Group 3 – Division Of Topics
TOPIC 1: LEXIS & VOCABULARY
FERNANDEZ, IAN – WORD CLASSES
• Definition of word classes (also called parts of speech).
• Main categories: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions,
interjections, and determiners.
• Explanation of open classes (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs – can expand with new
words) vs closed classes (pronouns, determiners, conjunctions, prepositions – limited set).
• Example sentences showing how different word classes function.
• Significance: understanding word classes helps in analyzing sentence meaning and
structure.
OPEN VS CLOSED CLASSES
1. Open class → allows new words (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs).
2. Closed class → rarely changes (pronouns, determiners, conjunctions, prepositions).
MAIN TYPES OF WORD CLASSES:
1. Nouns (name of person, place, thing, or idea → dog, happiness).
2. Pronouns (replace nouns → he, they, it).
3. Verbs (action/state → run, is).
4. Adjectives (describe nouns → happy, blue).
5. Adverbs (modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs → quickly, very).
6. Prepositions (show relation → on, in, under).
7. Conjunctions (connect → and, but, because).
8. Interjections (express emotion → wow, oh!).
9. Determiners (articles/quantifiers → the, a, some, many).
JARAMILLO, AYEZZA – CONTENT WORDS VS FUNCTION WORDS
• Content words: carry meaning → nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs.
• Function words: grammatical role → articles, prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns,
auxiliaries, determiners.
• Key difference: content words give the “substance” of a sentence, function words give
“structure.”
[Research Focus: Differentiating words that give meaning vs those that give structure.]
1. Content words → carry semantic meaning.
2. Function words → serve a grammatical purpose.
a. Content Words Include: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs.
Example: cat, run, beautiful, slowly.
b. Function Words Include: prepositions, pronouns, articles, conjunctions, auxiliaries,
determiners.
Example: the, of, but, he, will, some
Key Difference:
• Content words = meaning / substance.
• Function words = grammar / skeleton
Example Sentence Breakdown:
“The boy is running across the field.”
• Content words → boy, running, field.
• Function words → the, is, across, the.
Research angle: Why both are essential (content words = meaning; function words = coherence).
GOCOTANO, LYCA – WORDS’ LEXICAL RELATIONS
Lexical relations = how words are connected in meaning.
[Research Focus: How words are related in meaning.]
:Lexical relations are the semantic (meaning-based) connections between words.
Types of Lexical relations:
• Synonymy (similar meaning: big/large).
• Antonymy (opposites: hot/cold).
• Hyponymy (hierarchy: rose → flower → plant).
• Meronymy (part-whole: wheel → car).
• Polysemy (multiple meanings: bank = river bank / financial institution).
• Homonymy (same spelling/sound, different meaning: bat = animal/tool).
[Examples for each relation.]
Significance: builds vocabulary, helps in semantics and word choice.
TOPIC 2: SENTENCE STRUCTURE
FRANCISCO, BRIDGETTE – ENGLISH SYNTAX (OVERVIEW + SENTENCE TYPES)
• Syntax definition: the study of sentence structure and word arrangement.
• Overview: how syntax governs rules in combining words to make meaningful sentences.
• Sentence types based on function: declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory
Role of Syntax:
1. Ensures meaning is clear.
2. Prevents miscommunication..
Examples:
• Declarative: “She is reading.”
• Interrogative: “Is she reading?”
• Imperative: “Read your book.”
• Exclamatory: “What a great book!”
Research Angle:
✓ Compare English syntax with other languages (optional, if time allows).
✓ Stress that syntax = structure, while semantics = meaning.
✓ Significance: Syntax ensures clarity and avoids ambiguity.
JOSON, JASPER – PHRASE STRUCTURE
Definition of a phrase: a group of words that functions as a unit but does not form a complete
sentence.
Types of phrases:
• Noun Phrase (NP): “The tall building.”
• Verb Phrase (VP): “is running quickly.”
• Adjective Phrase (AdjP): “very interesting.”
• Adverb Phrase (AdvP): “quite easily.”
• Prepositional Phrase (PP): “under the table.”
1. Role of phrases in forming clauses and sentences.
2. Phrase structure rules in English (NP + VP = sentence).
3. Examples of sentence breakdown using phrase structure trees (optional for visuals).
Phrase Structure Rules:
Sentence = NP + VP.
Example: “The boy (NP) is running (VP).”
[Visual Suggestion: Phrase structure tree diagram for one sentence.]
INOT, MARICEL – TYPES OF SENTENCES ACCORDING TO STRUCTURE
[Research Focus: Complexities of English sentence construction.]
Definition: Sentence structure refers to how clauses are arranged in a sentence.
Types of Sentences (Structural):
• Simple sentence: one independent clause → “She sings.”
• Compound sentence: two independent clauses joined by conjunction/coordinator → “She
sings, and he dances.”
• Complex sentence: one independent clause + one/more dependent clauses → “She sings
because she is happy.”
• Compound-complex sentence: at least two independent clauses + one dependent clause →
“She sings, and he dances because they are excited.”
Significance: knowing sentence structures improves writing variety and clarity.
