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SPRINGER BRIEFS IN
OPEN AND DISTANCE EDUC ATION

Olaf Zawacki-Richter
Adnan Qayyum Editors

Open and Distance

Education in Asia,
Africa and the
Middle East
National Perspectives
in a Digital Age
SpringerBriefs in Education

Open and Distance Education

Series editors
Insung Jung, International Christian University, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
Olaf Zawacki-Richter, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Niedersachsen,
Germany
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15238
Olaf Zawacki-Richter Adnan Qayyum
•

Editors

Open and Distance Education

in Asia, Africa
and the Middle East
National Perspectives in a Digital Age
Editors
Olaf Zawacki-Richter Adnan Qayyum
Institute of Education Pennsylvania State University
University of Oldenburg State College, PA, USA
Oldenburg, Niedersachsen, Germany

ISSN 2211-1921 ISSN 2211-193X (electronic)

SpringerBriefs in Education
ISSN 2509-4335 ISSN 2509-4343 (electronic)
SpringerBriefs in Open and Distance Education
ISBN 978-981-13-5786-2 ISBN 978-981-13-5787-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5787-9
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018966401

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2019. This book is an open access publication.
Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adap-
tation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to
the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence and indicate if
changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons
licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book’s
Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the
permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publi-
cation does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the
relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or
for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to
jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,
Singapore
This book is dedicated to the memory of Colin
Latchem. Colin contributed the Australia
chapter in the first volume of these books.
He was an important advocate of non-formal,
open and distance education. His thoughtful
contributions to the field will be missed.
Contents

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Olaf Zawacki-Richter and Adnan Qayyum
2 China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Wei Li and Na Chen
3 China—Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Jingjing Zhang
4 India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Santosh Panda and Suresh Garg
5 India—Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Ramesh Chander Sharma
6 Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Olaf Zawacki-Richter, Sergey B. Kulikov, Diana Püplichhuysen
and Daria Khanolainen
7 Russia—Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Galia I. Kirilova
8 South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Paul Prinsloo
9 South Africa—Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Jenny Glennie and Tony Mays
10 South Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Cheolil Lim, Jihyun Lee and Hyoseon Choi
11 South Korea—Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Insung Jung

vii
viii Contents

12 Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Yasar Kondakci, Svenja Bedenlier and Cengiz Hakan Aydin
13 Turkey—Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Soner Yildirim and Müge Adnan
14 The State of Open and Distance Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Adnan Qayyum and Olaf Zawacki-Richter
Chapter 1
Introduction

Olaf Zawacki-Richter and Adnan Qayyum

Introduction

Since the mid 1990s, the digital transformation has changed the face of open and
distance education as we had known it. Already in 1999, Alan Tait observed that “the
secret garden of open and distance learning has become public, and many institutions
are moving from single conventional mode activity to dual mode activity” (p. 141)
and Kearsley (1998) even claimed that “distance education has become mainstream”
(p. 1). Indeed, during the last 20 years distance education has moved from the fringes
into the center of mainstream education provision (see Xiao, 2018, for a recent
analysis). This is specially the case in the higher education sector where today in some
countries—supported by enormous state funding programs like in Germany—almost
all higher education institutions are offering some sort of online education, ranging
from web-enhanced face to face teaching practices to fully online programs on an
international scale—although they often do not label this distance education and use
terms such as online, flexible or blended learning.
The process of the digital transformation—the “digital turn” (Westera,
2013)—affects all segments of society and economic sectors. Different nations and
educational systems are responding differently to the macro process of digitalization.
Some national systems are more advanced and ahead on the road by making the dig-
italization of teaching and learning a strategic goal for development and innovation
already over a decade ago (e.g. South Korea) while in other countries distance edu-
cation was recognized as a validated and accredited form of education provision only

O. Zawacki-Richter (B)
Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
e-mail: [email protected]
A. Qayyum
Pennsylvania State University, State College, USA
e-mail: [email protected]

© The Author(s) 2019 1

O. Zawacki-Richter and A. Qayyum (eds.), Open and Distance Education in Asia,
Africa and the Middle East, SpringerBriefs in Open and Distance Education,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5787-9_1
2 O. Zawacki-Richter and A. Qayyum

in the recent past, now witnessing enormous growth rates of enrollments in online
distance education with private institutions massively stepping into this market (e.g.
Brazil).
The transformation of teaching and learning in a digital age presents a dramatic
challenge of innovation and change for the majority of ‘conventional’ universities.
Higher education institutions throughout the world have undergone changes to inno-
vate teaching and learning processes by implementing infrastructures for educational
technology and developing organizational support structures for students and faculty.
Distance teaching institutions have always been spearheading the application of
new and emerging media, because in distance education media have always been
used to bridge the gap students and the teaching institutions and among learners.
Starting in the mid 1990s, the Internet and new information and communication
technologies paved the way for overcoming the notion of distance education as an
isolated form of learning. However, also traditional distance teaching universities
are still struggling to make the transition from correspondence to online distance
education (e.g. in South Africa).
In order to avoid that we reinvent the wheel in this very dynamic process of
digital transformation, it is important that we learn from past experiences of open
and distance education systems, covering over a century of theory, research and
practice in the field (e.g. in the UK, Germany, South Africa and Russia).
The present book is the second volume in which we set out to explore, compare and
contrast open and distance education systems in various countries. The first volume
“Open and Distance Education in Australia, Europe and the Americas” covered
national systems in Australia, Brazil, Canada, Germany, the UK and the USA. The
goal is to describe different approaches and models of the relationship between
distance education and higher education in each country by addressing the following
questions:
1. What is the function and position of distance education within the national higher
education system?
2. Which are the major DE teaching and research institutions?
3. What is the history and past of distance education including online education?
4. What is the relationship between DE and more established and older campus-
based, residential institutions?
5. What is the relationship between public and private sector online and distance
education?
6. What are the regulatory frameworks for DE? What are important policies for
online and distance education?
7. What are estimated student enrollments for online and distance education pro-
grams?
8. What are probably important future developments and issues for online and
distance education?
1 Introduction 3

Structure of the Book

The countries are presented in alphabetical order. Each chapter is complemented by

commentary written by an expert from each country. The aim of the commentaries
is not to critique the chapters but to offer another perspective on each system and to
highlight and emphasize certain aspects that are important from the experts’ point of
view.
Chapter 2 is about China. Wei Li and Na Chen from the Department of Com-
parative Education at the Open University of China emphasize the importance of
online and open learning to provide services for lifelong learning for all. The Open
University of China is the biggest university of the world in terms of student enroll-
ments. It is a network with a headquarter in Beijing and 44 branches and about 3,000
study centers throughout the country. A path-breaking initiative towards lifelong
learning is the creation of the “Credit Bank” for the accreditation, accumulation and
transfer of formal and informal learning outcomes. An “Online Credit Bank Plat-
form” was launched in November 2017 to support the accreditation and recognition
of prior learning. The share of online enrollments in higher education reached 17%
(6.45 Million students) in 2016. However, there is much room for potential growth
of ODE in China. There are more than 2,900 higher education institutions in the
country, but up to now only 67 campus-based universities and the Open University
Network offer online degree programs.
It is interesting to note that the beginnings of Indian distance education were
influenced by the Russian system. A delegation of the University Grants Commission
visited the Soviet Union in 1961 to study their system of correspondence education
and evening classes. Higher education expanded tremendously after independence
in 1947. Today, the higher education system in India is a giant, with over 29 Million
students, 712 universities and over 36,000 colleges—and this is still not enough too
meet the huge demand for tertiary education of India’s growing population. The
authors, Santosh Panda and Suresh Garg, are from the Indira Gandhi National Open
University (IGNOU), which is the central state university (founded in 1985) that
coordinates distance education systems and programs throughout the country.
A team of authors from Russia and Germany, Olaf Zawacki-Richter, Sergey
Kulikov, Diana Püplichhuysen, and Daria Khanolainen, describe the changes that
have occurred in distance education in Russia and the former Soviet Union. There is
a long tradition of distance education in Russia starting after the October Revolution
in the second decade of the 20th century. Today, about 50% of all students in Russia
are enrolled in distance education programs with a peak in 2009/2010. However,
Russia is facing a dramatic “demographic hole”: According to official statistics, the
number of 15–19-year olds fell by one third from 2009 to 2014. In the same time
period, the number of distance education students decreased from 4.1 to 2.6 million
students. The Russian higher education system has undergone substantial reforms
in recent years, investing in “elite” higher education institutions and “modern” dis-
tance education (i.e. e-learning, MOOCs, OERs) to overcome quality problems in
print-based distance education and to reach international target groups.
4 O. Zawacki-Richter and A. Qayyum

Paul Prinsloo writes about South Africa, which is the country where the first dedi-
cated distance teaching university was established in 1873. After 2004 and until 2014
the University of South Africa (UNISA) was the only public distance teaching uni-
versity in South Africa. Nelson Mandela was a student at UNISA during his time of
imprisonment on Robben Island. UNISA is a “big ship” with over 400,000 students.
As Kok, Bester and Esterhuizen (2018) write in their current article “Late departures
from paper-based to supported networked learning in South Africa”, the transition
from correspondence education to online learning represents a great challenge, espe-
cially in a developing country where reliable power supply and access to the Internet
at affordable costs cannot be taken for granted in rural as well as metropolitan areas.
The implications of introducing interactive online learning are discussed. In this con-
text, it is important to find the right balance between the introduction of personalized
and tutor-led online seminars and the provision of self-study materials for indepen-
dent distance learning while maintaining economies of scale to provide affordable
higher education opportunities for all.
Cheolil Lim, Jihyunb Lee and Hyosun Choi report on a process of radical inno-
vation and enormous growth of online education in South Korea. They describe this
development starting with the foundation of the Korea National Open University in
1972. Distance education became widely used, but with the emergence of the Inter-
net between 1995 and 2009 a period of rapid growth gained momentum with strong
support and funding from the Ministry of Education in South Korea. In 1997 the
Korea Multimedia Education Center was established to facilitate education innova-
tion at traditional campus-based universities and to support the establishment of so
called “cyberuniversities” of which 21 exist today. Supporting lifelong learning was
given a top priority by the Korean government, and online distance education has
played a prominent role in providing learning opportunities throughout the lifespan.
It is remarkable that 79% of high school graduates in South Korea enter a higher
education institution. Despite this extraordinary progress in terms of digitalization of
teaching and learning and access to higher education, some challenges remain. We
are reminded by Insung Jung that there is still much potential for widening access
for disadvantaged groups in South Korea who do not reside in Soul or the larger
metropolitan areas.
Yasar Kondakci, Svenja Bedenlier and Cengiz Hakan Aydin provide an insight-
ful overview of the open and distance education system in Turkey, where Anadolu
University (established in 1982) in Eskisehir is one of the “mega-universities” with
over one million active distance education students. Also in Turkey, the residential
higher education system has been expanding immensely. In the late 1970s and 80s
higher education was a privilege of a few. The 27 conventional universities provided
only places for less than 6% of an age cohort. The number of universities increased
from 27 in 1982 to 184 public and private universities in 2017. Open and distance
education, particularly Anadolu University’s ODL system, has been playing a major
role in Turkish Higher Education by providing equal education opportunity to mil-
lions since 1982. Based on the latest figures of the Higher Education Council of
Turkey (2016–2017 academic year) of the total number of ODL students in Turkey,
around 1.2 million of them are actively pursuing their studies in different programs
1 Introduction 5

of Anadolu University. The quality assurance of these programs is critical for the
reputation and status of online, open and distance education, in order to convince
employers that degrees earned at a distance are at least as good as degrees from
traditional campus-based institutions. In this context, it is notable, that since 2016
students who seek admission to Open Education programs and do not already hold a
higher education degree or do not already study at another university have to take the
same entrance examination as students who want to register in conventional under-
graduate programs. So in fact, there is a recent development in Turkey, which reduces
the openness of open education.

References

Kearsley, G. (1998). Distance education goes mainstream. T. H. E. Journal, 25(10). Retrieved from
https://thejournal.com/articles/1998/05/01/Distance-Education-Goes-Mainstream.aspx.
Kok, I., Bester, P., & Esterhuizen, H. (2018). Late departures from paper-based to supported net-
worked learning in South Africa: Lessons learned. International Journal of Distance Education
Technologies, 16(1), 56–75. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJDET.2018010104.
Tait, A. (1999). The convergence of distance and conventional education. In R. Mills & A. Tait
(Eds.), The convergence of distance and conventional education: Patterns of flexibility for the
individual learner (pp. 141–148). London: Routledge.
Westera, W. (2013). The digital turn: How the internet transforms our existence. Bloomington:
AuthorHouse.
Xiao, J. (2018) On the margins or at the center? Distance education in higher education. Distance
Education, 39(2), 259–274.

Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing,
adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate
credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and
indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this chapter are included in the chapter’s Creative
Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not
included in the chapter’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by
statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from
the copyright holder.
Chapter 2
China

Wei Li and Na Chen

Introduction

For the last four decades, distance higher education has played a very important role
in China for knowledge and human resource development. This chapter presents a
holistic view on the development of distance higher education in China with focus
on the 21st century online higher education.
Distance education has always been an important part of the Chinese higher
education system. Although the objectives vary somewhat from one time period
to another, the main function of distance higher education is to provide Chinese
people with access to knowledge. The present Chinese government regards current
online higher education as an important way to promote lifelong learning and build
a learning society. The National Education Plan (MOE, 2010) states that developing
online higher education and ICT can meet the diversified and personalized learning
demands of the public and contribute to the construction of an open and flexible
lifelong education system. The student group of online higher education is diversified,
including college-age youths, farmers, workers, the elderly, the disabled and the
ethnic minority groups.

Brief History of Distance Higher Education

The history of distance higher education in China can be traced back to the late
1940s. It can be divided into three phases, according to the main types of transmission
technology. The first phase (before 1979) is correspondence education, through the
medium of postal communication; the second phase (between 1979 and 1998) is

W. Li (B) · N. Chen
The Open University of China, No. 75, Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100039, China
e-mail: [email protected]
© The Author(s) 2019 7
O. Zawacki-Richter and A. Qayyum (eds.), Open and Distance Education in Asia,
Africa and the Middle East, SpringerBriefs in Open and Distance Education,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5787-9_2
8 W. Li and N. Chen

radio and television education, making use of video and audio recordings, radio and
television; the third phase (from 1999 until the present) is online education, using
the Internet as the main medium of teaching and learning.
In 1999, the Ministry of Education (MOE) launched a pilot project entitling four
campus-based universities (Tsinghua University, Zhejiang University, Beijing Uni-
versity of Posts and Telecommunications, and Hunan University), which had shown
progress in the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in edu-
cation, as well as the Central Radio and TV University (CRTVU)—now known as
the Open University of China (OUC)—to offer diploma/degree programs in the so-
called ‘modern’ distance education mode. This can be regarded as the beginning of
online higher education in China.
Between 1999 and 2003, the MOE approved 68 universities to participate in
the pilot project for online higher education. The CRTVU was the only Chinese
university fully dedicated to online higher education. Among the selected campus-
based universities, most were in Project 211, which is a project initiated in 1995 by
MOE with the intent of constructing 100 national key universities and raising their
research standards.
Since 1999, the above mentioned 68 universities have been the main providers
of online higher education in China. As a result of their relentless efforts, China’s
distance higher education sector has entered into an era of burgeoning development.
Distance higher education has made major contributions to the transformation of
higher education from an elite system to a popular system. For example, the CRTVU,
founded in 1979, is the largest and most influential distance higher education insti-
tution in China. According to an investigation conducted by the Strategic Office
of the CRTVU (2010), from 1979 to 2009, it had a total of 7.2 million graduates,
representing 24% of the total number of higher education graduates over the same
period.

Scale and Funding of Distance Higher Education

Scale

The scale of distance higher education has increased year-by-year in China. As of

2017, there are over 2,900 higher education institutions, and the number of enrolled
students has been on the rise, particularly in the past decade, with the rapid popular-
ization of the Internet and growing demand for continuing education.
Online work, online learning and online life have become an indispensable part
of life for the Chinese people for the last few years. President Xi (2014) remarks that
China should aim to be not only a big Internet country, but an Internet powerhouse.
China Internet Network Information Center (2017) reveals that from 2000 to 2017,
the Internet penetration rate in China surged from 1.7% to 54.3%, and the number
of Internet users increased from 22.5 million to 750 million. It is more than half
2 China 9

Fig. 2.1 Enrollment of online higher education in higher education system between 2004 and 2016
(million). Source Ministry of Education Website (http://www.moe.edu.cn/s78/A03/moe_560/jytjsj_
2016/)

of the total Chinese population and constitutes the biggest group of Internet users
around the world. And it provides a good basis for extending and facilitating online
education.
There is an ongoing need for education in China. Li, Yao, and Chen (2014) point
out that since 2004, China has become an ageing society and the ageing population
will increase rapidly in the next 20 years. And with the improvement of security,
medical insurance and pension services for the elderly, their demand for leisure
education will grow and cannot be satisfied by campus-based universities. At the
same time, the urbanization is accelerating, which raises the integration problems of
farmers’ work and life in urban areas. The National Bureau of Statistics (2015) shows
that the percentage of the total population living in urban areas in China increased
from 36.2% in 2000 to 56.1% in 2015. This urbanization process requires significant
provision of continuing vocational training for farmers, in order to enhance their
livelihood opportunities.
According to the statistics issued by the MOE (2016), the enrollment of online
higher education in China has increased from 2.37 million to 6.45 million between
2004 and 2016, as it is shown in Fig. 2.1. And the share of the student number in the
entire higher education system has risen from 11.9% to 17.4%.
10 W. Li and N. Chen

Funding

The funding for distance higher education in China comes from two main sources—-
government grants and revenues such as students’ tuition fees, charges for non-degree
education and training, etc. An investigation by Yang (2014) into the 2012 OUC
funding shows that, students’ tuition fees constituted about 70% of all the OUC’s
revenues, and regarding the funding for the local open universities such as Beijing
Open University, the government grants accounted for 30%, students’ tuition fees
40% and other revenues 30%. It should be mentioned that the students in online
degree education do not receive the government allocation like the students enrolled
in offline full-time degree education. Many scholars, such as Zheng (2014), have
conducted research into the funding issue and appealed for equal rights of different
types of higher education students to grants from the government, but so far, this
issue has not been resolved.

Distance Higher Education Institutions

Dedicated Distance Education Institutions and Campus-Based

Institutions

The online education enrollment in these two systems—open universities and

campus-based universities-differs. Figure 2.2 shows the changes of enrollment in
these two systems between 2004 and 2015.
China’s MOE (1999) states that the main factors that enabled the first four campus-
based universities to offer online courses are that they enjoyed high educational
standards and quality, had a good academic reputation, a well-defined operating plan,
corresponding organizational infrastructure, staff, essential facilities and funds. At
the beginning, Tsinghua University was the only one allowed to enroll online students
nationwide. Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications was only allowed
to enroll students studying online in the posts and telecommunications sector, while
Hunan University and Zhejiang University were only supposed to offer online courses
within the provinces in which they were located. But soon, these universities were
all allowed to enroll online students nationwide with the permission of MOE.
The online student number of the campus-based universities differs. The MOE
(2015a) reports that, in 2014, Dalian University of Technology, Chongqing Univer-
sity, Beihang University, Jilin University and Central South University were the top
five in terms of online student number, each with over 30,000 students studying
online in degree programs.
It should be mentioned that the open universities and the campus-based institutions
mainly provide certificates and academic degrees (associate, bachelor). And some
campus-based universities offer online master degree programs with the approval of
MOE.
2 China 11

Fig. 2.2 Online education enrollment of Open Universities and the Campus-based
Universities, between 2004 and 2015 (million). Source Ministry of Education (http://www.
moe.edu.cn/jyb_sjzl/)

Public and Private Providers

At present, there are a considerable number and variety of distance education institu-
tions in China (see Table 2.1), some of which are public and some are private. They
can be classified by education level and target group.
The open universities and the campus-based universities play an important role in
the public distance education sector, offering both degree and non-degree programs.
The private distance education sector, which includes private universities, Internet
companies and corporate online institutions named as e-universities, usually provide
non-degree programs. They offer mainly vocational and skills training, with more
market-oriented courses. Their students have the prospect of gaining industry quali-
fications or skills certificates.

Regulatory Frameworks and Policies of Distance Higher

Education

In China, there is no special legislation on distance higher education, but some edu-
cation laws relate to distance education. For example, a distance higher education
institution is required to comply with relevant provisions in the Higher Education
12 W. Li and N. Chen

Table 2.1 Distance education institutions in China

Level Example Target Ownership Scope of Date of Gone
group service launch public?
Higher Open Adults Public Degree 1979 –
education University and non-
of China degree
programs
School of Adults Public Degree 1956 –
Online and non-
Education‚ degree
Beijing programs
University
of Posts
and
Telecom-
munica-
tions
Adult China Adults Private Professional 2000 Yes
education Distance certificates
Education
Holdings
Ltd.
Various Koolearn All groups Private Foreign 2000 Yes
types and language
levels of training
education Alibaba All groups Private Early 2013 Yes
childhood
education,
profes-
sional
training,
etc.

Law (1998). Li (2007) conducted research into regulations regarding the develop-
ment of distance education in China, including access, price regulation, quality and
information regulation, for which different administrative bodies are responsible.
For example, access regulation rests mostly with national or local educational author-
ities, and price regulation is controlled by local price control authorities.
The central government formulates and releases policies on the regulation of
distance higher education, and local governments make suggestions for implemen-
tation and put them into operation. The policies focus on different levels of targets.
Some policy documents target the overall development of distance education, such
as Opinions on Developing China’s Modern Distance Education (1998) and Provi-
sional Regulations of Correspondence Education for Conventional Higher Education
Institutions (1987). Other policies target the organization and operation of distance
education institutions, such as Provisional Regulations for Radio & TV Universities
(1988) and Opinions of the MOE on Ensuring Successful Operation of the Open
2 China 13

University (2016). There are also documents dealing with practical distance higher
education programs, such as Notice of Research Program on Central Radio & TV
University’s Reform of Professional Training Mode and Pilot Projects in Open Edu-
cation (1999).
Several iconic events shaped the development of policies on distance higher edu-
cation. Firstly, the Notice on Comprehensive Universities Providing Correspondence
Education was issued in 1956, which marked the beginning of colleges delivering dis-
tance higher education through correspondence and evening courses. Secondly, the
Instruction Requesting Report of the MOE and Central Broadcasting Affairs Bureau
on Establishing TV Universities (issued in 1978) marked a new attempt to develop
distance higher education via ‘Radio & TV’ universities. Thirdly, the release of the
Document on Initiating Pilot Programs for Modern Distance Education in 1999 her-
alded the onset of online higher education, with participating universities expanded
to both Radio & TV universities and campus-based universities. Fourthly, in 2010,
the General Office of the State Council released the Notice on Pilot Reform of the
National Education System, which mentioned the establishment of Open Universities
based on Radio & TV universities.
Through years of efforts, China has gradually built up the regulatory framework
for distance higher education and implemented policies to guide its development.
However, there is still room for improvement in legislation and policy development.
For example, there is a need for more formulation of legislation on online higher
education, policy planning to guide the development of online higher education, and
regulations and guidance on the setup of different types of online higher education
institutions and their operation. Although the educational administration department
has realized the urgency of further policy formulation and implementation, the pro-
cess remains slow and needs to be accelerated.

Quality Assurance of Distance Higher Education

Quality assurance is a prominent issue in the development of distance higher educa-

tion in China, high on the agendas of both the government and institutions. Distance
higher education institutions, both public and private, are encouraged to build internal
and external quality assurance systems.
To build an internal quality assurance system, distance higher education insti-
tutions normally create a set of quality standards, set up a special division with
professional staff, develop quality-related strategies and policies, establish proce-
dures and requirements, and conduct institutional quality self-evaluation. For exam-
ple, Zhejiang University is one of the top universities in China and the first of the
four campus-based universities to establish an online college. It formulated quality
standards and set up a Quality Assurance Committee as well as a Center for Qual-
ity Control and Evaluation. It established a team of full-time professionals, issued
guidelines for monitoring teaching quality, and carried out teaching inspection and
supervision activities.
14 W. Li and N. Chen

All the distance higher education institutions receive external quality evaluation
and accreditation. External evaluators include national or local educational author-
ities, international organizations or industry associations. For example, educational
authorities monitor and review quality assurance of distance higher education insti-
tutions. In 2001, the MOE initiated a quality review of the CRTVU and 22 local
RTVUs. According to the MOE (2002) review report, all the institutions passed the
review, with the exception of one local RTVU which was suspended, but passed a
second review after one year of reforms. Between 2004 and 2007, the MOE carried
out a holistic quality review of RTVUs. The evaluation activities were many and var-
ied, including debriefings, reading materials, examining facilities, reviewing classes,
holding a variety of symposiums, inspecting learning centers and so on. According
to the MOE (2007a) review report, the CRTVU and 44 local RTVUs all passed the
evaluation. At the same time, the MOE (2007b) launched a quality review of the
campus-based universities, which all passed the evaluation as well.
Since 2004, it has been compulsory for distance higher education universities to
submit annual quality reports to the MOE and undergo annual inspections, which is
a government mandate for quality accreditation. Furthermore, there is a voluntary
quality review of distance education institutions conducted by the associations, like
International Council for Open and Distance Education (ICDE) and International
Standardization Organization (ISO). In 2008, Shanghai RTVU applied for and passed
the ICDE Quality Review. And in the same year, the Online College of East China
University of Science and Technology applied for and acquired ISO 9001: 2000 QMS
certification.
However, problems remain with both internal quality assurance and external qual-
ity supervision and evaluation. In terms of the former, there is room for improvement
in the universities’ quality assurance ability. It should be noted that although distance
higher education institutions claim that they are devoted to building internal qual-
ity assurance, many of them still do not prioritize such activities. For example, in
the evaluation report of the CRTVU, MOE (2007a) points out that the reform of
teaching modes, particularly practical teaching, needed to be reinforced, and the
professional development of the teaching staff should be strengthened. As the then-
President of Shanghai RTVU Xu (2008) remarks about the ICDE Quality Review,
“ICDE reviewers attached great importance to ‘learning’, while the MOE focused
more on ‘teaching’, and in fact, ‘learning’ has a more important role in educational
activities, to which China’s quality assurance standards should give more emphasis”
(p. 30).
There are also imperfections in external quality supervision, such as inadequate
transparency. The government has not found out the effective ways for the release
and feedback of quality supervision data, and as a result, the public has no access
to complete data, or recommendations from quality reviews. Also, there is no third-
party evaluation mechanism, and professionals in the distance education industry
have not been able to play a major role in quality supervision. In recent years there
has been some improvement, but the progress remains slow.
2 China 15

Open University Network

The Open University (OU) network has a profound impact on the development of
distance higher education in China. It is based on the RTVU network which was
formed in 1979. At that time, the population of higher education was very small. As
Vice Premier Liu (2012) said, the gross enrollment ratio of higher education in 1978
was 2.7%. In order to improve access, after meeting with the then-Prime Minister
of the United Kingdom Sir Edward Heath and with the experience of the Open
University in the United Kingdom, the then-Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping initiated
the RTVU network in China. The RTVU network was a national network, with one
CRTVU in the capital city Beijing and 44 RTVUs in provinces and big cities. They
worked together to offer associate degree programs of CRTVU. In 2010, to promote
online flexible higher education and achieve lifelong learning for all, the central
government decided to develop the OU network based on the RTVU network.

Vision and Mission

The OU network carries the responsibility to promote lifelong learning for all in
China. It covers one national Open University of China and many local open uni-
versities. The OUC is operated by the central government. Since it was formally
established in 2012, it has been a national platform of lifelong learning for all and
led the transformation and upgrading of local RTVUs to OUs. Local open univer-
sities are regional platforms of lifelong learning for all and operated by the local
governments. The OU network is dedicated to promoting the enhanced sharing of
quality resources and propelling the implementation of the UNESCO “Education
2030” agenda to “ensure inclusive and equitable education”.

Organizational Structure and Operational Mechanisms

The organizational structure of the OU network is similar to that of the RTVU

network. It is a nationwide open education system.
The OUC is the core of the entire system. It is national-level and consists of head-
quarters, branches, colleges and study centers. At present, there is one headquarters
in Beijing, 44 branches, more than 1000 colleges and 3000 learning centers located
in different provinces, cities, counties and villages.
Local open universities are also very important to the entire system. The first five
of RTVUs that have been transformed to OUs are Beijing Open University, Shanghai
Open University, Jiangsu Open University, Yunnan Open University and Guangdong
Open University.
16 W. Li and N. Chen

The OUC (2015) and local open universities work closely with each other to
promote the OU network. For example, they signed cooperation agreements and
co-built the branches of the OUC. As branches, the local open universities take on
the responsibilities of their respective regions and coordinate the construction of
local colleges and study centers, while focusing on the main mission of the OUC and
delivering the OUC programs. As independent universities, the local open universities
can have their own strategic plans, enroll their own students and issue their own
degrees. But up to December 2016, the overwhelming majority of the OU network
had been delivering the OUC programs and conferring the OUC degrees.
It should be mentioned that the OUC is now increasing its numbers of new colleges
and study centers through working with enterprises and industrial associations. From
2012 to 2016, the OUC established 11 industry and corporate colleges, including the
School of Coal Mining, the School of Social Work, and the School of Logistics.
In October 2017, the OUC established the first overseas study center in Zambia, in
collaboration with China Nonferrous Metal Mining (Group) Co., Ltd.

Education Provision and Enrollment

The OU network offers a variety of degree and non-degree programs. In spring 2017,
the OUC (2017) offers 30 bachelor programs, 109 associate degree programs and
hundreds of non-degree programs. However, the OU network currently does not
provide master or Ph.D. programs.
The OU network operates on a large scale in terms of student numbers. According
to an OUC (2016) report, the total enrollment number of the OU network reached
3.59 million (1.05 million undergraduate students and 2.54 million associate degree
students) in 2015.
The disadvantaged groups are the main target of the OU network. A report of the
OUC (2017) shows that more than 70% of the students are from the grassroots level,
55% located in the central and western ethnic minority border regions. Of the OUC
student population, 200,000 are rural students, 120,000 military personnel, 270,000
ethnic minority students, and 6,000 disabled students.

Educational Resources Development

One of the key characteristics of the OU network is providing quality educational

resources. It works together with the conventional universities, enterprises, industries,
associations and Internet companies to make and distribute educational resources
to all Chinese people. The OUC (2017) established the National Digital Learning
Resources Center, and cooperated with other colleges and universities, vocational
institutions, and social educational institutions to establish 247 sub-centers, exploring
and shaping an operational mechanism for the agglomeration, construction, and
2 China 17

sharing of resources. By the end of 2016, the center had more than 50,000 high-
quality educational resources. Besides that, to meet the fragmented learning needs
of adults, the OUC (2017) has developed 30,000 free-to-use five-minute lectures at
the digital library and special learning websites.

Delivery Model

For the in-depth integration of modern information technology and open and dis-
tance education, President Yang (2013) of the OUC named the delivery model of the
OU network as “cloud-path-terminal” model. There is a “cloud platform” providing
all the educational resources and online services, and several “paths” (satellite tele-
vision network, Internet service provider, virtual private network, mobile network)
delivering resources and services to various learning “terminals” (cloud classroom,
television, mobile phone, computer, iPAD) for learners. For the OUC (2017), from
2012 to 2016, it has completed the construction of 314 cloud classrooms that inte-
grate the comprehensive functions of multimedia, recording and broadcasting, as well
as interactive video classrooms. The cloud classrooms have covered all the major
cities in Gansu province, and the Xinjiang Uygur and Inner Mongolia Autonomous
Regions, along with some other central and western regions. It also has researched
and developed the “OUC Pad” and “OUC App” that have been put into pilot use
among the students.

“Internet+” Degree Education

The OU network is the main provider of online higher education now in China.
Shanghai Open University (2016) adopted the blended learning model and began to
provide face-to-face as well as online teaching and learning services for the students.
Based on the students’ learning behavior and learning outcome, the OUC created
a “Six-Network Integration” learner development model to ensure and enhance the
quality of degree education. The six key factors to quality online education are online
learning space, core curriculum, teaching team, learner support, learning assessment,
and management. ICDE (2017) states that the OUC focuses on the quality of learner
development and open online learning spaces for tens of thousands of teachers and
millions of students, with customized services for migrant workers, college students
as village officials, employees of large-scale enterprises (such as McDonalds), the
disabled, military personnel and others.
18 W. Li and N. Chen

Non-degree Education

With the development of the Chinese economy and society, people’s learning needs
have become more diversified and personalized. Degree education is unable to satisfy
their needs for continuing education. The OU network also provides non-degree edu-
cation opportunities and services for on-the-job staff, migrant workers, the elderly,
and community residents. The leader of the group for building lifelong education sys-
tem in National Education Advisory Council Mrs. Hao (2017) comments on the OU
network that to provide services for lifelong learning for all is one of the most impor-
tant characteristics of Chinese open universities compared with other countries’ open
universities. Beijing Open University (2017) developed “Lifelong Learning Platform
for Capital Women” together with Beijing Women’s Federation. The OUC (2017)
has established an open university for the elderly, developed a website for elderly
education, and planned to build a national demonstration center for health and artistic
pension service experience to explore a new model of education for the elderly.

Credit Bank

As we mentioned above, the OU network provides formal and non-formal higher

education programs. Since 2012 it has started to research and design a model called
“Credit Bank” for the accreditation, accumulation and transfer of formal and informal
learning outcomes. The OUC (2017), under the guidance of the MOE, has completed
a general framework for a national credit bank system with “frame+standard” tech-
nical path, and carried out pilot work. It has organized 55 units, including relevant
ministries and commissions, colleges and universities, vocational schools, open uni-
versities, training institutions and communities, to be engaged. From 2012 to 2016,
more than 670 accreditation standards had been developed. An alliance for the mutual
recognition of learning outcomes has been initiated and established. 67 Learning Out-
come Accreditation Sub-Centers have been established across China and 4.3 million
personal learning accounts have been created. The OUC (2017) launched an online
platform called “Online Credit Bank Platform” on November 10, 2017. It enables
millions of learners to study and transfer their learning outcomes, anywhere, anytime.
In the past five years, the OU network has made great strides in reform and devel-
opment as well as capacity building. It has been recognized by the Chinese society
and the world. ICDE (2017) awarded the Institutional Prize of Excellence 2017 to
the OUC and praised it for its very significant achievements and contributions to the
international community of open and distance education.
2 China 19

Future Development of Distance Higher Education

At present, there is a significant market potential for online education in China. The
iResearch Company (2016) predicts that from 2013 to 2018 the market scale of
online education in China will increase from 83.97 billion Yuan to 204.61 billion
Yuan, with an average annual growth rate of approximately 20%.
The scale of online higher education is now expanding. The State Council of China
(2014) announced its decision that the establishment of online colleges of campus-
based universities is exempt from its approval and the power to approve is handed
down to local governments. Now, all campus-based universities can provide online
degree education if they have the approval from local governments. Furthermore,
with growing personalized and diversified demands of students, the OU network
will continue to play an important role in degree continuing education programs and
lifelong learning for all in the future. It will continue to be a significant component
of distance higher education.
Online higher education tends to blur the traditional boundary between the OU
network and campus-based universities, and hence some changes have occurred in the
relationship between them. The first is the tendency towards convergence. Campus-
based universities have begun to implement a blended learning mode, while the OU
network puts more and more emphasis on quality supervision for student support
at learning centers. The second is the tendency towards competition. With more
flexibility in conducting open and distance learning and growing market demand,
campus-based universities have shown increasing enthusiasm for offering online
education. Some of them, like Zhejiang University and Tsinghua University, have
accumulated rich experience in online education, which is well connected with their
campus-based offerings in terms of the delivery platform, course components and
teaching faculty, thus gaining a good reputation in society. This situation poses new
challenges for the OU network to build capacity and enhance quality, not only at
the present time, but also in the near future. It would be advisable for the open
universities and campus-based universities to find a balance between competition and
collaboration. They have their own strengths and weaknesses which can compensate
and complement each other in mutually beneficial ways.
The worldwide emergence of massive open online courses (MOOCs) has had
a noticeable impact on distance higher education in China. For example, in 2013,
Tsinghua University and Peking University joined Edx, while Fudan University and
Jiaotong University joined Coursera. Furthermore, the top nine Chinese universities
formed an alliance to offer “Chinese MOOCs”, and enterprises—such as the Alibaba
Group—have taken part in the co-creation of “Chinese MOOCs”. Several universi-
ties have launched their own MOOC platforms, such as “xuetangx.com” of Tsinghua
University, with an independent construction and operating model. Prompted by the
MOOCs boom, in April 2015 the MOE (2015b) promulgated the Opinions and Sug-
gestions for Promoting the Construction, Application and Management of MOOCs,
which created favorable policy conditions for the orderly development of MOOCs.
 Another Random Document on
Scribd Without Any Related Topics
mangé en salade, ramolli à l'eau chaude, échaudé, ée ; pour basané,
v. basana. lou bajana, œuf couvi, v. couvadis; manja de lentiho
bajanado , manger des lentilles bouillies. B. bajan. BAJANADO,
BAIANADO, BAJAXAT (1.), BAJAXAC , BACHACAXADO ,
B\CHOUCADO (rouerg.), s. Quantité de légumes qu'on fait cuire à
l'eau en une fois , v. sagrunado ; bouillon ou soupe de châtaignes
blanches , mets fort usité dans les Cévennes, v. cousina, lanado ;
salmigondis, pot-pourri, v. catigot. Lou boulhoun de bajanos se dis
bajanado. A. ARNAVIELLE. Aro voub'n pas li castagno, Au bajanat
fasén la cagno. J. BLANC. R. bajano. bajanado ('cat. bajanada, it.
,baggianata, rom. bajania), s. f. Niaiserie, v. baioucado. R. bajan 2.
BAITO — BALAGHA BAJAXET, s. m. Espèce d'escargot, hélix algira
(Lin.), dans le Var, v. judievo, pata'nlan, platello. R. bajan 1.
BAJAXET, BAJANOT, BAJANÈL (1.), BAJE
 212 BALAGHADIS — BALANÇUN Caro balachado, beau
teint. R. balach. BALACHADIS , BALAJADIS , BALEJC - SÔU (bord.),
s. m. Tout ce qui est balayé ou à balayer, en Querci, v. escoubiho,
escoubo-sôu. balacha. BALACH ADURO, BALAJADURO (lim.), S. f.
Ralayures, v. cscouLaduro. R. balacha, BALACHAGE, BALAIAGE (d.),
BALE.IATGE (g.), s. m. Ralayage. v. cscoubage. Balachagc / terme
usité pour avoir le droit de nettoyer le sol devant sa bille, au jeu de
ce nom. R. balacha. BALACHAIRE, BALAJAIRE (rouerg.), BALAI V IRE
(d.), BAR Al AIRE (a.), ARELLO, AIRIS, AIRO , s. Balayeur, euse, en
Languedoc, v. escoubaire; marchand ou fabricant de balais. R.
balacha, balachiÉ, s. m. Détritus charrié par les eaux, v. escoubihié,
boudouiro, rambuei. Palhos, felhun, brouquetos, esclapous, Dalachiè
de toulos façons. J. CASTELA. R. balacha. BALACHO, BARACHO
(rouerg.), BALAJO (1.), balejo (g,), bagajo (Velay), s. f. Râlai, en
Languedoc, v. escoubo, engraniero , gcnso, ramas ; genêt, en Velay,
v. genesto. Calos de balacho, manche de balai; saca 'n cop de
balacho, donner un coup de balai. Diéu la mando espr:s pèr fa
balacho novo. J. LAUHÈS. prOV. lang. Balacho novo fa l'oustal poulit.
R. balacha. BALACHOUN , BALACHOU ( 1. ) BALAJOU (lim.),
BALEIOU (for.), BAGAJOU (Velay), s. m. Petit balai, plumeau, en
Languedoc, v. escoubcto, ramassoun ; osyris blanc, arbrisseau, v.
brusc-fèr. gcncstoun. Lou gravaire Balachou, J. -Joseph Raiechou,
célèbre graveur né à Arles (1715-1765); beila lou balachou,
congédier un prétendant, en lui mettant un petit balai dans la poche,
usage limousin, v. busco. Pèr clerroitca lounis d'aquelo folo Sufis
d'un cop de balajou. G. AZAÏS. R. balach. BALACHUN, BALAJUN
(rouerg.), BALAIUN (d.), BARAIUN (a.), s. m. Tas de balayures, v.
escoubihun ; balles de grain qu'on ôte du blé avec le balai, v. balai ;
brouhaha, bruit d'applaudissement ou d'improbation, bruit confus, v.
bourjoun, chafaret. Rastela lou balachun, râteler les épis de rebut ;
de proucès e tout lou balachun, des procès et tout ce qui s'ensuit;
faire de balachun, faire de l'embarras, du froufrou. Meno un tal
balajun que de perloul s'ausis. c. PEYROT. R. balacha. Ralada,
baladeja, v. valada. BALADETO (rom. baladeta, it. ballatetta) , s. 1.
Petite ballade. R. balado. baladin, s. m. Paquet, poignée, écheveau
de fil de lin, en Gascogne, v. cscagno, madaisso ; pour baladin, v.
balarin. R. balado. balado (rom. balada, cat. ballada, port. balhata,
it. ballata), s. f. Rallade, espèce de sarabande qu'on danse dans les
Pyrénées, v. cerdano ; pièce de poésie usitée chez les Troubadours,
v. païsancllo ; séance de danse ; fête patronale, en Limousin, v.
roumavage, voto; scène de folie, à Nice, v. foulià ; groupe, troupe, v.
farandoulado ; blé étendu sur l'aire, en Gascogne, v. eirôu. Amo la
balado, il aime la danse ; tournen à la balado, retournons à la danse
; anariè bèn mau la balado, les choses iraient bien mal. Pèr nno
devagarlo Adam, Sansoun, Paris an fa li sien balado. J. RANCHER.
prov. Chanibriero que si' gue la balado Laisso brûla la carbounado. R.
bala. BALADOU, BALADOUN (m.), (rom. balador, lieu où l'on danse),
s. m. Chambre d'une bordigue, v. tourre ; lîaladou (Lot), Le Raladour
(Cantal), noms de lieux. Grand baladou, pichoun baladou, noms des
compartiments d'une bordigue. R. bala. BALADOU, OU1RO (rom.
Lalador, cal. ballador, oral, adj. Dansant, anle, où l'on peut danser, v.
balaràu. Fès'to baladouiro, fête où l'on danse ; carga 'no bcsti en
baladouiro, en balavouiro (a.), charger une bête de somme sur les
flancs. R. bala. Raladouiro, v. embaladouiro ; baladuc, v. badaluc;
balafi, v. palafi ; balafica, balafinca, v. palafica; balafra, balafro, v.
badafra, badafro ; balaga, v. balacha. balaguèros, n. de 1.
Ralaguères (Âriège). R. Balaquiè. BALAGUIÉ, BALAGUÈ (g.), (rom.
Balaguicr, Balaguer, b. lat. Balaguerium, esp. balagucro, monceau du
paille), n. de 1. fialaguier. près Toulon; Ralaguier (Aveyron) ;
flalaguer (Catalogne) ; Ralagué (Gers) ; nom de fam. méridional.
Lou felibre Balaguer, Victor Ralaguer, poète catalan et provençal, né
àRarcelone. R. balai. BALAGUSO (it. baracuzza, hutte), s. f. Baquet,
charrette de marchand ambulant, dans les Alpes, v. carretouno. R.
barraco. BALAI, barai (a.), (rom. balai, balay,ctà. baleigs, esp.
balago), s. m. Dalles, enveloppes du grain, qu'on balaie autour d'un
tas de blé, v. balachun ; épis de rebut que le râleau rainasse^,
raspai ; pour balais, genêt, v. bala. Bourri-que-balai, tout,
entièrement, en Limousin. R. balaia. Ralaia, balaiaire, v. balacha,
balachaire. ralaio, n. de 1. Dallaye (Rasses-Pyrénées). SALAIRE,
ARELLO, AIRIS, AIRO (cat. balairc, rom. balador, esp. bailador, it.
ballatore, b. lat. balator), s. et adj. Danseur, euse ; baladin,
bayadère, v. dansaire. E viron li balaire à l'entour en cantant.
CALENDAU. Li balaire, afama de poiitoun, Vonlien rauba si balarello.
ID. R. bala. BALAIS (rom. balays, balach, palai, cat. balaix, esp. porl.
balax, b. lat. balascius), s. m. Rubis balais, qui tire son nom de
Balascia, pays situé entre Pégu et le Bengale, v. roubin. Ralaiun,
balajun, v. balachun; balaja, balajo, balajou, v. balacha, balacho,
balachoun. BALALIN- BALALAN , BALANLI- BALALAN (Velay). balarin-
balaran , baralin-baralan (L), s. m. etloc. adv. Onomatopée qui
exprime, le branle des cloches, le cahotement d'une voiture ou les
bras ballants ; clopin-clopant, v. balin-halant. Balalin-balalan. Li
campano soun a brand. CHANT DE NOURRICE. Caminabalalin-
balalan, tituber; on dit aussi baladin-baladan, badarin-badaran,
palalin-palalan, pananni-pananna(\.). De-vers Sanl-Pcire, avau,
ausitse un balalin. L. ALÈGRE. R. balandrin-balandrant. balambits, n.
de 1. Ralambits, Ralembits (Gers, Gironde, Landes). Ralamen, v.
belamen. balan, n. p. Rallan; nom de fam. gasc. R. bala. Ralans, v.
balans ; balanc, v. branc. BALANÇA, B 4 LANCIA , BARANÇA (g.),
branca, bronça (d.), (rom. balansar, cat. balancejar, esp. balançai;
port, balançât; it. bilanciare), v. a. et n. Ralancer, mettre en
équilibre, peser, compenser, comparer, pondérer, y. pesa; être en
suspens, hésiter, v. baleja, balaia, dincloursa, trantoula. Se balança,
v. r. Se balancer; se contrebalancer. Se balança dins li bras, traîner
facilement une charrette, en parlant d'un cheval; se dandiner,
prendre ses aises. Ralança, balançât (L), ado, part. Balancé, pesé,
examiné, ée. De pan balança, du pain vendu au poids. R. baîanço 2.
balançado (rom. balansada), s. f. Contenu d'une balance, pesée, v.
pesado ; o. cil— lation, v. balans, brandoulado. Dedinsleis èr fasèni
la balançado. J. DIOULOUFET. R. balança. balançadou,
balançadoeiro, s. Ralançoire, v. bidausso, tranleto, tranto. R.
6alança. balançage, balançàgi (m.), s. m. Action de balancer, v.
brandon lage. R. balança. Balancatge, v. brancage. BALANÇAIRE,
BALANCIAIRE, ARELLO, AIRIS, airÔ, s. et adj. Celui, celle qui
balance ou se balance; oscillatoire, v. brandoulaire. Sa bluio mar,
aquelo routo balançarelio. F. BLANCHIN. R. balança. BALANÇAI E.\,
BALANCOMEN (L), s. m. Balancement; hésitation, y.bataiagc. R.
balança. BALANÇABIÉ, s. f. Art du balancier, fabrique de balances et
de poids. R. balanço. balanceja (SE), (cat. balancejarse), v. r. Se
dandiner, v. dincloursa. R. balans. balancello, s. f. Balancelle, espèce
d'embarcation napolitaine. Viéu veni la brefounié, Saulen dins la
balancello. P. BELLOT. R. balanço. BALANCETO, BALANCETOS (1. g.),
(b. lat. balan^eta), s. f. pl. Petite balance, v. trabuquet, vergueto. R.
balanço. balanciÉ, bronci (d.), (rom. balancier. cat. balanci, esp.
balancin, port, balanceiro, it. bilanciere), s. m. Balancier, instrument,
v. contro-pes, équilibre ; traverse ajoutée aux lignes pour pêcher le
thon ; balançoire, branloire, en Dauphiné, v. brandadou ; artisan qui
fait ou vend des balances, v. roumaniè, verguetiè. Vague de
brandouia lou balancié. ARM. prouv. R. balanço. balancino (esp.
port, balancina), s. f. t. de mar. Balancine, sorte de cordage qui sert
à tenir la vergue en équilibre. R. balanço. balanciot, s. m. Petit
balancement. En cantant de refrin d'amour emé d'èrqueseguissien
lei balanciot de sei tarlano. p. MAZIÈRE. R. balans. balanço (rom.
cat. balansa), s. f. Ralance, équilibre/ équité, pondération,
comparaison, parallèle, v. coumptaresoun ; perplexité, v. cliancello,
traûto. En balanço, en balance, en suspens;' mètre en balanço,
mettre en comparaison, rendre hésitant; èstre en balanço, sus la
balanço, être indécis; teni balanço, être en équilibre ; faire la
balanço, être juste, équitable; t'en bèn la balanço, il est impartial. R.
balança. balanço (rom. cal. balansa, esp. balança, port, balança, it.
bilancia, b. lat. balancia, lat. bilanxj, s. f. Balance, plateau debalance,
signe du zodiaque, v. archimbello, escandau, licurau, toumbarello ;
truble, petit filet, v. salabre. Uni boni balanço, unos bonos balanços
(L), de bonnes balances; pesa clins la balanço, peser dans la
balance; aliela, escandaia, pounçouna de balanço, étalonner,
échantillonner des balances ; lou ped d'uno balanço, la potence
d'une balance ; lou cro d'uno balanço, le suspensoir d'une balance;
lengueto de balanço, languette de balance ; co, fièu, vergode
balanço, fléau debalance; coupo de balanço, bassin de balance. Fau
crèire qu'aqnelo ourdonnanço Foun justo counio uno balanço. C. B
RUE YS. Balanço, v. branco ; balancot, v. brancoun ; balancut, v.
brancut. balançl'N, s. m. Manie ou envie de se balancer. l\. balança.
 BALAXDA, BALANDRA, ABALAXDRA, BALAXDREJA (rouerg.),
BALAXTA ( Var), v. a. et n. Balancer, brimbaler, v. branda ; flâner, v.
landa, landra. Se balanda, se balandra (fr. se balader, -cat.
balandrejarse),v. r. Se balancer en marchant, se dandiner Au
ventoulet quand se balandro, Ai escouia luu pin noumbrous. isclo
d'or. Se balandro Courao un balèu sus l'eslang. J. LAURÈS. R. balin-
balant. balaxdado, balaxdrado, s. f.. Oscillation,- t. de danse, le
balancez. L'en avans-dous, lou tour de man, la balandrado. P. FÉLIX.
R. balanda. BALAXDIXO, s. f. Grande ciguë, plante dont l'usage
donne lieu à des convulsions, v. ci
 214 Baleja, balejo, v. balacha, balacho ; balejosôu v
balachadis ; balem (bord.) pour valen (nous valons) ; balen (bord.)
pour valon (ils valent) ; balen, v. valent. BALEN, BALLEN (montp.),
BAILEN, BALIN (b bret. ballin, b. lat. ballinus, angl. woollen, étoffe
de laine), s. m. Lange d'un enfant, dans le haut Languedoc, v.
balinjo, banèu, bourrasso, lagnc, pedas ; drap de toile sur lequel on
bat le grain, en Velay, v. bourras, dinascle ; Balain, Baylin, noms de
fam. gasc. Uno bourrasso e de ballens pèr lou petet. C. FAVRE. Tint
jaune, coulou de bailen. B. FLORET. N'agèros qu'un bailen traucat
Dins ta brèéso, douço Mario. G. AZAÏS. BALEN, balÉ (1.), balet (g.),
(bret. baled, b. lat. baletumj, s. m. Auvent d'une boutique, v.
taulard; jubé d'une église, v. jubi, tribuno ; perron , palier d'escalier,
galerie découverte, balcon rustique, balcon d'une salle de spectacle,
v. bescaume, pountin; hangar, avant-toit, v. envans ; râteau de bois,
en Gascogne, v. rastcu ; Duballen , nom de fam. gascon. . Balen sus
la ribiero, balcon sur la rivière. Crido sout si balen : vivo la liberta ! F.
GRAS. Dins aquel poulit oustalet Ount vesès un pichou balet. J.
JASMIN. L'oustal es bastit de maniero Qu'ai mèch es un balet
plasent. J. CASTELA. Sus un balet airat se metioun tôutis dous. ID.
balena, v. a. Busquer, mettre des buses de baleine, v. busca. Balena,
balenat (1.), ado, part, et adj. Baleiné, ée. Courset balena, corset
busqué. B. baleno. balen as, s. m. Baleine mâle ; balenas , membre
génital de la baleine. B. baleno. balenasso, s. f. Baleine
monstrueuse. B. baleno. BALENAT (rom. balenat, port, baleato, esp.
balenato), s. f. Baleineau, v. balenoun. lèr mémos prenguèren pèr
ouei Un balenat de quart e miei. P. GOUDELIN. R. baleno. baleneto
(it. balenetto), s. f. Petite baleine, petit fanon de baleine. B. baleno.
BALENGADO, BALLENGADO et BALINGADO (Lim.), s. f. Contenu d'un
drap de toile, v. bourrencado, linçoulado. Uno balengado de fen, une
trousse de foin. R. balen 1. BALENIÉ, s. m. Navire baleinier. Si chala
gaiamen à bord d'un balenié. J. DÉSANAT. R. baleno. BALENIERO,
BALENIÈIRO (1.), (b. lat. 6alaneria), s. f. Baleinière, yole. Uno floto
de barco baleniero partié de l'estang de Berro. . ARM. PROUV. R.
baleno. baleno, baleio (b.), (cat. it, balena, port, balea, esp. ballena,
lat. balœna), s. f. Baleine ; fanon de cet animal. Blanc de baleno,
sperma ceti ; alenadou d'uno baleno, évent d'une baleine ; avè la
mar emai la baleno, avoir la mer et les poissons, avoir en main tous
les moyens de réussite. Baleno de Baiouno, ancien dicton relatif à la
pêche de la baleine, que les marins de Bayonne ont faite des
premiers. Ceux de SaintJean de Luz étaient aussi fort renommés
pour cette pèche. prov. Dieu nous garde dôu brand de la baleno
Emai dôu cant de la Sereno. — Es lou ventre de la baleno : toujour
n'i'en vai encaro un pau. La ville de Cette porte dans ses armes une
baleine, en latin cete. BALEN — BALISTO balenoun, balenou (1.), (fr.
baleinon), s. m. Jeune baleine, v. balenat. Aro fau desmama li
balenoun. ARM. PROUV. R. baleno. balensun, BALENSU(b.), (rom.
Balensun, Balensu, Valensun), n. de 1. Balansun (Basses-Pyrénées),
v. toujaguiè. Baient, balentas, balentiso, v. valènt, valentas, valentiso
; baleran (g.) pour vaudran (Hs vaudront). balermo, n. de 1. Saint-
Nicolas de la Balerme (Lot-et-Garonne). balès, s. m. Type grotesque
; locution usitée à Marseille comme façon de s'aborder, v. balos.
Pagnes rèn, vuei, balès ! LOU TRON DE L'ÈR. Faguen counouissènço
emé lei balès que si vènon d'estala. ID. Balesta, v. bèl-esta.
balestado, balestrado (g.), (rom. balestada, balestrada, cat,
ballestada, it. balestrata), s. f. Portée d'arbalète (vieux), v.
aubarestado. R. balesto. balestàvi, n. de 1. Ballestavy
(PyrénéesOrientales). BALESTIÉ, BALESTRIÈ (1.), BALESTRÈ (g.),
(rom. balestier, balestrier, balester, cat. balester, esp. ballestero, port,
besteiro, it. balestrajo, lat. balistarius), s. m. Arbalétrier, v. arquiè ;
partie d'une charpente; martinet noir, oiseau, v. aubarestiè ;
Balestrier, De Balestrier, Balesté, nom de fam. mérid. Lou petit diéu
balestié. F. BOUDET. R. balesto. BALESTIERO, BALESTR1ÈRO (1.), S.
et adj. f. Femme qui lance des flèches ; meurtrière, v. arquiero,
aubarestiero. Carriero balestriero, nom d'une rue de Rodez. La
balestriero mort. P. GOUDELIN. R. balesto. BALESTO, BALESTRO (g.)
BARESTO, BArusto (rh.), (rom. cat. balesta, esp.ballesta, port, besta,
it. balestra, b. lat. balistra, lat. balista), s. f. Arbalète; jouet d'enfant,
v. aubaresto ; Balestre, Bareste, noms de fam. méridionaux. Un
cercle dounara de balestos passablos. p. BARBE. Balestos se
bandèron. ID. balestoun, s. m. Bâton servant à tenir la voile au vent,
dans les petites barques, en Gascogne, v. anienolo, penoun. B.
balesto. balet (it. balletto), s. m. Ballet, danse figurée; scène de
désordre, tapage; pour auvent, balcon, v. balen 2. Veirès un bèu
balet, vous verrez un beau désordre. Li farai dansa 'n balet. C.
BRUEYS. Si faguèt milo causos bellos, Cent farços, cent balets
pignats. D. SAGE. R. bal. Balet, eto, v. belet, eto. baleto, s. f. Petite
balle. B. balo. Balèts (bord.) pour valès (vous valez); balèu (g.) pour
va lèu (va ou viens vite); balgaire, v. vau-gaire ; balgo (1.), qu'il
vaille, balgon (1.), qu'ils vaillent,ba.\gut(\.),valu, v. valé ; balha, et
dérivés, v. baia; balha, v. badalha ; balhaca, balhacaire, v. barlouca,
barloucaire ; balhadasso, v. valadas ; balhan, v. baian; balhanco, v.
baianço; balharc. balharge, v. baiard 3'; balhat, v.'valat ; balhent, v.
valènt; balhentié, v. valentié ; balhi (lim.) pour baière (je donnai) ;
balhi-balha, v.baiibaia ; balhico-balhaco , v. barlico-barloco; balho, v.
baio ; balhot, v. baiot ; balhou, v. badalhou. bàli, s. m. Panicule de
fleurs, fleurs en grappe, v. brout. Bàli de castagniè, fleur de
châtaignier. Bàli (bord.) pour vale (je vaux); bali-balhau, v. balin-
balôu ; balibèu, v. balivèu ; balico-baloco, v. barlico-barloco.
BALICOT, BALICÔU, BARICOT(m.), BELICOT,
BABICÔU,BABARICOT,BELARICOT(gr.j8xoaixov), s. m. Basilic, plante,
v. basile, aufabrego. Balicot-frisa, basilic nain ; balicot-fèr, trèfle
puant, v. cabreireto ; vas de balicoi, pot de basilic. Bello, vaqui lou
balicot Que n'es un aubre bèn pichot, Mai éu sarié bèn flèr, pecaire,
S'erias la noro de moun paire, dicton usité au premier mai, entre
amoureux. BALICOUTIA, BALICOUTRIA, v. a. Faire une chose vite et
mal, bâcler, v. afalicoutra, batacla. Balicoutiêu, iès. ié, ian, ias, ien.
Se balicoutia, v. r. Se mal arranger. Balicoutia, ado, part. Bâclée, ée.
R. balicot. Balide, v. valide; baligoulo, v. berigoulo. balihocn,
balilhou(1.),s. m. Petite balle de marchandises, v. balot. R. balo.
balin, n. p. Sobriquet qu'on donne à l'âne, à Nice ; nom de femme,
dans l'Hérault, v. Beloun. Abéuro mèstre Balin. C. SARATO. Balin, v.
balen 1. BALIN-BALANT, BARIN-BARANT (niç.), DALIN-DALANT (1.),
TALIN-TALANT, DAULINdaulan (g.), loc. adv. et s. m. En balançant
de côté et d'autre, en se dodelinant, v. balandrin-balandrant ; clopin-
clopant, v. guingoi; balancement, branle des cloches, v.
balalinbalalan. Ana balin-balant , se balancer en marchant, se
dandiner, marcher les bras ballants ; cowme vas ? — balin-balant,
comment vastu ? — la la. S'esbignè lèu, tout tremoulant, La mort au
cor, balin-balant. J. ROUMANILLE. Au dous balin-balant de l'ase que
troutavo Penjavon si bèu pèd descaus. T. AUBANEL. prov. Noun se
saup quau es riche marchand Que noun li campano agon fa balin-
balant. B. bala. BALIN- BALET , BALI-BALET , BALIN-BALÔTi, adv. et
s. m. Confusément, à la billebaude, inconsidérément, v. barlico-
barloco, bôudre , chauchiero-c-boutiero ; chiffonnier qui hante le
port, à Marseille, v. estrassaire. Sis afaire van à balin-balct, ses
affaires sont en désordre ; fai tout à la balin-balet. il fait tout à la
boule vue. R. bala. BALIN-BALÔU, BALI-BALHAU (lim.), adv. et s. m.
En cahotant; cahot, v. ressaut; femme négligée dans son maintien
ou sa toilette, v. patarasso. Countinuèron sa routo, balin-balôu,
patin-palôu. ARM. PROUV. R. bala. Ralindros, v. avalisco; balingado,
v. balengado. balinjo (b. lat. batlinia), s. f. Linge dans lequel on
enveloppe un enfant au maillot, en bas Limousin, v. banèu, pedas.
R. balen. balinjolo, s. f. Peignoir, en bas Limousin. R. balinjo.
Baliourdo, v. balourdo. balÎqui , s. m. Violier, giroflée, plante et fleur,
à Nice, v. garaniè. BALIBOS (rom. Baliroos, Balliros), n. de 1. Baliros
(Basses-Pyrénées), v. caboussu, miquelet. prov béarn. A Baliros,
Minyen la carn, lèchon lous os, à Baliros on mange la viande, on
laisse les os. Baliscasso. balisco, baliscos, v. avalisco ; balisco-
balasco, v. barisco-barasco ; baliso, v. valiso. BALISTO (v. fr.
baillistej,s. m. Fermier ou locataire judiciaire d'un bien séquestré ;
adjudicataire, v. ajudicatàri ; Baliste, nom de fam. provençal.
 BALISTO — BALOUTA Balisto de l'autre, fermier de l'octroi.
R. -bai, balh. . BALlSTO(lat.6a^'sta, arbalète), s. f. Fouine, trident de
pêcheur, en Gascogne, v. fichouiro, foume. . . baliverxa, v. n.
Baliverner, dire ou faire des balivernes, v. galeja. Lei gènt dôu Muei
balivernèron. M. TRUSSY. R. balivemo. balxverno, baliberno (1.), s. f.
Baliverne, sornette, v. baio, chaucholo. Las Balivernos d'un
teisserand, titre des poésies dauphinoises deRoch Grivel. prov-
Ounte la femo gouverno La pas vai en baliverne R. baiuerno. ralxvet,
n. p. Ballivet, nom de fam. lang. R. baile. BAL1VÈU, BAR1VÈU,
BAXIVÈU (carp ), BALIBÈr, ALIBÈU (1.), MAXIVÈU(lim.), MANIBÈU
(s.), balival (d.), s. m. Baliveau, arbre mis en réserve lors de la
coupe d'un taillis, v. agacho, cassiero, pejou, pielo. Coume lou
balivèu curaia pèr lou iron. F. GRAS. Lou ploumb eirusco un balivèu.
ID. R. abali. baliza (rom. Baliiac),\\. del. Balizac (Gironde). Ballèbo,
v. banc-'lèvo ; ballen, v. balen 1 ; balles (en), v. bado (de) ; ballèu, v.
bèn-lèu ; Balloraugo, v. Valaraugo; balme, v. baume ; balmo, v.
baumo; Balmoussiero, v. Baumoussiero. BALO (cat. esp. port, bala,
b. lat. balla, it. pal la, gr. ratila), s. f. Balle de jeu de paume, v.
pav.mo, peloto ; balle de fusil, v. ploumhado ; testicule, v. boutoun,
genitàri. Balo ramado, balle ramée, attachée à une autre par un fil
d'archal ; jo de balo, espèce de roulette qui se joue en jetant des
balles sur un plan incliné ; cop que fai balo, coup de fusil dont le
petit plomb fait reflet d'une balle; rnilo balo, mille francs, en style
familier. La balo inlrét pèr la peitrino E ié sourliguél pèr l'esquino. C.
FAVRE. Tiro, mio ! nou i a pas balo. G. D'ASTROS. BALO (rom. cat.
esp. port, bala, it. b. lat. balla), s. f. Balle, gros ballot de
marchandises enveloppé de toile , l'enveloppe elle-même ; demi-
charge d'un mulet que l'on met d'un côté du bât, v. bôujo ;
enveloppe de grain, gousse, en Gascogne, v. cofo, balofo ;
mensonge, dans les Alpes, v. baio. Balo de lano, balle de laine;
nuée, nuage blanc; balo de farino, gros sac de farine; balo de cebo,
botte d'oignons, composée de douze chapelets, v. rets; pourta la
balo, faire le colporteur ; pourta à la balo, en balo-merciè, porter sur
le dos; faire sa balo, faire son profit ; aco fai ma balo, cela fait mon
affaire. balo (v. fr. Bade, lat. Basilea), n. de l. Bâle, ville de Suisse.
balocho, s. f. Fête locale, festival, noce, en Gascogne, v. 'roumavage,
voto ; qui a une gaîté folle, en Guienne, v. foulas. FoÀre la balocho,
faire la noce, bonne chère. E quand ven al canmas la balocho
esperado. PEIROUNET. Dansa pèr bals e pèr balochos. B. DE SAINT-
SALVY. H. bal. Balôfi, v. baiôfi. BALOFO, BALOHOfg.J, AROFO (L),
(for. ba•loufe, lat. volva), s. f. Balle des céréales, létu , dans le haut
Languedoc, v. boulofo, hùufo, pousso. Engraues toun cabel débat
fino balofo. J. JASMIN. Descalèri moun piel tout calât de balofo. J.
CASTELA. D'or ni d'argent jou n'è baloho. G. d'astros. R. boulofo.
BALORO, BALLORO (rom. baladora, danseuse), s. Personne étourdie,
tête folle, dans l'Hérault, v. baurugo ; Balore, nom de fam.
languedocien. La plaço Baloro, nom d'une place de Nimes. R. bala.
BALOS, BALÈS (rom. baluc, it. balosco), s. m. Imbécile, nigaud,
stupide, à Nice, v. talos. Balos, noun ai de tigno. J. RANCHER. baloï
(port, balote, cat. balo, rom. balon, b. lat. valo), s. m. Ballot, v. fais,
matau ; grosse femme, v. fargagnas; lèvre, en Gascogne, v. pot. Aco
's pas un balot de sedo, il ne faut pas tant regarder au poids, ce
n'est pas de l'or ; balot de trueio, grosse truie ; gounfla coume un
balot, gonfler comme une outre. B. balo 2. baloti , s. m.
Divertissement carnavalesque, bal masqué, v. balet. Après lou balôli
fouligaud dou dimarsgras. F. VIDAL. BALOTO, MALOTO, BAROTO
(m.), (esp. 6alota, it. b. lat. ballota), s. f. Ballotte, boule pour voter
au scrutin, boule de loto, v. poumèu; pilule, v.pilulo ; la baloto, le
numéro gagnant, la fortune; baloto de n'eu, pelote de neige, v.
peloutoun ; baloto de car, t. de cuisine, ballottine ; ai coumprès la
baloto, j'ai compris la ruse ; faire baloto, faire son magot. R. balo 1.
Balou, v. valour; balou, v. valoun ; balou (1.) pour valon (ils valent).
BALOUARD, BALUARD (bord.) , BELUARD (d.), BARUARD,
BABAVOUARD, BALAVARD, BOURUARD (a.), BOULIVARD (niç.) ,
BOULOUARD (g.), BOULOUVARD (rh.), (rom. balloar, cat. baluart, it.
baluardo, port. esp. baluarte, b. lat. bolevardus, ail. bolwerk), s. m.
Boulevard, terre-plein d'un rempart, v. escov.rsicro, lisso ; voirie
d'une ville, v. cadarau ; guêtre de drap, de feutre ou de peau dont
les charretiers et les paysans s'enveloppent le coude-pied et la
jambe pour se défendre contre la terre et la boue, v. caussié,
garamacho, garipou, tricouso ; volume, étendue occupée par une
masse, v. balans, embalun ; lourdaud, v. balourd ; Balouard,
Bellouard, Boulouvard, noms de fam. provençaux. Touloun es lou
balouard de la Prouvènço, Toulon est le boulevard de la Provence;
lou balouard de La Cièutat , nom de la citadelle qui est à l'entrée du
port de La Ciotat. De balouards, de miejo-lunos. D. SAGE. Préni
subran balouard e camisolo. H. LAIDET. Se dounèron pas lei
balouard dou tour qu'avien vougu juga, LOU BRUSC. ils ne se
vantèrent pas du tour qu'ils avaient voulu jouer. Balouc (g.) pour
vauguè (il valut). BALOUCHAN, s. m. Celui qui fait partie d'une fête
de village, danseur, à Toulouse, v. dansaire. Les balouchans jouts les
ourines felhats As acords d'un viouloun soun lèu apiloutals. L.
VESTRËPAIN. R. balocho. balouchi, ixo, s. et adj. Habitant des
vallées ou des vallons, en Rouergue. R. balou, valoun. Baloufi, v.
palafi ; baloufié, v. balaustié. BALOUFIERO, s. f. Paillasse de balles
d'avoine, en Forez, v. balassiero. R. balofo. BALOLFO, baroufo (m.),
(patois fr. beclouffc, criblures; piém. barofa, querelle; it. baruffa,
zizanie), s. f. Altercation, rixe, gourmade, v. crasso, peu; pour fétu,
balle d'avoine, v. balofo ; Baluffe, nom de fam. lang. Faire baroufo,
se chamailler. Boufo La baloufo '. se dit à quelqu'un qui a bien dîné.
Pèr calma leis esprit e para lei baroufo. F. PEI8E. II. boulofo. Baloui,
ous, ou, ourn, outs, oun, prèUrit, bèarn. du v. valé ; balouiro pour
balouard ; baloun, v. valoun. baloux, balou (\.), (ejsp palon, b. bit
ballonus, it. palloné), s. m. Ballon ; aérostat, v. globe. Jo de baloun,
jeu de ballon ; nom de la place principale de Grasse ; faite parti un
baloun, lancer un ballon ; raubo à baloun, robe bouffante. 11. balo
1. balouxa, v. a. et n. Ballonner, v. gounfla, outra ; remplir la panse,
v. brafa, tiba. Moussu lou mèsire, estouna De li vèire balouna. A.
PEYROL. Ventre balouna, ventre ballonné. R. baloun. balounado, s. f.
Contenu d'un ballon. Niéu coume uno balounado de coutoun, nuage
qui ressemble à un ballot de coton. R. baloun. balouxaibe, s. m.
Aéronaute, v. acro"nauto. Espuller s'en vèn au ras De soun amie lou
balounaire. LA RABAGASSADE. R. balouna. balouxamex, s. m.
Ballonnement, v. gounflige, tibage. B. balouna. Baloungè. v.
boulengié. BALOUXIÉ, s. m. Ballonnier, celui qui tient un jeu de
ballon, qui enfle les ballons, qui en vend ; pour sac à farine, v.
bouleniè. R. baloun. BALOUXS, n. de 1. Ballons (Drôme). Balounta,
v. barrounta ; balounta, v. balouta ; balouoio, v. valèio, valado.
BALOURD, FALOURD, BALOUBDRE (m.), BALÔRI (d.), OURDO, ÔRIO
(it. balordo, esp. palurdo, vilordo), adj. et s. Balourd, ourde, sot,
otte, maladroit, oite, dans les Alpes, v. pâlot, talos. A la balourdo,
avec balourdise. Lou que mai s'encrèi sèmpre es lou plus balourd. G.
AZAÏS. prov. Balourd coume uno campano. BALOURDARIÉ,
BALOUBDABIÔ (g.), BAlourdiso, s. f. Action de balourd, balourdise, v.
asenado, taloussariè. R. balourd. BALOURDAS, FALOUBDAS, ASSO,
adj. et S. Gros balourd, grosse balourde, v. testoula?. R. balourd.
BALOURDIGE (it. balordaggine) , s. m. Ce qui constitue le balourd,
stupidité, v. coutraliso, dassarié. R. balourd. RALOURDO,
BALHOUBDO (d ), (v. fr. 6elourcle, falourcle, fagot), s. f. Personne
stupide^. bèsti, fargagnas ; bourde, baie,v. baio. L'avarici faguè
qu'avalé la balourdo. F. CHAILAN. Que voulès, mèste Enri,sian de
pauros balhourdos. R. GRIVEL. R. balourd. balôusso, s. f. Grand
panier double, dont on se sert pour transporter les gerbes à dos de
mulet, dans l'Aude, y.baladouiro ; lourdaud, pataud, aude, v. pâlot.
Marcha balin-balanl coumo de balôussos. A. MIR. R. balin-balàu.
balouta (esp. balotar, it. ballottare, cat. avalotar, lat. volulare), v. a.
et n. Ballotter, agiter, être agité ; voter avec des ballottes ; pelotter,
se renvoyer la balle ; tenir en suspens, mystifier, se jouer de
quelqu'un, v. 6aluteja ; réprimander, v. charpa ; rôder, rouler,
parcourir, v. barrula ; t. de mar. fasiei . v. boulega, ganciha. Balote,
otes, oto, outan, outas, oton. Balouta 'n a faire, discuter une affaire.
Pèr ti cerca li flour qu'aimaves, Aurièi balouta tout lou jour. A. BIGOT.
Ai chaupi tôuti lis ourligo, Balouta tôuti li clapas. ID.
 216 Se balouta, v. r. Se ballotter, se peloter, se Viouspiller.
Balouta, baloutat (1.), ado, part. Ballotté, joué, maltraité, ée. R.
baloto. baloutado , s. f. Ballottade, \.*aupeto. R. balouta. baloutage,
baloutàgi (m.), s. m. Ballottage ; fluctuation, v. andaioun.- R.
balouta. BALOUTAIRE , ARELLO, AIRO, S. et adj. Celui, celle qui
ballotte ; flottant, ante ; rôdeur, euse, vagabond, onde, v. barrulaire.
R. balouta. balouta ME X (it. ballotasione) , s. m. Ballottement. R.
balouta. BALOUTiÉ,s.m. Urne électorale, v. escrutin. Autrefois, à
Arles, les électeurs communaux déposaient leurs boules dans un
baloutic en argent qui fut vendu en 1793. R. baloto. baloutix, s. m.
Ballotin, petit ballot, v. balihoun. B. balot. baloutixo, s. f. Variété
d'olive, petite et ronde. B. baloto. Balôuvisou, v. abalauvisoun ; Balp,
v. Baube ; balrôs pour vaudras, dans l Ari'ege ; bals, v. baus; balsa,
v. valsa. BALSAMIXO, BARSAMIXO (m.), BALSAMI (1.), (port,
balsaminho, cat. esp. it. lat. balsamina), s. Balsamine, plante. B.
baume. Baise, v. baus. balsexa, v. n. Haleter, à Montauban, v.
besalena. Balsenant e trussat, el anguèt se coucha. J. CASTELA. R.
besalena. BALSIERO, BALSIÈIRO (rouerg.), BALZIÈIRO (1.), s. f.
Gerbier allongé, tas de javelles, suite de meules de foin, en Querci et
Languedoc, v. molo, marro; pile de fagots, en Bouergue, v. baus ,
làupi ; Beaussière , nom de fam. provençal. Asselen-nous joust
aqueslo balsièiro. C. PEYROT. R. balso. BALSO, BALZO (1.), BARJO,
ARARJO (lim.), (esp. b. lat. balsa, radeau), s. f. Pile de fagots, en
Bouergue, v. làupi; meule de foin, en Limousin, v. cucho, mouloun;
escarpement, dans les Alpes, v. baus; Balze, nom. de fam.
méridional; pour valse, v. valso. Li Grandi Balso, montagne de la
vallée de Barcelonnette. R. baus. baltu.o (port. esp. it. Baltico, lat.
Balticum mare), s. f. La mer Baltique. balu (blad), adj. Blé barbu, en
Limousin. R. balo. Baluard, v. balouard ; baluet, v. blavet. BALUN,
VALUM (l.), s. m. Amour de la danse, danse, v. dansun. N'aguen pas
crento de farandouleja, quand nous arrapo lou balun. ARM.
PROUVRepren valum, coumo un dansaire. A. FOURÈS. R. bala.
balustrado (cat. balustracla, esp. port. balaustrada, it. balaustrata),
s. f. Balustrade ; sainte table, v. barando, reliège. Allour d'aquel
autar es uno balustrado. DEBAR. R. balustre. BALUSTRE (cat.
balustre, esp. port, balaustre, it. balaustro, lat. balaustrum) , s. m.
Balustre, v. pistoun, esparroun ; tige d'un chandelier; chevillon d'une
chaise, v. espigoun. Sus un blanc balustre. A. ARNAVIELLE. Pèr
ni3lur es menu p?r lou lias de balustre, Is iue de foreo gènt acô
ternis soun lustre. M. DE TRUCHET. A tusto-balustre. à l'étourdie, à
tout hasard, par corruption de: à tout a«trebon astre. Balustri,
balustrié, v. balestrié ; balut (g.) pour vaugu (valu). BALUTA , B A
RUT A (m), BARLUTA , BArîta, bakeita (g.), (it. abburattare, lat.
volutarej, v. a. Bluter, v. tamisa; mêler les cartes, v. mescla.
BALOUTADO — BAMBUEIO Baluta , barlutat (g.) , ado, part. Bluté ;
mêlé, ée. E las cartos lalèu, virados, revirados, Soun mesos a pilots e
1res cops bailutados. J. JASMIN. BALUT AGE, BARUTÀGI (m),
BABLUTATGE (g.), s. m. Blutage. B. baluta. BALUTAIRE, BARUTAIRE
(m.), ARELLO, AIRIS, AIRO (it. abburattatore), s. Celui, celle qui
blute. B. beluta. ralutax, BARITAN (for.), s. m. Étamine, étoffe qui
sert- à faire les bluteaux, v. estamino, reirolo. B. baluto. RALUTARIÉ,
BARLUTARIO (g.), S. f. Bluterie. B. baluta. baluteja. BARUTEJA (m.),
v. a. Tourner de côté et d'autre, peloter, houspiller, se jouer de
quelqu'un, v. balouta. B. baluta. BALUTELA, BARUTELA (L),
BARITELA(for.), (rom. barutelar, b. lat. barutellare), v. a. et n. Passer
au blutoir, tamiser, v. baluta; brailler, v. brada/a. Balutelle, elles, ello,
élan, elas, ellon. Lous laissas ansin barulela lours vilaniès. A.
ARNAVIELLE. Adounc qu'oun risco res, fort oun nous barutello. P. DE
GEMBLOUX. Baluïela, barutelat (L), ado, part. Bluté, critiqué,
houspillé, ée. B. baluteu. RALUTELAIRE, ARELLO, AIRIS, AIRO, S.
Celui, celle qui tourne le blutoir ; braillard, arde, v. bramaire. R.
balutela. BALUTELIERO, BARUTELIEIRO (L), BARITELÈ1RI (d.),
BARiTELÈRi (for.), s. f. Grand coffre qui renferme le blutoir, v. moulin
; goinfre, glouton, v. avalaire, glout. R. baluteu. balutello, baritello
(for.), s. f. Jeune filie folâtre, v. bartavello. R. baluteu. BALUTÈU,
BARUTÈU (m.), BARUTÈL, BATURÈL (L), BARITÈL (à. a.), BARITET
(for.), (rom. barutel, baritel, balutel, lyon. baritcau, b. lat.
barutellum) , s. m. Bluteau, blutoir, v. tamisaire ; claquet, traquet de
moulin, moulin, v. batarcu ; babillard, v. babihaire ; bavardage, v.
barjun ; Barutel, Blettel, Balutet, noms de fam. méridionaux. Lcngo
de baluteu, langue qui va sans cesse : aquel enfant es un baluteu,
cet enfant est un moulin à paroles ; pciro de Barutel, pierre à bâtir
exploitée aux environs de Nimes; Gregori de Barutel, poète gascon,
né à Vil— lefranche-Lauragais (18° siècle). B. baluto. BALUTO,
BARUTO, BARUETO (m.). BARITO, rareito (g.), (lat. volutaj, s. f.
Bluteau, blutoir, v. baluteliero ; personne qui mange beaucoup, v.
galavard ; femme tracassière, v. bartavèu. baluzo, n. p. Baluze, nom
de fam. lim. L' istourian Baluzo, Eti°nne Baluze. auteur de l'Histoire
de Tulle (1717). B. baluto. Balzes, plur. de bals, baus, dans les Alpes;
balzièiro., balzo, v. balsiero, balso. bam, van (lim.), nous allons, en
Guienne et Gascogne, v. anan ; allons, voyons, v. anen, vejan. prov.
Anèit sent Jouan : Pagals-nous, nièsles, nous en bam, dicton relatif
au louage des domestiques qui a lieu à la saint Jean, en Gascogne.
B. base. Bam, v. vanc;bama, v. gaina ;bamadouiro, v. gamaduro ;
bambaia, bambalha, v. barbaia ; bambaian, bambalhaire, v.
barbaiaire. BAMBAINO, bambÈîxo (a.), (it. bambagino, basin ; b. lat.
baubayna. bambacinum, tissu de coton), s. f. Étoffé composée de
laine et de chanvre, v. mièjo-lano; broussailles, bruyère, chardons, v.
bambueio. BAMBAXA, SE BAMBAXA (for. bambanà, barnbardà , faire
des bambes, lyon. se bambancr, fr. se pavaner, esp. bambancar,
vaciller), v. n. et, r. Flâner, fainéanter, se promener sans rien faire, v.
balanda, landrineja. Coume un porc se bambano. J. GAIDAN. Ounte
se bambano la barbario tudesco. X. DE RICARD. bambano, bambÈxo
(d.), (lyon. for. bambane), s. f. Coureuse de rue, femme sans tenue,
personne indolente, v. courriolo. R. bambana. bambarot, bambaroto,
s. Hanneton, V. tavan ; larve de hanneton, v. verme. R. babarot.
BAMBABOUCHO, BARBAROUCHO, BABARÀUCHi (for.), (rom.
barbaroha, hibou ; it. bambaro, esprit follet), s. f. Bête noire, être
imaginaire dont on fait peur aux petits enfants, v. babau, barban,
babarauno. La bambaroucbo, Lou baroun Casiihoun, La cassenuho,
L'escaramoucho atout. CH. POP. La barbaroucho vai au champ,
Manjo téuli lis enfant. ID. R. babaroto. BAMBIX (port. it. bambino),
s. m. Bambin, pecit enfant, à Nice, v. enfantoun. Fai ne-ne lou bèu
bambin, Fai ne-ne lou rèi divin. VIEUX NOËL. prov. Lach e vin Tuo li
bambin. B. bàbi. bambixo, s. f. Petite fille, àToulon, v. chatouno,
nino. Quitant sa fremo e sa bambino. c. PONCY. B. bambin.
Bambiolo, v. babiolo. bambôuhi (it. bamboccio, poupée), s. Canne,
bâton, en Dauphiné, v. cano. BAMBOCHO, BAMBOSSO (1.),
BAMBOUOCHO (rouerg.), (esp. bamboche, it. bamboccio), s. f.
Bamboche, grande marionnette, v. bàbi, marioto ; divertissement
bruyant, v. bacheto, tampouno , tintèino ; bourde, calembredaine, v.
baio, craco ; pour babouche, v. baboucho. Faire bambocho, faire la
bambocho, faire des bamboches ; se mètre en bambocho , se mettre
en goguettes. M'auas counta quauco bambocho. A. GUIRAUD. Aman
Iei bocho E lei bambocho. P. FIGANIÈRE. R. bambàchi. bamboio (cat.
bambolla, bombolla, bulle d'eau), s. f. Sornette, baliverne, v. baio,
bulo. Vai counta li bamboio en quauque gargamèu. B. ROYER. R.
bulo. Bamborlo, v. bambueio. bamboro (esp. bambaroiero, criailleur),
s. f. Serpent, instrument de musique, en bas Limousin; nigaud, v.
fifre. bambou (cat. esp. bambu), s. m. Bambou, plante. Tuieu de
bambou, tube de bambou. BAMBOUCH A, BAMBOUSSA (1.), v. n.
Faire des bamboches, v. ribouta, tampouna. Bamboche , oches,
ocho, ouchan, ouchas, ochon. B. bamboclio. bam bouchado, s. f.
Série de bamboches ; bambochade, peinture grotesque, v. drihanço.
R. bamboucha. BAMBOUCHAIRE, ARELLO, AIRO, S. et adj.
Bambocheur, euse, v. coucho-tard. Bambouchaire e briso-cosses
Qu'as perdut mai d'un ouslal. H. BIRAT. R. bamboucha.
BAMBOUCHEJA, v. n. Faire de fréquentes bamboches, v. riboutcja. B.
bambocho. BAMBUEIO, BAMBORLO(g.), BAMBUALHO(L), (lat.
ambubaia, chicorée sauvage), s. f. Broussaille, bruyère, brande,
chardon, v. brousso, rarage ; fétu, filament, etfilure d'une étoffe
usée, bavure, v. bueio ; sornette, baliverne, v. baio. Un fiô de
bambueio. CALENDAU. Dins li draiôu perdu m'eslrifave i bambueio. J.
GAIDAN.
 BAN — BANGADO Un couple de lençols toutes en
bambualhos. BALDOUS. Bamo, v. gamo. ban, banh (g.), bagn (a.),
(rom. ban, banh, bain, cat. bany, esp. baùo, port, banho, it. bagno,
lat. balneum), s. m. Bain, baignoire, v. bagnadouiro ; pour ban, v.
band; pour banc, v. banc; pour vain, v. uan ; pour' élan, v. ranc ;
pour ils vont, v. van ; pour côté, v. pan. Ban de pèd, bain de pieds ;
ban do mar, bain de mer; ban-marïo, bain-marie; ban de moustardo,
bain de pieds sinapisé ; miéban , demi-bain ; prendre un ban de la,
prendre un bain de lait ; faire ses délices de quelque chose; ana i
ban, aller aux bains, aux eaux, v. aigo. prov. Ban ourdouno lou
médecin, Quand es au bout de soun latin. baxa, v. n. et a. Pousser
des cornes ; faire les cornes, huer, en Forez, v. escarni. Aquel
anouge a bana, les cornes ont poussé à cet agneau. B. bano.
baxacho, s. f. Panage, ancien droit féodal, v. panage; Banache, nom
de fam. prov. B. panage. Banadèl, v. valadet. B A x ado , s. f.
Bâtonnet, court-bâton, jeu d'enfant, dans la Drôme, v. bisô, sautarèu
; excès de vin, en Bouergue, v. sadoulado, cou if ado. Faire uno
banado, faire un excès de boisson. B. bano. baxage, baxàgi (m.), s.
m. Cornes d'un bœuf, en Velay. Banage d'un cèrvi, ramure d'un cerf.
B. bana. baxaibe, paxaibe, abello, aibo, s. Contre-pointier, tapissier,
ière, v. tapissiè. B. vano. baxalita, bax alitât (1.), s. f. Banalité,
ancien droit seigneurial. B. banau. baxaxiÉ, s. m. Bananier, arbre.
Puei van fa la radasso ei boues de bananié. J. DÉSANAT. B. banano.
baxaxo (esp. banana), s. f. Banane, fruit du bananier. baxabd, baxa
(for.), abdo, adj. et s. Qui a des cornes, cornard, v. banaru ; habitant
de Baunes (Ardèche). Tartifle banard, pomme de terre cornue ;
môutoun banard, mouton cornu; fedo banardo, brebis à cornes. B.
bano. baxabd, s. m. Scarabée rhinocéros, insecte ; lucane cerf-
volant, insecte, v. cabras. B. 6anard 1. BAXARÈU, BAXABÈL (1.),
ELLO (rom. 6anaire, it. banderajo, b. lat. bannerialisj, adj. Banneret,
banal, aie, v. banau. Segnour banarèu, seigneur qui avait droit de
lever bannière; justiço banarello, justice seigneuriale ; juge banarèu,
juge pédané ; four banarèu, four banal ; temouin banarèu, témoin à
gages; calignaire banarèu, coureur de belles ; a lou cor banarèu, son
cœur est ouvert à tout le monde. B. band. BAXARU, BAXARUT (1.),
UDO, UO, IO, adj. et s. Armé de longues cornes, haut encorné, ée,
v. cournelu ; cornard, v. banu, cournat ; méchant, dangereux, v.
marrit. Lou traite banaru, le diable ; tavan banaru, insecte à longues
antennes; machoto bano/rudo, nichoulo banarudo, petit duc, oiseau;
femo banarudo, femme endiablée. Éro banaru coume unbiou. L.
ROUMIEUX. R. bano. baxaru, baxarut (1.), s. m. Capricorne, insecte,
signe du zodiaque, v. escourpiounbanaru, manjo-pero ; espèce
d'escargot, hélix aspersa, â Arles, v. coutard. B. banaru \. baxassa,
n. de 1. fianassac (Lozère) ; Bannassac (Gard;.
BAXASSO,s.f.Grande,grosseou vilaine corne. E de bano ! oh li bélli
banasso ! J. ROUMANILLE. Ti banasso me fan pas pou. L.
ROUMIEUX. B. bano. Banasta, v. embanasta. RANASTADO,
BARASTADO (1.), RAI.ASTA, balata (d.), s. f. Contenu d'une banno,
d'une manne, d'une portoire, v. begnado ; ânerie, sottise, v.
asenado. Fana 'mè touto la banastado, vider tout son sac, parler en
hurluberlu, sans ménagement ; fai toujour quauco banastado , il fait
toujours quelque affaire de dupe. Uno banastado de frucho. D.
SAGE. B. banasto. baxastage, baxastàgi (m.), s. m. Ouvrage de
vannier. B. banasto. baxastaire, baxastraire (g.), s. m. Fabricant de
banasto, vannier, v. banastiê; sobriquet des habitants des Apens
(Gard). B. 6anasto. banastabiÉ, s. f. Vannerie ; rue des vanniers, à
Avignon. A la Banastarié, dans la rue Banasterie. B. banasto.
baxastasso, s. f. Grande banne. B. 6anasto. baxasteja, v. n. et a.
Transporter dans des bannes, à dos d'âne ou de mulet, v. carreja,
basteja. B. banasto. baxasteto, s. f. Bannette, v. banello, canestello.
Lou bourrèu dins la banastelo Met sis arpioun. S. LAMBERT. B.
banasto. r BANASTIE, BAXESTIÉ (m.), BAXATIÉ, BALASTlÉ, BALATIE
(d.), IERO, IÈIRO (esp. banasteroj, s. m. Ouvrier, ouvrière qui fait
des bannes, vannier, v. paneiraire ; boisselier, en Dauphiné, v.
brouquié ; Banastier, nom de fam. provençal. ia tourre Banastier o ,
nom d'une ancienne tour de défense de la ville d'Uzès et de celle de
Bemoulins (Gard). B. banasto. BAXASTO, BEXASTO (lim.),
BAXASTRO (g.), BARASTO (1.), BAXATO, BALASTO, BALATO (d.),
(piém. banastra, rom. banasta, balesta, cat. esp. banasta, b. lat.
banasta, balaste), s. f. Banne, manne, grande corbeille d'osier,
oblongue et munie d'une anse à chaque extrémité, panier de bât, v.
begno, canasto, gorbo ; panier pour pêcher, v. guirbo ; banse,
grande hotte d'osier, v. brindo ; benne , portoire, vaisseau de bois à
deux anses usité pour la vendange, en Dauphiné, v. basto,
cournudo, semau ; coffre, en Bouergue, v. cofre ; nigaud, lourdaud,
v. coufo. Li banasto, les paniers qu'on suspend au bât d'une bête de
somme ; les bésicles , en style familier ; brûla banasto, changer de
vie, se corriger ; chausi sus la banasto, trier sur le volet, choisir
entre tous ; iè vau emé touto la banasto, je dis ce que j'ai sur le
cœur ; scmblo toumba di banasto, on le dirait tombé des nues ;
noun poudènt tabassa Vase, pico sus li banasto, ne pouvant
atteindre l'un, il frappe sur l'autre ; sot coume uno banasto, sot
comme un panier; a estudia souto uno banasto, se dit d'une
personne ignare. prov- Quau fai un panié, pou faire uno banasto, qui
est capable d'un délit, peut bien l'être d'un crime. — Noun i'a tau fiô
que de vièio banasto, les passions des vieillards sont quelquefois
violentes. B. bano, begno. BANASTOUN, BANESTOUN (m.),
BANASTOU, BARASTOU (1.), RALASTOU, BALATOU, BANATBU (d.),
(rom. banaston, banastel, fr. hanneton, bourg, benaton), s. m.
Banneau, mannequin rond, évasé, à deux anses, et grossièrement
fait, v. descoun, gourbin ; tissu d'osier pour attirer et prendre les
punaises, v. cimié; petite benne, baquet, en Languedoc, v.
cournudoun ; mesure de chaux, en Dauphiné, v. escandau ; chaire
d'église, en style burlesque, v. cadiero ; Baraston, nom defarn.
languedocien. Pau 1res ba/nasloun de rasin pèr empli uno cournudo,
une portoire contient trois banneaux de vendange; faire lou
ba/aastoun, faire la roue, en parlant d'un coq-d'Inde; quand aurai
vuetanto an, me podon pourta au soulèu dins un banastoun, quand
j'aurai quatre-vingts ans, je ne serai plus bon qu'à grouiller au soleil
; saup plus eoiimta si banastoun, il a perdu la tète; qvau a, fa 'no
banasto, pou bèn faire un banastoun, qui a fait le plus, peut faire le
moins; vièi banastoun, vieille femme coquette, d'où le dicton : au
mai es vièi lou banastoun, au rniéus brulo. Mouquet coume de
banastoun, L. ROUMIEUX. sots comme paniers. B. banasto.
BANASTOUNADO. BAXASTOL'XAIO (a.), S. f. Contenu d'un banneau,
v. descado. Dido arribo prochi d'éu E vuejo sa banastounado. A.
CROUSILLAT. B. banastoun. baxastouxabié, s. f. Vannerie, v.
banastarié. B. banastoun. baxastouxet, s. m. Petit banneau, v. panié.
R. banastoun. BAXASTOUNIÉ, IEBO, IÈIRO, s. m. Ouvrier, ouvrière
qui fait des banneaux, des mannequins, vannier, v. banastiê,
gourbiniè. Banaslounié de Valabrego, Te sèntes fe ? MIRÈIO. B.
banastoun. Banastro, v. banasto. BANAT (rom. Banat), n. de 1.
Banat (Ariège, Pyrénées-Orientales). banau, banal (1.),alo (b. lat.
bannalis), adj. Banal, aie, v. banarèu; commun, une, vulgaire, v.
coumun, apatia ; nom de fam. languedocien. Four banau, four
banal, à l'usage duquel un seigneur avait le droit d'assujettir ses
vassaux, v. banié. B. band. banc, benc (a.), (rom. 6ane, cat. banch,
v. ail. bank, esp. port. it. banco, b. lat. bancus, lat. abacus), s. m.
Banc, v. archibanc ; tréteau, étal, établi, v. taulié ; amas de sable, de
vase, écueil, v. coutet, seco ; pour élan, impulsion, v. vanc. Banc di
conse, banc des consuls, banc de la mairie, à l'église ; banc di priéu,
banc de Corpus Domini, œuvre des marguilliers ; 6anc de bugadiero,
siège de lavandière ; banc de barquet, banc de chaloupe, banc de
rameur, v. tosto ; mètre pèd sus banc, mettre les pieds sur le banc
qui est devant soi, pour ramer avec plus de force ; travailler avec
ardeur; être prêt à agir; 6a«c d'arboura, banc de velo, banc où
s'implante le mât d'un bateau ; 6anc doursié, banc à dossier ; 6onc
chaputiê, étau de charpentier; banc fustié, banc de menusié, établi
de menuisier ; banc de fedo, banc de cabro, étal où l'on vend de la
viande de brebis ou de chèvre ; banc de lié, tréteau de lit; lié de
banc, grabat supporté par deux bancs ; banc dôu cèu, la couche de
pierre qui est à la surface d'une carrière ; 6anc de vigno, rangée de
ceps ; banc de garanço, billon de garance; banc d'ôulivo, les deux
piles de cabas d'olives (cambo), que le pressoir détrite en une fois ;
banc de moulin, grosse pièce de bois qui supporte l'arbre d'un
moulin ; es gaiard coume un banc de moulin, se dit d'un homme
vigoureux ; mèstre de banc, maître-valet d'un moulin à huile; leva
banc, détaler ; lucheta à banc, à banc bastard, bêcher un terrain en
donnant de front deux coups de bêche qui ouvrent une tranchée et
en comblent une autre, v. abanca, bôudre ; vièi coume un banc,
coume un banc arna, vieux comme les chemins. BANCADO (cat.
bancada, it. pancata), s. f. Contenu d'un banc, charge d'un banc;
amas, banc de sable, monceau de paille qui vient i — n
 218 BAXCARET — BAXDI d'être foulé, v. camello, rnolo :
masse de rocher, v. peno. Li bancado d'un mestic, le cadre d un
métier de tisserand; a fini sa bancado, il a terminé sa tâche ; vendre
sa paio en bancado, vendre sa paille au sortir du foulage ; founs de
bancado, grains restés dans la paille qu'on a enlevée de l'airée.
Oursan fai clanti li bancado. F. GRAS. Sus ma toumbo, de flous farias
uno bancado. D. SAGE. R. banc. Bancairou, v. bancihoun. b vxc vret,
s. m. Banc de pierre, banc de promenade, à Cannes, v. bancau,
merlet. H. bancau. , D B4NCARÈU, BAXCHAREU(lim.), (rom.
Bancarel, Bancharel),n. de 1. Bancarel (Cantal); Bancharel
(Dordogne) ; Bancherel ( Puy-deDôme). B. bancau. baxcabie,
baxcario (1. g.), s. f. Suite de bancs, assemblage de bancs. La
bancarié d'uno glèiso, les bancs et stalles d'une église; li bancartc d
un cafc, les divans d'un café. B. banc. Bancarouto, v. banco-routo.
baxcasso (it. pancaccia, banc public ou l'on va causer), s. f. Grosse
table de marchand, v banco, tau lié ; t. de mar. coffre, caisson
servant de banquette et de lit, dans les galères et navires; gaillard
de chaloupe, v. teume. Carriero de la Bancasso, nom d'une rue
d'\vignon. B. banco. BANCAU , BANCAL. (1.), BAXCHAU (lim.), (rom.
cat. port. esp. bancal, it. pancale), s. m. Banc de pierre, v. peirau,
peiroun ; étau de charron, v. banc; coffre qui sert de siège, v.
archibanc ; plate-bande de jardin, banquette, v. faisso, paro; gradin
d'un terrain en pente, v. acou, caser, estanco, raso, rcbanc;
couverture du pain qu'on porte au four (esp. bancal, tapis d'un
banc), v. loungiero ; bancal, sabre recourbé, v. sabre ; butor, grosse
bête, v. darut. Bancau que copo set lègo avans lou tai, sabre
merveilleux dont il est question dans un conte de veillée ; fre coume
un bancau, froid comme le marbre. Lei floureto dôu bancau. A.
CROUSILLAT. B. banc. BANCAU, bancal (1.), ALO (port, bancaloj, adj.
Bancal, aie, qui a les jambes tournées comme celles d'un banc, v.
cambitort, chambard , escambitourna ; Bancal, Bancalis, nom de
fam. rouergat. L'un es bancal, l'autre borgne ou malous. LALARE-
ALAIS. B. banc. BANCÈU. BAXCEL (1.), s. m. Banquette, bande de
terre, plate-bande de jardin, petit gradin de terre cultivée, dans les
Cévennes, v. bancau, taulo, vas; le Bancel, rivière qui se jette dans
le Bhone près d'Andancette (Draine); Bancel (Drôme, Gard), nom de
lieu ; Bancel (cat. Vancell), nom de fam. dauph. B. banc. Bancha, v.
abanca. BAXCHARD, s. m. Dressoir, étagère pour les pots et les
marmites, en Bouergue, v. escv.deliâ. estante : baudet à scier le
bois, en forme de croix de Saint- André, v. ase, cabro, ressadou. B.
bancho. Bancho, v. banco ; banchou, v. bancoun. BAXClHOrX,
BAXCILHOU (L), BANCAIROU (g.), (esp. banquillo, port.
banquinho),s. m. Banc "tout petit, sellette, v. escabelcto ; Bancillon,
nom de fam. lang. B. bancèu. Bancinet, bancino, v. bacinet. bacino.
banc-leva, v. d. l'aire bascule, en Limousin, v. co-
leva,tro/atoula,panleva. R. banc, leva. BAXC-i.Èvo, ballèbo (rouerg.),
s. f. Bascule, branloire, v. co-lcvo. cranto ; bascule d'un puits, d'une
pompe, v. cigogno ; bêtise, maladresse, v. baioucado, gafo.
Fairebanc-lcvn, faire bascule ; faire à la banc-lcvo, jouer à la
balançoire. R. banc-leva. baxco, baxcho (lim.). bexcho (a.), (rom cat
esp. port. it. banca, it. b. lat. panca), s f Table de marchand ou
d'étalagiste, comp toir banque, v. coumta lou ; table qui porte les
bobines, dans une filature, v. tau lie; siège d'une table rustique ;
batte, banc de avandière v banc : pièce de bois sur laquelle portent
des poutres, v. suport ; chaise, dans les Alpes, v. cadiero. Banco
d'uno glèiso, œuvre d'une paroisse ; la banco di pénitent, le conseil
d'une confrérie de pénitents; la banco de \cniso. sorte d'appel ou de
réclame usitée chez les marchands qui font des loteries ; bihet de
banco, billet de banque ; jouga banco en quav.cun,i&iTe défaut;
bouta 'n banco, mettre en branle; mètre tout en banco, mettre tout
en train. Un grand ami que li fai banco Lou met dins uno
counfusioun. J. MICHEL. R. banc. . BAXCO (b. lat. Ecclesia de
Banaanis, lat. Vanciana, BatianaJ,n. de 1. Bancs, près Cliousclat
(Drôme). BAXCO-ROIIIÉ. BAXC AROUTIE (m),
BANCAROUTiÈn.),lERO, IÈIRO, s. Banqueroutier, ière, v.
quinquinelaire, safranic ; sobriquet des gens de Monlpeyroux
(Hérault). prov. Femo de banco-routié n'a jamai fa bugado, la femme
du banqueroutier a beaucoup de linge et peut se passer de lessive.
R. bancorouto. BAXCO-ROCTO, RAXCAROi TO (1), (Cat. esp.
bancarrota, it. bancarotta, b. lat. banquarupta), s. f. Banqueroute, v.
quinquinello ; sorte de jeu de loto, v. loto. Se jogues a la banco-
routo, As toujour li mardi cartoun. P. BONNET. L'esperit es bèn
malrassat, Quand la resoun fa banco-routo. C. BRL'EYS. B. banco,
rout, to. BiXCOUX. BAXCOU (1), BAXCHOU (lim.), (for. lançon), s. m.
Petit banc, v. banquet; sellette de décrotteur, v. caisso. L'autre jour
me permenave Toul-de-long d'un verd bançoun. CH. POP. En bas
Limousin, quand un nouveau-né vient prendre place au foyer, on dit
que son ainé tombo del banchou (J. Boux). R. banc. BAXCCT (LOU),
n. de 1. Le Bancut, près Bars (Dordogne). bvxd, RAX (bord), vaxd
(1.), (rom. ban, bando, bandol, cat. ail. ban, esp. it. port. bando, b.
lat. bandum, bannum, du samc. bandh, lier), s. m. Ban,
proclamation solennelle, publication, v. crido ; amende imposée
autrefois en Provence à ceux qui contrevenaient aux règlements
municipaux , v. entou.rjno, emendo : partie prohibée d'une forêt ou
d'un pâturage, v. devens ; bannissement, v. bandimen;
applaudissement cadencé, v. picamen; pour élan, impulsion, v. vanc.
. , Crida band e reh-e-band, convoquer le ban et l'arrière-ban ; band
de vcndcmi, ban des vendanges; sus peno de band, sous peine
d'amende. prov. Escapaduro noun déu baud. De band en band
(bord.), ouvert à deux battants, en désordre, v. brand, bat, land ;
mètre, ostar, trencar lo ban, apposer, lever, briser les scellés ou le
séquestre (vieux). En l'ounourdou cantaireunvieiprepausoun band. P.
BELLOT. b\xda (rom. bandar), v. a. Bander, tendre, v. benda, lésa;
cercler, v. plccha: vaincre, l'emporter sur quelqu'un, v. gagna ;
soûler, griser, v. empega. Banda l'auriho. tendre l'oreille ; bandome
l'ast, façon de parler dont on se servait pour se moqûer d'un
fanfaron, à Toulouse. Se banda, v. r. Se bander, se roidir ; se soûler.
Banda, bandât (1. g.), ado, part, et adj. Bandé, cerclé, ée ; immobile
d'étonnenu-nt ; roidi, ie, mort, ivre-mort, orte; Bandât, nom de fam.
méridional. Sèmblo que l'an banda, il semble pétrifié; bandât coumo
un piot (g.), coumo uno asclo (rouerg.), coumo un cun (1.), soûl
comme une grive, ivre-mort. Franceseto, sous dels toutes bandats
d'anèls. c. PEYROT. B. bando. BAXDADO, BAXDÈIO (d ), BAXDUEIO
(Aix), (cat. esp. bandada) f. Contenu d'une bande, troupe, foule, v.
ardado, chourmo ; soûlerie, excès de boisson, v. banado. Pèr
bandado de cènl. R. SERRE. Un jouvèni de noslo bandado Vers lei
ûheto fai cambado. JOURNAL DÉ FORCALQUIER. B. bando.
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