1 2 Worked done in

Body gets deformed deforming, is stored

if we apply a internally in the body,
deforming force and is called elastic
potential energy

3 Elasticity
The property of matter by
virtue of which a body tends to
regain its original shape and
size after deforming forces are
removed is called elasticity
Based on elastic properties
we categorize objects as

• Rigid
• Elastic
• Partially elastic
• Inelastic/Plastic
 Rigid Body

It does not deform at all on application of

deforming forces
In nature, no object is perfectly rigid
 Elastic Body

It completely regains its original shape and size

after removal of deforming force (ideal case)

Work done by deforming force is entirely stored

in form of elastic potential energy
 Partially Elastic Body

It doesn’t completely regain its original shape

and size after removal of deforming force.

Some of the work done by deforming force is lost

and remaining stored as elastic potential energy
 Inelastic/Plastic Body

It does not regain (at all), its original shape and

size after removal of deforming forces

Work done by deforming force is totally lost and

there is no potential energy stored
Important Facts About Elasticity

The body which requires greater deforming

1 force to produce a certain change in dimension
is more elastic.

Example : Steel/iron balls are more elastic than

rubber.

More elastic Less elastic

Important Facts About Elasticity

When equal deforming force is applied on

2 different bodies then the body which shows less
deformation is more elastic

Example : For same load, more elongation is

produced in rubber wire than in steel wire hence
steel is more elastic than rubber.

More elastic
Less elastic
Important Facts About Elasticity

When equal deforming force is applied on

2 different bodies then the body which shows less
deformation is more elastic

Example : Water is more elastic than air as volume

change in water is less for same applied pressure.

AIR
More elastic Less elastic
To study elasticity, we define

• Stress
• Strain
 Stress
Internal restoring force per unit area is called stress

Restoring force
Stress (σ) =
Cross-sectional area

Note 1: This restoring force may or may not be equal

to external deforming force.
Note 2: Restoring force may or may not be uniform
throughout the body.
 Stress
Internal restoring force per unit area is called stress

Restoring force
Stress (σ) =
Cross-sectional area

Types of stress
• Tensile / Longitudinal / Normal Stress
• Tangential / Shear Stress
• Volume Stress
Types of stress Area of cross
section
Longitudinal or Normal stress

Force perpendicular
to the area
It is the perpendicular
restoring force (perpendicular
to area) per unit area

Perpendicular restoring force

Longitudinal stress (σL) =
cross–sectional area
Types of stress

Tangential or Shearing Stress

It is the tangential restoring

force (tangential to area) per
unit area

Tangential restoring force

Tangential stress (σT) =
cross–sectional area
Types of stress
When restoring force is neither tangential nor perpendicular

Longitudinal stress Tangential stress

F sin σT = F cos
σL =
A A
Types of stress

Volume / Bulk Stress

Bulk Stress is the pressure change Δp

Example
Find out longitudinal stress and tangential stress on a block fixed at one end
100sin30 100 N

300
100cos30 1m
2m
5m

100 sin 30o

Longitudinal stress L = = 5 N/m2
52
100 cos 30o
Tangential stress T = = 5 3 N/m2
52
Example
One end of a uniform wire of length L and of weight W is attached rigidly to a point
in the roof and a weight W1 is suspended from its lower end. If S is the area of cross-
section of the wire, the stress in the wire at a height 3L/4 from its lower end is

Tension at this point

3W
L T = W1 +
3L/4 4
Stress = T/S

WI W1 3W
Stress = +
S 4S
Example
A bar is subjected to equal and opposite forces as shown in the figure. PQRS is a
plane making angle  with the cross-section of the bar. If the area of cross-section be
‘A’, then what is the tensile stress and shear stress on PQRS
Q
P F Area of PQRS
F
= A/cos
R

S Normal Force
Tensile stress =
Area
Fcos Fcos
=
A   F A/cos
Fcos2
Fsin = A
Example
A bar is subjected to equal and opposite forces as shown in the figure. PQRS is a
plane making angle  with the cross-section of the bar. If the area of cross-section be
‘A’, then what is the tensile stress and shear stress on PQRS
Q
P F Area of PQRS
F
= A/cos
R

S Tangential Force
Shear stress =
Area
Fcos Fsin
=
 F A/cos
A 
Fsincos Fsin2
Fsin = =
A 2A
Example
In the previous question, at what angle will the shearing stress maximum, and at what
angle will the tensile stress maximum?

F cos2
Tensile stress = .
A
It will be maximum when cos2 = max. i.e.
cos  = 1   = 00

F sin2
Shearing stress = .
2A
It will be maximum when sin 2 = max i.e.
sin 2 = 1  2 = 900   = 450.
 Strain
The relative change in dimensions of a body is called strain

Change in dimension
Strain (ε) =
Original dimension

Types of strain
• Longitudinal Strain
(Tensile & Compressive)
• Shear Strain
• Volume Strain
Types of strain

Longitudinal Strain

L L L Change in length
Longitudinal strain = =
F L Original length

(a) Tensile strain (b) Compressive strain

If the length increases If the length decreases from

from its natural length, its natural length, the
the longitudinal strain is longitudinal strain is called
called tensile strain. compressive strain.
Types of strain

Shear Strain This type of strain is produced when a shearing

stress is present over a section.
x F
x
h Shearing strain =
h

= tan
≈  ; if  is very small
Types of strain

Volume Strain
When a body is subjected to a volume stress, its volume changes
Volume strain is defined as fractional change in volume

v  V =(–)ve

Change in volume V
Volume strain = =
Original volume V
Example
A cube of aluminium of sides 0.1 m is subjected to a shearing force of 100 N. The
top face of the cube is displaced through 0.02 cm with respect to the bottom face.
The shearing strain would be?

x F

h

x 0.02cm
Shearing strain j = = = 0.002
L 0.1m
Example
A wire is stretched to double its length. The strain would be?

Change in length 2L – L
Strain = = = 1
original length L
Example
The length of a wire increases by 1% by a load of 2 kg-wt. The linear strain
produced in the wire would be

Change in length 1% of L L/100

Strain = = = = 0.01
original length L L
Relation between stress and strain

When deforming force is removed from a body, it

regains its actual size
But if the deforming force is high, body isn’t able
to regain 100%
• OA is the Elastic Region
• Stress at point A is the
elastic limit
• Stress and strain are linearly
related in this region

The maximum stress on whose removal, the

bodies regain their original dimensions, is called
the elastic limit
Relation between stress and strain

If the stress is further increased to point B,

upon removing the stress the body doesn’t
regain completely

• OB : Limit of proportionality
• Stress and strain are linearly
related
• There will be a permanent
deformation for stress
between A & B
Relation between stress and strain

As we go beyond the point B, then even for a

very small increase in stress, the strain
produced is very large

• C : Yield Point
• The wire being to flow like a
viscous fluid
 Ductile materials
get permanently
Relation between stress and strain deformed before
breaking

If the stress is further increased, then the wire breaks

off at a point D called the breaking point

The stress corresponding to this point Brittle materials

is called breaking stress or tensile break as soon as
elastic limit is
strength of the material of the wire
crossed

• Region CD is the Plastic behavior

• A material for which the plastic range CD is
relatively high is called ductile material
• The materials for which plastic range is relatively
small are called brittle materials
Relation between stress and strain

The material breaks between D and E

• DE is the fracture region

Hooke’s Law
It states that the stress imposed on a material is directly proportional
to the strain produced, within the elastic limit

In the elastic region OA, stress is

directly proportional to the strain

Stress  Strain
Stress = E (Strain)

Stress(σ)
Modulus E=
of elasticity Strain(ε)
Modulus of elasticity (E)

stress
E=
strain

Based on types of strain, modulus of elasticity can be

of these types

1. Young's modulus of elasticity (Y)

2. Bulk modulus of elasticity (K)

3. Modulus of rigidity ()

Young’s modulus of elasticity

Longitudinal stress
Young’s modulus (Y) =
Longitudinal strain

Stress = F/A,
Strain = L/L
L
F/A FL
Y= =
L/L AL L

F
Shear Modulus or Modulus of Rigidity

Shear stress
Shear modulus () =
Shear strain

F/A
 = (tan = x/h)
x/h
Area(A)
x
F F
 =
A
h 
Bulk Modulus

volume stress
B =
volume strain

ΔP
B = –

ΔV/V

Minus sign makes B

positive as volume V =(–)ve
generally decreases on
applying pressure
Bulk Modulus

volume stress Compressibility of a material (β)

B =
volume strain It is the reciprocal of the bulk modulus

1
ΔP β =
B = – B
ΔV/V
ΔV
Minus sign makes B β = –
VΔP
positive as volume
generally decreases on
applying pressure
 Example
The stress-strain curves for steel (A), brass (B) and rubber (C) are shown in the
figure. Compare the Young’s modulus of A, B and C

A Y = Stress/Strain
B
The slope of the stress strain graph
Stress

will give us the Young’s modulus

B C
A C Y = tan()

O Strain
From the graph; tanC  tanB  tanA
 YRubber  YBrass  YSteel
 Example
The strain stress curves of three wires of different materials P, Q and R are shown in
the figure. Which of them is the most elastic?
P More the modulus of elasticity, more
Q elastic the material is
Strain

On the graph stress is represented

Q R on X-axis and strain on Y-axis
P R strain 1
tan = =
O Stress stress Y
From the graph; tanP > tanQ > tanR
Yp  YQ  YR R is most elastic
Example
A heavy plank of mass 100kg hangs on three vertical
copper steel copper
wires of equal length arranged symmetrically. Find
the tensions in the wire. The wires have same cross
sectional area. Take the modulus of elasticity of steel
to be double of copper
Ysteel = 2Ycopper
T/A
Y = Tsteel = 2Tcopper
Δl / l
From equilibrium of plank
Since A, l and Δl are equal
In all the three rods Tsteel + 2Tcopper = mg
4Tcopper = 1000N
YT
Tcopper = 250N
Tsteel = 500N
Example
A light rod of length 2.0 m is suspended from the ceiling
horizontally by means of two vertical wires of equal lengths. One steel brass
of the wire is made of steel (Y = 2×1011 N/m2 & A = 10−3 m2 ) and
the other is of brass ( Y = 1011 N/m2 & A = 2×10−3 m2). Find out
the position along the rod at which weight may be hung to produce
a) Equal stress in both wires Ts Tb

For equal stress P

Ts/As = Tb/Ab x 2−x
W
Ts/10−3 = Tb/ 2×10−3
Balancing torque about point P
2Ts = Tb …..1 Tsx = Tb(2−x) …..2

Tsx = 2Ts(2−x) x = 3/4m

Example
A light rod of length 2.0 m is suspended from the ceiling
horizontally by means of two vertical wires of equal lengths. One steel brass
of the wire is made of steel (Y = 2×1011 N/m2 & A = 10−3 m2 ) and
the other is of brass ( Y = 1011 N/m2 & A = 2×10−3 m2). Find out
the position along the rod at which weight may be hung to produce
b) Equal strain in both wires Ts Tb

For equal strain (T/YA) P

Ts/YsAs = Tb/YbAb x 2−x
W
Ts = Tb …..1 Balancing torque about point P
Tsx = Tb(2−x) …..2

Tsx = Ts(2−x) x = 1m
Example
A thin rod of length L and mass M rotates uniformly with an angular velocity 
in a horizontal plane about a vertical axis passing through one of its ends. Find
the elongation in rod, if cross - sectional area is S and Young’s modulus is Y

Tx Tension along the length will vary, so the
stress won’t be uniform throughout
x L–x
Tension in rod at distance x from axis is
 Fnet = macm = m2rcm
Tx m
2
L–x
rcm T = m x +
2
L–x M
rcm = x + mass of body m = (L – x)
2 L
Example
A thin rod of length L and mass M rotates uniformly with an angular velocity 
in a horizontal plane about a vertical axis passing through one of its ends. Find
the elongation in rod, if cross - sectional area is S and Young’s modulus is Y
 L–x
Tx 2
T = m x +
2
x L–x M
mass of body m = (L – x)
L
Substituting m in the first equation

m2 2 2
T= (L – x )
2L
Example
A thin rod of length L and mass M rotates uniformly with an angular velocity 
in a horizontal plane about a vertical axis passing through one of its ends. Find
the elongation in rod, if cross - sectional area is S and Young’s modulus is Y

Tx m2 2 2
dx T= (L – x )
2L
x L–x
If elongation in this element of ‘length dx’ is d(ΔL)
Stress Tx / A m2(L2 – x2) dx
Y= = =
Strain d(ΔL) /dx 2LA d(ΔL)
M2 (L2 – x2)dx
d(ΔL) =
2LAY
Example
A thin rod of length L and mass M rotates uniformly with an angular velocity 
in a horizontal plane about a vertical axis passing through one of its ends. Find
the elongation in rod, if cross - sectional area is S and Young’s modulus is Y

Tx L

x
dx
L–x
 d(ΔL) = 
M2 (L2 – x2)dx
2LAY 0

M2L2
ΔL =
3AY
Example
A uniform ring of mass M, radius R and area of cross section A, is rotated with
constant angular speed . Find the increase in its radius. Young’s modulus of wire is Y

To find elongation, we need to calculate stress

. Tcosd d Tcosd

T Tsind Tsind T
d d

• Tcosd will be cancelled out

• 2Tsind will be provide the necessary
centripetal force
 Example
A uniform ring of mass M, radius R and area of cross section A, is rotated with
constant angular speed . Find the increase in its radius. Young’s modulus of wire is Y

Tcosd d Tcosd

T Tsind Tsind T
d d

2Tsind = m2R
Mass of the element will be;
as d is small
(mass per unit length) × (arc length)
sin d  d
m = λR2d
2Td = λR2d2R
T= λ2R2
Example
A uniform ring of mass M, radius R and area of cross section A, is rotated with
constant angular speed . Find the increase in its radius. Young’s modulus of wire is Y

Tcosd d Tcosd

T Tsind Tsind T
d d

Stress will be due to Tcosd

2Tsind = m2R as d is small, cosd  1
as d is small
sin d  d Stress T/A
Y= =
2Td = λR2d2R Strain (ΔL) / L

T= λ2R2 (ΔL) / L = T/AY = λ2R2/AY

Example
A uniform ring of mass M, radius R and area of cross section A, is rotated with
constant angular speed . Find the increase in its radius. Young’s modulus of wire is Y

ΔL λ2R2 L = 2πR…..1
=
L AY ΔL = 2πΔR……2
ΔR λ2R2
= Diving them, we get
R AY
ΔL ΔR
λ2R3 =
ΔR = L R
AY
Note: A is the area of
M2R2 cross section of wire,
ΔR = and not the area (πR2) of
2πAY
the wire