs, and
LooLingglajfet, it ivould have eafily obligd them to give ail their Gold
and Silver in Return. For before that they fhaved themfelves with
Knives of Stone, not without great Pain. As for their Gold, and Silver,
and Jewels, they gave them their King, r:0t as Tribute, but as a Gitt
?. In a certain Country of Arabia they barter'd an equal Weight of
Gold and Silver for Iron ; for tliey abounded in the fomier Metals,
and wanted the latter ". Heretofore thefe Metals us'd to pals by
VVeiglit ' ; infomuch that ftill, among fome Nations, the Money is
denominated from the Names of Weight. But that growing
inconvenient, it became cullcmary every vvhire for the feveral
Princes of each Nation to coin Money of a certain Size - , and to
{lamp it with a certain Mark to determire its Value. Alexis Severus
gave Order, That the Pieces of M:m.7y af fduo, three, four, and ten
Pounds JVeight, up to thfe of fifty, and an hundred, which
Heliogabalus had coin'd, fiould be melted down, and no longer pafs
in Payment ; and that for the future the ALney Jhould be
dtnominated fom the Qjiautity of the Aletal. For he obferved, that
the Emperor was at a greater Expence in Largejfes, by being under a
neceffity of giving avjay ten Shillings, nay, frne times thirty, fifty, or a
hiindyed in a fingle Piece, b-.cauje he had not a Juficient Stock of
fmalier Pieces to dijhibute. Lamp. c. xxxix. XIV. But akho' the Value
of Gold, and Silver, and Money depend upon the Agreement of Men ;
yet rlie iupremc MagiArate has not a Power at large uf determining
it, as he thinks fit, but mull have regard to fome certain
Conlideration?. And ^i\:i\, all Nations, that we know of, agree that
Brafs is lefs worth than Silver, and Silver than Gold, and that Silver
bears fuch a certain Proportion to Gold ^. Again, Money is not
deliga'd for the Conveniency of Commerce between Natives only, but
alfo between them and Foieigners. And therefore, if the
Magiftratefhould rail'e the Money extravagantly, he would render it
ufelefs in our Traffick with Foreigners. Indeed, among Subjects of
the fame Nation ' , Neither the Banker, mr ti:e Farmer can refiife the
King's Money ; but whether they like it cr no, mu/i take it in
Payment. But between us and Foreigners, fliould not the Q_;antity
and Goodnefs of the Metal be fo adjullcd, as to render our Money, at
leaf!:, as good as that of the Country with which we traffick, it would
be a great Clog and Hindrance to Merchandife, and would reduce us
again to the Neceflicy of Bartering ; which, of itfelf, would not be
fufficient to carry on Trade, unlefs we export as much or more than
we import ; and Foreigners iland in need of our Commodities, and
we not of theirs '". And becaufe, where our Eflate lies in Moveables,
it chiefly coniills in Money, it muft apparently be much lelleu'd, when
that admits of fo much Alloy, as to difcover its own Bafenefs in its
Looks. ^ Poly anus '^ relates of Leucon, that he commanded all his
Subjects to bring in their Mo' Concerning ivhich, VideRnchffurt.
Defiript. Antillarurn Infill. Pitrt II. c viii. n. 8. '' As Vauloi Vennc
leLites, 1. ii. c. 38. '^' franc. Alvarez- c. xlvi. '' Vid. jod. Schotiteit, in
Dcfcript. Regn. Siam. Add. Polydor. Virgil De Invent, rer. 1. ii. c. zo.
Alexand. Neapol. I. iv. c. 15. Budeu! ad\-\- D- De contrah. empt. '
Herodotus Tha'lia conctrnrnglh^ Ethiopians. ' Gareil.iJ. Comment.
Reg. 1. i. 21 . 8 IJem, ihid. 1. v. c. 7. Add. Th. Mor. Utopia, 1. ii. "
Diodir. Sie. 1. iii. c. 4;. Add. Strab. I. .xvi. " Iron is therefore faid to
be better than Gold, becaufe this is defended by that. " Lueian. in
Charron. d. 1. And Vlin. Nat. Hift. 1. xxxiv. c. 1 4. ' Vid. Plin. 1. xxxiii.
c. 3. '' " If for h.ilf a Pound of Goid a Man receives a doublf "
Proportion of Silver, he receives only a double, whereas he ought to
receive a twelfth Proportion. Vlat. inHippnrcho, p. 514. C " Ed. Weeh.
In the League that the Romans made with the jEtolii^ns, they were
to give one Pound of Gold for ten of Silver. " Pohb. excerp. leg. 1.
xviii. 5. Add. Bod. De Rep. 1. vi. c. 3. p. 1071, fsfr. ' That of Arrinn
takes place, Difert. Epift. 1. iii. c. 7. "■ \"\A. Polyb. 1. vi. c. 47. about
the End. '• Lib. vie. 9. Add. Bodin. Dc Rep- 1. vi. c.3. Greg- TholafiiH.
Syntag. jiirif. univerf. 1. xxxvi. c. 2 Mr. Bari'.. NOTES on §. xm, xiv. '
Sec Mr Lieie's Philofophical EJfay upon Human Xjhder/landiug, 1. iv.
c. 12- i ii* From whence that of Juvenal, Sat. xiv. ver. 29 1 . • .
Concifum argentum in titulos, fmiefque ininutas. ' To avoid the Cheat
of filfe Money, it ought'not only to be mixed with a good Alloy, but fo
curioufly wrought, that the Labour, joined with the intrinfick Value of
every Piece, Ihould make it worth more th.m it commonly goes for.
This is Mr. Bernard\ judicious Reflection, m.idc by him in his Nezos
from the Rep.illiik of Letters, Mar. 1704. But \vhen ftlfe Money creeps
into the publick Commerce, private Pcrfons ought not to bear it, but
the State ought to take it at t)ie Weight which they received it. Our
Author commends the Jullice of the Senate of Venice in this Cafe ;
and we have h.id as great an Inftance lately of it in England. Under
the Reign of King William III. the Money was in fuch a bad
Condition, becaufe it had been fo much dipt in the foregoing Reigns,
in which there was no Care taken to prevent it, that it was diminilh'd
above a third Part of the true Weight. This made. Men believe that
tlicy had more than they had; for thn' the Money had not been
lefJ'en'd by publick .Authority, yet in Commerce the Value was one
third Part lefs th.in it went for, which ruin'd Trade in many refpcdf s.
Mr. Locke took notice of this Abuic, and foretold. That in a little time,
if fome Remedy were not taken, England would want Money to buy
Bread, which happen'd in 1695, infomuch that the Parliament was
obliged to amend it in the Beginning of the next Year. That great
Philofopher was one of thole who helped to make it appear, that
there was no other way to fave the Commerce of England, but to