Investigating the difference between Potassium

Permanganate and Chromium Trioxide as catalysts

in the decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide

1
Table of Contents: Page number:
- Introduction 1

- Research Question 1

- Background Research 1-3

- Hypothesis 3

- Variables 4

- Risk Assessment 5

- Procedure 5
o Apparatus 5
o Experiment 6

- Data Collection, Processing and Analysis__________ 6

1. Qualitative Data 6
2. Quantitative Data 7-11

- Conclusion 11

- Evaluation 11
1. Random Errors 12
2. Systematic Errors 12

- Further Investigation 12

- Bibliography
13

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3
❖ Introduction:
Throughout my exploration in chemical kinetics, it has come to my
attention studying the properties and characteristics of the decomposition
of Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2). The decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide
is a chemical reaction that breaks down Hydrogen Peroxide into hydrogen
and water with the use of a catalyst (Decomposing hydrogen peroxide).
What I found interesting about this reaction is the significance and broad
uses it has in various industries, such as the pharmaceutical, food, and
Figure 1 (Paulina et al.)
textile industries (Paulina et al.). What also interested me in this reaction
is the fact that in some cases, Hydrogen Peroxide must be decomposed due to its toxicity and harmfulness.
For instance, H2O2 is a product of metabolism in many living things, and which must be decomposed to
avoid its toxicity (Decomposing hydrogen peroxide). Thus, having fast decomposition of hydrogen peroxide
would result in more efficiency and safety. Nevertheless, the decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide is very
slow without the existence of a catalyst, and which is why catalysts are mostly utilized in the reaction
(Paulina et al.). Therefore, I decided to study how using different catalysts will result in a more efficient
decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide through applying my knowledge from Topic 6: Chemical Kinematics,
and considering the rate and the activation energy of each of the reactions. Manganese and Chromium
compounds are some of the most used catalysts that speed up the decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide
(Paulina et al.), and thus, I will be investigating and comparing the catalysts Potassium Permanganate
(KMnO4) and Chromium Trioxide (CrO3). Both compounds undergo a redox reaction when reacting with
Hydrogen Peroxide. From unit 9, we know that a redox reaction is a chemical reaction in which the changes
in the oxidation state occur between an oxidizing agent (undergoing reduction) and a reducing agent
(undergoing oxidation) (Brown and Ford, 410 & 416). In my case, KMnO4 and CrO3 are oxidizing agents,
while H2O2 is a reducing agent. Digging deeper into my investigation, I will compare the cell potentials of
the oxidizing agents Mn7+ and Cr6+. Cell potential (or Ecell) is the voltage (potential difference) between two
half-cells (Brown and Ford, 437). Through it, I will study whether different cell potentials affect the power
of KMnO4 and CrO3 as oxidizing agents and investigate its influence on the decomposition of hydrogen
peroxide. The purpose of my investigation is to come up with a valid method that will help me determine
which of the catalysts is more dependable and will require less time and least activation energy to complete
the decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide.
❖ Research question:
Therefore, my research question is: In what ways do the rate of reaction and the activation energy
differ when decomposing 0.5000 moldm-3 hydrogen peroxide with 0.01000 mol/dm3 potassium
permanganate and chromium trioxide aqueous solutions? For measuring the rate of reaction, an
experiment will be conducted at room temperature, where 25.00± 0.05 cm3 of 0.5000 moldm-3 hydrogen
peroxide will be reacting with 50.00 ± 0.05 cm3 of 0.01000 moldm-3 potassium permanganate and chromium
trioxide aqueous solutions independently. The volume of oxygen produced will be measured using an
oxygen sensor connected to a data logger, and thus the initial rate of the reaction will be found calculated
through finding the instantaneous rate at time zero, while the average rate will be measured using the
C h ange ∈t h e volume of oxygen
equation . Secondly, the activation energy will be measured by changing
C h ange ∈time
the temperature of 25.00± 0.05 cm3 of 0.5000 moldm-3 hydrogen peroxide to 10.00 °C, 20.00 °C, 30.00 °C,
40.00°C, and 50.00 °C, then adding 50.00 ± 0.05 cm3 of 0.0100 moldm-3 of potassium permanganate and
chromium trioxide independently, and measure the time taken to produce 25% of oxygen at each
temperature using an oxygen sensor and a data logger. The Activation energy will then be calculated
− Ea
through the equation k = Ae RT . All in all, through the rates of reaction and the activation energy of each of
the reactions, I will draw a conclusion on which catalyst is more efficient and study the effect of having
different cell potentials on the power of the catalysts as oxidizing agents and how it affects the rate of
decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in terms of rate and activation energy.

1
❖ Background research:
Before starting with the experiment, it is significant to find the spontaneity of my two reactions;
Spontaneity is the measure of whether a reaction requires external energy to proceed, where spontaneous
reactions are reactions that do not require external energy to occur, while nonspontaneous reactions require
external energy to occur, and can be determined through the Gibbs Free Energy as follows (Lakna):
Firstly, I will be finding the two half equations of each of the reactions. Then, I will find the Cell
potentials (Ecell) of each half equation, which is through the equation Ecell =Ereduction −E oxidation (Brown and
Ford, 437). Through the Ecell of each equation, I will find the Gibbs Free energy, which is the amount of
energy required to perform work in the cell (Thermodynamics: Gibbs Free Energy). It can be calculated
through the equation “ Δ G° =−nF E°”, where Δ G° is the Gibbs Free Energy, n is the number of moles of
electrons in the reaction, F is Faraday’s constant (9.65 ×10 4 C/mol ) (Brown and Ford, 439). Through the
Gibbs Free Energy, I can find out whether a reaction is spontaneous or not, where if Δ G° < 0, then the
reaction is spontaneous, while if Δ G° > 0, then the reaction is nonspontaneous (Gibbs free energy and
spontaneity).
The first reaction will be between Potassium Permanganate and Hydrogen Peroxide, and is given
through the half-equations below:
Half-oxidation: H2O2 (l) O 2 (g) + 2H+ (aq) + 2e-
Eo = -0.682 V (Standard Electrode Potentials).
Half-reduction: MnO4- (aq) + 8H+ (aq) + 5e- Mn 2+
+ 4H2O (l)

Eo = +1.51V (Chemistry data booklet).

Giving us:
“2MnO4-(aq) + 5H2O2(aq) + 6H+ (aq) 2Mn 2+
(aq) + 5O2(g) + 8H2O(l)”
Ecell =Ereduction −E oxidation=1.51−(−0.682 )=2.192 V
° °
Δ G =−nF E

Δ G° =−( 10 ) ( 9.65 ×10 4 ) ( 2.192 )=−2115.28 KJ

The value of Δ G° is smaller than zero, meaning that the reaction between Potassium Permanganate and
Hydrogen peroxide is a spontaneous reaction.
When adding Potassium permanganate to the hydrogen peroxide solution, a redox reaction will occur,
where Potassium Permanganate is be the oxidizing agent, while Hydrogen Peroxide will be the reducing
agent. During the reaction, water, oxygen gas, and manganese ions will be produced as a result potassium
permanganate catalyzing the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water and being reduced to
Mn2+ ions (Paulina et al.).
The second reaction will be the reaction between chromium trioxide and Hydrogen Peroxide, and is
given through the half-equations below:
Half-oxidation: H2O2 (l) O 2 (g) + 2H+ (aq) + 2e-
Eo = -0.682 V (Standard Electrode Potentials).
Half-reduction: CrO3 (aq) + 6H+ (aq) + 3e- Cr 3+
+ 3H2O (l)

Eo = +0.37 V (Tavola dei potenziali standard di riduzione in ordine alfabetico per elemento).
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Giving us:
“2CrO3 (aq) + 3H2O2(aq) + 6H+ (aq) 2Cr 3+
(aq) + 3O2(g) + 6H2O(l)”
Ecell =Ereduction −E oxidation=0.37−(−0.682 )=1.052V
° °
Δ G =−nF E

Δ G° =−( 6 ) ( 9.65× 104 ) ( 1.052 )=−609.108 KJ for the reduction of 2 moles of chromium trioxide
The value of Δ G° is smaller than zero, meaning that the reaction between Potassium Permanganate and
Hydrogen peroxide is a spontaneous reaction.
Chromium trioxide and Manganese react similarly in the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, where
chromium trioxide is the oxidizing agent, while hydrogen peroxide is the reducing agent. The reaction will
result in the formation of Cr3+, as well as the decomposition of Hydrogen peroxide into Oxygen and Water
(Muzart).
In my investigation, I will be comparing the two reactions’ initial rate, Average rate, and activation
energy. The initial and the average rate of the reactions will be measured by conducting an experiment of a
constant temperature (25.0 °C). The initial rate will be found by calculating the instantaneous rate at the
beginning of both reactions, through finding an equation for the line of a % of oxygen produced vs. time
graph, and therefore finding its derivative (dy/dx) at time=zero , while the average rate will be measured by
finding the initial volume of oxygen produced, final volume of oxygen produced, and the time taken for the
C h ange ∈t h e volume of oxygen
reaction to finish, and using the equation .
C h ange ∈ti m e

The activation energy, however, cannot be directly measured from the reaction, which is why an
− Ea
equation will be used to determine it, which in this case, is the equation: k = Ae RT , where:

k: rate constant
A: Arrhenius constant (frequency factor)
Ea: activation energy
R: gas constant (8.31 J K-1 mol-1)
T: temperature
−Ea
Changing the equation into logarithmic form, it becomes ln k = + ln A (y= mx + c); Through it, a
RT
1 −Ea
ln k vs . graph can be plotted, where is the gradient of the line; R is a constant value and therefore the
T R
activation energy can be determined. The rate constant (k) could be found through the equation
rate = k {[ A ]} ^ {m} {[ B ]} ^ {n ”, where “rate” is the rate of the reaction, “A” and “B” is the
concentration of the two reactants, “m” and “n” are the orders of the reaction. However, it is not possible to
1
find the rate constant (k), as the orders of reaction are not available, and which why plotting a ln k vs . may
T
1
provide inaccurate results. Therefore, similar to the Hecht and Conrad's experiment, a ln (rate)vs . graph
T
−Ea
will be plotted and the will be the gradient (Kushner), which goes as follows:
R

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In the equation rate=k [ A ] m [ B ] n ,the “[ A ] m [ B ]n” can be considered a constant as long as the initial
concertation of the reagents do not change, which therefore gives us the equation:
rate=k ×constant
Taking ln both sides:
ln ln ( rate )=ln ln ( k ) +ln ⁡( constant )
−Ea
Remember that ln k = + ln A
RT
−Ea
ln ln ( rate )= + ln ln( A)+ln ⁡(constant )
RT
−Ea
( rate )= +ln ln ( A ×constant )
RT
1 −Ea
Therefore a “ln (rate)vs . ” graph can be conducted, with a gradient of . Through it, the activation
T R
energy can be calculated.
The rate with respect to temperature will be found by conducting an experiment to measure the time
taken to produce 25% oxygen at temperatures 10.00 °C, 20.00 °C, 30.00 °C, 40.00°C, and 50.00 °C. Since
the concentration of the oxygen produced will remain the same in all trials (25%), the rate will be found
1
using the equation rate= to deduce the rate of reaction at each temperature (Reaction rates). Activation
time
1
energy will be therefore deduced from the graph ln (rate)vs . from the gradient.
T
In any chemical reaction, as the temperature increases, the rate of reaction increases due to an increase in
the average kinetic energy of the particles, which increases the proportion of particles with energy equal or
greater than the activation energy, resulting in an increase in the frequency of successful collision and thus
the rate of reaction increases (Brown and Ford, 279).

❖ Hypothesis:
I predict that Potassium permanganate will have a higher rate of reaction and lower activation energy
than Chromium trioxide when reacting with Hydrogen Peroxide; Although both reactions are spontaneous
reactions, Potassium Permanganate has a more positive electrode potential value than Chromium Trioxide
when undergoing reduction, and the higher the Ecell value, the stronger the oxidizing agent and the more
likely reduction will take place, due to a higher movement of electrons, which will increase the electron
flow, and thus there will be a higher rate of reaction and lower activation energy (The Cell Potential).
Therefore, it will be easier for Potassium Permanganate to undergo reduction with Hydrogen Peroxide than
Chromium Trioxide, resulting in a higher rate of reaction and less activation energy will be needed to initiate
the reaction.

❖ Variables:

- Independent variable 1: The catalysts; Two catalysts will be used in the decomposition of Hydrogen
Peroxide; the first is Potassium Permanganate, while the second oxidizing agent is Chromium Trioxide.

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 Both catalysts will be reacted with Hydrogen Peroxide and compared in terms of rate of reaction and
activation energy.

- Independent variable 2: The temperature; The temperature (T) of the reactions will be changed by
changing the temperatures of Hydrogen Peroxide to the temperatures 10.00 °C, 20.00 °C, 30.00 °C,
40.00 °C, and 50.00 °C. The temperature of H2O2 will be changed to 10.00 °C and 20.00 °C by
immersing the hydrogen peroxide – while in a conical flask – in ice cubes, and measure the temperature
using a temperature sensor until it drops to the desired temperatures. As for temperatures 30.00 °C,
40.00 °C, and 50.00 °C, the Hydrogen Peroxide will be put in a conical flask and heated in a water bath
to the desired temperatures. A temperature senor will be used to measure the temperature of the
Hydrogen Peroxide.

- Dependent variable 1: Rate of reaction; The rate of reaction will be measured by recording the time
needed for the reaction between the catalysts and hydrogen peroxide to end, and measuring the amount
of oxygen released using an oxygen sensor. An “%oxygen vs. time” graph will be plotted, and through
it, the initial and average rate will be calculated; The initial rate will be found by calculating the
instantaneous rate at the beginning of both reactions through finding the derivative of the equation of the
final volume−intial volume
graph at time zero, while the average rate will be measured by equation
final time−intial time

- Dependent variable 2: Activation energy; The activation energy will be measured through the “
1 −Ea
ln (rate)vs . ” graph, where is the gradient of the line. The “rate” will be calculated by conducting
T R
an experiment to measure the time taken to produce 25% oxygen when reacting the catalysts with H 2O2
at temperatures: 10.00 °C, 20.00 °C, 30.00 °C, 40.00 °C, and 50.00 °C, and using the equation
1
rate=
time

- Controlled variables:

Table 1: Identifying and analyzing the controlled variables of the investigation.

Controlled Variables Reason to control Method of control
The volume of the reactants This should be kept the same in all 25.00±0.05 cm3 of Hydrogen peroxide
trials, as increasing the volume solution will react with 50.00±0.05 cm3
increases the frequency of successful of Potassium permanganate and
collisions due to the occurrence of Chromium trioxide separately. The
more particles to reaction and thereby volumes will be measured using a
influences the mean rate of the reaction measuring cylinder
(Brown and Ford, 283).
The concentration of the The concentrations of the reactants 0.5000 mol/dm3 Hydrogen peroxide
reactants should be kept the same, as changing solution will react with 0.01000 mol/dm3
the concentration influences the Potassium permanganate and Chromium
frequency of successful collisions and trioxide separately. The 0.01000
thereby influences the mean rate of the mol/dm3 Potassium Permanganate will
reaction (Brown and Ford, 283). be prepared by dissolving 0.08±0.01 g of
KMnO4 in 50.00±0.05 cm3 water,
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 whereas the Chromium Trioxide will be
prepared by dissolving 0.05±0.01 g of
CrO3 in 50.00±0.05 cm3 water.
Pressure This pressure should be kept constant The reaction was done at atmospheric
as changing the pressure will change pressure (1.00 atm), and was ensured to
the rate of successful collisions taking stay constant by conducting all trials in
place, and which will affect the rate of the same room and environment.
reaction, due to the difference in the
number of collisions (Brown and Ford,
283).

❖ Risk Assessment:
Researching the dangers of hydrogen peroxide, I have found that the chemical is corrosive to the eyes
and the skin and can cause serious damage if in contact (Hydrogen Peroxide Health & Safety Tips). At first,
I was planning on experimenting with Hydrogen peroxide of 35% concentration. However, I have found out
that hydrogen peroxide is a strong oxidizing agent at high concentrations, which is why I decided to drop the
concentration to 1% (the concentration was then dropped to and then to 0.5 % due to reasons explained in
the procedure section).
Also, Potassium Permanganate can be harmful if not used with caution; the chemical can cause breathing
problems and irritate the lugs when inhaled, resulting in a shortness of breath or irritation in the nose and
throat. In addition to that, eye irritation can be caused if the chemical was in contact with the eyes
(Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet, Potassium Permanganate). Thus, I ensured wearing goggles and a face
mask when dealing with the chemical. Also, by using a concentration of only 0.01 moldm-3, I decreased the
dangers of the chemical and thus prevented any potential risk.
Similarly, Chromium trioxide also is a dangerous chemical, where any contact with the skin can result in
burns or skin allergy, as well as severe eye damage if there was any eye contact with the chemical. Also,
breathing in the chemical may result in severe lung allergy, irritating the nose and throat and causing lung
damage (Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet, Chromic Trioxide). I Therefore wore a lab coat, goggles, face
masks, and disposable gloves throughout the experiments to ensure safety and avoid dangers. Also, by using
a concentration of only 0.01 moldm-3, I decreased the dangers of the chemical and thus prevented any
potential risk.
Moreover, when heating the Hydrogen Peroxide, it is important to realize that I am dealing with high
temperatures, and which is why proper precautions must be taken to avoid any risk such as burning; I have
ensure wearing heat resistance safety gloves and goggles throughout all the heating process in order to avoid
any burns or injuries.
❖ Procedure:
* Before conducting the final experiment, the procedure was modified several times; at first, the
concentrations of both oxidizing agents were 0.1000 moldm-3 with 1.000 moldm-3 hydrogen peroxide.
However, reactions were too fast with these concentrations and results were difficult to record, and the end
of the reaction was difficult to detect. Therefore, the concentrations of the oxidizing agent were dropped to
0.01000 moldm-3, while the concentration of hydrogen peroxide was reduced to 0.50000 moldm-3.
● Apparatus:
- 25.00 ± 0.05 cm3 of 0.50 moldm-3 Hydrogen Peroxide (for each trial)
- 0.08±0.01 g Potassium Permanganate (for each trial)
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- 0.05±0.01 g Chromium Trioxide (for each trial)
- Gloves
- Heat Resistant safety gloves
- Lab-coat
- Goggles
- 250.0 cm3 Conical flask (± 0.1 cm3)
- 50.00 cm3 Measuring cylinder (± 0.05 cm3)
- 100.00 cm3 Beaker (± 0.05 cm3)
- 500.0 cm3 Volumetric flask (± 0.5 cm3)
- 50.00 cm3 Pipet (± 0.01 cm3)
- Funnel
- Digital balance (± 0.01 grams)
- LabQuest interface
- Oxygen sensor (±0.01)
- Temperature sensor (±0.01 °C)
- Water bath
- Ice cubes
- Plastic bowl

● Experiment:
- Measuring the amount of oxygen produced when reacting KMnO4 and
CrO3 with H2O2:

1- Calibrate the oxygen sensor and the Labquest interface (data logger) for
recording data.
2- Measure 25.00 ± 0.05 cm3 of 0.5000 moldm-3 Hydrogen Peroxide using a
measuring cylinder.
3- Pour the Hydrogen Peroxide into a conical flask using a funnel.
4- Prepare a 50.00 ± 0.05 cm3 of 0.01000 moldm-3 of Potassium Permanganate
(KMnO4) by dissolving 0.08±0.01 g of KMnO4 in 50.00 cm3 water in a
volumetric flask and shake it well till it is fully dissolved.
5- Using a pipet, transfer 50.00 ± 0.05 cm3 of 0.01 moldm-3 of KMnO4 from figure 2
the volumetric flask into a measuring cylinder.
6- Pour the KMnO4 aqueous solution with the H2O2 in the conical flask using a funnel and firmly place the
oxygen sensor, preventing any gas leakage, as shown in figure 2.
7- Start recording the values of the oxygen sensor every 5 seconds using the interface until it reaches its
maximum reading where oxygen is no longer produced.
8- Repeat steps 1-7 two more times.
9- Repeat steps 1-8 for 50.00 ± 0.05 cm3 of 0.01000 moldm-3 of Chromium trioxide (CrO3), by dissolving
0.05±0.01 g of CrO3 in 50.00 cm3 water.

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 - Measuring the rates of reaction with respect to the change in temperature when reacting KMnO 4 and
CrO3 with H2O2:

1- Measure 25.00 ± 0.05 cm3 of 0.5000 moldm-3 Hydrogen Peroxide using a measuring cylinder and pour it
into a conical flask using a funnel.
2- In a conical flask, prepare 0.01000 moldm-3 Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4) solution by dissolving
0.08±0.01 g of KMnO4 in 50.00 cm3 of water and shake it well until it is fully dissolved.
3- Emerge the Hydrogen Peroxide conical flask in a plastic bowl filled with ice cubes.
4- By using a temperature sensor, keep track of the temperature of Hydrogen Peroxide until it reaches 10.00
°C.
5- Immediately transfer the Hydrogen Peroxide to the Potassium Permanganate conical flask using a funnel
and firmly place the oxygen sensor, preventing any gas leaks.
6- Measure the time required until 25% oxygen is produced by using an oxygen sensor and a LabQuest
interface.
7- Repeat steps 1-5 for 20.00 °C.
8- Repeat steps 1-2 then set a water bath at temperature 30.00 °C.
9- Emerge the Hydrogen Peroxide conical flask in the water bath.
10- By using a temperature sensor, keep track of the temperature of Hydrogen Peroxide until it reaches 30.00
°C.
11- Immediately transfer the Hydrogen Peroxide to the Potassium Permanganate conical flask using a funnel
and firmly place the oxygen sensor, preventing any gas leaks.
12- Measure the time required until 25% oxygen is produced by using an oxygen sensor and a LabQuest
interface.
13- Repeat steps 8-12 for temperatures 40.00°C, and 50.00 °C.
14- Repeat steps 1-13 for 50.00 ± 0.05 cm3 of 0.01 moldm-3 of Chromium trioxide (CrO3), by dissolving
0.05±0.01 g of CrO3 in 50.00 cm3 water.

❖ Data collection, processing, and analysis:

● Qualitative data:

1- When reacting Potassium Permanganate and Hydrogen Peroxide, the color change was from colorless to
purplish back, with the emission of oxygen bubbles at the end of the reaction
2- When reacting Chromium Oxide with Hydrogen Peroxide, the color at first was colorless, then slowly
turning to yellow, then orange, and finally black with the emission of oxygen bubbles.
3- It was also observed that the reaction between Potassium Permanganate and Hydrogen Peroxide was
more vigorous than the reaction between Chromium Trioxide and Hydrogen Peroxide, where more
bubbles were evolved during the reaction.

● Quantitative data:
- Experiment A:
Table 2: the percentage of oxygen released in the reaction between the catalysts (0.01000 moldm -3 of potassium permanganate
and chromium trioxide) and 0.5000 moldm-3 hydrogen peroxide.

Time in % of oxygen released during the reaction

seconds
Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4) Chromium trioxide (CrO3)
(±1)
Trial I Trial II Trial III Average Uncertainty Trial I Trial II Trial III Average Uncertainty

±0.01 ±0.01 ±0.01 % % ±0.01 ±0.01 ±0.01 % %

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0 17.74 17.75 17.73 17.74 0.06 16.02 16.03 16.04 16.03 0.06

5 19.50 19.56 19.62 19.56 0.31 16.06 16.07 16.08 16.07 0.06

10 21.16 21.10 21.22 21.16 0.28 16.15 16.16 16.17 16.16 0.06

15 22.10 22.10 22.28 22.16 0.41 16.26 16.25 16.24 16.25 0.06

20 22.80 22.80 22.86 22.82 0.13 16.33 16.33 16.33 16.33 0.00

25 23.28 23.30 23.32 23.30 0.09 16.65 16.68 16.66 16.66 0.09

30 23.72 23.75 23.80 23.76 0.17 16.98 16.98 19.99 16.98 8.86

35 24.10 24.15 24.20 24.15 0.21 16.93 16.93 16.94 16.93 0.03

40 24.40 24.44 24.48 24.44 0.16 16.90 16.91 16.92 16.91 0.06

45 24.63 24.66 24.76 24.68 0.26 16.90 16.89 16.89 16.89 0.03

50 24.83 24.86 24.93 24.87 0.20 16.86 16.90 16.88 16.88 0.12

55 25.00 25.04 25.08 25.04 0.16 16.88 16.87 16.87 16.87 0.03

60 25.10 25.16 25.22 25.16 0.24 16.88 16.87 16.87 16.87 0.03

65 25.22 25.30 25.32 25.28 0.20 16.88 16.87 16.87 16.87 0.03

70 25.30 25.38 25.40 25.36 0.20 16.86 16.90 16.88 16.88 0.12

75 25.42 25.45 25.48 25.45 0.12 16.89 16.89 16.88 16.89 0.03

80 25.50 25.53 25.56 25.53 0.12 16.91 16.91 16.90 16.91 0.03

85 25.54 25.60 25.73 25.62 0.37 16.92 16.94 16.93 16.93 0.06

90 25.68 25.70 25.75 25.71 0.14 16.95 16.95 16.97 16.96 0.06

95 25.59 26.00 25.80 25.80 0.79 16.99 17.00 17.00 16.99 0.03

100 25.60 26.14 25.87 25.87 1.04 17.02 17.03 17.04 17.03 0.06

105 25.69 26.34 25.89 25.97 1.25 17.06 17.07 17.07 17.07 0.03

110 25.82 26.50 25.90 26.07 1.30 17.11 17.12 17.11 17.11 0.03

115 25.94 26.53 25.93 26.14 1.15 17.15 17.16 17.17 17.16 0.06

120 25.97 26.61 26.10 26.23 1.22 17.20 17.20 17.22 17.21 0.06

125 25.99 26.70 26.25 26.31 1.35 17.26 17.26 17.27 17.26 0.03

130 26.20 26.76 26.31 26.42 1.06 17.33 17.31 17.32 17.32 0.06

135 26.32 26.79 26.33 26.48 0.89 17.37 17.37 17.39 17.38 0.06

140 26.42 26.90 25.51 26.61 2.61 17.44 17.45 17.45 17.45 0.03

145 26.48 27.01 26.56 26.68 0.99 17.49 17.50 17.50 17.50 0.03

150 26.54 27.14 26.63 26.77 1.12 17.58 17.58 17.58 17.58 0.00

155 26.62 27.20 26.78 26.87 1.08 17.63 17.64 17.64 17.64 0.03

160 26.74 27.33 26.82 26.96 1.09 17.73 17.72 17.73 17.73 0.03

165 26.78 27.39 26.85 27.01 1.13 17.79 17.80 17.81 17.80 0.06

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170 26.90 27.55 26.97 27.14 1.20 17.87 17.88 17.88 17.88 0.03

175 26.96 27.62 27.02 27.20 1.21 17.95 17.97 17.99 17.97 0.11

180 26.99 27.63 27.10 27.24 1.17 18.06 18.06 18.07 18.06 0.03

185 27.07 27.82 27.13 27.34 1.37 18.14 18.15 18.16 18.15 0.06

190 27.12 27.85 27.22 27.40 1.33 18.28 18.28 18.30 18.29 0.05

195 27.15 27.92 27.33 27.47 1.40 18.40 18.42 18.44 18.42 0.11

200 27.21 27.96 27.35 27.51 1.36 18.50 18.55 18.59 18.55 0.24

205 27.27 28.10 27.39 27.59 1.50 18.70 18.71 18.74 18.72 0.11

210 27.32 28.12 27.45 27.63 1.45 18.90 18.90 18.92 18.91 0.05

215 27.41 28.16 27.52 27.70 1.35 19.08 19.07 19.09 19.08 0.05

220 27.49 28.20 27.59 27.76 1.28 19.20 19.22 19.26 19.23 0.16

225 27.52 28.27 27.70 27.83 1.35 19.34 19.36 19.40 19.37 0.15

230 27.54 28.29 27.80 27.88 1.35 19.47 19.48 19.49 19.48 0.05

235 27.57 28.31 27.88 27.92 1.33 19.60 19.60 19.62 19.61 0.05

240 27.65 28.33 27.92 27.97 1.22 19.72 19.74 19.75 19.74 0.08

245 27.69 28.34 28.00 28.01 1.16 19.88 19.89 19.89 19.89 0.03

250 27.72 28.36 28.04 28.04 1.14 20.03 20.03 20.05 20.04 0.05

255 27.84 28.38 28.07 28.10 0.96 20.16 20.16 20.21 20.18 0.12

260 27.86 28.44 28.09 28.13 1.03 20.30 20.30 20.32 20.31 0.05

265 27.93 28.49 28.13 28.18 0.99 20.42 20.44 20.45 20.44 0.07

270 27.96 28.52 28.18 28.22 0.99 20.50 20.51 20.51 20.51 0.02

275 28.02 28.54 28.21 28.26 0.92 20.58 20.58 20.60 20.59 0.05

280 28.06 28.60 28.28 28.31 0.95 20.62 20.62 20.66 20.64 0.10

285 28.11 28.61 28.33 28.35 0.88 20.68 20.69 20.69 20.69 0.02

290 28.12 28.61 28.34 28.36 0.86 20.73 20.73 20.74 20.73 0.02

295 28.15 28.64 28.36 28.38 0.86 20.75 20.75 20.77 20.76 0.05

300 28.17 28.69 28.42 28.43 0.91 20.77 20.79 20.81 20.79 0.10

305 28.19 28.70 28.45 28.45 0.90 20.81 20.82 20.84 20.83 0.07

310 28.21 28.72 28.50 28.48 0.90 20.84 20.85 20.86 20.85 0.05

315 28.26 28.74 28.52 28.51 0.84 20.86 20.88 20.90 20.88 0.10

320 28.28 28.75 28.55 28.53 0.82 20.89 20.90 20.91 20.90 0.05

325 28.32 28.78 28.60 28.57 0.81 20.90 20.91 20.93 20.92 0.07

330 28.33 28.80 28.64 28.59 0.82 20.95 20.95 20.97 20.96 0.05

335 28.37 28.82 28.66 28.62 0.79 20.97 20.97 22.99 20.98 4.81

10
340 28.38 28.86 28.70 28.65 0.84 21.00 21.01 21.02 21.01 0.05

345 28.38 28.87 28.71 28.66 0.85 21.02 21.02 21.04 21.03 0.05

350 28.40 28.89 28.75 28.68 0.85 21.05 21.06 21.06 21.06 0.02

355 28.44 28.92 28.77 28.71 0.84 21.06 21.07 21.08 21.07 0.05

360 28.45 28.94 28.77 28.72 0.85 21.08 21.09 21.10 21.09 0.05

365 28.48 28.95 28.81 28.75 0.82 21.10 21.11 21.11 21.11 0.02

370 28.52 28.99 28.83 28.78 0.82 21.12 21.12 21.14 21.13 0.05

375 28.54 29.02 28.84 28.80 0.83 21.15 21.16 21.16 21.16 0.02

380 28.56 29.05 28.84 28.82 0.85 21.17 21.18 21.18 21.18 0.02

385 28.58 29.05 28.89 28.84 0.81 21.19 21.19 21.21 21.20 0.05

390 28.59 29.06 28.90 28.85 0.81 21.21 21.22 21.22 21.22 0.02

395 28.61 28.08 28.91 28.87 1.44 21.23 21.23 21.25 21.24 0.05

400 28.63 29.10 28.94 28.89 0.81 21.24 21.25 21.26 21.25 0.05

405 28.65 29.13 28.94 28.91 0.83 21.26 21.27 21.27 21.27 0.02

410 28.66 29.15 28.96 28.92 0.85 21.28 21.28 21.30 21.29 0.05

415 28.69 29.15 28.98 28.94 0.79 21.30 21.30 21.32 21.31 0.05

420 28.70 29.16 28.99 28.95 0.79 21.31 21.32 21.33 21.32 0.05

425 28.72 29.16 29.00 28.96 0.76 21.32 21.33 21.33 21.33 0.02

430 28.75 29.17 29.02 28.98 0.72 21.34 21.35 21.35 21.35 0.02

435 28.75 29.20 29.02 28.99 0.78 21.35 21.36 21.36 21.36 0.02

440 28.77 29.21 29.04 29.01 0.76 21.37 21.38 21.41 21.39 0.09

445 28.80 29.23 29.05 29.03 0.74 21.40 21.42 21.44 21.42 0.09

450 28.82 29.24 29.07 29.04 0.72 21.42 21.43 21.45 21.43 0.07

455 28.84 29.25 29.07 29.05 0.71 21.44 21.44 21.47 21.45 0.07

460 28.85 29.25 29.08 29.06 0.69 21.45 21.45 21.48 21.46 0.07

465 28.86 29.26 29.09 29.07 0.69 21.46 21.46 21.49 21.47 0.07

470 28.89 29.26 29.11 29.09 0.64 21.48 21.49 21.50 21.49 0.05

475 28.90 29.29 29.12 29.10 0.67 21.49 21.50 21.51 21.50 0.05

480 29.91 29.30 29.12 29.11 1.36 21.50 21.51 21.53 21.52 0.07

485 28.92 29.30 29.14 29.12 0.65 21.52 21.53 21.54 21.53 0.05

490 28.94 29.33 29.14 29.14 0.67 21.53 21.54 21.55 21.54 0.05

495 28.94 29.33 29.14 29.14 0.67 21.54 21.56 21.57 21.56 0.07

500 28.95 29.35 29.18 29.16 0.69 21.57 21.58 21.58 21.58 0.02

505 28.95 29.35 29.18 29.16 0.69 21.57 21.58 21.58 21.58 0.02

11
 510 28.95 29.35 29.18 29.16 0.69 21.57 21.58 21.58 21.58 0.02

Sample Calculation:
● The average % of oxygen produced for the reaction of Potassium Permanganate and hydrogen peroxide after 5
seconds:
(19.50+19.56+19.62)
Average % of oxygen= =19.56 %
3
● Uncertainty for the % of oxygen produced for the reaction of Potassium Permanganate and Hydrogen Peroxide
after 5 seconds:

% O2max −% O2min 19.62−19.50

∆ % O 2= = =±0.06
2 2
∆ % O2 0.06
∆ ( % O2 ) %= × 100 %= ×100 %=0.31 %
% O2 19.56

Graph 2: The % of oxygen produced vs. time for Chromium Trioxide

Graph 1: The % of oxygen produced vs. time for Potassium Per-
(CrO3)
manganate (KMnO4)
31 22

f(x) = − 2.66021E-14 x⁶ + 4.44184E-11 x⁵ − 0.0000000278806 x⁴ + 0.00000798397 x³ − 0.000999557 x²

29 21 + 0.0555849 x + 15.798447
f(x) = − 4.30035E-14 x⁶ + 7.22655E-11 x⁵ − 0.0000000472352 x⁴ + 0.0000151399 x³ − 0.00248503 x² + 0.2095349 x
+ 18.940854
27
20
25
% of oxygen produced

19
% of oxygen produced

23
18
21
17
19

17 16

15 15
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 0 100 200 300 400 500

Time in seconds Time in seconds

Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4) Chromium trioxide (CrO3)

Initial rate 0.2095 0.0556

(% of oxygen/seconds)

Average rate 0.02284 0.00850

(% of oxygen/seconds)

Table 3: The initial and final rate, in % of oxygen/seconds, for the reactions between 0.01000 mol/dm3 oxidizing agent with 25.00
± 0.05 cm3 of 0.5000 mol/dm3 H2O2 at temperatures: 10.00 °C, 20.00 °C, 30.00 °C, 40.00 °C, and 50.00 °C

12
Sample Calculation:
● The initial rate of oxygen produced for the reaction of Potassium Permanganate and hydrogen peroxide:
Finding the gradient of the tangent at t=0 is done through finding the derivative of the equation of the line and equating t=0 into
the equation, as shown:

d
(−4 ×10−14 t 6+ 7 ×10−11 t 5−5 ×10−8 t 4 +2 ×10−5 t 3−0.0025t 2 +0.2095 t+18.941 ) ¿ t=0
dt
¿ 0.2095 % of ox y gen/seconds
● The average rate of oxygen produced for the reaction of Potassium Permanganate and hydrogen peroxide:

final % of oxygen−intial % of oxygen

Average rate=
final time−initial time
29.16−17.74
→ =0.02284 % of oxygen/ seconds
500−0
Analyzing the data in Table 2, Graph 1, Graph 2, and Table 3, it is obvious that throughout the reaction,
there is an increase in the oxygen produced. We realize a noticeable difference between the reaction of
Potassium Permanganate and Chromium Trioxide with Hydrogen peroxide in terms of rate of reaction; first,
looking at graph 1, the rate of reaction of Potassium Permanganate and Hydrogen Peroxide starts fast and
then slows down throughout the reaction, with an equation
−14 6 −11 5 −8 4 −5 3 2
:% oxygen=−4 × 10 t +7 × 10 t −5 ×10 t +2 ×10 t −0.0025 t + 0.2095 t+18.941. Similarly, graph
2 shows that the reaction between Chromium Trioxide and Hydrogen Peroxide starts with a fast production
of oxygen, then slows down after 30 seconds, and regains pace at about time = 150 seconds, with an
equation: % oxygen=−3 ×10−14 t 6+ 4 × 10−11 t 5−3 ×10−8 t 4 +8 ×10−6 t 3−0.001t 2 +0.0556 t+15.798 .
Observing Table 2, we realize that in the reaction between Potassium Permanganate and Hydrogen Peroxide,
an average of 19.16% oxygen was produced within 500 seconds (8.3 minutes), whereas, in the reaction
between Chromium Trioxide and Hydrogen Peroxide, an average of 21.58% oxygen was produced in 500
seconds (8.3 minutes). Therefore, Potassium permanganate has a higher rate average rate of reaction than
Chromium Trioxide when reacting with hydrogen peroxide under the same conditions, where as shown in
table 3, KMnO4 has an average rate of 0.02284 %oxygen/second, while CrO3 has an average rate of 0.0085
%oxygen/second. In addition to that, viewing graphs 1 and 2, we see that the initial rate of Potassium
Permanganate increases with a rate of 0.2095 %oxygen/second, while the initial rate of Chromium Trioxide
decreases with a rate of 0.0556 %oxygen/second.
Table 4: Time taken, in seconds, to produce 25% oxygen when reacting 0.01000 mol/dm3 oxidizing agent with 25.00 ± 0.05 cm3 of
0.5000 mol/dm3 H2O2 at temperatures: 10.00 °C, 20.00 °C, 30.00 °C, 40.00 °C, and 50.00 °C.

Temperature in Time taken to produce 25% oxygen

Celsius (°C)
Potassium Permanganate (KmnO4) Chromium Trioxide (CrO3)
(±0.01)
Trial Trial Trial Average 1 Trial Trial Trial Average 1
II III time I II III time
I

10.00 373 380 376 376 2.66x10-3 1095 1100 1089 1095 9.13x10-4

20.00 228 232 230 230 4.35x10-3 434 440 430 435 2.30x10-3

30.00 135 145 150 143 7.00x10-3 273 282 275 277 3.61x10-3

40.00 125 130 123 126 7.94x10-3 236 232 230 234 4.27x10-3

50.00 72 70 69 70 0.014 123 128 124 125 8.00x10-3

13
- Sample calculations:
● The average time taken to produce 25% of oxygen for the reaction of Potassium Permanganate and hydrogen peroxide at
temperature 10 °C:

(373+380+376)
Average time= =376 seconds
3
● The rate of reaction for the reaction of Potassium Permanganate and hydrogen peroxide at temperature 10 °C:

1 1 −3 −1
T h e rate= = =2.66 x 10 s
average time 376
Studying Table 4, we realize that as the temperature increases in both reactions, the time taken to
produce 25% oxygen decreases, and therefore the rate of reaction increases due to the increase in the
average kinetic energy of the particles, resulting in a greater proportion of particles with energy equal or
greater than the activation energy and therefore the frequency of successful collision increases. We can also
realize that throughout temperatures 10.00 °C, 20.00 °C, 30.00 °C, 40.00 °C, and 50.00 °C, KMnO4
maintains a higher rate of reaction than CrO3.
Table 5: The activation energy required, in KJ/mol, to produce 25% oxygen when reacting 0.01000 mol/dm 3 oxidizing agent with
25.00 ± 0.5 cm3 of 0.5000 mol/dm3 H2O2 at temperatures: 10.00 °C, 20.00 °C, 30.00 °C, 40.00 °C, and 50.00 °C

Oxidizing agent Temperature in Temperature in 1/T in (K-1) 1/time to ln(rate) Activation energy
Celsius (°C) Kelvin (K) reach 25% needed to
of oxygen produce 25% (KJ/mol)
(±0.1) (±0.1) oxygen

Potassium 10.00 283.00 3.53x10-3 2.66x10-3 -5.93 32.08

Permanganate
(KMnO4) 20.00 293.00 3.41x10-3 4.35x10-3 -5.44

30.00 303.00 3.30x10-3 7.00x10-3 -4.96

40.00 313.00 3.19x10-3 7.94x10-3 -4.84

50.00 323.00 3.10x10-3 0.014 -4.27

Chromium trioxide 10.00 283.00 3.53x10-3 9.13x10-4 -7.00 41.94

(CrO3) 20.00 293.00 3.41x10-3 2.30x10-3 -6.07

30.00 303.00 3.30x10-3 3.61x10-3 -5.62

40.00 313.00 3.19x10-3 4.27x10-3 -5.46

50.00 323.00 3.10x10-3 8.00x10-3 -4.83

14
 Graph 3: " 𝒍𝒏 (rate) 𝒗𝒔. 𝟏/ 𝑻" graph for Potas- Grpah 4: " 𝒍𝒏 (rate) 𝒗𝒔. 𝟏/𝑻" graph for
sium Permanganate at temperature: 10, 20, 30, 40, Chromium Trioxide at temperature: 10, 20, 30,
and 50 °C 40, and 50 °C
0
0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
-1 -1

-2 -2
ln(rate)

ln(rate)
-3
-3
-4
-4 -4.27 -4.83
-5 f(x) = − 0.495 x − 4.311
f(x) = − 0.392 x − 3.912
-5 R² = 0.972630832721472 R² = 0.941780821917808
-6
-5.93 -7
-6 -7

-7 -8
1/T (10-3) 1/T (10-3)

- Sample Calculation:
● The Temperature in Kelvin at 10 °C:

Temperature∈ Kelvin=Temperature∈Celsius+273
10+273=283 K
● 1/Temperature for 283K:

1 1 −3 −1
= =3.53 x 10 K
Temperature∈ Kelvin 283
● Calculating ln ln rate for the reaction of Potassium Permanganate and hydrogen peroxide at temperature 10 °C:

*rates taken from table 4

−3
ln ln rate=2.66 ×10 ¿=−5.93
● Calculating the activation energy needed to start the reaction between Potassium Permanganate and hydrogen peroxide.

−Ea 1
* is the gradient of the “ln rate vs . ” graph. Therefore:
R T
y 2− y 1 −5.93−(−4.27)
→ gradient ( ¿ grap h )= = =−3860.465116
x 2−x 1 3.53 x 10−3−3.10 x 10−3

→ Activation energy ( )
KJ
mol
=
−( gradient ) (R) −(−3860.465116 ) (8.31)
1000
=
1000
=32.08 KJ /mol

Looking at graphs 3 and 4, both are linear equations with a negative gradient and an R2 value of 0.97 and
0.94 respectively. The graph of Chromium Trioxide has a larger slope than Potassium Permanganate,
meaning that it has larger activation energy. As calculated in table 5, the activation energy in the reaction
between Potassium permanganate and Hydrogen Peroxide is 32.08 KJ/mol, while the activation energy in
the reaction between Chromium Trioxide and hydrogen Peroxide is 41.94 KJ/mol. This also can be an
explanation why the rate the rate of reaction of the Potassium Permanganate and Hydrogen Peroxide
reaction is faster than the Chromium Trioxide and Hydrogen Peroxide reaction, where having a lower
activation energy results in more particles with energy equal or greater than the activation energy, and
therefore more successful collisions take place and thereby there is a faster rate of reaction.

15
❖ Conclusion:
The research question of my investigation is: In what ways do the rate of reaction and the activation
energy differ when decomposing 0.5000 mol/dm3 hydrogen peroxide with 0.01000 mol/dm3 chromium
trioxide and potassium permanganate? It was hypothesized that Potassium Permanganate will have a faster
rate of reaction when reacting with Hydrogen Peroxide than Chromium Trioxide, as well as less activation
energy to start up the reaction.
Reflecting on my hypothesis, we can realize that as shown in graph 1, graph 2, and table 3, Potassium
Permanganate has a faster initial and average rate than Chromium Trioxide when reacting with Hydrogen
Peroxide. This is due to the fact that Potassium Permanganate is more reactive than Chromium Trioxide
when it comes to the decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide, which is because Potassium Permanganate has a
more positive cell potential than Chromium Trioxide, which leads to a higher movement of electrons, and
thus an increased electron flow, that allows KMnO4 to reduce with Hydrogen Peroxide. In addition to that,
Mn7+ ions have more tendency for gaining electrons than the Cr6+ ions, as it has less electrons in its d orbitals
and thus lower repulsion forces. Moreover Mn7+ has a higher effective nuclear charge, causing greater
attractions of the electrons, which increases the rate of successful collisions between the molecules and thus
the rate of production of oxygen increases, as seen in table 2. As a result, Potassium Permanganate
undergoes a Faster reaction with H2O2 than Chromium Trioxide
Reflecting on the results show in table 5, we can see that Potassium Permanganate required less
activation energy than Chromium Trioxide for the decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide. Although both
reactions are spontaneous, Potassium Permanganate has a more positive cell Potential, which strengthen it
more as an oxidizing agent, making it easier to react with Hydrogen Peroxide. Thereby, we can say that
KMnO4 requires less activation energy when reacting with H2O2 than CrO3
Combining the results in table 3 and table 5, we can draw a conclusion on the relation between the
activation energy and the rate of reaction; we realize that the compound with a lower activation energy
(Potassium Permanganate) has a faster rate of oxygen% production. This is due to the reason that having less
activation energy ensures more particles having energy equal or more than the activation energy and
therefore increases the rate of successful collisions between the particles and as a result the rate of reaction
increases.
In conclusion, we can conclude that the results of my experiment fully support my hypothesis, where
Potassium Permanganate is considered a better oxidizing agent than Chromium Trioxide for the
decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide reaction.
❖ Evaluation:
Referring to the results, we can see that my method gave accurate, precise results where the uncertainty
ranged from 0% to 4.81% in table 2, indicating that the method that I applied is considered to be valid to
give us accurate data when investigating the rate of reaction and the activation energy of reacting Potassium
Permanganate and Chromium Trioxide with Hydrogen Peroxide.
Also, I was able to conduct a safe and harmless experiment, by dealing with all dangers and risks
carefully. In addition to that, I tried to avoid errors as much as possible to keep my experiment accurate and
come up with satisfactory and reliable results. Nevertheless, several errors still occurred during the
experiment, which is shown in tables 6 and 7 below:
- Random Errors:
Table 5: Identifying and analyzing random errors.

16
 Random errors Effect on investigation Improvement

Preparing 0.1000 mol/dm3 Adding more/less concentration of This can be solved by

Potassium Permanganate and a compound can increase/decrease standardization, which is the
Chromium Trioxide may not be the particles in the reaction, process in which the concentration
100% accurate as there may have affecting the rate of successful of a chemical is determined
been uncertainties when weighing collisions and therefore impacting (Standardization of Acid and Base
the compound or the volume of the initial and average rate of the Solutions). Titration is one example
water reaction of standardization, where the
chemicals’ concentrations would be
checked to be 0.01000 mol/dm3
before reacting it with Hydrogen
Peroxide.

After cooling/heating, some of the The average kinetic energy would This can be fixed by heating both
heat might be gained/lost during the change during the transfer, and compounds to the desired
transfer between solutions therefore it would influence the temperatures simultaneously, and
final results, due to a change in the immediately pouring them together
energy of the particles, and when reaching the same
therefore more/less successful temperature to eliminate heat loss
collisions would take place as much as possible.
-
Systematic Errors:
Table 6: Identifying and analyzing Systematic errors.
Systematic errors Effect on investigation Improvement

There might have been oxygen This could impact the final results This can be fixed by immediately
leakage in the time between adding of reading the % of oxygen due to and firmly closing the conical flask
the Oxidizing agent to H2O2 and loss of O2 gas. before the two compounds start
closing the conical flask with the reacting and oxygen starts forming.
oxygen sensor

When preparing the compounds, Compounds may have reacted with Distilled water must be used, to
tap water was used to dissolve the the minerals in the water and would prevent the occurrence of such
compounds in it have therefore resulted in the minerals during the reaction.
formation of unwanted products
that would influence the reactions
between Potassium
Permanganate/Chromium trioxide
with Hydrogen Peroxide.

❖ Further investigation:
First of All, the improvements mentioned in the evaluation section must be applied to ensure a more
certain and precise experiment that will guarantee accurate results.
In my investigation, I mainly focused on designing a valid process that allows us to compare different
oxidizing agents in terms of the rate of reaction and activation energy. Further investigation would be to use
other different compounds and chemicals to study the best oxidizing agent with Hydrogen Peroxide that
would need the least activation energy and less time to finish the reaction. This would result in more
efficiency and economic benefits to solve the addressed issue. Some of these compounds could be Potassium
Dichromate, Iron Oxide, or Manganese oxide (Paulina et al.). This would be done by measuring the initial
rate, final rate, and the activation energy of all compounds of the same concentration and volume, and thus
determine the most suitable oxidizing agent. We can also study Factors within oxidizing agents and find
17
what makes them more efficient in terms of oxidation number, molar mass, or ions. All in all, to come up
with a clear conclusion for industries and companies dealing with such chemicals, a broader investigation
should be conducted by taking into consideration other factors and compounds.
❖ Bibliography:
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Catalysts.” Proakademia, 2018, www.proakademia.eu/gfx/baza_wiedzy/461/nr_26_45-52_2_2.pdf
[Accessed July 12, 2020].
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Continuum. Pearson Education Limited, 2014.
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http://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Che
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Senior Services, 2002, www.nj.gov/health/eoh/rtkweb/documents/fs/1578.pdf [Accessed October 26,
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18
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19