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Pere Ayling

Distinction,
Exclusivity and
Whiteness
Elite Nigerian Parents and the
International Education Market
Distinction, Exclusivity and Whiteness
Pere Ayling

Distinction, Exclusivity
and Whiteness
Elite Nigerian Parents and the International
Education Market

123
Pere Ayling
University of Suffolk
Ipswich, UK

ISBN 978-981-13-5780-0 ISBN 978-981-13-5781-7 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5781-7

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018965454

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019

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For my dearest mama, Laura Biniti, whose
boundless and selfless love allowed me dare
to dream!
Foreword

The French-Algerian War was perhaps one of the bloodiest and most virulent wars
of independence in the twentieth century. Spanning close to 8 years, from 1954 to
1962, it marked the end of the French Fourth Republic and 130 years of French
colonial rule in Algeria, which at the time was the largest French colony. The war
was notorious because of the brutal violence enacted by both sides. On one side, the
French army refined methods of torture it had been developing for a hundred years
of colonisation in an attempt to curtail support for the National Liberation Front
(FLN). On the other, the FLN built on and developed fierce urban guerilla warfare
techniques against its much larger and well-armed foe and murdered thousands of
civilians, mostly Muslims, presumed to support the French. And it was also in the
context of this horrific war that two of the most important thinkers of the twentieth
century—Frantz Fanon and Pierre Bourdieu—developed some of their most
important intellectual contributions.
Fanon’s role in the French-Algerian War is well known, and his ideas about both
the role of violence in decolonisation as well as his insistence on the role of the
proletariat and the peasantry in revolutionary struggle were crucial for the organ-
isation of armed resistance against colonial rule not just in Algeria, but in the rest of
Africa and elsewhere. Fanon documented the war in his 1959 book L’An Cinq de la
Révolution Algérienne, later published in English as A Dying Colonialism (1965).
Yet perhaps the more significant of his contributions to contemporary theorisations
of colonisation are his wrenching accounts of the many patients he saw working as
a psychiatrist during the war, between 1954 and 1959. Indeed, it can be argued that
while Fanon’s theorisation of colonial subjectification may have been born while
growing up in Martinique (where he was also a student of Aimée Césaire), it was
forged in the heat of war through his psychiatric medical practice in Algeria. It was
during this time that Fanon developed many of the ideas he would later layout in the
essays contained in his most important book about colonisation, Les Damnés de la
Terre, most of which he wrote while suffering through and being treated for leu-
kaemia and which were published shortly after his death in 1961 and later translated
into English as The Wretched of the Earth, first in 1963 (by Constance Farrington)
and then in 2004 (by Richard Philcox).

vii
viii Foreword

Only 5 years younger than Fanon, Pierre Bourdieu arrived in Algeria in 1955 but
for significantly different reasons. Conscripted into the French Army, Bourdieu was
sent to Algeria to defend military installations but was later transferred to do clerical
work for the French colonial administration in Algeria, in part because of his
outspoken criticism of and opposition to French military occupation and colo-
nialism in Algeria. It was here that Bourdieu began to study Algerian culture,
leading to his first book, Sociologie de L’Algerie (1958), and where his interactions
with other scholars of Algeria expanded his anti-colonial stance as well as his
interest in Algerian society in general and Kabyle culture in particular (Silverstein
and Goodman 2009). Bourdieu joined the faculty at the University of Algiers in
1958 and was recruited by the French government to conduct demographic
research, which he expanded to include ethnographic fieldwork in both rural and
urban regions of Algeria. As Silverstein and Goodman (2009) describe, the work
that emerged from this research served to expand Bourdieu’s critique of the impact
of French colonial rule and violence on Algerians; it was also the foundation on
which Bourdieu built his conceptual apparatus, including his concept of ‘habitus’.
While it is probably true that Bourdieu’s class consciousness emerged from his
experiences growing up in rural France, his theoretical framework for under-
standing cultural practice was forged in the heat of his encounter with colonial
violence and its effects on Algerian culture and society. Yet, while his ethnographic
work with the Kabyle in Algeria directly informed Bourdieu’s landmark Outline of
a Theory of Practice (1977), the context of the war and his broader analysis of
colonialism largely disappear in this text and, subsequently, from the vast majority
of the works that mobilise Bourdieu’s theoretical concepts (see Goodman and
Silverstein 2009).
While Fanon and Bourdieu had drastically different relationships to the war in
Algeria and, indeed, to the colonial experience itself, they shared a fundamental
understanding that colonisation had a direct and violent effect on the colonised at all
levels, from their social organisation to their very subjectivity. For Fanon (2004),
colonialism has not simply depersonalized the colonized. The very structure of society has
been depersonalized on a collective level. A colonized people is thus reduced to a collection
of individuals who owe their very existence to the presence of the colonizer. (pp. 219–220)

Both thinkers shared an understanding of colonisation as the violent imposition

of a foreign logic that ruptures the very existence of the colonised and of the social
and cultural orders that give them meaning and through which they navigate and
exist in the world. It was precisely by observing these ruptures that Bourdieu came
to theorise and develop the concepts of habitus and doxa, which are so central to his
work and so influential in contemporary social theory. Returning to France,
Bourdieu continued to develop these concepts in relationship to French society and
spent four decades researching and theorising the role of cultural practice in pro-
ducing and sustaining class structures and social and economic inequality. Fanon,
by contrast, spent the last few years of his short life attempting to theorise the
opposite; not the role of culture in sustaining inequality, but the central role of
cultural production in national resistance and decolonisation.
Foreword ix

Despite the overlap in the time they spent in Algeria and of the significant role
that the war played in their thinking, Fanon and Bourdieu are rarely brought
together conceptually. Since the 1960s, Fanon’s work has been a significant source
of inspiration for decolonial movements throughout the Global South and a foun-
dation for contemporary theorisations of race and racism. In particular, Fanon’s
work has been an essential source to understand racial subject formation, including
how whiteness and blackness are intricately connected to each other as well as how
colonisation shapes the subjectivity of both the coloniser and the colonised and the
role of culture in decolonisation. Bourdieu’s work, by contrast, has been founda-
tional for contemporary theorisations of social class and the relationship between
culture and inequality. In addition to his concepts of habitus and doxa, his concept
of field and his theorisations of the ‘forms of capital’ and of the role of ‘taste’ in
securing class boundaries have been major contributions to social theory. While
Fanon has been a key influence in the intellectual genealogies of the both Global
South, the Black liberation movement, and the struggle for decolonisation,
Bourdieu is essentially a continental thinker whose work has had a profound
influence on the social sciences throughout the Global North, but whose work
largely remained ensconced in that geography. In short, while they both coincided
in Algeria, Fanon’s work travelled south, while Bourdieu’s travelled north.
And yet, as Pere Ayling demonstrates in this provocative book, Fanon’s and
Bourdieu’s conceptual and theoretical works are amply and eminently compatible.
Bringing Fanon and Bourdieu into dialogue with each other, Ayling shows how the
juxtaposition of their ideas lead us into new conceptual terrain and helps us to make
sense of contemporary phenomena, particularly for an examination of class struc-
tures in postcolonial Africa. Specifically, through her theoretically informed anal-
ysis, Ayling demonstrates the central role that colonisation continues to play in the
production of high status among Nigerian elites. By combining Fanon’s analysis of
colonised subjectivity with Bourdieu’s insights about the production of class dis-
tinctions, Ayling reveals some of the mechanisms through which upper class
subjects are made in contemporary Nigeria. She pays special attention to the role of
elite schooling by examining the ways in which Nigerian upper class parents make
sense of and rationalise their choices to send their children to elite schools in Britain
for their secondary education.
Ayling’s choice to draw on Bourdieu in order to theorise elite status in Nigeria
will not surprise readers of Bourdieu in general or sociologists who study elites in
particular. Bourdieu had much to say about the production of elite status (e.g. 1984;
1998), and his work has been at the core of much of the recent turn in the sociology
of elites toward elite schooling.1 Several of Bourdieu’s concepts, such as habitus,
cultural capital and misrecognition, provide rich fodder for theorising the process
through which elites secure and justify their high status. Ayling astutely mobilises

1
It would not be an exaggeration to say that Bourdieu figures, in some way or another, in the entire
body of scholarly work on elite schooling, at least in the last two decades. My own work is
illustrative here (Gaztambide-Fernández 2009) but so are many others. For a recent compendium
of some of this work, see Van Zanten et al. (2015).
x Foreword

these concepts and shows how well they ‘travel’ to help us understand not just why
these Nigerian parents send their children to elite schools in Britain, but also what
these choices reveal about their class subjectification. But this subjectification,
Ayling shows, is also racial and colonial, and it is here where Ayling runs into the
limits of Bourdieu’s work and where enlisting Fanon becomes essential.
Scholars who study elites and elite schooling, and even perhaps those who are
already familiar with Fanon, might be surprised by Ayling’s choice to bring his
work into conversation with Bourdieu and to inform her analysis of elite status. Yet,
in his theorisation of decolonisation, Fanon had much to say about ‘the birth of an
intellectual and business elite’, which he theorised generally as ‘the “bourgeois”
fraction of the colonized population’ (pp. 63–64). Writing at a time when African
nations were still struggling against colonial rule, Fanon could already see that the
emergence of a national bourgeoisie presented a significant obstacle for true
decolonisation. He wrote,
At the core of the national bourgeoisie of the colonial countries a hedonistic mentality
prevails—because on a psychological level it identifies with the Western bourgeoisie from
which it has slurped every lesson. It mimics the Western bourgeoisie in its negative and
decadent aspects without having accomplished the initial phases of exploration and
invention that are the assets of this Western bourgeoisie whatever the circumstances.
(p. 101)

For Fanon, in other words, postcolonial elites are oriented toward the metropolis
because their own power and high-status hinge on their identification with
European elites. In Distinction, Exclusivity and Whiteness, Ayling shows that this
insight is as true today as it was when Fanon wrote The Wretched of Earth, and it is
precisely this orientation toward Europe that makes her choice to bring Fanon’s and
Bourdieu’s work into dialogue crucial for her analysis of contemporary Nigerian
elites.
Bringing these two intellectual giants together, in this fascinating book, Ayling
argues that the schooling choices of elite Nigerian parents only make sense when
examined through the conceptualisation of a ‘colonial habitus’, which Ayling
borrows from Vivek Dhareshwar’s (1989) analysis of V. S. Naipul’s ‘The Mimic
Men’. Also drawing from both Bourdieu and Fanon, Dhareshwar proposed that a
colonial habitus ‘generates the symbolic structure that subjects the colonised to an
internalisation of the asymmetries, both material and ideological, between metro-
polis and colony’ (p. 85). Using Bourdieusian terms, Ayling explains that this is
essentially about a (colonial) field where the doxa are inherited from the colonisers’
habitus, irremediably rupturing the local (pre-colonial) habitus.2 She extends
Dhareshwar’s original concept by suggesting that this colonial habitus is specific to

2
It is worth noting that this is an insight that in many ways drove Bourdieu’s initial work in
Algeria, but which has largely remained absent from his later work as well as the work of others
who use the concept of habitus. For more on this, see the chapters in Goodman and Silverstein
(2009).
Foreword xi

a colonised field, that it is fundamentally subconscious, and that it orients the

decisions of those who seek elite status toward all things European, and in the case
of Nigeria, specifically British.
Ayling applies this concept to her empirical project in order to understand why
these elite parents make enormous sacrifices, which she underscores, are both eco-
nomic and emotional, to send their children to elite schools in Britain. In many ways
providing empirical substance to Fanon’s early theorisation of the national bour-
geoisie, Ayling shows how these choices hinge on the desires of these parents for their
children to adopt a Western lifestyle in order to secure elite status. This process, in
addition to being rooted in a colonised field, is an expression of an internalised racial
order. ‘In consequence’, Ayling explains, echoing Fanon, ‘the colonial habitus gen-
erates inferiority complex thus, producing dispositions, tastes, and a world view that
orients Africans towards all things white and Western’ (her own emphasis, p. 65). This
key insight puts Ayling squarely in conversation with contemporary arguments about
the distinctions between colonisation, understood as an ongoing structure of power
and exploitation, and coloniality, understood as the effects of these structures on the
subjectivity of the colonised (see Maldonado-Torres 2016).
Ayling’s analysis of how these ‘anxious elites’, as she characterises them,
navigate the schooling process reveals some fundamental dimensions of how the
coloniality of being shapes their views on education. First, for these elites, it is not
what, but who teaches (and to some extent how they teach) that matters the most;
and it is white teachers (specifically British) that these parents want teaching their
children. Elite schools know this, and Ayling shows that the schools draw upon
these parents’ desires and anxieties to sell to them not just a particular kind of
eliteness, marked by a specific kind of British comportment and a ‘proper’ English
accent, but also a particular kind ‘world-class-ness’, marked by a detachment from
the local. This analysis of how elite schools sell themselves is important because it
illustrates the ongoing nature of colonisation and how colonial powers continue to
actively participate in the production of coloniality. The perception that British
schools are the ‘best in the world’ is continually and actively made by the British
schools themselves. Whether or not these are in fact ‘the best’ schools is irrelevant
because in the end, this is not about quality, but about coloniality; about the
emotional and affective cost of internalising a colonial habitus. This is expressed in
the fact that these parents are unable to explain how they know that these elite
schools are in fact the best schools; it is simply something they know. Ayling’s
perceptive analysis highlights these contradictions in order to underscore that it is
not the quality of the education but the qualities imparted by schooling that ulti-
mately produce elite subjects.
These conclusions raise significant questions about the role of schooling in
postcolonial nations like Nigeria. If local elites define quality education by its
whiteness and its approximation to what they perceive as ‘properly British’, then
any attempt at educational access or equity is a chimera. And here again, a dialogue
between Bourdieu and Fanon is helpful. Fanon was optimistic about the role of
education in the formation of national culture, advocating a certain kind of
Afrocentrism that remained critical of essentialism and recognised the very
xii Foreword

categories of ‘African’ and ‘Native’ as colonial inventions. Bourdieu, on the other

hand, has done much to help us understand schooling as a hierarchical and hier-
archising project in ways that show why elites are in a constant search for ever
moving qualities that classify and that, to paraphrase his words, ‘classify the
classifier’ (1984, p. 6). Fanon died in 1961 full of optimism about the future of
Africa but weary about the role of the national bourgeoise, for whom he had a
damming diagnosis: ‘This short-sighted bourgeoisie lacks vision and inventiveness.
It has learned by heart what it has read in the manuals of the West and subtly
transforms itself not into a replica of Europe but rather its caricature’ (p. 119).
Outliving Fanon with four decades, Bourdieu provided us with a theoretical
framework through which to make sense of these ‘manuals of the West’ and Ayling
shows how relevant his concepts are for making sense of how the ruling elites in
postcolonial societies continue to ‘mimic’ Europe. This kind of analysis is essential
if, ultimately, we—as scholars and intellectuals navigating through and against our
own colonial habitus—are to respond to Fanon’s calls,
Come, comrades, the European game is finally over, we must look for something else. We
can do anything today provided we do not ape Europe, provided we are not obsessed with
catching up with Europe. We must make a new start, develop a new way of thinking and
endeavour to create a new [human].3 (p. 236, 239)

Toronto, Canada Rubén Gaztambide-Fernández

References

Bourdieu, P. (1958). La Sociologie de l’Algérie. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A social critique of the judgment of taste (R. Nice, Trans.).
Cambridge, MA: Harvard.
Bourdieu, P. (1998). The state nobility: Elite schools in the field of power. Stanford: Stanford
University Press.
Dhareshwar, V. (1989). Self-fashioning, colonial habitus, and double exclusion: V.S. Naipaul’s
“The Mimic Men”. Criticism, 31(1), 75–102.
Fanon, F. (1959). L’An cinq de la révolution algérienne. Paris: Maspéro.
Fanon, F. (1961). Lês damnés de la terre. Paris: Maspéro.
Fanon, F. (1963/2004). The wretched of the Earth (R. Philcox, Trans.). New York: Grove Press.
Fanon, F. (1965). A dying colonialism (A. Gilly, Trans.). New York: Grove Press.
Gaztambide-Fernández, R. A. (2009). The best of the best. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Press.
Goodman, J., & Silverstein, P. (Eds.). (2009). Bourdieu in Algeria: Colonial politics, ethnographic
practices, theoretical developments. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.

3
Following Sylvia Wynter’s (2003) work, I have replaced the word ‘man’ with the word ‘human’
because I agree that what Fanon points toward is a new conception of the human that is not
premised on racial hierarchies and that is premised on the notion of being human as praxis.
(see McKittrick 2014).
Foreword xiii

Maldonado-Torres, N. (2016). Outline of ten theses on coloniality and decoloniality. Retrieved

from Foundation Frantz Fanon http://frantzfanonfoundation-fondationfrantzfanon.com/
article2360.html.
McKittrick, K. (Ed.). (2014). Sylvia Wynter: On being human as praxis. Durhum, NC: Duke
University Press.
Silverstein, P. & Goodman, J. (2009). Introduction: Bourdieu in Algeria. In J. Goodman &
P. Silverstein, (Eds.), Bourdieu in Algeria: Colonial politics, ethnographic practices,
theoretical developments (pp. 1–62). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
Van Zanten, A., Ball, S. J., & Darchy-Koechlin, B. (Eds.). (2015). World yearbook of education
2015: Elites, privilege and excellence: The national and global redefinition of educational
advantage. Abingdon: Routledge.
Wynter, S. (2003). Unsettling the coloniality of being/power/truth/freedom: Towards the human,
after man, its overrepresentation—An argument. CR: The New Centennial Review, 3(3),
257–337.
Acknowledgements

Writing this book has been a lifelong ambition, and I am indebted to several people
for their support throughout what has been an exciting but also challenging journey.
I want to start by thanking all those who took part in this research project and
without whose participation there would be no book. The same goes to the
anonymous reviewers whose constructive comments helped to shape the eventual
book. I am also grateful to Springer for choosing to come on this special journey
with me. I would like to express my gratitude to Prof. Pam Cox for being a very
supportive mentor and a critical friend. Same goes to my most loyal and trusted
friend Dr. Garth Stahl. I want to thank him for his encouragement and constructive
feedback throughout the entire writing process. I am especially and deeply grateful
to my family—Craig and Karl and my husband Richard without whose love and
support I would not have been able to take up and complete this project in the first
place. And lastly, a very special ‘Thank You’ to my beloved mama, Laura Biniti;
my inspiration and biggest fan. I hope I’ve made you proud!

xv
Contents

1 Researching the Contemporary Nigerian Elites: An Introduction . . . 1

Why Study up? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Who Are the Nigerian Contemporary Elites? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Research Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Organisation of the Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Part I Part One

2 Bourdieu’s Theory of Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Pierre Bourdieu: ‘Theory of Practice’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Bourdieu’s Key Concepts: ‘Habitus’, ‘Field’ and ‘Capital’ . . . . . . . . 20
Habitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Capital(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
How Far Can Bourdieu Travel? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3 Frantz Fanon: Whiteness, Colonialism and the Colonial Habitus .... 31
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 31
Fanon’s Colonisation Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 32
Conceptualising Whiteness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 34
Colonised Fields and Colonial Habitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 36
Colonised Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 36
Colonial Habitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 37
The Five Distinctive Characteristics of the Colonial Habitus . . . .... 40
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 41
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 41

xvii
xviii Contents

4 Elite Schools as Sites for Elite Class Reproduction

and Identity Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Producing Distinction and Exclusivity: The Role of Elite Schooling . . . 47
Distinction and Exclusivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Elite Schools as Status Seminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Elite Schools as Exclusive Enclaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Selling Elite Schools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Part II Part Two

5 Whiteness: The Symbol of Quality Education in Contemporary
Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Whiteness as an Indicator of Quality Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
White British Teachers as ‘Experts’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Oyinbo Man’s Pedagogy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
We Are not Concerned About Good Grades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
6 The Soft-Selling of World-Class Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
World-Class Education and the Soft-Sell Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
‘World-Class’ Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
The ‘Soft-Sell’ Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
British Private [Boarding] Schools: The Best in the World? . . . . . . . . . 80
The Colour of ‘World-Class’ Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Getting into BPBS-UK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Selecting Value-Able Pupils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
7 The Making of the Contemporary Nigerian Elite Child . . . . ...... 95
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 95
Strategies for Social Distinction: White School, Prolonged Stay
and Refined British Accent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
White School as the ‘Right’ School’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Prolonged Stay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Refined British Accent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Contents xix

8 Consuming Overseas Schooling: An Act of Parental Love? . . . . . . . 111

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Parental Love, Responsibility and Sacrifice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
It Is Our Way of Showing Them How Much They Mean to Us . . . . 115
Any Advantage I Can Give These Guys […] I Will Let Them
Have It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
It Takes Everything from You: Money, Energy, Emotions,
Marriage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
9 Researching Elite Identity (re)production in contemporary
Nigeria: Lessons Learned and New Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Whiteness as Both Symbolic and Cultural Capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Appropriating White Culture: Benefits, Risks and the Colonial
Habitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Risks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
The Colonial Habitus and the ‘WhiteWorld’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Limitations or New Directions? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Chapter 1
Researching the Contemporary Nigerian
Elites: An Introduction

Abstract Distinction, Exclusivity and Whiteness critically examines how a group

of Elite Nigerian parents who had completed their primary/secondary schooling
in the 1960s and 1970s in Nigeria when education was still for the ‘lucky’ few are
attempting to reproduce their social and economic positions via their children. In this
chapter, I put forward four main benefits for studying Nigerian elites and explained
how studying up is integral to our understanding of how inequality is perpetuated
through differential access to good quality education.

Keywords Nigerian elites · Studying up

Where one goes to school can be very important in determining his or her life-styles and life
chances […] Where a person goes to school may have little to do with his or her technical
abilities but it may have a lot to do with social abilities. (Cookson and Persell 1985: 16)

There is a consensus among social scientists that ‘social positions which present
themselves to the observer as places juxtaposed in static order of discrete compart-
ments […] are also strategic emplacements, fortresses to be defended and captured in
a field of struggles’ (Bourdieu 1984, p. 244). Accordingly, there has been a plethora
of studies on the different strategies employed by the middle classes to defend, cap-
ture and maintain their socially and economically advantageous position in society.
In contrast, much less research has been conducted on how elite groups maintain
their dominance.
At a time of heightened neo-liberalism, which in turn has intensified class struggle
for positional advantage, it is not only imperative but also ‘ethical’ to subject elite
groups to similar scrutiny in order to ascertain how they reproduce their position in
society and, more importantly, legitimise their claim to social and moral superior-
ity over other groups. Moreover, similar to Nader (1972), it is my contention that
researching the elite has the potential to deepen our understanding of the structure of
social inequalities. So instead of always ‘asking why some people are poor’ (Nader
1972, p. 289), we should also seek to find out why and how the dominant classes
continue to maintain their social and economically advantageous positions in society.
I will go as far as to argue that it is only by shifting our critical gaze from the poor
to the rich that we can truly begin to appreciate and understand the extent to which
the poor are truly disadvantaged.
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019 1
P. Ayling, Distinction, Exclusivity and Whiteness,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5781-7_1
2 1 Researching the Contemporary Nigerian Elites: An Introduction

Education as a site for social reproduction in general (Bourdieu 1986; Howard and
Gaztambide-Fernandez 2010; Stahl 2015; Gale and Parker 2015) and elite identify
formation in particular (Boyd 1973; Cookson and Persell 1985, 2013; Scott 1991;
Gaztambide-Fernandez 2009; Khan 2011; Maxwell and Aggleton 2013; Koh and
Kenway 2016; Van Zantan et al. 2015; Kenway et al. 2017) has been well established.
Nowhere was the transformative power of education more evident than in former
British colonies such as Nigeria where the acquisition of basic literacy skills such as
reading, and writing was enough to confer one with an elite status (Bassey 1999). In
highlighting the efficacy of Western education as a mechanism for social mobility in
colonial Nigeria, Bassey (1999, p. 46) contends that the ‘White man’s clerk’ (that is,
a member of the indigenous population who had acquired basic primary education),
became the embodiment of the elite class status.
While much has been written about elite identity formation and reproduction
in colonial Nigeria, there is very little sociological research on how elite status
is acquired and/or reproduced in present-day Nigeria. Significant changes in the
educational landscape in Nigeria since independence have meant education is no
longer the exclusive enclave of the privileged few. Rather, the democratisation of
education has led to a schooling boom and, as a result, families that were previously
unable to access the education system can do so now. The popularisation of education
has also devalued it to the extent that, regardless of the level one attains, education per
se is no longer a key marker of contemporary elite status in Nigeria. Rather, like most
contemporary societies, the place where one is educated (Cookson and Persell 1985;
West and Noden 2003; Soares 2010) and by whom one is taught—whether or not one
is taught by experts (Ayling 2016)—now takes precedence over how educated one
is in contemporary Nigeria. In addition to blurring the line between social classes
(Bourdieu 1984), the democratisation of education has also made social closure more
difficult (Boyd 1973; Khan 2011).
The aforementioned changes to the educational landscape have led to a height-
ened awareness of social position in contemporary societies as elites seek rarer and
exclusive social symbols in an attempt to maintain their social position. Therefore, far
from being a confident and secure group (as the lack of research on elite parents may
imply), African elites or Nigerian educated elites more specifically are an anxious
class. A class beset by the perceived fear from the newcomers or the ‘money miss
roads’, to use a colloquial term. Since elite status is premised on notions of exclu-
sivity, distinction and minority status, elites must select carefully from the ‘field of
stylistic possibles’ (Bourdieu 1984, p. 226), often consisting of positional goods and
services, which according to Bourdieu (1984) are more ‘predisposed […] to express
social differences’ (p. 226).
This book provides a rare insight into the social reproduction strategies of a group
of elite Nigerian parents who were educated in the early 1960s and 1970s when
education was for ‘the very lucky few’. The book is not concerned with the intricacies
of class practice in terms of parenting style or childrearing practices and neither is it
concerned with the daily routines and rituals as well as curriculum content of elite
schools (see Khan 2011; Wang 2016 for example). Rather, the book offers in-depth
analysis of elite Nigerian parents’ engagement with, and use of, the international
1 Researching the Contemporary Nigerian Elites: An Introduction 3

secondary education market1 inside and outside Nigeria (Ayling 2017) with a specific
focus on school choice, as they attempt to secure their social positioning—via their
children—in a context where reproduction appears uncertain due to the changes in
both social and educational landscapes. Crucially, the book examines the link between
race (British whiteness to be more precise) and (re)production and preservation of
elite class status in contemporary Nigeria. In doing so, the book addresses two core
issues relating to the sociology of race and elite (re)production. First, it addresses
the broader issues relating to the role of race more broadly, and colonialism more
specifically, in determining social positioning in modern-day Nigeria. Second, it
addresses the ongoing relative neglect of the relationship between Western-based
private boarding schools and elite identity formation and reproduction in African
countries such as Nigeria within the sociology of education and sociology of race.
Whiteness is a major conceptual thread that runs through the entire book. It per-
meates the parents’ narratives of high ‘quality’ (Chap. 5) and ‘world-class’ education
(Chap. 6) as well as the formation of elite identity (Chap. 7). This book reveals how
whiteness is perceived by my participants as a highly valuable cultural and symbolic
capital which plays a crucial role in the struggle for elite status and distinction in
modern-day Nigeria. The data from my research shows that the embodiment of what
the parents perceived as ‘Britishness’ enables elite Nigerian parents to construct their
children as the ‘the exceptions to the rule’ (Kendall 2002, p. 15). That is, ‘one of the
few Black people with similar moral values and intelligence as their White counter-
parts’ (Ayling 2015, p. 462). Similarly, parents also believed that the embodiment of
‘Britishness’ will provide their children with a unique set of Western dispositions.
Thus setting them apart from the newcomers within their social field while endowing
their children with highly profitable identities such as intellectuals and transnational
elites at the same time. In addition, the book examines how those who work for,
and in, British private schools, for example, head teachers, heads of department and
education agents, use British whiteness as an informal but powerful mechanism for
quality control as well as quality assurance. In a nutshell, this book reveals how
Nigeria’s past colonial history has made elite reproduction and elite schooling in
postcolonial Nigeria a complex phenomenon.
In the book, I frame the international secondary education market as a two-pronged
class strategy that enables elite Nigerian parents to reproduce their socially and eco-
nomically advantageous position while instigating social closure at the same time. As
a space of consumption, I argue that the international secondary education market-
place allows elite Nigerian parents to buy high-quality exclusive education needed
to ‘maintain the relative scarcity of their qualifications and subsequently their posi-
tion in the class structure’ (Bourdieu 1984, p. 133) while maintaining ‘the distances
[literally and metaphorically] that need to be kept’ (Bourdieu 1984, p. 472) between
them and the challengers from below. Crucially, I position an analysis which demon-

1 The international secondary education market (ISEM) is ‘a niche education market, which does
not only allow the importation and exportation of Western education models and ideologies, but
more importantly, it also enables the consumption of Western schooling by non Westerners onshore’
(Ayling 2017, p. 4).
4 1 Researching the Contemporary Nigerian Elites: An Introduction

strates that the consumption of ‘white schooling’ is a type of distinction strategy

which enables elite Nigerian parents to educate their children in schools, which
they believed will bestow their children with ‘attributes of excellence’ (Bourdieu
1984, p. 61) through a highly selective exposure to elite white British lifestyles and
practices. Throughout the book, I argue that as well as creating a clear distinction
between established elites’ children from ‘the pretentious challengers’ (Bourdieu
1984, p. 251), the embodiment of these so-called ‘attributes of excellence’, which
take the form of British upper classes’ accent, decorum and lifestyle, is the first steps
towards gaining membership into the transnational elite class.
To gain a nuanced understanding of elite identity formation and reproduction in
postcolonial societies such as Nigeria, I argue that one not only has to consider Nige-
ria’s colonial past but must also acknowledge the fact that we live in a ‘WhiteWorld’
(Rollock et al. 2011, p. 1085). In my view, it is only by situating the analysis of
the empirical data within these broader contexts would we be able to understand:
(i) the reasoning behind these parents’ social reproduction strategies; (ii) why only
certain schools are considered by elite Nigerian parents as elite schools or more
accurately consecration sites for elite identity formation, and (iii) why certain dis-
positions, traits and deportment have become strong markers of distinction and elite
status in contemporary Nigeria. Crucially, such a contextualised analysis would offer
an explanation as to why decades after independence British whiteness2 still has the
highest concentration of value in Nigeria and why the British are still seen by some
as the sole consecrators of elite identity in present-day Nigeria. It is only by taking
these contexts into account would we be able to understand why decades after her
independence Nigerian elites still depend on colonialism for their legitimation.
The book makes a conceptual and theoretical contribution to the sociology of
elite reproduction and elite education in the sense that it not only utilises Bourdieu’s
concepts of the habitus, field and capital alongside Fanon’s notion of whiteness as
analytical tools but because it also further develops Dhareshwar’s original concept
of the ‘colonial habitus’ by coalescing Bourdieu’s and Fanon’s respective theoretical
frameworks. The concept of the colonial habitus is useful in explaining how colo-
nialism has permeated and reconfigured the habituses of the educated Nigeria elites
thereby making white British middle/upper classes the class for whom these parents’

2 Parents’ narratives are permeated by the concepts of whiteness and Britishness. Interestingly, the
data indicate that the parents in this study perceived British and Britishness to be synonymous with
English/Englishness. Consequently, they use the term Britishness when in actual fact they mean
to imply a degree of Englishness. The fact that all the parents had placed their children in English
boarding schools, and made constant reference to the Royal Family as a role model in terms of the
type of dispositions and traits they wanted their children to acquire, and were keen for their children
to be accent free indicates this.
Also, to be clear, I do not subscribe to the reduction of racial categorisations to the bipolar
couplet of White(ness) and Black(ness). However, like Fanon and more recently Ladson-Billings
(1998: 8), I am painfully conscious of the fact that these ‘two categories have [unfortunately]
remained stable’. That is to say, though racial categorisation may have assumed different ‘faces
and permutations … in contemporary society’ (Ladson-Billings 1998: 8), whiteness and blackness
remain the ‘two permanent fixtures’ on the metaphoric racial ladder; ‘with whiteness at the apex,
blackness at the base and all other races falling in-between’ (Annamma et al. 2013: 14).
1 Researching the Contemporary Nigerian Elites: An Introduction 5

must aspire to if they are to continue to maintain their social position in present-day
Nigeria. Concomitantly, the book also tackles the idea of internal racism whereby
individuals, in this case Nigerian parents of elite status, are derogatory to their own
racial kind for instrumental gain. That is, for status and power.
Crucial to my analysis of internal racism is the notion of ‘intentionality without
intention’ (Bourdieu and Wacquant 1992, p. 19). So, rather than understand these
parents’ perceptions, decisions and strategies as a function of their cognition or
agency, I argue that often, these actions are emanating from the subconscious (Bour-
dieu 1990). To be more precise, I argue that parents’ perceptions, thoughts, actions
and dispositions are a reflection of embodied class and racial histories both of which
are mediated through and shaped by colonialism and coloniality. In other words,
these are perceptions and strategies grounded in the socialised body in the form of
the colonial habitus, which operates below consciousness. Following this logic, inter-
nal racism is framed within this book as a function of the ‘colonial habitus’, which
is the internalisation of the ‘Whiteworld’ along with the hegemonic discourses such
as the notion of ‘West is best’ that it contains.

Why Study up?

While few studies have investigated the reproduction strategies of the Western elites,
fewer still have explored reproduction strategies of the African educated elite classes
in contemporary times. Specifically, and to the best of my knowledge, there has been
no qualitative research to date on the role of international schooling and UK-based
British private more specifically, in the formation of elite identity in modern-day
Nigeria or West Africa more broadly. According to the Organisation for Economic
Cooperation and development (OECD 2013), there are about two million students
worldwide studying outside their home country (Wiers-Jensen 2008). Although these
statistics refer mostly to university students, studies have shown that the majority of
those embarking on this type of education migration are students from developing
countries going to study in developed countries like the USA and the UK (Wiers-
Jensen 2008; Sin 2013). While it is widely acknowledged that some African parents
do choose to send their primary or secondary school aged children to the West for
educational purposes (Phillips and Stambach 2008; Njoku 2016), very few studies
have explored the motivating factors behind this practice. In the main, when education
migration is explored in Africa in general, the focus tends to be on the idea of ‘brain
drain’, which examines the reasons why well-educated Africans leave its shore for
the West and the potential impact, politically, culturally and economically, on these
countries in Africa (Kaba 2009).
Similarly, studies pertaining to education in Nigeria have so far tended to focus
on areas on accessibility (Aigbokhan et al. 2007; Unagha 2008), quality and gender
issues (Csapo 1983; Theobald et al. 2007). The few qualitative studies that have
explored the consumption of private schooling by Nigerian parents have mostly
focused on the poor (Tooley 2005, 2009; Tooley et al. 2005; Tooley and Dixon 2007;
6 1 Researching the Contemporary Nigerian Elites: An Introduction

Harma 2013) and slightly better-off families (Adebayo 2009). Given the poor current
state of education in Nigeria (Aladegbola and Jaiyeola 2016; Njoku 2016; Ibrahim
et al. 2017), coupled with the fact that a considerable number of its populace do
not yet have access to basic education (Ige 2014; Baum et al. 2018), it may seem
absurd to consider undertaking a study that seeks to examine the school choices of
the elite Nigerian parents. In other words, the benefit of researching the educational
practices of the privileged minority in light of the poor quality of education received
by the vast majority of Nigerians might be called into question. It is therefore not
surprising that the majority of sociological studies on upper and middle-class parents
educational practices and social reproduction strategies have mainly focused on the
global North (Boyd 1973; Scott 1991; Cookson and Persell 1985; DiMaggio 1982;
Bourdieu 1986, 1993; Lareau 2000; Ball 2003; Vincent and Ball 2007; Reay 2004;
Weenink 2009; Gaztambide-Fernandez 2009; Oliver and O’Reilly 2010; Bodovski
2010; Banks 2012; Kenway et al. 2013; Forbes and Lingard 2013; Gaztambide-
Fernandez et al. 2013; Weis and Cipollone 2013).
As alluded to earlier, there are benefits for ‘studying up’. First, Nigeria’s inability
to provide quality education for most of its populace coupled with its pursuit of
neo-liberal ideologies makes it a suitable and favourable site for the study of elite
educational practices. With over 60% of its schools privately owned by organisations
and individual investors (Theobald et al. 2007), the educational sector in Nigeria is an
epitome of capitalist’s ethos and structures and by implication, neo-liberal ideologies
and principles. It has been argued that class practices are at their peak and brutest
when market dynamics are introduced into education (Ball 2008). In such instances,
competition is rife not only between the producers of education but also among
consumers.
Second, investigating the consumption of UK-based British private schooling
will shed light on how by acquiring these so-called ‘world-class’ education for their
children, Nigerian elite parents are effectively broadening their children’s landscape
of possibilities beyond Nigeria. Thus ‘studying up’ is central to our understanding of
inequality as produced and perpetuated by the differential access to ‘good quality’
education or ‘world-class’ education. This is because by opting out of the Nigerian
education system, Nigerian elite parents (a significant number of whom are top
politicians), intentionally or otherwise, are contributing to education inequality in
contemporary Nigeria.
Third, examining the reasons why elite Nigerian parents consume UK-based
British private schooling provides us with a useful insight into why decades after
independence, British whiteness still plays a central role in the acquisition and main-
tenance of elite status in postcolonial Nigeria. The lack of research in this area means
that the decision by Nigerian elite parents to educate their primary and/or secondary
school aged children in the West is often read as a search for better quality education.
However, in a society where English language, the way it is spoken, is ‘a magic key to
social prestige and power’ (de Mejía 2002, p. 152), and ‘quality’ and ‘excellence’ are
epitomised as whiteness (Shonekan 2013), it is safe to infer that those in possession
of these attributes will have positions of advantage in that society.
Why Study up? 7

Lastly and related to the latter point, it is my contention that to scrutinise and
unveil the subtle ways and means by which the elites seek to (re)produce and maintain
their social positioning, is to weaken the very source of their power—concealment.
This is because for elites to maintain their distinctiveness and thus their supposed
superiority over other groups, the notion of elite as naturally given/innate virtue needs
to be maintained. To put it simply, to reveal the strategies of distinction employed
by elites (and the so-called elite schools) to (re)produce, preserve and legitimise
their social status, is to expose elite identity as a social construct. By the same logic,
to unveil elite status as a social construction is to challenge the status quo and the
establishment.

Who Are the Nigerian Contemporary Elites?

Whatever stratification model one may apply to traditional Africa, the fact is that modern
Africa is dominated by men and women who benefitted most from Western-type education.
The men and women of power and influence are the educated Africans. (Bassey 1999, p. 55)

The first point to note about the contemporary Nigerian elites is that they are a
product of colonisation. This is because modern-day Nigerian elites, with Western
education central to its formation, only came into being after 1901 when the British
‘officially’ began their colonisation of Nigeria. Therefore, unlike the traditional elites,
the Nigerian educated elites have no upper class or ‘aristocracy’, over and above them,
which they can situate themselves within and/or in relation to (Ekeh 1975). Rather,
above the Nigerian educated elite class is the British middle classes (Ayling 2016).
To date, Smythe and Smythe’s (1960) research into the ‘New Nigerian elites’
remains the only qualitative study that has attempted to provide a comprehensive
definition and description of Nigerian elites. However, even Smythe and Smythe
allude to the difficulty in defining Nigerian elites, stating that the huge variations, in
terms of religion and culture, among Nigerian elites make it ‘difficult to define clearly
a framework in which the elites can be placed’ (Smythe and Smythe 1960, p. 74).
Nonetheless, they note, as does Abdullahi (2017), that education and occupation
were two of the main factors involved in the formation of elite identity in colonial
and early postcolonial Nigeria.
Of course, the Nigerian class structure as a whole and the elite class in particular
have undergone significant changes since 1960 when she gained her independence
from the British colonist. For example, the substantial growth in the Nigerian movie
and music industries has led to the creation of new elite groups, while the democrati-
sation of education has meant that education alone is no longer perceived to be a
core characteristic of elite status. Both changes suggest at the very least a growth in
the number and composition of Nigerian elites.
It is important to state at this juncture that most of the elite parents that took
part in the research project had described themselves as elites without prompting.
Self-assigned identity is favoured by some scholars over the imposition of categories
8 1 Researching the Contemporary Nigerian Elites: An Introduction

Table 1.1 Nine

1. High occupational position
characteristics of ‘elites in
modern democratic society’ 2. Minority status
(Boyd 1973, p. 16) 3. High status
4. A distinctive style of life
5. Group consciousness but openness
6. Exclusiveness but openness
7. Functional capability and responsibility
8. Moral responsibility
9. Power of varying degree

or labels on research participants (Kezar 2003) as the latter is conceived by some as

unethical (Maylor 2009; Maylor and Williams 2011; also see Archer 2011). However,
in the context of this book, contemporary Nigerian elite parents are defined as ‘social
groups that have attained a degree of financial affluence and who are able to mobilise
economic, social and cultural resources in order to secure access to particular kinds of
education experience’ (Gaztambide-Fernandez and Howard 2010, cited in Howard
and Gaztambide-Fernandez 2010, p. 196).
I had adopted Boyd’s (1973) nine characteristics of elites (see Table 1.1) in modern
democratic society as a framework to develop a sampling frame for recruiting parents
in my study. Some of Boyd’s characteristics of elites have been supported by other
writing, which emphasises minority status3 and the exclusivity of holding such a
positioning (Ellersgaard et al. 2012; Keller 1963/1991).
At the time of my fieldwork, the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission
(EFCC), an anti-corruption organisation created by the former Nigerian president
Olusegun Obasanjo, was very active. Given the political climate at the time, it would
have been irresponsible and foolhardy for me to ask these parents about their source(s)
of income and particularly their net economic worth. That said, some information
such as parents’ occupation and lifestyle gained through questionnaires and inter-
views provided useful insights into parents’ socio-economic status.
For example, the quantitative data indicates that only two of the elite parents had
their children in UK-based British boarding with school fees of less than £24,000 per
annum. Of the remaining 18 parents, 12 spent between £24,0000–£32,000 (between
11 million and 15 million naira at current exchange rate) a year as school fees while
the remaining six parents had their children in British private boarding schools with
fees of over £32,000 per annum. Importantly, apart from one parent (who happened
to be one of the six parents paying over £32,000 per annum), most of the parents had
two or more children schooling in England at the same time, with one parent having
four children at the time of my fieldwork. Additionally, in the conversations with

3 At the time of carrying out the research, it was estimated that there were only 802 Nigerian children

in private boarding schools in the UK (Brooks 2011). This indicated, among other things, that the
parents recruited for this study were both a minority and an exclusive group.
Who Are the Nigerian Contemporary Elites? 9

parents, it was clear that all of these parents had second homes in England—London
to be precise. As a matter of fact, four of the parents were interviewed in their second
homes in London.
Bourdieu (1984) asserts that social class is not defined by economic capital alone
(although he acknowledges the role of economic capital in the acquisition of elite
status). However, I shall contend that having large volumes of economic capital has
not only given these parents ‘minority status’, it has also enabled them to acquire
‘high status’ and ‘exclusivity’ as well as a ‘distinctive style of life’ while giving them
‘functional ability’ and ‘power to a varying degree’ (Boyd 1973, p. 16). To put it
differently, these parents’ capacity to ‘get the most of what there is to get’ has made
them vastly economically superior to the majority of Nigerians and thus ‘no longer
their social equals’ (Boyd 1973, p. 19).

Research Participants

As already mentioned, the analyses presented in this book are based on a qualitative
study, carried out between 2012 and 2014. The research was carried out in Nigeria;
Lagos (South), Abuja (North) and Port-Harcourt (East) as well as in London, Eng-
land. In total, 39 participants took part in the study. This number was made up of
26 parents and 13 gatekeepers, which consisted of education agents and consultants,
head teachers, heads of department and one British embassy official. Of the 26 par-
ents interviewed, 11 were fathers and 15 were mothers. Apart from one mother who
had sent her daughter to Ghana, all of the parents had sent their children to the West
for their education. Four of the parents had sent their children to Canada while the
other 21 parents had all sent their children to UK-based private boarding schools at
the time of the research.
The four parents who had sent their children to Canada were fathers and held
managerial positions in a global oil company in Nigeria at the time of the research.
The other group of parents consisted of 14 mothers and seven fathers. The fathers in
this group were mostly directors or CEOs of major organisations or owned their own
firms. At the time of the fieldwork, two of the mothers held political appointments
at federal and state levels. The other women either ran their own businesses and/or
were married to senior business and legal executives. Using the information gained
from both the qualitative and quantitative data, it became clear to me that there were
two distinct sets of parents in the study (minus the mother who had sent her daughter
to Ghana). The four middle-class fathers who had sent their children to Canadian
private schools and the elite parents who had all sent their children to UK-based
British private boarding schools.
As previously mentioned, 13 gatekeepers were recruited for the study. This figure
included five head teachers, one head of department, six education agents and one
British consular official. The head teachers were all white British males; three were
based in Nigeria and two in England. The head of department was a white British
female based in Nigeria. The education agents consisted of three Nigerians (two
10 1 Researching the Contemporary Nigerian Elites: An Introduction

males based in Lagos and a female based in England). The other three agents con-
sisted of two white British females and one male education agent/consultant all of
whom were based in England at the time of the research. The consular official was
a white British female who was head of the visa section at the British Deputy High
Commission in Lagos.
The interviews, with the exception of one couple, were held with one parent and as
a result a total of 38 interviews were conducted. Since the research samples consisted
of two distinct groups; parents and gatekeepers, two different interview schedules
were designed. The one for parents addressed their own educational background
and schooling experiences as well as their children’s educational history, the type
of school they went to in Nigeria, how long the children had schooled in Nigeria,
their decision to send their children overseas, factors which had influenced both their
choice of country and school, their fears and concerns with regards to educating their
children outside Nigeria, etc. The interview schedule for the gatekeepers covered
themes such as the general (and specific) ethos of British private schools, curriculum
type, their perceptions of British private schools, their views on why Nigerian parents
choose to send their children to UK-based British private boarding schools, the
distinctiveness of British private schools, the admission and visa processes, the kind
of services they offer to Nigerian parents, etc. Though questionnaires were also used
in the study, only the parent participants were asked to complete them. For the sake
of confidentiality, pseudonyms will be used throughout the book.

Organisation of the Book

The book is organised into two broad parts. The first part consists of three chapters
and provides a broad critical overview of the two theoretical frameworks namely,
Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of practice and Frantz Fanon’s colonisation theory utilised
in the book. Key concepts such as Bourdieu’s concept of the habitus and Fanon’s
psychoanalytic conceptualisation of whiteness are discussed in the first part of this
book. Part 1 will also present an overview of both classic and current literatures on
elites and elite schooling with a specific focus on the ways and means by which elite
schools confers on their pupils the status of elite while maintaining their image as
elite educational institution at the same time. The second part of the book critically
analyses the empirical data from my study. Extracts from parents’ and gatekeepers’
interview transcripts will be used in this part of the book to support, illuminate and
substantiate my analytical reasoning.
 Another Random Document on
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Rivercrest rd (H Crest) LY 3222 Weiss Edwd h 59 Albanl (Mim ph
2958) — Evelyn (wid Chas) h 10, 915 St 'Clair av west ME 6169 —
'Gordon T assmblr Samson-United r 168 George Weiss Herbt J
(Herbt J Weiss & Co) h 39 Nina av KE 8644 —Herbt J & Co (Herbt J
Weiss) genl Ins 201-202, 92 Adelaide iw WA 5545 —Herman opr h
5, 1(80 Bellwoods av —Jean cash A & P r 915 ISt 'Clair av -w — Jean
Mrs stenog Lyman Tube & Supply Co Ltd res Willowdale ' — John
body am Wm Barter r 61 Harding av (Weston) — John tlr Tip Top
Tailors h 120 Roxton rd LO 4135 — Joseph pdlr h 217 Lippineott ME
7333 — Jos C elk Massey Harris h 363 Margueretta LL 0972 —
Marion bkpr Master Button & Pleating r 217 Lippineott M'E 7333 —
Mary A acct F S Milligan & Co — Milton E off mgr Herbt J Weiss & Co
h 593 Huron KI 0493 — Morris J vice-pres & sec-treas Natl Plan Corp
Ltd h 5 Ava cres (Fst H) HY 6395 — Myra M (wid Aaron) elk
Simpsons h 286 Wright av LO 5783 — Sami pntr r 238 Robert RA
8027 — Theodore carp h 61 Robert (Mim ph N T 2914W) — Wm R
'(Fashion Hairdressing Parlors) h 12'8A Lake Shore rd (Mim) ph N T
432 — '& Biheller Canada Ltd jas Fleck importers 51 Colborne EL
2771 Weisse Russel emp Dom Bridge r 10 Biggar av LL 4702 Weisser
Helen insp Stanley Mfg r 460 King east — Michl lab h 460 King e
Weissman Abraham opr Central Fur h 14 Brunswick av KI 6407 —
Albt car slsmn Genl Motors r 124 Everden rd (Cedarvale) KE I860 —
Annie h 47 Beatrice ME 3271 — Ida (wid ISaml) h 124 Everden rd
(Cedarvale) KE 1860 — Isadore (Morgold Sales) h 742 Shaw LO
5285 —(Paul slsmn A D 'Gorrle & Co r 124 Everden rd Cedarvale) KE
1860 — (Ruth r 742 -Shaw LO 5285 — (Shirley bkpr Morgold Sales r
742 Shaw LO 5285 Weist F J const RCMP r 136 Beverley Weitman
Fredk maeh 'Corman Engineering Co Ltd h 459 McRoberts av (Frbk)
Weitz Frank engnr Copeland Brewing h 72 Bertmount av HA 6755
Weitzel Dorothy M with Dom iBank ;(Hd Off) r 2, 97 Spencer av
Weitzman Aaron gro 22 Walton h same WA 3196 — Max foremn I
Caplan h 60 Wales av — ISaml contr h 50 D’Arcy WA 2408 Weizel
Paul cig & tob 392 College h 273 Markham KI 6721 — Zelda elk Paul
Weizel r 273 Markham KI 6721 Wejnert Frank mtl wkr Runnymede
Welding Works h 77 Pendrith Wekr Peter lab r 32 Centre av
Welbanks Annie (wid Wm) r 22A Acacia rd MA 3534 — Arthur W elk
Can Life h 2-85 Fairlawn av HU 1321 — 'Bernard slsmn Super Heath
Aluminum h 66 Muriel av GE 6870 — Donald app Lino 'Composing
Co r 360 Sumach KI 6568 — iH Tor mgr -Combustion Service Co -h
360 Sumach KI 6568 —'John M elev opr Royal York Hotel r 506 Main
(E Y) —Julia emp Puritan Lndry r 41 Palmerston gardens — Marshal
flremn Wm Wrigley Jr h 1309 Gerrard e 'HA 5903 — 'Norman F h
506 Main (E Y) (act ser) — 'Win emp way dept TTC h 41 Palmerston
gdns LA 732'S Welbelove Regd W A precision grinder r 2453
Danforth av GR 5919 Welbeloved Fredk W surg truss assmblr F
Longdon i& Co h 1157 Dufferin LL 57-04 Welbourn Albt >h 1'30
Latimer av MO 8196 — - Wm B h 48 Gresham rd MO 9434 (act ser)
Welbourne Geo spray pntr Burrowes Mfg r 116 Bertmount av —
Jessie r 93 Wright av LA 8453 — Ruby A sen elk stenog Prov Pol h
17, 520 Kingston rd Welburn Alfred emp Simpsons h 25 Pendrith ME
5593 — John R electro Graphic Elect h 516 Durie LY 2474 Weiby
John r 322 Gainsborough rd GR 3345 (active service) — Stanley R
purch elk Dept of Highways h 2-28 Quebec av LY 1627 ♦Welch, see
also Walsh and Welsh * — A & Son 1 (Sami Welch) heating engnrs
17 Elm WA 4938 • — Ada E (Welch’s Delicatessen) h 115
Roncesvalles av LO 1519 —Ada iH (wid -Chas) h 431 St Clair av e HU
7364 —Albt lab r 117 Seaton WA 4285 —Alex mech John Inglis h F,
469 Roncesvalles av LL 1173 —Alex W retort floormn Gas Co h 7
Cherrynook gdns HA 9688 — Alex h 7 Brighton av —Alfred C foremn
Swifts h 54 Rockcllffe blvd (Mt D) LY 0153 —Alice (wid Ernest) h 4
Washington av KI 3286 — Alvina M tchr Chas G Fraser Schl r 31
Macdonell av LO 6920 WELCH, ANDERSON & COMPANY, (Henry J
Welch, Hugh € Anderson), Chartered Accountants, Rooms 302-5, 59
Yonge, Phones ADelaide 6449 and 6440 (See card Accountants-
Chartered) —Annie (wid Walter) h 79 McDonald av (Scar) — Annie E
(wid Albt) h 67 Beaty av LA 0811 — Arthur r 349 Westmoreland av
— Arthur pres Arthur Welch Co Ltd h 127 Waverley rd HO 8973 —
Arthur Co Ltd Arthur Welch pres Wm B Reid supt bldrs (carp) 62
Duke EL 6688 — Audrey H sis elk Eatons r 164 Neville Pk blvd GR
0913 — Beatrice Mrs silk shade mkr Florentine Co h 874 Woodbine
av -GR 2670 — Bertram J btehr Swifts h 82 'Greendale av (Mt D) LY
8304 — Burel N curer Seiberilng Tire 'Co h 156 Essex LO 1801 —
Frank slsmn Eastern Leather Goods r 1243% St Clair av w — 'Carl
attdt Chas F Irvine r 254 Westmoreland av ME 7814 —Cecilia (wid
Henry) r 17 Laxton av LA 7630 — 'Chas elk h 10, 109 Pembroke —
'Chas R auditor Welch Anderson & Co r 52 Weybourne cres HU 1568
— 'Christopher B elk Asphalt Roofing r 82 Greendale av (Jit D) LY
8304 — -Clarence 'S acct North American Dye h 205, 2651 Bloor
(Kngswy Pk) JU 3546 — 'Clifford P pres Wholesale Radio Co Ltd h 80
Bessborough dr .(Leas) 'HY 5049 — Clinton R tnsmth A Matthews
Ltd h 11, 610A Brock av LA 6860 —•Constance S stenog Northern
Electric Co h '57A Sherwoood av MO 8255 — Donald r 1031
Dovercourt rd LO 6688 (act service) — Douglas shoe sl3 elk
Simpsons r 193 Waverley rd — Douglas C emp Hillcrest Fuel 'Co r
S61A Dovercourt — Douglas R sis elk r 37 Ellsworth av ME 6360 —
Harold sign prntr LIggetts h 164 Neville Pk blvd GR 0913 —Edmund
A auditor Welch Anderson & Co r 52 Weybourne cres HU 1568 —
Edna opr John A Huston r 1598 Dufferin — Edwd 'S acct (Moffat
Hudson & Co h 237 'St Clements av MO 2700 — Eileen Mrs dress opr
Maleek & 'Co r 618 Brock av — Emily Mrs opr Bradshaw’s r 261
Roxborough e RA 1509 — Emma (wid Alf) h 861A -Dovercourt rd ME
3037 — Ernest A mach OIL h 52 'Sixteenth ‘(New Toronto) — Ernest
E B elk Imp Bank (Tor Br) r 4 Washington av KI 3286 — 'Francis lab
Dept of Wks h 107 Pendrith —Francis J r 37 Ellsworth av ME 6360
(act service) - — Frank ml elk Maple Leaf Milling r 57A Sherwood av
— Frank pres & mgr Textile Mfg Co Ltd h 111 'Heath w HU 5708 —
Frank E sec-treas Textile Mfg Co Ltd h 337 Briar Hill av HU 8707 —
Frank F h 26 Humbert (act ser) — Frank P elev opr Natl Trust Co h
22 Greenwood av HA 1069 — G R Co Ltd H G Welch pre3 R F Hunter
dir publishers rep 2nd fir 80-82 Wellington w AD 6055 —Geo Inst opr
TTC h 560 Merton MA 5173 — Geo M plstr h 64 Murrie (Jlim) ph N T
19 nw — Georgina V r 861A Dovercourt rd ME 3037 —Gordon r 262
Hillsdale av e MO 5232 itactive service) — Gordon B with Tor Hydro
h 19 Richard av HA 9805 — Grace (wid Thos) h 38A Whitehall rd MI
6101 —Harold G pres G R Welch Co Ltd h 92 Cranbrook av MA '5555
— Harry h 177 Rlverdale av HA 3289 (act service) - — Hector F lab h
1598 Dufferin KE 8040 — Hedley E stenog Independent Mat Tool Co
r 18 Main GR 2659 —Hedley R h 18 Main GR 2659 — Helen pekr
Princess Pat Products r 1598 Dufferin — 'Helen L elk Loblaws r 262
Hillsdale av e MO 5232 WELCH HENRY J (Welch, Anderson & Co),
Chartered Accountant, 59 Yonge, Phone ADelaide 6449, Res 52
Weybourne cres. Phone HUdson 1568 — Henry W auditor Welch,
Anderson & 'Co h 178 Millwood rd MA 5916 — Hugh W genl foremn
Gas Co h 53 Lewis GL 3390 — Hugh W jr drvr Tor Peterboro Transp
h 55 Lewis — J Edwd tchr Palmerston Av Schl h 429 Willard av JU
5241 — Jack E emp Candn Kodak r 82 Greendale av (Mt D) LY 8304
— Jas h 110 Boulton av — Jas A trkr Massey Harris h 9 Bruce — Jas
L wrehsemn CN Exp r 7 'Cherrynook gnds HA 9688 — Jean M sis elk
Eatons r 164 Neville Pk blvd GR 0913 —1582—
 Welch John drvr Tor Peterboro Transp i 24 Saulter — John
trainmn CNR r 59 Rusholme Pk ores LO 1445 — John C r 164 Neville
Pk blvd GR 0.913 Kactlve service) —John C staty engnr Harris &
Sons Dairy h 254 Westmoreland av (ME 7814 —(John W yard lab
Gas Co h 193 Waverley rd HO 8390 — Kathleen M r 4 Washington av
KI 3286 — .Lai Mrs emp Boulevard Frock Co h 57A Sherwood av MO
8255 — iLeslie h 68 Fuller av (act ser) — Rewls S comm artist E S &
A Robinson n 39 Maclean blvd (E Y) GE 4049 — Mabel A (wid E A) r
52 Shields av HY 7406 — Mabel M opr H V Cowie Co r 201 Macdonell
av ME 7085 — Margt r 178 .Spadina rd KI 7160 — Margetson & Co
(Ltd Major D W R Anderson mgr men’s wear 817-820, 60 Front w EL
3550 — Marjin barber The Classee Barber Shop r 894 Queen w —
Martin D off elk Christie Brown r 874 Woodbine av — Mary elk
Eatons r 164 Neville Pk blvd — Mary L r 861 A Dovercourt rd ME
3037 — Maurice li 37 Ellsworth av ME 6360 — Max C tchr Western
Technical-Comm Sohl h 55 Langmuir cres (H Crest) JU 6118 —
INorman A pres Welch & Quest Ltd h 42 Queen Mary dr (Kngswy Pk)
LY 2949 — Norman F h 312 Albany av LA 0884 (act service) — Percy
lab City Fence & Supply Co r 403 Brock av — Peter E h 20 Hastings
av — R W auditor Fred Page Higgins r 64 Murrie ( Mim ) — Robt H r
38 A Whitehall rd MI 6101 — (Rolfe B elk PO h 3, 145 Danforth av —
Russell A shpr Can Packers r 54 Rockclffe blvd (Mt D) LY 6153 —
Sami A i (A Welch & Son) h 8, 112-140 Cowan av LA 8073 —
(Stanley 1 c PO h 262 Hillsdale av e MO 5232 — Stanley E slsmn
Browns Bread h 51 East Lynn av HO 0879 — Thos h 52 Boswell .av
KI 5834 — Thos mach John Inglis h 513 Roxton rd LO 7869 —Thos E
r 185 Seventh (Neiw T) — Thos H mach CNR h 1009 Mt Pleasant rd
HY 1845 — Vera h 110 Rose Park dr MO 7482 — (Victor pekr
Wonder Bakeries r 408 Brock avenue — (Violet M opr Macdonald Mfg
r 1009 Mt Pleasant rd iHY 1845 — iffm J shpr ColgateJPalmollve-Peet
h 249 Riverdale av HA 2428 — Wm W tnsmth Pease Heating h 31
Macdonell av LO 6920 — Williamlna opr Tor Carpet Mfg r 7 Cherry
Nook gdns HA 9688 — 1& Quest Ltd, Norman A Welch pres, Walter J
Quest sec-treas, prnts and bookbinders 58-60 Ritchie av LL 1197-8
Welch’s Delicatessen (Ada E Welch) 115 Roncesvalles av LO 1519 •
— Grape Juice Co The, Robt A Low sis mgr, 5 Old Park rd (Fst H) MO
2050 ♦Welchman, see Welsman Welcome Louise Mrs r 27 Gladstone
av — .Tea Rooms '(Mrs Sophie Maniates) rest 202 Wellesley Ml 0142
Weld Bldg 358-362 Adelaide w — Douglas S pres BTyant Press Ltd h
230 Forest Hill rd (Fst H) HY 0994 — (Edna (wid Chas C) h 2, 190
Wright av ME 8036 — Edna A tchr Wm Burgess Schl r 46 Playter cres
— Geo H sis mgr Bryant Press Ltd h 13.1 Glenrose av HY 4376 —
Harold F mgr Wm Weld Co Ltd h 23 Rochester av MO 2804 — Jane E
elk Tor Genl Trusts r 131 Glenrose avenue HY 4376 — Margt E tchr
Bishop Strachan Schl r same MO 4325 — Peter E r 131 Glenrose av
HY 4376 (act service) — (Wm Co Ltd l(Br) Harold F Weld mgr,
.publrs @58-62 Adelaide w AD 1557 Welden Maud mlnr K & G Hats
h 191 Davisville av MO 0304 Welders Supply Co (Chas H Cane) 1274
Bay RA 3066 Weldman Asher riveter Genl Steel Wares r 216
Palmerston av ♦Weldon, see also Walden and Welton — •, Breuls &
Arnold (Isaac E Weldon, KC, Harold A C Bruels and John M Arnold)
barrs 244 Bay EL 4235-6 — Bruce L R Invoice elk Drummond McCall
h 923A Kingston rd — Caleb h 108 Woodmount av GR 4143 —
Camilla M r 108 Woodmount av OR 4143 — Doris A elk Rolls .&
Darlington r 1154 Woodbine av (E Y) GR 5880 — Doris V stenog
Drummond McCall t 652 Pape av HA 3953 • — Edwd W h 379
Margueretta (act ser) — Ewart P Indrymn Tor Laundry & Dry
'Cleaners h 124 Woodycrest av (E Y) — (Ferna E mus tchr, piano and
theory 1154 Woodbine av (E Y) r same 'GR 5880 — Florence E
stenog Dept of Munitions and Supply r 17 Geoffrey LO 0995 —
Fraser G service mgr Trutred (Can) Ltd h 14 Cosbum av (E Y)
Weldon Geo E h 151 Woodbine av i(E Y) GR 5880 — Geo H head
shpr Warwick Bros ih 248 Glebeholme blvd HA 9888 — Georgia (wid
Isaac) h 2 Cluny dr MI 89178 — Georgina off elk Eatons res Barrie —
Harold R 1 c PO h 9 Sorauren av LA 8352 — (Isaac E KC (Weldon,
Breuls & Arnold) h 169 Castlefleld av HU 3951 — J app Bryant Press
r 124 Woodycrest avenue (E Y) — Jas r 142 Roxborough w RA 5389
— Jas O elk Prov Paper r 388 University avenue — John h 120
Gilbert av KE 3894 — John S h 120 Gilbert av KE 3894 — L T lab
Gair Co r 74 Klngsmount Park road — Lois slsldy Woolworths r 71
Kingsmount rd — Malon r 652 Pape av HA .3953 — Melville emp Tor
(Ship Yards h 42 Eileen avenue '(La M) LY 9172 — Percy G com artist
Macey Neon r 248 Glebeholme blvd HA 9888 - — Roy barr 1064, 465
Bay .EL 6686 h 5 Brendan rd (E Y) MA 3884 — Russell emp 'Gair Co
h 12, 12 .Lansdowne — (Sami W sht mtl wkr 652 Pape av h same
HA 3953 — IW Bert chartered acct Henry Barber Mapp & Mapp h 75
Armadale av l(Swan) LY 3767 — Walter J 1st vice-pres and genl mgr
Coleman Lamp & IStove Co Ltd h 2 Rosedale rd MI 4169 — Wm A
opr Can Wire & 'Cable h 297 .Sutherland dr (Leas) HU .7146 — Wm
J paper mkr Can Glazed Papers h 19 Frizzell avenue — Wm W emp
Gair Co h 74 Klngsmount Park rd HO 5410 WELDREST HOSIERY
LIMITED, Joseph Powley President, Elma M Tourjee Secretary-
Treasurer, Third Floor, 160-166 Wellington iw. Phone ELgin 2271,
Factory 70 Buttonwood av (Mount Dennis), Phone Lyndhurst 3148,
Cable Address “.Silks” Toronto Weldrick Mabel Mrs r 43 Balsam av
Welfare Alfred T plmbr ih 65 Hepbourne LO 1525 — 'Council of
Toronto '& District The, Mrs W Kaspar Fraser chairman of bd, Miss B
Touzel executive sec, 60'7, 100 Adelaide west AD 8505 ■ — Ernest
mach Falrgrleve & Sons h 218 Brock av Welford Doris bkpr Grimshaw
Brass Ltd r 88 Airdrie rd (Leas) — Elizth .(wid Alfred) r 257 Woburn
av HU 5209 — Garage (Wm Welford) 132 Vaughan rd (Wych) KE
4211 — Gilbert mgr Imp iBank (545 'Bayview av, (Leas) h 32 McRae
dr (Leas) HU 0829 —Percy G sis engnr Link-Belt Ltd h 6 Browside
i(Fst H) HY 8161 —Ruby .Mrs r 196 Duchess — Stanley servicemn
Hampton Court Garage h 197 Duchess — Thos W carp h 255
Milverton blvd HA 0285 — IW Vernon baker Purity Bread h 119A
Vaughan rd ((Wych) LL 3990 — IWm (Welford Garage) r 11 9 A
Vaughan rd (Wych) LL 3990 — (Wm engine lathe hand Hamilton
Gear & Mach h 130 Winona dr LL 4860 Welham 'Bessie (wid Fred) r
114 Willow av —Claude M contr (bldr) 63 Castlefleld av h same MO
6584 — Dorothy J '(Dorothy Welham Beauty Studio) h 539A St Clair
av iw ME 7200 — Dorothy J Beauty 'Studio (Dorothy Welham) 539A
St Clair .av w ME 7200 — E Geo sis elk Sturgeons Ltd h 24 Alcina
avenue LA 9525 — Ernest T r 25 Grant HA 7049 (act ser) — Fredk W
r 25 Grant (HA 7049 (act ser) — Isabella .(wid Fredk) h 25 Grant HA
7049 — John (Welham’s Decorators Supply) h 6.36 Vaughan rd
(Frbk) LA 5858 — Regd C elk Gair Co h 94 .Manor rd e MO 7659
Welham’s Decorators Supply (John Welham) 636 Vaughan rd (Frbk)
LA 5858 Welinsky Betty fnshr Hudson Cloak r 385 Manning av —
Saul welder Massey-Harrls r 682 Manning avenue ME 5492 Welk
Frank r 17 Wellesley RA 1294 — John r 17 Wellesley RA ’1294 —
'Nora assmblr Mutual Sales r 81 Spencer avenue Welkins Geo insp
TTC res Newmarket Welland Edwd M trk drvr Jones Millar Cartage h
44 Brookmount rd HO 64186 ■ — Fredk H sis mgr Gordon Gordon
Ltd h 66 Madison av MI 4024 - — Robt shpr Eatons h 22 Orley av (E
Y) — Robt H h 57 Dixon av HO 8131 (act ser) Wellar Muriel E tchr
.Leslie ISt 'Schl r 880 Kingston rd GR 5733 — Norman barber 880
Kingston rd h same GR 5733 Wellard Arthur elk Westmount Cigar
Store r 171 Hope —John ('Westmount Cigar Store) h 171 Hope
Well'banks Lome r 46 Milverton blvd HA 4393 (act ser) — Wm track
man TTC r 41 Palmerston gdns Wellburn John McF cook Muirheads
Cafeterias h 15 Manor rd w HY 5361 Wellensky Harry h 149 Ontario
AD 9879 (active service) ♦ Weller, see also Waller WELLER A & CO
LIMITED, William Weller President, Robert Finlay .Secretary-
Treasurer, Ross J Weller Director, Planing Mills, Builders and
Contractors, 54 Tecumseth, Phone ADelaide 0422 (See card
Contractors— General) — Alht h E, 284 George RA 7892 (act ser) —
Aiibt pntr h 34 Condor av HA 5409 — Allbt W r 49 Rusholme rd LO
6706 (act service) — Alfred h .52B Ossington av (act ser) — Ann
nurse r 110 -Walmer rd KI 8535 — Annie B r 14 Millicent GE 8632 —
.Arthur r 395 Nairn av (Frbk) '(act ser) — Aubrey E agt Prudential
Ins h 558 Brock avenue LL 6530 —Audrey opr Dom Envelope r 880
Kingston road — 'Cecil J slsmn Cosgrave’s Dom Brewery ih 50
Davisville av HU 4019 — Chas J emp Mohawk Crosley Radio Co h
1222 Lansdowne av - — 'Charlotte (wid Aiibt) h 53 Devon rd —
'Clarence L (Weller Secretarial College) r 30 Roxborough e RA 6404
— Clarice trimmer Pro-phy-lac-tic Brush r 558 Brock av LL 6530 —
Claude lathe hand Hamilton Gear & Mach r 558 Brock av LL 6530 —
Balphlne R Mrs r 90 Dewhurst 'blvd HA 4395 — 'David S h 78 Gray
av '(Mt D) —Donna B J with Tor Hydro r 888 Broadview av —
Dorothy wtrs New London Tea Rooms h 69, 142 Wellesley — Elizth I
(wid Wm) h 128 (Galley av LA 3692 — Elizth L h 22 Madison av KI
1337 — Ella M r 303 Broadview av GL 1889 —Erie welder Trane Co r
124 Northland avenue (Mt D) JU 6183 — Ernest bldr h 286 Westlake
av (E Y) — Frances C (wid Robt W) h '2 Sprlnghurst ■avenue LA
4832 — Frances V r 2 .Sprlnghurst av LA 4832 — Frank trk drvr
Davis Garage h 221 .Torrens av (E Y) — Frank (G bond slsmn
Gouldlng Rose & 'Co h 32 The Oaks, n s Bain av GE 6406 —Fredk S
with Underwood-Elliott-Fisher h 112 Robert l(Mim) ph N T T54 —
iGeo emp Crown Cork & Seal r 237 OakPark av (E Y) —iGeo H 1 c
PO h 110 John (Wstn) — (Gerald P emp John Inglis r 326 Woburn
avenue iHU 0195 —Gertrude ® r 100 Gledhill av (E Y) GR 1706 —
(Gladys parceller Simpsons r 1222 Lansdowne av — 'Gordon W
millman Goodyear Tire r 2 Sprlnghurst av LA 4832 — H Maurice V .
(Milner, Ross & .Co) h 124, .2 Clarendon av MI 8106 — Harold tchr h
95 'Ronan .av — Harold R lather John Nelson .& Son h 195 Coleman
av (E Y) GR 5972 — Harry emp 'Crown Cork & Seal h 40 Torrens av
(E Y) — Harry S emp .Forestry Dept h 117 Lansdowne av LO 7568 —
Hedley S slsmn A D Gorrie ,& 'Co h 540 Kingston rd — Helen (wid
Ed) r 66 .Bowie av (Frbk) KE 6905 — Helen M elk Stedman Store r
186 Soudan avenue MO 6181 — Henry G receiver Eatons h 56
.Gowan av (East York) GL 3432 — Henry (S h '303 Broadview av IGL
1889 — Jas slsmn Eatons t 95 Ronan av — Jesse T p c .Stn 17 h 452
Delaware av LO 0152 — June M emp Bell Tel r 5 Strathcona av HA
3836 — Mary L drsmkr r 845 Bathurst ME 1927 — Minnie r 9 Hambly
av HO 1263 — Noreen stenog Almagamated Electric r 112 Robert
(Mim) ph N T 154 — Norman W .(.Simmons (& Weller) h 27
Westholme av LY 8306 — *P A Rose h 100 Gledhill av (E Y) GR 1706
— 'Pearl r 230 Chambers av (Sllv) — Percy chkr CPR Frt h 329
Woburn av HU 0195 — Percy P engraver Brigdens Ltd h 888
Broadview av .GE 58:26 — Regd H elk CGE h 39 Nickel av (Mt D) —
Robt r 584 Huron KI 7841 — (Robt A tire bldr Seilberling Tire h 49
Grenadier rd — 'Robt T elk Robertson Bros r 186 Soudan avenue MO
6181 — Robt W drftsmn Natl Cut Stone Ltd h 103 Hillside av (Mim)
ph N T 10.72J — Ross J dir A Weller & Co Ltd Ih 51 Wembley rd (Fst
H) MO 8285 — Secretarial College (Clarence .L Weller) 25 Bloor w KI
3171 — Thos constable Investigation Dept CNR h 122 Gowan av (E
Y) HA 3765 — Verona (wid Fred) h 97 Yorkville av MI 3755 — Violet
Mrs h 272 Dundas e RA 6945 — Vivian bindery wkr Nichols
Advertisers r 195 Coleman av (E Y) GR 5972 — Wm pntr and dec h
110 Yorkville KI 3397 — (Wm pres A Weller & Co Ltd h 231
Rusholme rd LO 1238 WEL WELLINGTON Weller Wm trk drvr h 530
Delaware av — IWm G lather h 551 St 'Clarens av ME 7084 ■ —
>Wm J carp h 230 Chambers av (Sllv) — iWm J pntr and contr
Nicholson Builders h 186 Soudan av MO 6181 — (Wm L h 213
Torrens av ,(E Y) (act ser) - — Wm L r 221 Torrens av (E Y) (act
service) Welles Florence Mrs emp Eatons r 109, 387 iSherbourne —
Francis emp John Inglis h 702 Brock av Wellesley Cleaners & Dyers
(John B Christian) 204 Wellesley RA 2233 — Cut Rate Meat Market
(Nathan Appleton) 203 Wellesley RA 3744 — Fish & Chips (James
Gillard) 236 Wellesley MI 0128 — tHerbt R calender man Goodyear
Tire h ;300 Nairn av (Erls) —Hospital, Marcel T Morgan
administrator, 13 Homewood pi RA 4111 — Hospital Nurses’
Residence, Elsie K Jones supt, 496 Sherbourne 'RA 8'6 12 and 176
Wellesley RA 4111 — Lunch (Nicholas Begoeff) 604 Yonge Ml 0674
— Private Apts 40 Wellesley KI 4889 — (School, Harvey K Maurer
prin, 46 St Albans KI 5990 — Shoe Repairer (Muggerdlck
Khashmanianj 2'0i5 Wellesley — Variety 'Shoppe (Phillip Shniffer)
staty 224 Wellesley MI 9657 Welleton Apts 509 Church Wellett Chas
lab h 149 Chisholm av (E Y) Wellheiser Edwd G slsmn B F Goodrich
Rubber h 40, 195 Wellesley Welling Ernest swtchmn TTC h 3281
Dundas west — Louise M examr Natl Cash Register r 464 Gladstone
av — Maysle r 3281 Dundas w Wellinger Gerald B pres and genl mgr
Wellinger & Dunn Leather Goods Ltd h 20 High Park gdns LO 8502
— 1& Dunn Leather Goods Ltd, Gerald B Wellinger pres and genl
mgr, John W Gibson vice-pres, Fredk W Dunn sectreas, 350 Sorauren
av LL 3691 Wellings Eleanor emp A E Long r 11 Seymour av —
'Frank sec-treas Wellings (Manufacturing 'Co Ltd h 59 Seymour av
GE 4322 — iGeo pres Wellings Manufacturing Co Ltd h 21 Devon rd
'GR 2267 —Howard F transfer elk Mont Trust h 412 Deloraine av
(Nth Y) — Mfg Co Ltd, Geo Wellings pres, Frank Wellings sec-treas,
mnfg jwlrs 67 Richmond e EL 8091 — (Walter dalrymn Rices Dairy h
11 Seymour avenue — .Walter A r 11 Seymour av Wellington Alfred
shpr W J Gage h 4 Austin avenue ' — Building Corp .Ltd, David
Garflnkel pres, Benj Garflnkel sec-treas, 107-8, 137-143 Wellington
w WA 2051 and 2205 —Cafe The (Geo Quan) rest 512 Queen w —
'Court Apts 5 High Park av JU 0841 — E Stanley (Pelham Nursery
Co) h 43 Heath w HY 32,38 — Ethel r 27 Pharmacy av (Scar)
WELLINGTON FIRE INSURANCE CO, Shaw & Begg Limited, Canadian
Managers, 14-24 Toronto, Phone ELgin 7211 i(See adv front cover)
— Florence M stenog Boad of Home Missions United Church r 9
Albany av LA 3532 — Fredk W genl mgr Stone & Wellington h 11
Edgewood cres MI 7126 — Glen hlpr Pease Heating r 16 Suffolk RA
6520 — Harold .S tool mkr CGE h 196 Lake Shore drive (New T) —
House, Harry W Baker supt, men’s hostel 21-25 Wellington e —
Howard R ins broker h 98 Ava rd (Cedarvale) MA 1903 —Jas S Insp
Bell Tel h 642 Merton HY 8630 — Leslie emp Can Wire .& Cable h 82
Lesmount av (E Y) — (Margt bookkeeping opr CGE r 118 Moore
avenue HY 5395 —Phoebe (wid John R) h 90 Binscarth rd RA 1761
— Simcoe Parking Stn cor Wellington w and Simcoe — Specialties Co
(F Bloomfield) mfrs agt 221, 64 Wellington w WA 6644 — 'Stanley
Rev h 51 Lake Shore dr (New T ph 576J) — Stanley C r 43 Heath w
HY 3238 (act service) — (Thos farmer r 642 Merton HY 8630 —
Victor S slsmn Natl Stationers h 11'8 Moore av HY 5395 — IW J r
115 Bedford rd RA 5260 — Wm B r 11 Edgewood cres MI 7126 (act
service) —
 WEL W ELLIS Wellis Nichols sht mtl wkr Roofers Supply r
246 Bathurst Wellman Alfred emp W D Beath & Son r 22 Mariposa
av (Rnny) JU 3483 — ©has R pntr h 222 Belgravia av (Frbk) LL
>3831 — 'Clarence M hatter Robert Crean r 54 Belhaven rd GR
>671)8 — IDavid h 222 Cedarvale av (E Y) — Edwin L adjuster Genl
Exchange Ins Corp r 536 Danforth av — (Emma opr Candn Tower Co
r 222 Cedarvale av (E Y) — Frank r 45 Noble ME 8917 — Geo emp
'CJGE r 36 Allenvale av /(Frbk) LO 4521 — Geo lab W D Beath &
ISon h 22 Mariposa avenue i(Rnny) JU 3483 — Harold r 15 Langford
av HA 6027 '(act service) - — Harold drvr Tor Peteriboro Transp h
424 Victoria Park av IHO 2578 — Isaac repairman TTC h 133
Oakcrest av GR 6891 — Margt dietitian S IS Kresge —(Minnie (>wid
Chas) h 36 Allendale av (Frbk) LO 4521 — Murray textile wkr
Marshall Ventilated Mattress h 34 Belhaven rd GR 6768 — Norma
pckr Robertson Bros r 54 Belhaven road GL 6708 — Saul (Economy
Hand Laundry) h 547 Clendenan av LY 3534 — Wilfred press room
MaoLean Pub r 21 Grandview av GE 3296 — Wm G elk PO h 117
Springdale blvd (East York) GL 3001 — Wm J h 21 Grandview av GE
3296 ♦Wells, see also Wills —Agnes (wid Albt) h 35 Garnock av GIE
3118 — Ailbt carp h 1100 Dundas w HE 0427 - — Albt hlpr OGE
Royce Av Wks r 18 Kersdale av (Silv) —Albt E carp h 7 Juniper av —
(Albt E lab li 182 Bellefair av HO 1960 — Albt J h 10.3A Garden av LL
7664 — Alfred W night watchman Dom Bank (King & Yonge) h 237
Craven rd —Alice M phy and surg 687 Lansdoiwne av r same LO
2875 — Alice M stenog Ernest P Rowe r 115 Lee av HO 5478 — Allan
interior dec Eatons r 251 St George • — Amy elk Eatons r 138
Balmoral av MI 3163 — Amy Mrs h 129 Linnsmore cres /(E Y) HA
88ol — Anne M stenog M Rawlinson Ltd r 315 High Park av JU 3991
— Annie nurse r 56 Prince Arthur av MI 7167 — Annie (wid Wm J) r
131 iSunnyside av LA 3747 —Apts 33 Wells — Archd R elect engnr
Ont Hydro h 557 Rosela/wn av MO 7087 — Arnold C slsmn Can
Packers h 20 Nelles avenue LY 3446 —Arthur mech h 269 Christie —
Arthur A social wkr Children’s Aid Society r 374 Sunnyside av LO
9090 — Arthur E Mrs h 802, 110 St Clair av w MO 7677 — Arthur F
pres Wells & Gray Ltd h 27 Birchview cres JU >8149 —Audrey
musician r 16 Lark HO 6802 - — Auto Body Co '(Mrs Kathleen M
Wells) (36-40 Dundas w WA 1745-6 ■ — Barbara sec Genl Hosp r 27
Blrchvierw crescent JU 8149 — Bert J lab Leaslde Municipal Offices h
118 Laird dr (Leas) —Bertha Mrs r 298 Durie LY 1997 -^Bertha M elk
Procter >& Gamble r 111 Boon av RE 5621 —Brock emp Loblaws r
196 Bedford Park avenue — IBruce G emp Dom Bridge r 266
Glenholme avenue l(Oak) LO 0054 —Carol C projectionist Uptown
Theatre h 220 Rusholme rd ME 4764 — Cecil h 75 Daisy av (Long B)
(act ser) — Cecil L slsmn Tor Carton res Port Credit — 'Chas drvr
Eatons h 54 Hazelwood av —(Chas horse trainer h 27 Hiltz av —Chas
wrehsemn Barber-Ellis r 366 King w • — iChas A phy 276
Runnymede rd h same LY 2291 — -Chas E (Wells Motor Sales) h 23
Kings Garden rd '(Kngswy Pk) JU 8233 —Chas P prin elk PO h 34
Boustead av LL 6000 — Chas V mldr CGE Royce Av Wks h 387
Symington av — Chas W genl freight agt Freight Traffic Dept CNR h
68 Pacific av JU 3183 — Clarence A h 513 Northcliffe blvd (Frbk) —
(Curtis welding equipment and supplies 370 Victoria EL 6802 h 82
Albertus av MA 1470 — (Dalton C (McLaughlin, Johnston, Moorhead
■& Macaulay) h 19 Eastbourne av HU 9904 — (David flremn iStn 10
r 42 Earl Grey rd HA 59418 Wells David M carp Gutta Percha h 1,
214 Gillard av — (Dawson emp Transportation Bldg h 47 Eastmount
av GE 4719 — (Dennis h 25 Sycamore pi GR 5320 '(act service) , —
Doris E insp Macdonald Mfg r 220 Rusholme rd — IDorothy sis elk
Woolworths r S75 Bathurst — Dorothy Mrs ediphone opr Pilot Ins r
99 Bertmount av HA 3949 — Dorothy L elk Eatons r 2, 336 Vaughan
road (Wych) KE 4067 — IG Miss elk h 61, 1638 Queen e — IG Arthur
reporter Tor Star >h 225, 5 dulMaurier blvd MO 1559 — E Roger phy
and surg 402, 86 Bloor w KI 4226 r >91 Howland av KI 7158 —
Edgar iron wkr John T Hepburn h US Howard Park av — Edwd r
279% George (act ser) — EdWd chef LaFayette Lunch h 268
Waverley rd GR 9611 — Edwd shpr W J Gage r 506 Lansdowne av
MiE i2'3-3S — Ed/wd F h '5, 311 Lonsdale rd (Fst H) HU 3397 —
Edwd H h 279% George — Edwd .0 emp John Inglis h 170 John • —
(Edwin H sec Candn Film Bd of Trade res Clarkson — Eileen chkr
Loblaws r 85 [Somerset av — (Eileen stenog Wearever Aluminum h
148 Galley av ME 6844 — Eileen E stenog Can Bread r 216C
Wychwood av (Wych) KE >9036 — Electric Co (Gordon ;H Wells)
1>5 Raymond avenue i(H Crest) LY 1421 — lEliza M h 315 High Park
,av JU 3891 — Elizth slsldy Eatons — Elizth (wid Henry) r 423
Kingswood rd GR >8267 — Elizth i (wid Wm W) h 723 Markham ME
7974 — Elizth (wid Wm) h 468 Prince Edward drive '(La M) —Elizth P
elk Mnfrs Life r 723 Markham ME 7974 — Ernest ohauf Tor Motor
Car h 54A Balsam av HO 6744 — Ernest >C off mgr Square D Co
(Canada) "Ltd h 57A Claxton blvd (Wych) KE 9726 —Esther r 5(7
Gloucester RA 4072 — Ethel Mrs r 103, 1554 Bathurst (Wych) LO
4030 — Ethel L emp Bell Tel r 7>S Eastwood rd GR 5484 — Ethel R
elk Kops Bros r 84 Castlefleld avenue — Evelyn R off asst The Synod
r 483 Gainsborough rd GR 6259 — F Hazel elk Imp Life r 2, 336
Vaughan road (Wych) KE 4067 — F & Son < (F James Bamford)
poultry dealer 83 'St Lawrence Market AD 5516 — Felix J caretkr
Rawlinson Pub Schl b 266 Glenholme av (Oak) LO 0054 —Felix K
comm artist r 266 Glenholme av (Oak) LO 0054 — Florence r 28
Dalton rd KI 6382 — Florence sec E P Rowe r 115 Lee av HO 5478
— Florence Mrs h 1 Sherwood av — Florence G cash Muirhead's
Cafeteria r 43 Glebemount av GR 6083 —Frank r 604 Concord av LL
2615 (act service) — Frank maoh John Inglis h 435 St Clarens
avenue — Frank shpr Dunlops h 39 Craven rd —Frank H auto serv
stn 570 Fleet w TR 0913 h 28 Marlow av (E Y) HA 9295 — Frank J
wrehse B A Oil h 157 Swanwick avenue —Frank K r 266 Glenholme
av (Oak) LO 0054 — Fred pntr and dec h 150 Morningside av (Swan)
JU 4978 — Fredk B lab East York Twp h 275 Monarch Pk av (E Y) —
Fredk B poultry dir h 467 Jones av HA 6916 — Fredk R jr poultry dir
r 467 Jones av HA 6916 — Gardien Mrs slsldy Eatons h 104, 701
Eglinton av w (Fst H) MO 7031 — Geo r 875 Bathurst LL 5948 (act
ser) — Geo prntr Globe & Mail h 188 Earlsdale 'av (Oak) — Geo A
bindery wkr Luckett Loose Leaf :r 119 Lindsay av — Geo A lab Small
Arms Ltd r 249 Bingham av HO 3079 —Geo F h 65 Uxbridge av (act
ser) — Geo F r 2, 336 Vaughan rd (Wych) KE 4067 (act ser) — Geo
W engnr Empire State Ice h 87 Tenth • i (New T ph 1395) —Geo W
mgr purch dept Massey-Harrls Co Ltd res Islington Zone 9-589 —
Gerald A emp Simpsons h 291 Kennedy av LY 1066 —Gerald F
sprayer Matthews Bros h 2035 Dundas w — Gideon W bldg insp New
Toronto Mun h 880 Lake Shore rd (New T) — Gilbert elk h 11, 592
Church —Gordon phy and surg 687 Lansdowne av h same LO 2875
— Gordon wldr h 148 Galley av ME 6844 — Gordon H (Wells Electric
Co) h 15 Raymond av (H Orest) LY 1421 — Gordon L opr Macdonald
Mfg r 220 Rusholme rd Wells Harper elk C N Exp h 173 Lee av HO
7024 — Harry r 279% George (act ser) —Harry lab r 450 Winona dr
(Frbk) — Harry B acct Associated Theatres h 28 Haslemere rd MO
1292 — Harry E h 27 Grandview av GE 2455 (act ser) • — Harry j
bkpr h 413 Salem av —Harry R lab h 450 Winona dr (Frbk) — Helen
C opr Candn Kodak ,r 678 Willard av (Rnny) — Helen E elk Crown
Life Ins h H, 406 Bloor e KI 9329 — Helen >K stenog Procter &
Gamble r 111 Boon av KE 5621 — Herbt C boring mill opr Hamilton
Gear & Mach h 678 Willard av (Rnny) — Herbt E baker Christie
Brown h 571 Coxwell av GR 8389 — Herman R drftsmn A B Ormsby
Co r 85 Somerset av LO 7782 — Hill Park w s Wells Hill av after 104A
• — Hope F elk Pub Lib t 2035 Dundas w —Ida stenog Presby Ch
office t 115 Lee av HO 5478 —Isaac B h 196 Bedford Pk av — Jas
chef r 15 Irwin av — Jas emp iCoca-Cola Co r 47 Eastmount rd GE
4719 — Jas slsmn Simpsons h 228 Woodbine av GR 6971 — das A
bus drvr TTC res Lansing — Jas F h 25 Strathallan blvd HU 7352 —
Jas T janitor John Inglis h 15 Emerson avenue — Jean E elk
Goodyear' Tire r 880 Lake ■Shore rd (New T) — Jennie (wid Frank)
ih 74 Malvern av HO 1770 —Jennie E (wid J N) h >501 Brunswick av
MI 1057 — Jessie E head wtrs Badminton & Racquet Club r 90
Salem av — John h 44 Alberta av LO 4154 (act ser) — John r 279%
George (act ser) — John capt Fire Stn 19 h 66 St Clarens av LL 3249
- — John pckr Alum Co of Can h 259 Windermere av (Swan) JU 3260
— John with Underwood Elliott Fisher h 20 Prater av (E Y) —John A
lab Gair Co r 1, 74 Hubbard blvd GR 8437 — John A shoe repr 120
Boon av h same — John C trie drvr John Holland r 28 Hiltz avenue —
John E dec Eatons h 374 Sunnyside av LO 9090 - — John E trainmn
CPR h 483 Gainsborough rd GR 6259 — John F milk slsmn Bordens r
43 Glebemount av GR 6083 — John G emp T Kirkpatrick Fruits h 30
Bramley gr (Frbk) — John H h 17 Harriett (act ser) ■ — John H
leather wkr Edwards Leather Goods h 22 Bursting av (Oak) — John J
opr McCoH-Frontenac r 575 Church —John M rigger Goodyear Tire h
178- Prescott av JU 8529 — John R boat bldr Geo Aykroyd h 115 Lee
av HO 5478 — John R shpr Builders Flooring & Millwork r 66 St
Clarens av LL 3249 — Jos trk drvr Gas Co h 249 Bingham av HO
3079 — Jos E dividend dept B A Oil h 501 Brunswick av MI 1057 —
Jos G mech engnr CGE h 41 Exeter — Jos S mech B A Oil h 423
Kingswood rd GR 8267 — June sec Mother Parker’s Tea r 315 High
Park av JU 3891 — Kenneth mgr of 'accessories Genl Theatre Supply
r 2 Kimberley GR 7289 — Kenneth F veterinary insp Dept of Agric
(Dom) Health of Animals Br r 75 Rosemount av (Wstn) — L buffer
Pro-phy-lac-tic Brush r 173 Lee av — L Mrs cook t 2, 2 Bartlett av KE
8942 — L E & Co (Leland E Wells) children’s wear (whol) 20-21, 77
York EL 2721 — Lambert emp Candn Acme Screw & Gear h 1279
Dufferin — Lawrence F r s s Humbervlew cres (Wstn ph 1108) (act
ser) - — Leigh h 469 Concord av ME 8097 —Leland E (L E Wells &
Co) h 51 Winthorpe rd HO 5750 — Leonard with Tor Hydro h 33
Glenmanor dr HO 3181 — Leslie app Monarch Belting Co r 865
Manning av — Lillian (wid Chas) h 2, 336 Vaughan rd (Wych) KE
4067 — Lilyan M stenog Royal Bank (Tor Br) r 173 Kingswood rd HO
3856 — Loftus E (Mineral Fume Baths) h 70 Bloor e KI 9502 — Lyle
C serv slsmn Beattie Cadillac Chev Olds h 564 Victoria Pk av GR
0944 — Madeline S stenog Employers’ Liability r 34 Roxborough w —
Margt Mrs emp Candn Acme Screw & Gear h 29 Day av KE 6181 —
Margt ,(wid Percy Geo) r 23 Queen Victoria av — Marion pckr
Macdonald Mfg r 220 Rusholme rd — Marlon A stenog Tor Genl Hosp
h H, 406 Bloor e KI 9329 — Marjorie prsr Eatons r 46 O’Leary av
(Oak) Wells Marjorie E tetor East York ’Coll Inst h 406 Bloor e KI
9329 — Mary bkfldr Eatons r 47 Eastmount av GE 4719 —Mary off
elk Eatons r 687 Lansdowne av —Mary B (wid Wm C) h 43
Glebemount av GR 6083 — Mary L stenog Northern Electric r 111
Boon av KE 5621 — Maud Mrs h 155% Church — Merva bkpr r 18
Madison av KI 1366 — Miohl chef CPR h 89 Jones av HA 1819 —
Minnie (wid Harry) h 45 Halford av (H Crest) JU 6080 — Mona h 131
Sunnyside av LA 3747 —Motor Sales (C E Wells) auto dlrs 42-44
Dundas w WA 1745-6 — Muriel G sec h 103, 1554 Bathurst (Wych)
LO 4030 — Nellie (wid Frank) h s s Humbervlew cres (Wstn ph
1108) —Nellie L r 534 Dufferin LO 1384 — Norma emp CGE r 220
Rusholme rd ME 4764 — Norman E elk CGE r 315 High Park av JU
3891 — Norman L clients’ man Draper Dobie res Oakville — iNorman
P gents furngs 131A Roncesvalles av LA 7790 h 131 same LA 0476
— Pearson J h 24 Bowie av (Frbk) —Percy comp Southam Press h 24
Fatrford avenue — Percy C lab Lever Bros h 21 Boston av — Perrin F
r 2, 336 Vaughan rd (Wych) KE 4067 (act ser) — Ralph H bus drvr
Gray Coach Lines h 144 Arundel av GL 3422 — Riohd L Iron wkr
Dom Bridge h 85 Somerset av LO 7782 — Robt h 40 Empress cres
LA 4022 — Robt drvr Simpsons r 279% George — Robt B supt Vail’s
Systems Ltd x 109, 387 Sherbourne — Robt C prsmn Can
Lithographing Co h S Crystal cres (Long B) —Robt R opr TTC h 2
Kimberley GR 7289 —Robt W emp Dept Natl Revenue h 90 Evans av
LY 2475 — Roland millwright Tor Carpet Mfg h 22 Humbert LL 0480
— Roland J supt Vail’s Laundry ih 109, 387 Sherbourne RA 8510 —
Ronald J caretaker’s hlpr Rawlinson Pub Schl r 266 Glenholme av
(Oak) LO 0054 — Rose emp sewing dept Genl Hosp r 31 McGill EL
5783 —Russell r 37 Gould AD 4558 (act ser) . — Russell S elk Bank
of Tor (Main Br) h 200B Westminster av LL 7987 — Ruth forelady
Northern Elect r 111 Boon av KE 5621 — Sami (Pickford Trading Co)
h E4, 9-19 Gorevale av AD 3815 • — Sami cigars and tob 326%
Queen w AD 4560 h E4, 19 Gorevale av AD 3815 —Sami mech Roxy
Novelty Co h 742 Euclid av KE 7124 —Sami I projectionist Shea’s h
198 Rusholme rd LO 6820 — Sarah Mrs r 212 Emerson av LA 0537
— Sarah M r 29 Wrenson rd GR 3754 — Stanley W elk Bank of Com
(Hd Off) h 45, 4 Kingston rd — Stephen bollerman Gas Co h 314
Monarch Pk av (E Y) — Stephen trk drv,r Robinson Clay Products h
17 Hastings av GE 2861 — Stuart J'acctg elk Genl Steel Wares h 183
Fairlawn av MA 2510 • — Sydney mus CBS h 18 Gormley av MO
1503 - — Thos B h 216C Wychwood av (Wych) KE 9036 —Thos G
telegrapher C P Tel h 143 Hillside av (Mim) — T’a os J elk Carload
Groceteria r 571 Coxwell av GR 8389 — Tyrer prsmn Casewin Co h
65 Eversfleld rd (Frbk) — Ula G elk Dist Acct CPR r 291 Kennedy av
LY 1066 —IV May V acct Miller iCoal r 216 Wychwood av (Wych) KE
9036 — Vena M armature winder Allanson Armature r 178 Prescott
av JU 8529 — W pres St Clair Cricket Club r 63 St Clair av w — W D
tch’r Swansea Pub Schl res Islington — W W Ltd Wm W Wells pres
and mgr Wm W Wells jr sec-treas platers and platers supplies 370
Victoria EL 6802 —Walter L ctr Wm H Leishman Co h 78 Eastwood rd
GR 5484 —Walter T sec Jones & Proctor Bros Ltd res Newtonbrook
—Walter W barber 3267 Dundas w h same JU 8585 —Waiter W carp
h 111 Boon .av KE 5621 — Wilbert transferer h SO Thirty-jNint'il
(Long B) — Wm h 534 Dufferin LO 1384 — Wm asst caretkr
Rawlinson Pub Schl r 266 Glenholme av (Oak) LO 9954 — Wm elk h
199 Chambers av (Silv) — iWm watchmn Dept of Wks h 119 Lindsay
av ME 7606 — Wm w'atchmn Stewart Hartshorn h 12S River — Wm
A supt Tor Carton h 5 Bushell av HA 7117 — Wm F prsmn Tor Carton
r 5 Bushell av HA 7117 1584—
 Wells Wm G janitor Candn Legion h 63 Barker av ( E Y) OR
9652 — Wm H carp TTC h 58 Lanark av (Frbk) — Wm J elk Dom
Bank (City Hall) fa 503 Runnymede rd — Wm J slsmn Dom Bridge r
266 Glenholme av (Oak) LO 0054 — Wm M h 8, 1155 St Clair av w
(act ser) — Wm T coal passer Tor Terminals h 1 Westwood av (E Y)
— Wm T elect CGE Royce Av Wks !i 18 Kersdale rd (Silv) — Wm W
pres and mgr W W Wells Ltd fa 6S Alexandra falvd HU 2984 — Wm
W jr sec-treas W W Wells Ltd h 16 Lark HO 6802 — & Gray Ltd
Arthur F Wells pres Geo W Lunney vice-pres Mary C Ellis sec engnrs,
genl contrs '627, 17 Queen e AD 0513 Wellsbury Fred servlcemn
Eatons r 13% Jillson av (Rnny) — Geo fa 13% Jillson av (Rnny) (act
ser) Wellstood Edwin H elk Mrs 'Gertrude Wellstood h 1640 Dufferin
LO 3090 —Gertrude (wid Edwin) gro 123 Barton av fa same ME
5335 — Leonard S bkpr Cities Service Oil h 60 McRae dr (Leas) HY
0232 Wellswood Apartments 94 Homewood av Wellt’s Fine Furs
(Norman Wolfish) 1323 St Clair av w LO 3203 Wellts Peter
delicatessen 350 College fa same KI 3376 Wellwood Allan dairymn fa
cor Brooke av and Bathurst (Nth Y) —Fletcher W uphol P S Taylor
Furn fa 121 Evelyn cres LY 6304 — Frank E engnr Dept of Bldgs fa
240 Deloraine av HU 0439 — Godfrey tlr fa 255 Van Horne — Hilliard
G insp Service Station Equip r 123 Alton av —Howard prntr
Recording & Statistical Corp Ltd fa 403 Gerrard e — I Lorena tohr
Vaughan Rd Coll Inst r 1 Pinewood av —Irene (wid Arthur) fa 215
Pacific av JU 4082 — Jas R bldr fa 26 Bermuda av (Kngswy Pk) JU
5420 —Jane (wid Wm) h 1 Pinewood av LA 0086 — Jennie (wid
Arthur) fa 306 Lauder av (Oak) KE 4836 — Kenneth V emp 'Genl
Motors Acceptance Corp r 64 Northcote av LA 9079 — Lewis A G fa
489 St Germain av (Nth Y) MA 4885 — Lilv (wid Walter) fa 64
Northcote av LA 9079 — MacDonald sis elk Eatons h 454 Deloraine
av (Nth Y) HY 4041 — Mildred 0 off elk Eatons r 215 Pacific av JU
4082 — 'Sarah (wid John) fa 32 Mercer Wellworth’s Dry Goods (Louis
Kramer) 391 Roncesvalles av LL 0426 Welsby Norman fa 25 Bishop
(act ser) Welsford Audrey M wrapping mach opr Neilsons r 2261
Dundas w — Clara B Mrs gro and staty 144-146 Christie fa same ME
0391 — Edna V parceller Simpsons r 98 Galt av — Eleanor (wid
Gerald C) h 368 Briar Hill av HY 9121 — .Gertrude M sis elk
Woolwortfas r 2261 Dundas w — Gordon J emp Acme Paper Box r
98 Galt avenue — John R lab Bd of Educ fa 98 Galt av —Matthew
dec fa 9 Collahie LO 2060 —Ray E r 2261 Dundas w (act ser) - —
Sami h 2261 Dundas w — Sami p c Stn 7 fa 463 Runnymede rd LY
2346 — Thelma enameller Lackie Mfg r 98 Galt avenue ♦Welsh, see
also Walsh and Welch — A emp MuiTfaead Forwarding ir 53
Fernwood Pk av — Adele A asst bkpr Woolworths r 1, 287 Ossington
av LO 7485 — Albt C elk PO r 86 Douglas av — Albt E elev opr Tor
Type Fndry h 89 Victoria Pk av (Scar) HO 3502 — Andrew foremn
prsr Eatons fa 34 Atlas av (Oak) ME 3442 — Angus J carp fa 49
Callendar — Anne sec Arthur S Leitofa Co r 34, 394 Dovercourt rd LO
2290 — Arthur J prsmn T J Smith Litho r 9 Baden LL 5864 — B
Clifford vice-pres Welsh Lumber Co Ltd fa 58 Beaufort ,rd GR 0807
— Bartley lab Steel Co of Can r 2372 St Clair av w —Basil M acct fa
541 Dovercourt rd LO 9535 — Bernard opr Small Elect Motors r 248
Seaton RA 6268 — Bertha E r 541 Dovercourt rd LO 9535 — Betty M
stenog Simpsons ir 24 Whitmore av (Fst H) HU 2338 —Beverly t 787
Markham LA 8649 (act service) — Carrie M (wid Wm F) r 16
Kingscourt dr (Kngswy Pk) JU 5038 —Catherine (wid Jas) h 348
Pacific av JU 2159 — Chas vardmn Milnes Coal h 248 Seaton RA
6268 — Cfaas J .auto dir h 261 Highfleld rd — Chas J elk PO fa 86
Douglas av • — .Delbert shpr Coca-Cola fa 12 Tiverton av Welsh
Donald dispenser McMillans Pharmacy h 2, 1190 Avenue rd n MA
4807 — Donald W aircraftsman Natl Steel Car fa 29, 81-83 Isabella
KI 7565 — Dorothy M stenog Can Life r 70 Harper av HY 4302 —
Douglas W slsmn John L Welsh fa 49 Willow av GR 3988 —Earl R
drvr West End Fuels fa 130 Dovercourt rd — Edwd emp Lome’s
Lunch fa 690 Markham ME 6262 — Edwd T window clnr Tor Window
Clng h 33 Edith dr MO 6716 — Elizth (wid Peter) h 1, 287 Ossington
av LO 7485 — Ellen (wid Jdhn) fasekpr r 640 Oriole Parkway MO
2612 — Ethel (wid Harry W) fa 580 Clinton KE 3295 — F Leilla fa 10
Prust av HA 8649 — Furnace & Blower Co (Louis Starkman) heating,
insulating and repra 639 College KE 4982 — G ,S Miss bkpr Presby
Ch in Can r 20 Chicora av MI 5632 — Geo F window clnr Tor Window
Clng r 303. 1539 Bathurst (Wych) KE 6876 — Geo W mech h 41
Brookfield —Gerald E h 5, 2393 Queen e GR 9345 (act 6er) ■ —
Gladys hlpr Stand Platers r 15 Reed — Gordon drftsmn John Inglis r
S3 Moberley av GR 2987 —Guy W pumpman B A Oil h 178 McRae dr
(Leas) HY 8458 —Harriet M (wid Israel) fa 3 Millbrook cres HA 4235
— Harry B milk tester Dept of Agric (Ont) fa 30 Chilton rrd (E Y) GL
2804 — IHarry C slsmn Eatons ih 83 Moberley av GR 2987 — Harry
L tchr U of 'T r 3 Millbrook cres HA 4235 —Helen r 348 Pacific av JU
2159 — Herbt L slsmn Henry K Wampole Co fa 70 Harper av HY
4302 — Horace caretkr Heathvale Apts fa 1, 254-6 Heath w (Wych)
— Howard W tefar Rosedale Pub Schl h 125 Manor rd e HY 8826 — I
Mrs h 20 Chicora av MI 5632 — Ida r 940 Queen e GL 6392 — Irene
A elk Macmillan Co r 75 Lawton blvd HY 2646 — J Bertram dir Welsh
Lumber Co Ltd fa 291 Strathmore blvd HA 2203 — J M Ivan pres and
mgr Welsh Lumber Co Ltd fa 26 Edgewood av HO 1853 - — Jas H
div sis mgr Electrolux (Can) Ltd fa 24 Whitmore av (Fst H) HU 2338
—Jean r 96 Gledhill av (E Y) HO 5701 — Jean stkpr Robert Crean ,r
690 Markham —Jessie B fa 267 Runnymede rd LY 1493 —Joan r 145
Bedford -rd KI 1368 — John r 315 Indian rd KE 5814 (act ser) —
John drvr Tor Peterboro Transp r 24 Saulter — John office boy Life
Underwriters Assn r 6 Redhill av (Frbk) LA 6624 — John A pntr and
dec fa 6 Redhill av (Frbk) LA 6624 — John D bus mgr Electrical
Digest B L Smith Pub Co h 53 Fernwood Pk av HO 8765 — John D
pekr Gordon, Mackay & Co fa 44 Arlington av LA 8060 —John J fa 18
Manor rd e HY 1393 — John L gro 694 Mt Pleasant rd h same HY
8081 — John M shpr Jos Simpson Sons Ltd fa 203, 125 Kenilworth
av HO 4582 — John R grader Swift Candn fa 108, 1539 Bathurst
(Wych) — John w br mgr Welsh Lumber Co Ltd h 79 Cairns av GR
5887 — John W ftr CNR fa 145 Grange av EL 9775 — Jos Mrs r 35
Northcote av KE 6871 — Kathleen nurse r 348 Pacific av JU 2159 —
Lorraine M nurse Tor Genl Hosp fa 29, 81-83 Isabella KI 7565 —
Lumber Co Ltd J M Ivan Welsh pres and mgr, B Clifford Welsh vice-
pres, Wm F Welsh sec-treas, 2219 Yonge MO 4311 and 117 Merton
HU 2122 — Margt L r 267 Runnymede rd LY 1493 — Margt elk r 24
Whitmore av (Fst H) HU 2338 — Marguerite elk Dept of Agric (Ont) r
86 Douglas av — Marjorie sis elk Eatons r 3, 145 Danforth avenue —
Mary r 99 Miller av — Mary A (wid Archd) fa 34, 394 Dovercourt rd
LO 2290 —Maurice elk Liquor Control Store No 8 h 56 Glenholme av
LL 9869 — Michl photo r 59-61 Carlton EL 2826 — Morris emp
Candn Aircraft fa 1016 Bathurst - — Noble J mgr Agnew Surpass
Shoe Stores Ltd (2512 Yonge) r 18 Manor rd e HY 1393 — Nora prac
nurse r 56 Glenholme av LL 9869 — Norman A ins agt 2nd fir, 13-15
Wellington e WA 7601 fa 6, 304 The Kingsway (Swan) LY 0662 —
Olive R nurse r 39 Robina av (Oak) LO 8530 — Orvel Ih 874
Davenport rd (act ser) — Patk fa 861% Dundas e Welsh Peter lab
Barrymore Cloth h 318 Chisholm .av (E Y) — Raymond drvr
Simpsons r 248 Seaton RA 6268 — Regd C insp Candn Natl Carbon
fa 119 Park av (Nth Y) — Riohd W r 56 Gle»holme av LL 9869 • —
Ric'hd W slsmn Trelco Ltd h 394% Spadina rd HU 4791 — Robt b
tefar 2636 Yonge MO 5777 fa 96 Gledhill av (E Y) HO 5701 —Robt
emp John Inglis r 8 Rossmore rd LA 3705 — Robt B dec 496
Silverthorn av (Silv) fa same — (Robt E h 32 Oranbrooke av HU 5965
(act service) — Robt P trk drvr r 264 Sackville AD 9781 — IRofat T
route slsmn Caulfield’s Dairy fa 836 Woodbine av — Ronald
assembler Massey-Barris fa 2540 .St Clair .av w (Rnny) — Royal S
tchr Central High Schl of Com fa 16 Kingscourt dr (Kngswy Pk) JU
5038 —Ruth ir 34, 394 Dovercourt rd LO 2290 — Rutherford janitor
fa 1, 745 Bloor w LO 4766 — Vera A cllt Candn Telephones &
Supplies h 10 Prust .av HA 8649 —Verna F bkpr Wm R Perrin Ltd r 3
Millbrook ores HA 4235 —Victor C winder Small Elect Motors r 248
Seaton RA 6268 — W Keith surg 903-906, 170 St George RA 2189 fa
453 Lytton blvd (Nth Y) HY 2583 — Wesley prsmn Candn Gravure —
Wilfred maefa CNR r 145 Grange av EL 9775 — Wilfred wdwkr
McFarlane Gendron Mfg r 63 Sumach — Wm fa 421 Winona dr
(Frbk) (act ser) — Wm btohr Swifts h 105% Bernice ores (La M) - —
Wm A slsmn Silverwoods fa 41 Rossmore Td KE 1687 - — Wm F sec-
treas Welsh Lumber Go Ltd fa 18 Nursewood rd HO 5137 — Wm H r
101 Kendal av MI 2687 — Wm T fa 264 Sackville AD 9781 Welsman
Arthur S watchmkr John H Klein & Co h 2 Rose av MI 8316 —
Dorothy C stenog F G Hearne & Son r 486 Victoria Pk av HO 5826 —
Frank S tchr Tor Conserv of Music fa 19 Glen Grove av e HU 8754 —
Gilbert candy mkr Planter Nut r 1134 Ossington av LL 5580 • —
Helen F r 19 Glen Grove av e HU 8754 - — Jas janitor Kingston Rd
United Church fa 486 Victoria Park av HO 5826 —John S h 207
Riverside dr (Swan) JU 8291 — May elk Star r 486 Victoria Park av
HO 5826 — IPhilip T slsmn W J Bell Paper fa 72 St Leonards cres ;
(Nth Y) HU 3562 — Wm r 2 Rose av MI 8316 — Wm N ins agt h 183
Lake 'Shore Td i(H Bay) Welstead Chas h 107 Roehampton av MO
4194 — Georgiana A tchr Pauline Av Schl r 107 Roehampton av MO
4194 — Grace L tchr Park Schl r 107 Roehampton av MO 4194
Welter Milford G lab foremn Carter Halls h 72 Herbert av — Norma r
72 Herbert av — Stanley r 631 Richmond .av EL 0754 Wellman
Janette sis elk Eatons r 357 Markham MI 1474 —Jos falpr Tor Dyeing
& Finishing Wks r 268 Sherbourne KI 6367 — Louis fa 357 Markham
MI 1474 • — Morris blocker Stand Hat r 357 Markham MI 1474 —
Rose r 357 Markham MI 1474 Welton Cfaas M window drsr fa 41
Warren cres (H Crest) JU 6989 —Geo M fa 76 Laws LY 8946 —Harry
N purch .agt Christie St Hosp fa 143 Woodycrest iav (E Y) GE 6398
— Helen G sis elk Simpsons r 143 Woodycrest av (E Y) GE 6398 —
Iris C slsldy Eatons r 143 Woodycrest av (E Y) GE 6398 — Wm trk
drvr r 77 Chestnut EL 0971 Weltsman Joe emp A Caplan fa 74
Palmerston av ♦Weltz, see also Waltz — Ellen (wid Christian) fa 252
Brunswick av KI 7412 — Walter C elk Burroughs Adding Machine ir
252 Brunswick av KI 7412 Welusz Stanley emp CGE r 34 Grace
Welwood Opal ldgrkpr Eatons r 157 Glenfaolme av (Oak) — Thos R
phy and surg 2016 Davenport rd fa same JU 5439 Welyfaach Sophie
stemmer Royal Candn Tobacco r 10 Morrison Wembley Apts 338-340
Spadina rd —Hat Shoppe The (Mrs Janet Melville) millinery 1368
Queen w LO 2629 — Investments Ltd Wilfred J MoNab pres A J
McNab sec 407, 414 Bay WA 9423 Wembly Neckwear Co .(Mrs E
Hollis and Arnold Freeman) 56% Adelaide e WA 4032 Wemp Bet ,S
city editor Telegram h 303 Lytton blvd HU 6814 — Louisa (wid
Fredk) r 77 Homewood av MI 1034 Wemsley Ada r 20 Gerrard e EL
1907 WEN WENHAM Wemyss Angus br mgr Stedman Stores r 534
Millwood Td — Ansley G firemn Western Hosp fa 881 Queen w —
Duncan dec Eatons fa 39 Elgin av KI 5991 — Geo stkpr Simpsons ;r
21 Conway av (Oak) LO 6837 —Jas fa 262 Manning .av - — Jas asst
mgr Cameron Leather Co fa 37 Victoria blvd (Mt D) JU 3279 - — Jas
E tlr Eatons fa 21 Conway av (Oak) LO 6837 — Wm J fa 131 Hanson
Wendal John D r 31 Osborne av HO 2630 Wendel Wilhelm btefar
Can Packers fa 28, 140 Wellesley Wendell Arthur W uphol Linsmore
Upholstering r 1274 Danforth av GL 1718 Wendfaolt Mae sis elk
Eatons fa 2, 11 Kingswood rd — Winifred (Wendy’s Goodie Shop) r
2, 11 Kings wood rd Wendland Kenneth W acct Candn Chew Gum fa
6 Lewes cres (Nth Y) MO 4866 Wendling Emile opr on gas line
Moffats r 17 Victor (Wstn) Wendorf Herman carp fa 1310 Lansdowne
av LA 7908 • — Jack knitter Weldrest Hosiery r 52 Cloverdale rd —
Olaf S (Canadian Art Shop) r 1310 Lansdowne iav LA 7908 — Walter
barber fa 1S3 Carlton RA 8422 Wendover Grace opr Candn Kodak r 6
Cuthbert cres HU 9007 — Leona opr Candn Kodak r 6 Cuthbert cres
HU 9007 —Moses R 1 c PO fa 241 Browning av (E Y) - — Wm
watchmn Accurate Distributing r 26A Gloucester Wendt Paul R sis
rep Jessop Steel Co fa 201, 394 Avenue rd KI 5625 Wendy’s Goodie
.Shop (Mrs Edith Belward and Winifred Wendholt) bakers 2455
Queen e GR 8583 Wener Abraham r 198 Augusta av —Abraham fa
410 Euclid av MI 3686 — Chas (C & W Hosiery Shoppes) and (Town
Topics Frocks) fa 17A Cecil WA 6552 — Isaac meat insp h 48 Grange
av WA 2018 — Israel opr Conti Pants r 48 Grange av WA 2019 —
Morris bkr fa 5 Grange av AD 1678 — Ruth r 48 Grange av WA 2019
Wengel Mary battery tester r 125 Pearson Wengell Dave mlnry
designer r 66 Beatrice ME 1204 Wenger Emile (Emile Wenger
Wrought Iron Works) fa 307 Keewatin av MO 4652 — Emile Wrought
Iron Works (Emile Wenger (rear) 718 Ossington av LO 8662 —Ethel
B r 113 Old Orchard rd HU 3694 — Frank W drftsmn Dept of
Highways fa 223 Glendonwynne rd LY 8556 — Henry F emp
DeHavilland Aircraft r 307 Keewatin av MO 4652 —John A dist engnr
Candn Westingfaouse Co Ltd fa 140 Evelyn av LY 3814 — John P r
140 Evelyn .av LY 3814 —Kathleen sec Farquhar J MacRae r 140
Evelyn av LY 3S14 — Larry (Colonial Jewellery Co) fa 23, 1652
Bathurst (Cedarvale) HU 2710 —Louis sec fad pianos 823 College ME
4922 h 1, 40 Cecil RA 8888 — Roy M garage supt Can Life fa 24
Sunnybrae cres (Mt D) JU 4325 —Sarah r 1, 40 Cecil RA 8888 —
Walter lab Public Cold Storage & Warehouse fa 96 Bellwoods av
Wenglarski Frank mldr Tor Hardware fa 32 Manning av Wengle
Abraham (Bond Hat Mfg Co) fa 326 Roxton rd LL 6338 —Morris (La
Plaza Sweets) fa 3, 105% Broadview av — Pfayliss hlpr 303 Chemical
r 49 Foxley LA 9026 — Rose fa 647 Crawford Wenglewicz John
(Cole’s Grocery) fa 37 Turnberry av LY 9677 —John emp E Pullan Ltd
h 99 Markham WA 9541 —Victor trk hlpr E Pullan Ltd r 99 MaTkham
WA 9541 Wenglinsky Emanuel tlr Durable Tailors fa 385 Manning av
MI 1239 — Issie fnshr Hudson Cloak r 277 Major —Rebecca emp
Hudson Cloak Co r 385 Manning av MI 1239 —Thelma stenog Visco
Petroleum Co r 385 Manning av MI 1239 Wenglovioh Michl fa 679
Richmond w Wenglwlch Patricia P emp Royal York Hotel r 14 Widmer
Wengryn Hrynko lab fa 476 Richmond w —Nettie opr Peerless Shirts
r 476 Richmond w Wenham Abe h 246 Westmount av (Oak) KE 5378
— Emma scrubber Roy.al York Hotel res Newtonbrook Alphabetical,
White Page 1585
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