Introduction to Psychology Exam

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 Introduction to Psychology
Exam Review
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Introduction to Psychology offers a comprehensive overview of the scientific study of

behavior and mental processes. The course explores foundational concepts such as

sensation, perception, learning, memory, personality, development, and psychological

disorders. Students will gain insight into the methods psychologists use to study the

mind and behavior, analyze classic and contemporary research, and examine the

biological, social, and cognitive factors that influence human thought and actions. This

course provides a strong foundation for further study in psychology and related

disciplines, while also encouraging critical thinking and self-reflection about individual

and societal behavior.

Recommended Textbook
Psychology Applied to Modern Life Adjustment in the 21st Century 9th Edition by Dr. Wayne Weit

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16 Chapters
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Page 2
 Chapter 1: Adjusting to Modern Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) ____ refers to the idea that technological advances have not led to perceptible
improvement in our collective health and happiness.
A) Information anxiety
B) Technology overload
C) The paradox of progress
D) The point/counterpoint phenomenon
Answer: C

Q2) A correlation exists when

A) two variables are related to each other.
B) two variables have the same underlying cause.
C) two variables are affected by a third variable.
D) a cause-and-effect relationship exists between two variables.
Answer: A

Q3) Some psychologists prefer to study animals rather than humans mainly because
A) animal subjects tend to be more cooperative than humans.
B) it's easier to control the factors influencing animals' behavior.
C) researchers do not have to worry about causing discomfort to animals.
D) most animals are unable to figure out the hypotheses for a particular study.
Answer: B

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Page 3
 Chapter 2: Theories of Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Many critics have argued that humanistic theories of personality harbor a bias
against women.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False

Q2) Twin studies allow researchers to assess hereditary influences, in part, because
A) genetic overlap for fraternal twins is greater than for non-twin siblings.
B) twins are usually motivated to act similarly.
C) genetic overlap is 100% for identical twins, 50% for fraternal twins.
D) environmental influences are eliminated in twin studies.
Answer: C

Q3) In contrast to the Freudian model, Maslow believed that psychology should take a
greater interest in the ____ personality.
A) conscious
B) unconscious
C) healthy
D) unhealthy
Answer: C

Q4) Identify and briefly describe the "Big Five" personality traits.
Answer: not answered

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 Chapter 3: Stress and Its Effects
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Sample Questions
Q1) People who lack social support are
A) more prone to developing infectious diseases, such as colds, under stress.
B) less prone to developing infectious diseases, such as colds under stress, because they
are less likely to be exposed to infectious germs.
C) have less intense physiological reactions to stress, because they keep it to
themselves.
D) are equally likely to develop infectious diseases as those with high social support.
Answer: A

Q2) Optimal level of arousal is related to

A) level of self-esteem.
B) the complexity of the task.
C) personality type.
D) optimism of the individual.
Answer: B

Q3) The types of traumas that can cause PTSD are more common than most people
realize.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True

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Page 5
 Chapter 4: Coping Processes
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Sample Questions
Q1) During a period prior to a behavioral intervention target behavior is observed
carefully and ____ is gathered.
A) a preliminary survey
B) baseline data
C) comparison group data
D) contingency data

Q2) Constructive coping involves confronting problems directly.

A)True
B)False

Q3) If you yell at your little sister after having a fight with your girlfriend, you may be
diverting your anger through the use of
A) sublimation.
B) catharsis.
C) displacement.
D) denial.

Q4) Which of the following statements about defense mechanisms is not true?
A) Defensive coping is an avoidance strategy.
B) They typically operate at the unconscious level.
C) They are generally considered poor ways of coping.
D) Their use is considered an indication of psychological maladjustment.

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 Chapter 5: The Self
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Sample Questions
Q1) "Look out for number one" is an attitude that is most likely associated with an
individual
A) from an individualistic culture.
B) with an interdependent view.
C) with a shared sense of responsibility.
D) from a collectivistic culture.

Q2) A critical childhood determinant of self-esteem appears to be the parents'

A) genetic makeup.
B) use of disciplinary techniques.
C) conditional love for the child.
D) approach to acceptance and control.

Q3) Which of the following is the best description of the way that men and women tend
to get their social needs met?
A) Both men and women display relational interdependence.
B) Both men and women display collective interdependence.
C) Men are more likely to display collective interdependence and women are more likely
to display relational interdependence.
D) Women are more likely to display collective interdependence and men are more likely
to display relational interdependence.

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Page 7
 Chapter 6: Social Thinking and Social Influence
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Sample Questions
Q1) All but which of the following are key sources of information in the process of person
perception?
A) appearance
B) actions
C) nonverbal messages
D) material possessions

Q2) In forming impressions of those who can affect their welfare and happiness, we tend
to make ____ judgments.
A) snap
B) primacy
C) systematic
D) attributional

Q3) Researchers think that the reason the foot-in-the-door technique is effective is that
people have a tendency to
A) please others.
B) behave consistently.
C) use the reciprocity norm.
D) engage in fundamental attribution.

Q4) Using examples from Asch's studies, distinguish between compliance and
conformity.

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 Chapter 7: Interpersonal Communication
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Sample Questions
Q1) Anna is speaking rapidly to Steve as she asks him out to lunch. Her paralanguage
most likely conveys ____ in this situation.
A) frustration
B) anxiety
C) uncertainty
D) sadness

Q2) Which of the following types of self-disclosure is most likely to lead to feelings of
intimacy between individuals?
A) factual
B) conceptual
C) emotional
D) attributional

Q3) Low self-monitors are better than high self-monitors at managing facial
expressions.
A)True
B)False

Q4) Summarize the research on gender differences in touching as a form of

communication.

Q5) Discuss some of the cultural influences on patterns of eye contact.

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 Chapter 8: Friendship and Love
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Sample Questions
Q1) Attitude alignment is
A) picking a partner based on similarity with our own attitudes.
B) modifying our attitude to be more similar to our partner.
C) insisting our partner agree with us.
D) breaking up if our partner does not agree with our values.

Q2) Researchers have suggested that the ____ can be used to explain the notion of
reciprocal liking.
A) matching hypothesis
B) self-fulfilling prophecy
C) fundamental attribution error
D) theory of cognitive dissonance

Q3) Cultural views of love and marriage are linked to a culture's values and its
A) mortality rates.
B) economic health.
C) population.
D) divorce rates.

Q4) Explain why the reciprocity principle is considered to be at odds with the dating
strategy of "playing hard to get."

Q5) Discuss some of the ways in which views of romance and marriage vary across
cultures.
Page 10
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 Chapter 9: Marriage and Intimate Relationships
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Sample Questions
Q1) Females are more likely than males to value intelligence in a potential mate.
A)True
B)False

Q2) How do males and females differ in their mate selection preferences?

Q3) After a divorce, children are likely to exhibit all but which of the following?
A) aggression
B) reduced physical health
C) improved academic performance
D) precocious sexual behavior

Q4) Kyra and Thomas have started evaluating each other on their attitudes about sex,
politics and religion. They are likely in which of Murstein's stages?
A) response
B) value
C) stimulus
D) role

Q5) Young adults who return home after living independently have been called
A) losers.
B) the x-box generation.
C) the fast-food generation.
D) the boomerang generation.
Page 11
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 Chapter 10: Gender and Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) When Pat takes a personality inventory, the resulting scores on the subscales that
measure masculinity and femininity are both low. This pattern of scoring is called
A) bisexual.
B) androgyny.
C) androcentrism.
D) gender-role undifferentiated.

Q2) A young girl is more likely than a young boy to engage in which of the following
behaviors?
A) hitting another child
B) pushing another child
C) threatening another child
D) spreading rumors about another child

Q3) A large number of studies indicate that women are more skilled than men in ____
communication.
A) sexual
B) nonverbal
C) persuasive
D) instrumental

Q4) Summarize the research findings on gender differences in aggressive behavior.

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Page 12
 Chapter 11: Development in Adolescence and Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Contrast the varying effects the timing of puberty has on males and female.

Q2) For Erikson, the search for identity is a(n)

A) experience that occurs when no role model is present.
B) normal developmental process.
C) unlikely to occur in the normal person.
D) failed attempt at identity development.

Q3) The collection of rituals and procedures used by a culture to handle death is called
A) bereavement.
B) a death system.
C) the stages of dying.
D) the grieving process.

Q4) According to Marcia, the two factors of ____ and ____ combine in various ways to
produce four different identity statuses.
A) parental influence; peer influence
B) genetics; environment
C) crisis; commitment
D) personality; life circumstances

Q5) Discuss the relationship of Erikson's young adult to adolescent stage.

Q6) Discuss Marcia's (1980) four categories of identity status.

Page 13
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 Chapter 12: Careers and Work
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Sample Questions
Q1) What occupations are showing the greatest growth trend in the US?
A) mechanical jobs
B) service jobs
C) clerical jobs
D) manufacturing jobs

Q2) When submission to unwanted sexual advances is a condition of getting a

promotion, which type of harassment is being perpetrated?
A) quid pro quo
B) environmental
C) job segregation
D) employer-sponsored

Q3) Business environmental psychology is the study of behavior in the workplace.

A)True
B)False

Q4) Discuss some of the current workplace trends described in the chapter and the
social changes that these changes reflect.

Q5) Underemployment is leaving the labor force for brief periods of time.
A)True
B)False

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 Chapter 13: Development and Expression of Sexuality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements regarding adolescents who receive most of their
sex education from a parent is accurate?
A) They are less likely to be sexually active.
B) They are more likely to use contraceptives if they are sexually active.
C) They wait longer before having sex.
D) All of these statements are accurate.

Q2) Research has shown that ____% of subjects who had a gay identical twin were gay.
A) less than 10
B) 22
C) 32
D) 52

Q3) Your ____ is how you see yourself physically.

A) body image
B) erotic identity
C) sexual identity
D) sexual orientation

Q4) HIV cannot be transmitted through oral sex.

A)True
B)False

Q5) Briefly describe the role of vasocongestion in the sexual response cycle.
Page 15
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 Chapter 14: Psychology and Physical Health
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is known to be the principal cause of coronary heart disease?
A) diabetes
B) atherosclerosis
C) Alzheimer's disease
D) posttraumatic stress disorder

Q2) Which of the following risks is not typically associated with narcotics use?
A) overdose
B) flashbacks
C) infectious diseases
D) physical dependence

Q3) Which component of Type A behavior seems to be most responsible for the
increased rate of heart attacks?
A) hostility
B) highly driven work goals
C) competitiveness
D) impatience

Q4) Briefly discuss the notion of dietary restraint as a contribution to obesity.

Q5) Compare and contrast the Type A and Type B personalities and discuss the health
risks that are associated with Type A behavior.

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 Chapter 15: Psychological Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) ____ is a psychological disorder in which a man achieves sexual arousal by
dressing in women's clothing.
A) Bisexuality
B) Transvestic fetishism
C) Homosexuality
D) Bulimia nervosa

Q2) Which of the following statements best reflects the relationship between stress and
anxiety disorders?
A) High stress may help precipitate the onset of anxiety disorders.
B) People with anxiety disorders tend to be unaffected by stress.
C) The relationship between stress and anxiety disorders is largely a myth.
D) Stress appears to exert its influence on the severity, rather than the onset, of anxiety
disorders.

Q3) Research suggests that ____ temperament in infants is a risk factor for the
development of anxiety disorders later in life.
A) a difficult
B) an inhibited
C) a sensitive
D) a slow-to-warm-up

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Page 17
 Chapter 16: Psychotherapy
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Sample Questions
Q1) ____ is a behavior therapy, designed to improve interpersonal behaviors, that
emphasizes shaping, modeling, and behavioral rehearsal.
A) Aversion therapy
B) Self-actualization
C) Social skills training
D) Systematic desensitization

Q2) The prescription of drugs in the treatment of psychological disorders is a feature of

A) insight therapy.
B) behavior therapy.
C) biomedical therapy.
D) transpersonal therapy.

Q3) ____ is a behavior therapy used to reduce clients' anxiety responses through
counterconditioning.
A) Free association
B) Self-modification
C) Aversion therapy
D) Systematic desensitization

Q4) Briefly describe the benefits and drawbacks associated with drug therapies.

Q5) Distinguish between the training of a psychiatrist and a psychologist.

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