Philosophy and History of

Psychology MCQ PDF

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15 Chapters
450 Verified Questions
 Philosophy and History of Psychology
MCQ PDF
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This course explores the foundational philosophical ideas and historical developments

that have shaped the field of psychology. Students will examine major philosophical

questions about the nature of mind, consciousness, and human behavior, as well as how

these issues influenced the emergence of psychology as a scientific discipline. The

course traces key movements, figures, and debates from ancient times through the

present, providing insight into how cultural, social, and scientific contexts have

continuously shaped psychological theories and practices. By analyzing primary texts

and critical perspectives, students will deepen their understanding of the evolving

relationship between philosophy, science, and the study of human experience.

Recommended Textbook
Pioneers of Psychology A History 4th Edition by Raymond E. Fancher

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Page 2
 Chapter 1: Foundational Ideas from Antiquity
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Sample Questions
Q1) Descartes believed that animals were:
A) identical to humans in most essential qualities.
B) mechanical automata, lacking consciousness.
C) psychologically similar to human beings, except less complicated.
D) so different from human begins as to be worthless as scientific subjects.
Answer: B

Q2) In the "Treatise of Man," Descartes provided mechanistic explanations for all the
following functions,except:
A) reason.
B) dreaming.
C) sensation.
D) both a and b
Answer: A

Q3) The first rule of Descartes' method,providing the equivalent of the geometric
axioms,was:
A) to doubt everything.
B) to keep precise records of all observations.
C) to systematically manipulate one variable at a time.
D) to proceed deductively by syllogistic reasoning.
Answer: A

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Page 3
 Chapter 2: Pioneering Philosophers of Mind:

Descartes,Locke,and Leibniz
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Sample Questions
Q1) Who was an early scientist who initiated the practice of bringing together groups of
investigators for scientific discussions?
A) John Locke
B) William Molyneux
C) Anthony Ashley Cooper
D) Robert Boyle
Answer: D

Q2) Leibniz agreed with Locke that "There is nothing in the intellect that was not first in
the senses," with the exception of what?
A) the emotions
B) the intellect itself
C) the bare monads
D) both a and b
Answer: A

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Page 4
 Chapter 3: Physiologists of Mind: Brain Scientists from Gall

to Penfield
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Sample Questions
Q1) One should be cautious in interpreting Penfield's "experiential responses" as evidence
for the localization of memory because of which of the following?
A) Experiential responses are more vivid and lifelike than ordinary memories.
B) The effect of electrical stimulation may be to inhibit rather than to excite the normal
functioning of cortical neurons.
C) both a and b above
D) none of the above
Answer: C

Q2) The notion that a single memory may be "stored" in several different specific
locations scattered throughout the brain is known as:
A) Pribram's hologram theory.
B) the redundancy hypothesis.
C) the cerebellar theory.
D) the multiple-memory theory.
Answer: B

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Page 5
 Chapter 4: The Sensing and Perceiving Mind: From Kant

through the Gestalt Psychologists

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Sample Questions
Q1) A major consequence of the adoption of mechanistic doctrine by Helmholtz and his
fellow students was that:
A) they were encouraged to try to solve problems that previously seemed unsolvable,
such as analyzing and measuring the nervous impulse.
B) they finally performed the ultimate experiment, disproving vitalism completely.
C) they lost support from their superiors, such as Müller, and were cast into an
oppositional role.
D) all of the above

Q2) Kohler's principle that "psychological facts and the underlying events in the brain
resemble each other in all their structural characteristics" is known as the:
A) Hypothesis of Psychophysical Isomorphism.
B) Law of Gestalt Identity.
C) Law of Specific Nerve Energies.
D) Hypothesis of Underlying Similarities.

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Page 6
 Chapter 5: Wundt and the Establishment of Experimental

Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Introspective studies showing that prior instructions influence thought without
entering into subjects' conscious associational processes were said to reveal:
A) determining tendencies.
B) mental sets.
C) restricted association.
D) both a and b above

Q2) Who is often regarded as the "father" of modern academic and experimental
psychology?
A) Edward Bradford Titchener
B) Wilhelm Wundt
C) Sigmund Freud
D) William James

Q3) Ebbinghaus' finding that memory for a learned task drops off most steeply
immediately after the learning and then declines more slowly exemplifies the:
A) forgetting curve.
B) method of savings.
C) Psychophysical law.
D) stimulus error.

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Page 7
Chapter 6: The Evolving Mind: Darwin and His Psychological

Legacy
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Sample Questions
Q1) A recently developed approach hypothesizing that the unit of evolution is the
individual gene,rather than the individual organism or the group is called:
A) social Darwinism.
B) sociobiology.
C) evolutionary psychology.
D) behavior genetics.

Q2) Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection,as presented in his Origin of
Species,presupposed the existence of:
A) inheritable psychological characteristics in human beings.
B) several fixed groups of species.
C) inheritable small individual differences.
D) all of the above

Q3) Darwin's writings about human issues included all of the following subjects except:
A) emotions.
B) child development.
C) gender differences.
D) consciousness and will.

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Page 8
 Chapter 7: Measuring the Mind: Galton and Individual

Differences
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Q1) Galton's book English Men of Science is notable today because it was:
A) the first to show that scientific interests are innate.
B) the first to use the self-questionnaire method to study a psychological problem, and
to analyze the results statistically.
C) the first major work to use the correlation coefficient.
D) all of the above

Q2) In the 1960s British psychologist Sir Cyril Burt published a study on separated twins
indicating that nature was much more important than nurture in determining
intelligence.All of the following statements about Burt's study are true except:
A) it temporarily tipped the balance of informed opinion toward the hereditarian view.
B) it was influenced by the ideas of Galton.
C) it was later found to be deeply flawed and perhaps fraudulent.
D) it introduced new research techniques that have continued to be employed in later
twin studies.

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Page 9
 Chapter 8: American Pioneers: James, Hall, Calkins, and

Thorndike
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Q1) Mary Whiton Calkins's research on "paired associates" revealed:
A) that numerals associated with vivid colors were remembered somewhat better than
those with neutral colors.
B) that women had better recall of number-color pairs than men did.
C) that strong emotions could be triggered easily with vivid colors.
D) that responses that were followed by pleasure were strengthened while those
followed by pain tended to be "stamped out."

Q2) James's The Principles of Psychology had chapters on all of the following except:
A) emotion
B) will
C) habit
D) the Unconscious

Q3) Who was the first African American to earn a PhD in psychology?
A) Francis Cecil Sumner, supervised by Hall
B) Kenneth B. Clark, supervised by James
C) Mamie Phipps Clark, supervised by Thorndike
D) Francis Cecil Sumner, supervised by Calkins

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Page 10
 Chapter 9: Psychology as the Science of Behavior:

Pavlov,Watson,and Skinner
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Q1) Skinner's utopian novel Walden Two describes a society:
A) governed by the principles of classical liberal political theory.
B) whose members' behavior is partly controlled by chemicals.
C) whose members' behavior is completely determined by positive reinforcement.
D) whose members' behavior is completely controlled by judicious use of positive and
negative reinforcement.

Q2) In Pavlov's theory,"irradiation" refers to:

A) an ultraviolet light sometimes used as a conditioned stimulus.
B) a technique to ensure his surgical operations were performed antiseptically.
C) the neural mechanism causing muscular tremors in some experimental neuroses.
D) a wave spreading excitation or inhibition over the surface of the brain.

Q3) According to John B.Watson,a properly "behavioristic" psychology would:

A) rule out subjective methods of investigation.
B) make the prediction and control of behavior its major goals.
C) make no qualitative distinction between human and animal behaviors.
D) all of the above

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Page 11
 Chapter 10: Social Influence and Social Psychology: From

Mesmer to Milgram and Beyond

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Q1) Festinger and his colleagues discovered that the most effective way to change a
person's attitude was:
A) to pay him or her well to publicly express a contrary attitude.
B) to get the person to publicly express a contrary attitude for a small reward.
C) to put the person in a group where many different opinions are expressed.
D) b and c both had strong positive effects

Q2) When a few physicians in England,such as Elliotson and Ward,raised the possibility of
using mesmerism as a surgical anaesthetic in the 1840s:
A) they were roundly ignored by their colleagues.
B) they were ridiculed or actively persecuted by the established medical community.
C) they established their point successfully for a short time, until hypnotism was
superseded by chemical anaesthetics.
D) their early experiments were failures, so they abandoned the idea.

Q3) Those patients who responded most strongly to Mesmer's magnetic inductions:
A) passed quietly into a sleeplike trance.
B) demonstrated heightened physical powers and clairvoyance.
C) continued to behave in apparently normal ways.
D) often experienced violent and painful "crisis states."

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Page 12
 Chapter 11: Mind in Conflict: Freudian Psychoanalysis and

Its Successors
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Q1) Because it considered more than just conscious processes,Freud referred to his
general theory of mental functioning as:
A) Psychoanalysis.
B) Dynamic psychology.
C) Metapsychology.
D) Neuropsychology.

Q2) A draft manuscript,unpublished during Freud's lifetime,which he wrote in 1895 and

which gives his model of the mind in neurological terms,is called:
A) Project for a Scientific Psychology.
B) The Unconscious.
C) The Interpretation of Dreams.
D) The Ego and the Id.

Q3) In Freud's theory,the dream work consists of which three processes?

A) primary, secondary, tertiary processes
B) displacement, condensation, and concrete representation
C) displacement, symbolization, and repression
D) displacement, hallucination, and resistance

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Page 13
 Chapter 12: Psychology Gets "Personality":

Allport,Maslow,and the Broadening Field

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Q1) Maslow had trouble obtaining a full-time university position primarily because of:
A) his slowness to finish and publish his dissertation.
B) the controversial nature of his dissertation findings.
C) anti-Semitism.
D) all of the above

Q2) Maslow classified which of the following as "being needs"?

A) self-actualization needs
B) love/belonging needs
C) esteem needs
D) all of the above

Q3) David McClelland and his colleagues measured the "needs" for
affiliation,achievement,and power with which instrument?
A) the TAT
B) the Rorschach test
C) 16 PF test
D) the word association test

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Page 14
 Chapter 13: The Developing Mind: Binet,Piaget,and the

Study of Intelligence
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Q1) The first test of intelligence with substantial validity was developed in 1905 by:
A) Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon.
B) Alfred Binet and Victor Henri.
C) Frances Galton and J. M. Cattell.
D) William Stern and Lewis Terman.

Q2) Piaget's favored term for his general theory and approach was:
A) genetic epistemology.
B) cognitive developmental psychology.
C) qualitative stage psychology.
D) individual psychology.

Q3) Binet's work on "Individual Psychology" with Victor Henri finally led him to conclude
that:
A) "projective tests" showed great promise for personality research.
B) the main components of someone's personality could be captured with five or six
basic measures.
C) there is no substitute for extended and detailed case studies in understanding
individuality.
D) both a and b above

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Page 15
 Chapter 14: Minds,Machines,and Cognitive Psychology
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Q1) One of the key problems with the Pascaline that Leibniz went on to overcome was:
A) it could only add and subtract.
B) it only worked with Roman numerals.
C) it multiplied, but could not divide numbers.
D) it used a "stepped cylinder."

Q2) In creating Boolean algebra,George Boole:

A) actualized Leibniz's dream of formally uniting the fields of logic and computational
mathematics.
B) laid the groundwork for Whitehad and Russell's Principia Mathematica (1910-1913),
which provided a seemingly definitive resolution of all mathematics into the terms of
symbolic logic.
C) demonstrated that mathematical "symbolic logic" could deal with logical problems
along with those of magnitude and number.
D) all of the above

Q3) John Searle was a philosopher who:

A) proposed the Chinese Room thought experiment.
B) argued that strong AI was a very real possibility.
C) proposed the name for the Turing Test.
D) both a and b above

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Page 16
 Chapter 15: Applying Psychology: From the Witness Stand

to the Workplace
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Q1) Three foci of Leta Stetter Hollingsworth's work were:
A) clinical psychology, the psychology of women, and professionalization.
B) purposive psychology, industrial psychology, and the psychology of women.
C) motion study research, clinical psychology, and the psychology of women.
D) professionalization, opening the first psychology clinic, and the psychology of women.

Q2) The Gilbreths' Motion Studies were used to:

A) promote the field of scientific management.
B) gain insight into research on psychotechnics.
C) study workers' Therbligs.
D) both a and b above

Q3) The "rest cure," as a treatment for neurasthenia,was promoted by:

A) Lightner Witmer.
B) S. Weir Mitchell.
C) Leta Stetter Hollingworth.
D) Lillian Gilbreth.

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Page 17