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9 views141 pages

(Ebook) An Elementary Latin Grammar by Henry John Roby ISBN 9780511697456, 9781108011211, 0511697457, 1108011217 PDF Available

Study resource: (Ebook) An Elementary Latin Grammar by Henry John Roby ISBN 9780511697456, 9781108011211, 0511697457, 1108011217Get it instantly. Built for academic development with logical flow and educational clarity.

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Cambridge Library CoLLeCtion
Books of enduring scholarly value

Classics
From the Renaissance to the nineteenth century, Latin and Greek were
compulsory subjects in almost all European universities, and most early
modern scholars published their research and conducted international
correspondence in Latin. Latin had continued in use in Western Europe long
after the fall of the Roman empire as the lingua franca of the educated classes
and of law, diplomacy, religion and university teaching. The flight of Greek
scholars to the West after the fall of Constantinople in 1453 gave impetus
to the study of ancient Greek literature and the Greek New Testament.
Eventually, just as nineteenth-century reforms of university curricula were
beginning to erode this ascendancy, developments in textual criticism and
linguistic analysis, and new ways of studying ancient societies, especially
archaeology, led to renewed enthusiasm for the Classics. This collection
offers works of criticism, interpretation and synthesis by the outstanding
scholars of the nineteenth century.

Elementary Latin Grammar


Henry John Roby (1830–1915) was a Cambridge-educated classicist whose
influential career included periods as a schoolmaster, professor of Roman
law, businessman, educational reformer and Member of Parliament. An
Elementary Latin Grammar (1862) is a complete, concise introduction to the
Latin language. Written for classroom use, it presents essential grammatical
constructions in the clearest possible manner, using ample material from
the classical authors as demonstrations of basic principles. The book guides
the reader through noun and adjective declensions and the full array of
verb conjugations before turning to prosody and syntax, where Roby’s
innovations in Latin instruction are most evident. Simple, direct, and based
upon examples including texts by Livy and Cicero, the book shows students
how to parse basic sentences while also introducing them to more subtle and
complex constructions. It remains a useful resource for teachers of Latin, and
a fascinating document in the history of education.
Cambridge University Press has long been a pioneer in the reissuing of
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books that are still sought after by scholars and students but could not be
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sciences and in science and technology.
Elementary Latin
Grammar
Henry John Roby
C a M b R I D G E U N I v E R SI T y P R E S S

Cambridge, New york, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore,


São Paolo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo

Published in the United States of america by Cambridge University Press, New york

www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781108011211

© in this compilation Cambridge University Press 2010

This edition first published 1862


This digitally printed version 2010

ISbN 978-1-108-01121-1 Paperback

This book reproduces the text of the original edition. The content and language reflect
the beliefs, practices and terminology of their time, and have not been updated.

Cambridge University Press wishes to make clear that the book, unless originally published
by Cambridge, is not being republished by, in association or collaboration with, or
with the endorsement or approval of, the original publisher or its successors in title.
ELEMENTARY

LATIN GRAMMAR.
AN

ELEMENTARY

LATIN GRAMMAR

HENEY JOHN ROBY, M.A.


UNDEB MASTER OP DULTV'ICH COLLEGE UPPER SCHOOL,
LATE FELLOW Alv'D CLASSICAL LECTURER OF
ST JOHN'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE.

MACMILLAK AND CO.

AKD 23, HENEIETTA STEEET, COVENT GAEPEN


Sontion.
1862.
VIEO CLAEISSTMO

10. NICOLAO MADVIGIO

AETIS GEAMMATICAE BT CEITICAE

OMNIVH QVOTQVOT NOVIT PEBITISSVMO

POTISSVHVM DEBEEI

SIQVID ACCVEATIOEIS D0CTEINA15

HVIC LIBELLO ACCESSEEIT

GEATO ANI1I0 PE0F1TETVR EDITOB.


PKEFACE.

THE following pages will be found to differ very consider-


ably from the Eton Grammar and those formed more or less on
its model—for instance, King Edward Vlth's and Dr Kennedy's.
On this account the Syntax at least may perhaps require one or
two careful readings, before the mode in which it deals with
grammatical difficulties be fully apprehended. My object has
been in the Accidence to state, as accurately as I could within
the limits of a book for learners, the inflexional forms in use
among the Komans of the best period; and in the Syntax to
explain briefly and precisely the use of them. The examples are
chiefly from Caesar, Cicero, or Livy, or such as they might have
written; and have been BO chosen and so translated as to give
frequent subsidiary hints on Latin construction or English
translation. Peculiarities, especially those of earlier or later
writers and of the poets generally, have been usually left to be
explained by the teacher on their occurrence. If the principles
given be correct, such peculiarities will not cause much diffi-
culty.
The leading principles and arrangement of the book, espe-
cially the Syntax, are chiefly my own, at least so far as direct
viii Preface.
help goes; but for details throughout I have made the amplest
use of Madvig's Grammar. The facts of the Accidence have been
almost entirely either derived from it, or corrected by its aid.
In the Syntax I may particularly mention the treatment of
objective propositions (§ 295. 4), of the tenses, and of the oralio
obliqua; besides numerous examples. Where my use of his
book has amounted almost to an abridgment of some length,
his name has been added. I have not often deliberately differed
from him.. The edition which I have used is the first of the
English translation: one correction (§ 81. 3) and some slight
additions are from the last edition of the German (1857), to
which no attention appears to have been paid in the last edition
of the translation (1859).
My acknowledgments are also due to Morell's English Gram-
mar for parts of the analysis (on Becker's system) of sentences;
to Key's larger Grammar, 2nd ed. (a book well worth knowing,
as it exhibits the results of a very fresh study of Latin) for some
examples and useful hints; and to Donaldson's larger Grammar
for similar occasional help, but in a less degree. Kennedy's
School-grammar (almost always neat and ingenious) has been of
some service, chiefly as indicating the amount of information
usually required, but also in other ways. Many points of agree-
ment with each of these writers will be found, where I am not
conscious of any direct debt. Indeed Dr Kennedy's book I did
not become acquainted with till I had written the first draught
of the Syntax. My other obligations to books of this class are
too slight to deserve separate mention.
There are some novelties in the Accidence which had per-
haps better be noticed here. I have followed Madvig in his
arrangement of the cases, which commends itself both by its
propriety and simplicity: in omitting mci, tui, &c. as the direct
genitive of the personal pronouns (see § 56); in distinguishing
the imperative forms into a present and a future tense; and in
omitting amaminor, &c. as being a form due only to a corrup-
tion of an old singular amamino. I have followed Donaldson
Preface. ix
in referring the gerundive to the active voice, and have given
short reasons in a note to § 254. Madvig's view (see his Bemer-
hungen) and Key's appear to me substantially the same.
I have also confined the vocative case to those Latin nouns,
substantive and adjective, of the 2nd declension which end in
us: for in these alone is it different from the nominative. In
pp. 12—23 no notice is taken of some rare words, which school-
boys are likely to have little or nothing to do with; and gene-
rally, but especially in the Prosody, Greek nouns have been
banished to a note (p. 79) and Appendix A. No translation is
given in the paradigms of the Subjunctive and Infinitive, but
the matter is fully treated in the Syntax (especially §§ 238, 247).
The usual translations correspond to but few of the uses of
either, and, as I know by experience, constantly lead to blun-
ders. Prima facie indeed they are wrong. Amem is not I can
love, nor / may love: although the latter may serve in some
sentences, the former is better avoided altogether. The term
potential mood is, I think, product and cause of similar mis-

The treatment of much of the Accidence might be greatly


improved, if it were the custom of schools to pay more attention
to the principles of sounds and letter-changes. But it would not
be easy to do this successfully for boys first learning Latin, and
I have therefore acquiesced (e.g. in § 25) in an unscientific pro-
cedure.
The usual names for the cases, moods, tenses, &c. are retained
and used without any reference to their etymological meaning.
This appeared to me less objectionable than adding a new nomen-
clature or fresh selection of terms to those already existing. In
the Syntax, the ordinary names of constructions, &c. will be
often found appended even where I thought them very bad,
e.g. Ablative Absolute. Such vague terms as a Genitive or Ac-
cusative of respect or reference, I have endeavoured to avoid.
By Active or Passive voice, I have generally meant the form
only, whether the meaning be transitive or intransitive.
x Preface.
The analysis of the sentence has been simplified from that
given in Morell's Grammar; and the terms secondary and 06-
lique predicate strictly defined (rather differently from Donald-
son) and freely used. They will, I believe, be found valuable
instruments in syntactical analysis. The logical copula is
omitted altogether. Whatever may be said in logic, Pastor est
supinus and Pastor dormit supinus are precisely the same gram-
matically, and est has as good a right to be considered the
predicate as dormit. Moreover, it is very objectionable to treat
an adverb as forming the predicate ; and yet what is to be done
with bene est if est be the copula ?
In treating of the eases and moods, I have endeavoured to
deduce from their use the proper meanings of each, considering
their construction to be determined by this. Such a method is
exactly the reverse of the Eton system, which treats the use of
particular cases and moods as resulting from the arbitrary
preferences of different classes of verbs and adjectives, or the
several prepositions, or certain conjunctions. Upon this base-
less theory rest the exhibition of the use of the genitive, dative,
&c. after adjectives, as something quite separate from their use
after verbs; the omission of any leading distinctions between the
several cases (partially supplied in K. Edw.VIth's, and still more
in Kennedy's Grammar); the separate treatment of their use to
denote relations of space and time; perpetual dreams of an
ellipse of this or that preposition (now, however, generally dis-
claimed); of si, of ut, of o with the vocative, of the 'partidpium
existendi' (a most gratuitous supposition when the language does
not possess any participle of being, and cxistere, in good Latin,
never denotes ' being'); and what is almost worst of all, rules to
explain the moods based upon the frequency of their occurrence
with particular conjunctions; in fact, a statistical statement,
appealing, I presume, to some theory of probabilities, substituted
for a rational explanation, even in so important a matter as the
subjunctive mood.
But as such rules are often called safe practical guides, to be
Preface. xi
used like a rule of thumb, it may be as well to examine one or
two of those most in use, to see how far this is the case. I give
DT Kennedy's words, that the rules may wear the best face
possible.
1. "Cum duo substantiva diversarum rerum concurrunfc,
alterum in genitivo ponitur, When two substantives of different
things come together, one is pitt in the genitive case." Not to dwell
upon diversarum rerum and concurrunt, both of which contain
plenty of pitfalls, the rule actually does not state which substan-
tive is to be put into the genitive, thus leaving the student to
adopt either the Latin or the Hebrew idiom. Other grammars
have postenus for alterum; and then we get a rule which has the
singular infelicity of flying in the face of the only case-inflexion
in English nouns. C&sar's friend, Caesaris amicus, are generally
better English and better Latin than The friend of C&sar, Ami-
cus Csesaris (i.e. friendly to Ccesar), and probably more common.
But a boy does not really use these rules. In writing Latin he
is guided by the English inflexion or the preposition of; and in
translating from Latin he reverses the same process besides
thinking of the sense. The rule is carried in his mind as a
collateral piece of knowledge, and is recited as a mere incanta-
tion against the master's wrath with not so much meaning as
Cato's Jsta pista sista, muttered over a sprain. Dr Kennedy
gives subsequently other rules respecting the genitive of a very
different character; but what possible good can such a rule as
the above do at any time ?
2. " Dativum ferine regunt verba composita cum adver-
biis bene satis male, et cum praspositionibus praesertirn his,
Ad ante ab, In inter de, Sub super oh, Con, post et prce." To
which, however, is wisely subjoined "Multa ex his variant
constructionem." But then what becomes of the rule of
thumb ?
The truth is, I believe, that verbs compounded with these
prepositions have other cases and contractions quite as often as
a dative. 2ndly, The rule (I do not speak of the examples
sii Preface.
given) makes no distinction between the direct and indirect
object, although many of these verbs are transitive, and there-
fore have both. 3rdly, The dative after such verbs, when it
occurs, is only the ordinary dative of the indirect object.
3. " Quum, causali sensu, subjunctivum plerumque regit;
sed interdum Indicativuni:
" Quod, quando, quia, quandoquidem, quoniam, siquidemque
causali sensu Indicativo gaudent: nisi opus sit subjunctive
" Qimm, quando, quoties, simul ut, simul atgue, ubi, postquam
temporales Indicativo gaudent: quum ssepe subjunctivo, post et
ante tempus Prseteritum.
"Bum, donee, quoad, antequam, priusquam pro sententia loci,
nunc Indicativum, nunc Subjunctivum capiunt."
What then should a boy do? first decide on his conjunction,
and then put Indicative and Subjunctive alternately? or two
Subjunctives for one Indicative? or vice versa? There is not
the slightest clue given to the real meanings of the moods in
such sentences: all hinges on their comparative frequency after
certain conjunctions. Pro sententia loci nowhere gets any
explanation: nisi opus sit subjunctivo may refer to the Oratio
obliqua, or to what Dr Kennedy mentions as the Potential and
Optative uses, which however he distinguishes from the sub-
junctive 'as subjoined to particles:' but how, or to which it
refers, is not said.
If the meaning of the cases and moods be well grasped, it is
very interesting then to notice the natural or accidental attraction
of particular verbs, &c. to particular constructions; but it does
not appear to me possible to do this adequately within the limits
of a boy's grammar. Madvig's does it well, but with much
reduction it would lose its value.
If any should object that the treatment of the subjunctive
mood in these pages is more difficult than that of the ordinary
system, I would venture to ask whether, if so, this may not be
due to the fact that the points of difficulty are really ignored in
the ordinary system: and let a boy know the rules ever so per-
Preface. xiii
fectly, he would not be able to explain Latin authors, or know
when to use the subjunctive and when the indicative. But my
own belief is that boys get their first notions of grammar, not so
much from rules as from examples, and that in writing their
exercises they do not obey a precept but follow a precedent.
As they make progress, they will want the rule to fix their
nascent conceptions; and when they want it, they will begin to
understand it. Syntax is never interesting, except to an ad-
vanced or advancing scholar; the difficulty lies in the subject
itself, and cannot be conjured out of it by meaningless mesmeric
passes. If it could, Latin would lose its educational worth, and
the question might be fairly urged whether French or German
would not be more useful to English boys. A boy has no real
mental training unless some abstract thought be evoked, and
Latin syntax cannot be acquired without it. Of course a boy
need not go into the matter fully at first, but had better not get
into a wrong mode altogether.
The treatment of the Cases is more likely to be charged with
want of minute details. It will be found however that many of
the ordinary details are necessary only on the artificial system
adopted: and that others are only poetic, or rare. Eor boys
writing Latin prose, it is desirable to keep poetic usages in the
background: there will be little trouble with them if boys grasp
well the meaning of the cases. The Latin dative is, I fancy,
the very simplest oblique case in either Latin or Greek, and
seems to me adequately treated for school-boys in two or, at most,
four rules.* Now in Edward Vlth's Grammar, the 'Dative after
the Adjective' contains 6 rules: and the ' Dative after the Verb'
22 more, all in large print; of these 5 do not belong to the dative,
but are due to some of the rules having overshot the mark: but,

* The list on pp. 88 and 89 might be rendered unnecessary by a boy's


learning from the first to connect an Intransitive verb in English with
each of the words named. Appendix D has been added to obviate objec-
tions to the method adopted.
xiv Preface.
if they are deducted, their place is more than supplied by 7
other rules in other parts of the Syntax. A boy must have a
good head to understand the use of a case which requires 30
rules to explain it, and 5 others to explain the rules. The
Kevised Eton Grammar reduces them to 14: Dr Kennedy's to 9
in the Syntaxis Minor. But all these grammars, by laying
down arbitrary rules about verbs of commanding and delighting,
make such a perfectly regular use as the accusative after the
transitive verbs Icedo, delecto, juvo, rego, juheo, guberno, appear
as an act of delinquency and violation of a general rule, or,
as Dr Kennedy expresses it, 'they are joined to the accusative
contra regulam.'
It must not be supposed that I regard the analysis of the
cases, &c. as carried to its farthest point: I have stopped where
I thought practical usage required it. Doubtless (in Latin) all
genitives ultimately imply possession (or partition ?): all datives,
the person (or thing) for whom. The ablative has an obscure
birth and is somewhat intractable: the accusative Madvig may be
right in asserting to be the word used without any further gram-
matical definition than that it is not the subject, and that the no-
tion of place is merely subordinate. But whether or not we can
talk in such matters of actual historical priority, it seems to me
more probable that in this case as in others, Space furnished the
primary intuition and gave form and outness to the mental con-
ception : and to this it is no objection that the general concep-
tion of object is far wider and includes in a sort that of place
towards which. The genitive is hardly sufficiently appreciated in
school-grammars, and its broad distinction from the other cases,
as doing for substantives and partly for adjectives, what the
nominative, accusative, and dative (and sometimes the ablative),
do for verbs, is therefore frequently not caught. The genitive
after verbs (§ 200. J) scarcely deviates from the proper concep-
tion (accuso =causam facio: indigeo =indigus sum, &c.): cer-
tainly even so it is very different from any of the other cases.
Preface. xv
The ultimate identity of many of the usages of each case is
clearly indicated by their being equally referable to more than
one head.
The Completed future is not free from difficulty. That the
Latins treat it as a tense of the indicative mood is unquestion-
able: but could they have told whether videris (§ 235. 8) is an
indicative or subjunctive? There is, it appears to me, much
plausibility in Donaldson's identification of this tense with the
perf. subj., as there is also in Madvig's deduction (see his
Opuscula) of the perf. subj. from the compl. future: if the
ground for such distinct subordination of the one to the other
is not rather cut away from both by the common origin of ero
and sim, of araav-ero and amav-erim ( = amav-esim), which I
believe is Curtius' view. Madvig goes the length of supposing
a compl. future of the subjunctive as a different tense though
the same in form with the perf. subj. This appears to me
unnecessary, though his instances, in this case, as always, are
very good. But when it is remembered how much more dis-
tinctly a completed future fixes events and circumstances which
do not yet exist, than a simple future does, it may be doubted
whether sufficient consideration has been given to the fact that
the 1st pers. sing, which alone differs from the perf. subj., and
differs by assuming an indicative termination, is the only one in
which any positiveness of assertion respecting the future is
natural. A man may speak positively of his own intentions, or
may prophesy from knowledge of his own circumstances, but to
do so of another must partake much more of the nature of a
supposition, or a wish, or a command. Sed Time viderint doctiores:
non equidem repugnavero.
If any scholars should honour my little book with criticism
either public or private, I shall be very grateful, as it will give
me the best chance of improving it; and if objections be but
specific, it will matter but little in this respect whether they be
kindly or severely urged.
xvi Preface.
I have now only to thank warmly my kind friends, the Rev.
J. E. B. Mayor, M.A., Rev. C. B. Hutchinson, M.A., and
J. R. Seeley, Esq., M.A., for many valuable corrections and
suggestions given amidst numerous engagements.

H. J. R.

DULWICH CO1LEGE,
October, 1862.
LATIN GRAMMAR

A C C I D E N C E or

STATEMENT OF INFLEXIONAL FORMS.

OF THE LETTERS.

§ 1. THE Latin Alphabet is the same as the English,


with the omission of the letter w. The letters are also
written and pronounced nearly the same as in English.
a, e, i, o, u, y, are called vowels, the rest are called con-
sonants.
Of the consonants,
•Some are pronounced in the throat, called Guttural;
\iz. c (hard), g (hard), k, q (both which have
same sound as hard c).
Some are pronounced at the teeth, called Dental;
viz. t, d.
Some are pronounced with the lips, called Labial;
viz.p, b,f.
Of these c, k, q, t, p are called sharp consonants (tenues);
g, d, h, flat consonants (mediae).
I, r, m, n, are called liquids. Of these m is a labial
liquid, n is a dental liquid.
* is a (sharp) sibilant (or hissing letter); % is a com-
bination of ks.
A is a rough breathing or aspirate,
j and v are called semi-vowels.
R.G. 1
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