Geographical Location

The Want Waigal district is located in the southern part of Nuristan province, approximately 90 to 100
kilometers from the provincial capital. One of the villages in this district is Arnas, which is situated in a
mountainous and rocky area with a unique geographical position. The micro-hydropower project site for
the Arnas village is located 25 kilometers from the district center. Due to the lack of access to the national
electricity grid, most residents in this area rely on solar power systems.

This region is located at a geographical latitude of 38.8891° N and longitude of 67.5598° E, with an
elevation of approximately 1418.23 meters above sea level. The mountainous geographical features of
the area provide the potential to utilize water resources for hydropower generation. The goal of this
project is to make optimal use of local water resources for producing clean and sustainable energy,
improving the energy situation in the village, and reducing reliance on non-renewable energy sources such
as solar power.

Project Overview
The design project for the small hydropower plant in Arnas village, with a capacity to generate
600 kW of electricity, is aimed at providing sustainable and renewable energy to the village and
surrounding areas. The plant utilizes vertical Kaplan turbines to harness the flow of water and is
connected to the local electricity grid.
The technical features of the project include a 600 kW vertical Kaplan turbine, a three-phase
generator with a voltage of 400 volts, and a 630 kVA transformer for voltage conversion.
Additionally, the electrical wiring system of the power plant building includes the installation
and distribution of electricity to power various plant equipment. This system includes
distribution panels, switches, outlets, and protective systems to ensure electrical safety during
plant operations. All electrical systems will be designed and installed in accordance with
international standards to guarantee the effective and safe operation of the power plant's
electrical infrastructure.

Scope of Work
The lighting system for the interior spaces of the power plant building is designed to meet the
lighting requirements for various functions, with high reliability and minimal energy consumption.
The main objective of this system is to provide efficient and cost-effective lighting that not only
meets the operational needs of the power plant but also ensures optimized and sustainable
electricity usage in compliance with energy standards.
This project will address the technical specifications of the equipment, fundamental design criteria,
testing protocols, inspection methods, and oversight procedures for both the design and
implementation phases. Additionally, it will include technical and installation guidelines for the
setup of the lighting system.
To effectively utilize lighting resources and optimize electricity consumption, the requirements
and recommendations related to the lighting system equipment, as well as the methods for their
design and installation in accordance with national and international standards, will be presented
in detail.
The technical and execution specifications provided in this section will apply to the entire lighting
system, the electrical power supply system, and the electrical and mechanical protection systems
in the interior spaces of the power plant and its associated buildings. All designs and installations
will comply with valid regulations and guidelines to ensure safety, efficiency, and the
sustainability of the lighting system.

Lighting Design Standards for Powerhouse

For the lighting system design in power plant buildings, adhering to both international and local
standards is essential. In this regard, standards such as IEC 60598, which outlines the features
and conditions for lighting system design, have been utilized. This standard ensures safety and
optimal performance of lighting systems in industrial environments, particularly in power plant
conditions.
Additionally, ISO 8995-1 for indoor workplace lighting provides detailed criteria for determining
appropriate lighting levels in workspaces. Based on the type of activities in the power plant, this
standard helps determine the appropriate lighting levels for different sections of the building,
such as control rooms, corridors, and public spaces.

• IEC 60598 – International Standard for Luminaires and Lighting Systems.

• ISO 8995-1 – Lighting of Indoor Workplaces.
• CIE 117 – International Standard for Lighting in Industrial Environments.
• ANSI/IES RP-7 – Lighting Design for Industrial Environments.
• BS 5266 – British Standard for Emergency Lighting Systems.
• NFPA 70 – National Electrical Code (USA).
• CIBSE LG6 – Lighting Guide for Workplaces.
• EN 12464-1 – Lighting of Indoor Workplaces.
Evaluation of Space for Lighting System Design
Comfort, safety, health and occupational hygiene, and economic efficiency in terms of
implementation costs and energy consumption are among the most important aspects that should
be considered in all stages of the design, implementation, and operation of lighting systems. The
fundamental criteria for assessing the lighting needs of a space must also be considered by the
designer at the early stages of designing interior lighting systems for buildings and complexes.
• In the following section, points that lighting system designers should generally consider
during initial environmental evaluations are presented. These points form an essential part
of the lighting calculation report and must be provided when designs are reviewed by the
relevant authority.
• Identifying the lighting intensity requirements in various parts of the complex, recognizing
minimum and appropriate values while considering the space’s usage, is the most crucial
step in evaluating the lighting needs of a space. The type of usage and the operational
schedule for the lighting, the minimum necessary lighting intensity for the space, and the
technical specifications of the emergency power supply system must be determined. The
required lighting intensity can be extracted from tables that specify the necessary lighting
levels based on usage and the precision needed in the space.
• The biological effects of using different lamps, considering the frequency spectrum of the
light in various types of lamps and based on the space’s function and the time of day when
personnel are exposed to lamp light, should be examined.
• The period of usage of the lighting system throughout the day and the possibility of
utilizing natural daylight should also be considered in space evaluations. Maximizing the
use of natural daylight to reduce lighting provision costs and energy consumption is always
desirable for designers. In this context, compliance with the requirements of Chapter 24 of
the National Building Regulations and the fundamentals and standards of lighting design,
as outlined in Chapter 19 for energy management in building lighting systems, is
mandatory.

Light Reflection Rates on Room Surfaces such as Ceilings and Walls

Examining the reflection coefficients of interior surfaces such as ceilings, floors, and walls, and
providing technical and economic recommendations for improving light reflection on surfaces
based on the conditions of the space are among the tasks that the designer must carry out during
initial site evaluations. The percentage of reflection coefficients for ceilings, floors, and walls,
based on the material and color of different surfaces, is extracted from reference tables and is
used in determining the utilization factor of the lighting system from the luminaire tables.
The reflection coefficients for different surfaces are provided in Table 3-1
 Table 2-1: Reflection Coefficients of Different Surfaces

Surface Material Reflectivity Surface Color Reflectivity

Coefficient Coefficient

Dry Plaster (new) 80 White 80

Dry Plaster (old) 65 Yellow 65

Dry Cement (new) 45 Light Pink 50

Dry Cement (old) 20 Light Gray 45

Red Brick 10 Light Blue 45

White Brick 25 Light Green 40

Asphalt with Tar 12 Light Red 15

Coating

White Marble 80 Dark Gray 15

Polished Aluminum 75 Dark Blue 15

Table 2(-1). Reflectivity Coefficients of Various Surfaces

Surface Material Reflectivity Surface Color Reflectivity

Coefficient Coefficient

Reflectivity 55 Dark Green 15

Coefficient

White Tile 80 Dark Red 15

Dark Brown 15 Black 5

2mm Clear Glass 8 3mm Matte Glass 12

• Provide necessary predictions for covering potential blind spots in the environment and
consider them in the number and arrangement of lights.
• Examine the power supply route for lighting sources from the power source, obstacles,
and conflicts in the power supply path such as water and gas pipes, taking into account
the clearance of electrical lines according to national and international standards for
transmission line clearance, and provide suggestions for resolving conflicts or changing
the route.
 • Examine obstacles and conflicts in the installation of lights on ceilings and walls,
compatibility with other equipment such as overhead cranes and steel beams in
workshop environments, and projectors installed on the ceilings of educational spaces
and halls.
• Feasibility of connecting various lights to the ceiling and other internal surfaces of spaces
based on their dimensions and weight.
• Determine the need for emergency lighting, prioritize lights for emergency situations, and
plan the power supply route for emergency lights.
• Possibility of turning off every other light during the day to utilize natural daylight and
manage energy consumption without causing flickering of the lights and while
maintaining uniform lighting.
• Feasibility of installing lighting control and command equipment on wall surfaces and
ensuring no conflicts with other equipment planned for the internal surfaces of the space.
• Examine electrical and mechanical threats and hazards in the location for lighting system
equipment and consider necessary measures for electrical and mechanical protection of
the equipment.
It is understood that the lighting system designer must examine all of the above, along with any
additional factors imposed by the environment, and consider them throughout all stages of the
design. All necessary data for designing the lighting system is gathered by the designer during the
evaluation phase. Providing these specifications in summary form in the design calculation
notebook is mandatory.

Classification of Spaces Based on Lighting Intensity Requirements

In this section, the required lighting intensity for various uses is classified, and the results are
used to determine the number and arrangement of lights in the internal lighting system.
The required lighting intensity for each indoor space, based on the type of space usage, is one of
the most important pieces of information needed for designing the indoor lighting system. The
specification of this parameter (E) at the beginning of the lighting calculations in the design
notebook is mandatory. The parameter E directly affects the number of light sources and the
light intensity on the workspace surface.
In Table 3-2, minimum and suggested values for each usage type in residential, commercial,
public, industrial, and workshop spaces are provided. These values are extracted from the data
presented by national and international standards. The required lighting intensity is expressed in
lux, with the aim of energy consumption management in the lighting section. As much as
possible, the suggested values are selected. If the technical and economic conditions of the
environment demand it, lighting intensity higher than the suggested values can be considered,
but the lighting intensity cannot be less than the minimum values.
Table 2(-2). Minimum and Suggested Lighting Intensity for Different Uses

Minimum Recommended
No. Application Location Illumination Illumination Intensity
Intensity (lux) (lux)

Living Room and

1 Residential 70 200
Reception

Study Room 150 500

Kitchen (sink,
stove, work 100 200
surface)

Bedroom: General Lighting 50 100

Bedside Lighting 200 500

Bathroom: General Lighting 50 100

Mirror 200 500

Corridor, Hallway,
50 100
and Elevator

500

2 Office All General Work 100 150

Staircase 50 150

Conference Room 200 500

Accounting and
300 600
Calculator Work
To design the lighting system in hydropower plants, it is important to consider the required
illumination intensity for various applications. Below is a table that includes the minimum and
recommended illumination levels for different areas related to hydropower plants:
Table 2-2. Minimum and Recommended Illumination Levels for Various Applications in
Hydropower Plants

Minimum Illumination Recommended Illumination

No. Location
Intensity (lux) Intensity (lux)

1 External Areas 10 20

2 Control Rooms 300 500

3 Maintenance Areas 200 400

4 Administrative Areas 300 500

5 Corridors and Pathways 100 200

6 Safety and Critical Areas 100 300

Battery and Electrical

7 200 400
Equipment Rooms

8 Pump and Turbine Rooms 200 300

9 Equipment Storage Rooms 100 200

Explanations:
• Control Rooms: Require higher illumination for precise work and
monitoring.
• External Areas of the Plant: Require lower but sufficient lighting for
safety and nighttime visibility.
• Maintenance Areas: Need appropriate lighting for technical work and
repairs.
• Administrative Areas: Suitable lighting for office activities and
computer work.
 • Corridors and Pathways: Sufficient lighting to ensure safety and ease
of movement.
• Safety and Critical Areas: Require adequate lighting to ensure safety
and hazard recognition.
• Battery and Electrical Equipment Rooms: Need proper lighting for
working with sensitive equipment.
• Pump and Turbine Rooms: Adequate lighting for work and
equipment performance monitoring.
• Equipment Storage Rooms: Require suitable lighting for searching
and managing equipment.

Table (3-2) General Illuminance on Work Surfaces

Illuminance on Work Surface [Lux] Activity Type (Required Accuracy) Row

50 - 100 Handling and Transport 1

125 - 250 Non-Precise Work 2

250 - 500 Semi-Precise Work 3

500 - 1000 Precise Work 4

> 1000 Highly Precise Work 5

Lighting Design
In this section, the steps for designing an optimal lighting system for indoor spaces using regional
lumen methods (Type I and Type II) are presented. The regional lumen method (Type I) is more
accurate, while the regional lumen design method (Type II) is faster and rarely used by designers.
The lighting system designer should first gather the essential information regarding the space's
usage, exact dimensions, work surface height, and the light reflection from the interior surfaces of
the space, based on evaluations of the space. Then, considering the gathered information,
environmental conditions, usage, and space requirements, the designer selects the type of light
fixtures and proceeds with designing the lighting system using the specifications and technical
tables of the fixtures. This information will be stored in the lighting calculation report of the
project, similar to the example presented in section 3-4.
Regional Lumen Method (Type I)
The spatial dimensional index is calculated according to Equation 3-1.
Equation 3-1
In this equation:

• heff is the effective mounting height of the light fixture in meters,

• a and b are the length and width dimensions of the space in meters,

• RCR is the room cavity ratio, which is the spatial dimensional index.

Next, by referring to the light fixture's specification table, the CU (Coefficient of Utilization) is
determined based on the RCR value and the reflection coefficients of the interior surfaces of the
space. Examples of these light fixture specification tables are provided in Chapter 4.
In the light fixture specification tables:
• ρcc is the ceiling reflection coefficient, expressed as a percentage,
• ρw is the wall reflection coefficient, expressed as a percentage,
• ρf is the floor reflection coefficient, expressed as a percentage.

Once the CU coefficient is determined from the light fixture's specification table, the
required number of light fixtures to achieve the necessary illuminance for the space's
usage will be calculated as follows:

Equation 2-3

𝐸.𝑎.𝑏
N= .
𝐶𝑈.𝐿𝐿𝐹.∅𝐿

In this equation:
• E is the required illuminance in lux, which is specified according to the space's usage in
the standard.
• L∅ is the lumen output of the light fixture, determined by the number of lamps inside
the fixture and the lumen rating of each lamp.
• CU is the coefficient of utilization, which is determined based on the reflection
coefficients of the surrounding environment and the effective mounting height of the
fixtures from the lighting tables.
 • LLF is the light loss factor, which is considered based on the space's conditions, such as
the presence of dirt, with values ranging from 0.6 to 0.8 as per the information in Table
3-4.
Table (-2 4). Light Loss Factor (LLF) in Different Environments

Environmental Pollution Level LLF

Low Pollution 0.8

Medium Pollution 0.7

High Pollution 0.6

According to the above equation, the required number of light fixtures to achieve the necessary
illuminance for each space is determined. The arrangement of the fixtures within the space is then
specified based on the constraints for uniformity of illuminance, as outlined in the standard. It is important
to note that the obtained value is rounded up to the next whole number to ensure it can be translated
into a feasible fixture arrangement. Further explanations are provided at the end of this section with
sample calculations.

To ensure uniform light distribution in the space, the maximum distance between two fixtures
will be a multiple of the effective mounting height of the fixture. This factor is provided in the
lighting standard tables for each fixture. For example, in the case of a fixture containing two
fluorescent lamps:

ⅆmax
=1
heFF
In this equation:
• dmax is the distance between the fixtures, expressed in meters.
• heFF is the effective mounting height of the fixture, expressed in meters.

Therefore, when determining the layout of the fixtures in the space, the distance between
the fixtures should not be less than the mounting height of the fixtures.

By following the steps mentioned above, the number and arrangement of the fixtures in the
space are determined. After rounding the number of fixtures from Equation 2-3, the
designer must calculate the expected illuminance E based on the final fixture arrangement.
Additionally, the designer should assess the feasibility of installing the fixtures on the
surface, considering any potential obstacles, and make necessary adjustments if required.
 To ensure the quality of the lighting design, it is essential to check the Glare Index at the
end of the lighting system design process. In every space, based on the space's usage type,
the glare index must be checked in accordance with the requirements of Table 3-5 (DIN
EN 12461).

Table (-2 4). Maximum Glare Index in Different Space Usages

Space Usage Maximum Glare Index

Design and Drafting Room 16

Office, Classroom, Computer Room, and Library 19

Spaces with Precise Usage 22

Spaces with Non-Precise Usage 25

Corridors and Parking Areas 28

Based on the information provided above, the process flow for designing indoor lighting systems
is summarized in the diagram shown in Figure 1-3.
 Primary Space
Evaluations

Determining the Number

of Fixtures Needed
to Achieve the
Desired Illuminance
Level in the Space

Determining the Fixture

Layout in the Space with
Respect to the Maximum
Distance Between Fixtures
and Walls

Is there a problem
examination of lighting blind
spots, glare control, and
inspection of obstacles for
lamp installation on surfaces

There is no problem

End

figure (1-2) Flow diagram of the design stages of the lighting system in indoor spaces
The Regional Lumen Method (Type 2):
In some cases, the Regional Lumen Method (Type 2) is used for the design of interior lighting. In
this method, the floor ratio is first determined using Equation 3-1. Then, using the reflection
coefficients for the ceiling, walls, and floor, the CU coefficient is obtained from the tables
provided by the manufacturers. Subsequently, the layout of the lighting sources in the space is
determined using Equation 3-2.
The Regional Lumen Method (Type 2) is rarely used in the design of interior lighting, and the
necessary information to determine the CU coefficient is seldom provided by light
manufacturers.

Table 2-6: Determining the Reflection Coefficient for Use in the Regional Lumen Method (Type 2)

Surface Reflection Coefficient

Ceiling White: 0.8

Rough White: 0.5

Cream: 0.3

Wall White: 0.8

Cream: 0.3

Floor Parquet: 0.2

Carpet: 0.15

If this method is used, controlling glare according to the requirements provided in Table 3-5 is
essential.
‫‪Information Collection and Lighting Calculation Manual‬‬
‫‪In this section, a sample of the calculation manual for designing indoor lighting systems is‬‬
‫‪presented.‬‬

‫روشنای به روش لومن‬ ‫ر‬

‫دفتچه محاسبات‬
‫ی‬

‫اطالعات فضا و چ راغ مورد استفاده‬ ‫نتیجه محاسبات با استفاده از شاخص فضا‬

‫روشنای مورد نیاز(‪)E‬‬

‫ی‬ ‫شدت‬ ‫‪300‬‬ ‫لوکس‬ ‫تعداد چراغ های مورد نیاز‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫عدد‬ ‫توضیحات‬
‫ب رای پیدا کردن ‪ CU‬دقیق باید به جداول ارائ ه شده از سوی سازندگان مراجعه نمود‪.‬‬
‫مشخصات فضا‬ ‫تعداد کل المپ ها‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫عدد‬
‫ابتدا روش انجام محاسبات(شاخص فضا‪ ،‬تقسیم ناحیه ای) را انتخاب کنید؛‬
‫ر‬ ‫جدول شماره (‪ )1‬محاسبات را به روش شاخص فضا(‪ )K‬به دست یم آورد و‬
‫طول(‪)L‬‬ ‫‪11.6‬‬ ‫مت‬ ‫مست طول فضا‬
‫تعداد چراغ های مورد نیاز در ر‬ ‫‪4.1‬‬ ‫عدد‬
‫جدول شماره (‪ )2‬محاسبات را به روش تقسیم ناحیه ای به دست یم آورد‪.‬‬
‫ر‬ ‫رن‬
‫همچنی مشاهده‬ ‫ب رای مشاهده فرمول های مورد استفاده در این ر‬
‫دفتچه محاسبات و‬
‫عرض(‪)W‬‬ ‫‪5.6‬‬ ‫مت‬ ‫مست عرض فضا‬
‫تعداد چراغ های مورد نیاز در ر‬ ‫‪2.0‬‬ ‫عدد‬
‫روشنای (‪ )CU‬روی دکمه زیر کلیک کنید‪:‬‬
‫ی‬ ‫جداول پ رکاربرد ب رای پیدا کردن نضیب بهره‬
‫‪1.8‬‬ ‫ر‬
‫مت‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫عدد‬
‫ارتفاع(‪)H‬‬ ‫مست طول‬
‫تعداد چراغ های اصالح شده در ر‬

‫‪0.5‬‬ ‫ر‬
‫مت‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫عدد‬
‫ارتفاع سطح کار از کف(‪)hf‬‬ ‫مست عرض‬
‫تعداد چراغ های اصالح شده در ر‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫ر‬
‫مت‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫عدد‬
‫ارتفاع نصب چراغ(‪)hc‬‬ ‫تعداد کل چراغ های اصالح شده‬

‫ارتفاع مفید(‪)hr‬‬ ‫‪1.3‬‬ ‫ر‬

‫مت‬ ‫متوسط فاصله ر ن‬
‫بی چراغ ها‬ ‫‪2.8‬‬ ‫ر‬
‫مت‬

‫ر‬
‫رضایب انعکاس(‪)ρ‬‬ ‫مست طول‬ ‫فاصله ر ن‬
‫بی چراغ ها در ر‬ ‫‪2.90‬‬ ‫مت‬

‫ر‬
‫نضیب انعکاس سقف(‪)ρc‬‬ ‫‪0.8‬‬ ‫مست عرض‬ ‫فاصله ر ن‬
‫بی چراغ ها در ر‬ ‫‪2.80‬‬ ‫مت‬

‫نضیب انعکاس دیوارها(‪)ρw‬‬ ‫‪0.5‬‬ ‫روشنای حاصله از چراغ ها‬

‫ی‬ ‫شدت‬ ‫‪335‬‬ ‫لوکس‬

‫ن‬
‫نضیب انعکاس کف(‪)ρf‬‬ ‫‪0.3‬‬ ‫توان مرصف کل‬ ‫‪0.29‬‬ ‫کیلو وات‬

‫مشخصات چراغ‬ ‫چگایل توان‬ ‫‪4.43‬‬ ‫وات بر‬

‫ر‬
‫مت مرب ع‬
‫شاخص فضا(‪)K‬‬ ‫‪2.91‬‬

‫ن‬
‫سقف‬ ‫نتایج محاسبات جدول شماره (‪)1‬‬
‫نوع چراغ‬

‫نوع المپ‬ ‫‪LED‬‬

‫تعداد المپ ها در هر چراغ‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫عدد‬

‫توان نوری هر المپ‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫وات‬

‫شار نوری هر المپ(‪)Ø‬‬ ‫‪1700‬‬ ‫لومن‬ ‫روشنای (‪)CU1‬‬

‫ی‬ ‫نضیب بهره‬ ‫‪0.61‬‬

‫روشنای (‪)CU‬‬
‫ی‬ ‫نضیب بهره‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫روشنای (‪)CU2‬‬
‫ی‬ ‫نضیب بهره‬ ‫‪0.7‬‬

‫نضیب کل افت نور(‪)LLF‬‬ ‫‪0.8‬‬ ‫روشنای (‪)CU‬‬

‫ی‬ ‫نضیب بهره‬ ‫‪0.69‬‬
Lamps in Power Plants
Lamps play a very important role in providing lighting for various areas in power plants, including
administrative sections, technical equipment, control areas, and outdoor spaces. In these
environments, specific types of lamps are typically used that are designed to offer good
performance in terms of energy efficiency, long lifespan, and resistance to harsh conditions. The
following outlines the types of lamps and their applications in power plants:

LED Lamps (Light Emitting Diodes)

Features:
• High Energy Efficiency: LED lamps are highly energy-efficient and consume less energy
compared to traditional lamps.
• Long Lifespan: These lamps have a long lifespan (typically over 50,000 hours).
• Vibration Resistance: LEDs are more resistant to vibrations and physical shocks due to the
absence of internal filaments.
• Adjustable Lighting: The brightness of LEDs can be adjusted, making them suitable for
various lighting needs in different areas of the power plant.
Applications:
• Control Rooms: Used for precise and adjustable lighting in sensitive control areas.
• Hallways and Public Areas: Due to their long lifespan and low maintenance needs, they
are highly suitable for these areas.
• Outdoor Areas: Due to their low consumption and high lighting capability, LEDs are ideal
for large and open spaces.
Fluorescent Lamps
Features:
• High Efficiency: Fluorescent lamps consume less energy compared to incandescent lamps.
• High Brightness: These lamps provide even and good illumination.
• Relatively Long Lifespan: Fluorescent lamps typically last between 10,000 to 20,000 hours.
Applications:
• Offices and Indoor Spaces: Commonly used for general lighting in office environments and
workrooms.
• Hallways and Public Indoor Spaces: Due to their even light distribution and lower
consumption compared to incandescent lamps, they are used in public areas.
Halogen Lamps
Features:
• Very Bright Light: Halogen lamps produce bright and clear light with high intensity.
• Small Size: These lamps are compact and can be used in areas with limited space.
• High Color Temperature: They provide white and natural light, ideal for spaces that
require visual accuracy.
Applications:
• Maintenance and Repair Areas: Used for precise and clear lighting in areas where
technical maintenance and equipment inspections are carried out.
• High-Intensity Lighting Areas: Suitable for spaces requiring brighter and more focused
lighting, such as specialized work areas.
Sodium Vapor and Mercury Vapor Lamps
Features:
• High Light Efficiency: These lamps are particularly used in large outdoor spaces that
require extensive illumination.
• Long Lifespan: They have a longer lifespan compared to many traditional lamps.
Applications:
• Outdoor Areas of Power Plants: Due to their high light intensity and broad coverage, these
lamps are used for illuminating outdoor areas and parking lots.
• Roads and Access Routes: Ideal for lighting external environments and roads leading to
and from the power plant.
Metal Halide Lamps
Features:
• High-Quality White Light: These lamps produce bright white light with high clarity.
• High Light Intensity: They provide strong and clear lighting for environments requiring
high illumination.
Applications:
• Industrial Areas: Used in places where strong and stable lighting is required, such as
industrial and workshop areas.
• Indoor Areas with High Ceilings: Ideal for large spaces like warehouses or equipment halls
that require extensive lighting.
Incandescent Lamps
Features:
• Good Light Quality: Incandescent lamps provide warm and natural light.
• Low Cost: While inexpensive, incandescent lamps are less energy-efficient and have a
shorter lifespan compared to other types.
Applications:
• Low-Use or Temporary Locations: Due to their short lifespan and high energy
consumption, incandescent lamps are mainly used in locations with temporary lighting
needs.
Important Considerations for Lamp Selection in Power Plants:
1. Resistance to Harsh Conditions: Since power plants are industrial environments, lamps
must be resistant to dust, vibrations, and temperature variations.
2. Energy Efficiency: Given the long-term use of lamps, selecting energy-efficient options is
critical.
3. Long Lifespan: Due to the costs and time associated with maintenance and replacement,
lamps with long lifespans are preferred.
4. Safety Standards: The lamps used must comply with electrical safety and environmental
protection standards.
LED lamps have gained increasing popularity in many sections of power plants due to their
numerous advantages in recent years.

Table (3-1) Color Temperature of Some Lamps

Color Temperature (K) Type of Light Source

3200 Incandescent Lamp / Halogen Lamp

2940 Warm White Fluorescent Lamp (Halophosphate)

4230 Cool White Fluorescent Lamp (Halophosphate)

1800 Low Pressure Sodium Vapor

2100 Low Pressure Sodium Vapor

3600 Coated Mercury Vapor Lamp

4200 Quartz Metal Halide Lamp

5400 Ceramic Metal Halide Lamp

Table: Specifications of Lighting Fixtures
In this section, a table of specifications for the most commonly used lighting fixtures in indoor
lighting systems is presented. In each case, the designer must, after selecting the lamp, use the
specification table provided by the manufacturer to determine the efficiency coefficient of the
lamp in the lighting system.
‫دفترچه برداشت اطالعات و محاسبات روشنايي‬

‫قرار ذیل طراحی و انتخاب شده است ‪.‬‬

Results of Data Collection and Lighting Calculations
In this section, the results related to the calculations and design of the power plant building
lighting system are presented. The design process for the lighting system was carried out based
on accurate data collection from the existing conditions and the use of recognized international
standards.
1. Initial Data Collection
o Dimensions and Specifications of Spaces: Initially, all spaces in the power plant
building were examined in terms of their dimensions, usage, and natural light
sources. Detailed information for each space, including area, height, and type of
activity, was recorded. This information was used to determine the required
lighting level for each space.
o Natural Light Sources: Windows and doors in each space that allowed natural light
to enter were identified and considered in the calculations.
2. Required Lighting Level The required lighting level for each space was determined in lux
(lx) based on the type of activity. For example:
o Control Room: Due to the importance of supervisory and control activities, the
appropriate lighting level was set between 300 and 500 lux.
o Corridors and Public Spaces: Considering the low traffic and the need for adequate
lighting for passage, the lighting level was set between 100 and 200 lux.
3. Selection of Light Sources Based on the existing conditions and the need for high
efficiency, LED lamps with suitable power and efficiency were selected for all spaces. The
features of these lamps, including power consumption, lifespan, and luminous output
(lumens), were considered in the calculations.
4. Calculation of the Number of Lamps For each space, the number of required lamps was
calculated using standard lighting formulas. These calculations were based on the
required lighting level, the area of each space, and the luminous output of the lamps.
5. Layout and Installation of the Lighting System Based on the calculation results and
considering the height and ceiling structure of each space, the layout of the lamps was
designed to ensure uniform light distribution across all areas. The installation locations of
lamps and control equipment were also indicated on the execution drawings.
6. Power Consumption and Compatibility with the Electrical System The total power
consumption of the lighting system was calculated, and it was verified that this amount
matched the overall capacity of the power plant's electrical system. All used equipment
and cables were also designed and selected according to electrical standards.
‫چراغ های که در داخل پاورهاوس استفاده شده مشخصات آنها قرار ذيل است‪.‬‬

‫‪ – ۱‬چراغ های که در داخل کنترول روم استفاده شده با درجه حفاظت ‪ ۴۴‬است‪.‬‬
‫‪ – ۲‬چراغ های که در داخل آشپزخانه استفاده شده با درجه حفاظت ‪.۴۴‬‬

‫ف ظت ‪. ۶۵‬‬ ‫‪ -۳‬چ ع‬
‫‪ -۴‬چراغ دایره وی رنجیر دار با درجه حفاظت ‪. ۶۵‬‬
Low Voltage Cables and Wires
This chapter introduces the technical specifications and general requirements for flexible and
non-flexible wires and cables, as well as flexible strands with insulation and sheath (if applicable)
made of PVC or rubber, with nominal voltages up to 450/750 volts. It also covers the general
principles and standard methods for wiring, aiming at ensuring safety in electrical installations
and proper execution of wiring in installations with nominal voltages not exceeding the
mentioned values. Additionally, the chapter discusses low-voltage cables with copper or
aluminum conductors, PVC insulation and sheath, with nominal voltages of 450/750 volts or less,
and power cables with extruded insulation and related accessories for nominal voltages up to 1
kV (Um = 1.2 kV). These cables can be installed either fixed or flexible. It also mentions accessories
such as cable lugs, cable terminations, and joints for connecting cables to electrical devices or
other cables.

Definitions and Terms

The terms and definitions used in this section will be as follows:
Conductor
A conducting material used for carrying electrical current, which in the context of this section
includes thin wires made of soft copper (annealed) in flexible cables and consists of either a single
wire or twisted wires in rigid cables.
Wire
A wire consists of a conductor that is surrounded by an insulating cover.
Cable
A cable consists of one or more conductors (single or multi-stranded), where each conductor is
insulated by a single layer of insulation, and the entire set of insulated conductors is enclosed in
an additional protective covering.
Cable Core
Each insulated conductor located inside the cable is referred to as a cable core.

Circular Cable
A cable in which the conductor has a circular cross-section.
Polyvinyl Chloride Compound (PVC)
A combination of materials that are suitably selected and processed together, with the main
component being the plastomers of polyvinyl chloride or one of its copolymers. This term is
also used for blends that include polyvinyl chloride and some of its polymers.

Wiring System
A wiring system is a collection of bare or insulated conductors, busbars, or cables, and
components that are securely installed, and, if necessary, enclose the cables or busbars.
The types of wiring systems include:
• Busbar trunking systems
• Busbar channel systems
• Conduit systems for conductors
• Cable duct systems
• Cable bus systems
• Cable tray systems
 • Ladder cable systems

Wiring System in the Hydropower Plant

In the design and installation of the wiring system for the hydropower plant, PVC conduit
system has been used to protect the electrical cables and wires. PVC conduits were chosen
for this project due to their resistance to moisture, corrosion, and ease of installation. These
conduits are securely installed in various areas of the plant to protect the cables and wires.
The PVC conduit system, especially in humid areas and locations requiring additional
mechanical protection, was selected to prevent damage to the cables and ensure the safety
of the system throughout the operation of the plant.

Current-Carrying Capacities
The maximum current intensity that a cable conductor can carry for an unlimited period
without the insulation temperature exceeding the permissible limit. The maximum insulation
temperature for thermoplastic insulation (PVC) is 70°C, while the maximum temperature for
thermosetting insulation (XLPE or EPR rubber) is 90°C.

Standards
The following mandatory documents contain provisions that are referenced in the text of this
section.
• IEC 60227-1: Polyvinyl chloride insulated cables of rated voltages up to and including 450/750 V–

Part 1: General requirements.

• IEC 60227-2: Polyvinyl chloride insulated cables of rated voltages up to and including 450/750 V–

Part 2: Test methods.

• IEC 60227-3: Polyvinyl chloride insulated cables of rated voltages up to and including 450/750 V–

Part 3: Non-sheathed cables for fixed wiring.

• IEC 60227-4: Polyvinyl chloride insulated cables of rated voltages up to and including 450/750 V–

Part 4: Sheathed cables for fixed wiring.

• IEC 60227-5: Polyvinyl chloride insulated cables of rated voltages up to and including 450/750 VPart

5: Flexible cables (cords).

• IEC 60227-6: Polyvinyl chloride insulated cables of rated voltages up to and including 450/750 V–

Part 6: Lift cables and cables for flexible connection.

• IEC 60227-7: Polyvinyl chloride insulated cables of rated voltages up to and including 450/750 V–

Part 7: Flexible cables screened and unscreened with two or more conductors.

• IEC 60245-1: Rubber insulated cables – Rated voltages voltages up to and including 450/750 V–

Part 1: General requirements.

• IEC 60245-2: Rubber insulated cables – Rated voltages voltages up to and including 450/750 V–

Part 2: Test methods.

• IEC 60245-3: Rubber insulated cables – Rated voltages voltages up to and including 450/750 V–

Part 3: Heat resistant silicone insulated cables.

• IEC 60245-4: Rubber insulated cables – Rated voltages voltages up to and including 450/750 V–

Part 4: Cords and flexible cables.

• IEC 60245-5: Rubber insulated cables – Rated voltages voltages up to and including 450/750 V–

Part 5: Lift cables.

• IEC 60245-6: Rubber insulated cables – Rated voltages voltages up to and including 450/750 V–

Part 6: Arc welding electrode cables.

• IEC 60245-7: Rubber insulated cables – Rated voltages voltages up to and including 450/750 V–

Part 7: Heat resistant ethylene-vinyl acetate rubber insulated cables.

• IEC 60245-8: Rubber insulated cables – Rated voltages voltages up to and including 450/750 V–

Part 8: Cords for applications requiring high flexibility.

• IEC 60364-1: Low-voltage electrical installations- Part 1: Fundamental principles, assessment of

general characteristics, definitions.

• IEC 60364-5-52: Low-voltage electrical installations- Part 5-52: Selection and erection of electrical

equipment - Wiring systems.

• IEC 62440: Electric cables with a rated voltage not exceeding 450/750 V – Guide to use.

• IEC 61439-6: Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies- Part 6: Busbar trunking systems

(busways).

• DIN VDE 0271- Power cables-Specifications for power cables 0,6/1 kV and above for special

applications.
Cable Marking in the Electrical Wiring System of the Power Plant

In the design and implementation of the electrical wiring system in the power plant, accurate and
standardized marking of wires and cables is crucial for proper identification and enhancing
safety. The following points are observed regarding the marking of wires and cables:

1. Marking of Wires and Cables:

o Wires and cables must have a marking from the manufacturer, which can include a
unique identifier, the manufacturer's name, or the manufacturer's trademark. This
marking must be repeated on the wire or cable.
2. Cables for High-Temperature Use:
o Wires and cables that are used in temperatures above 70°C must be marked with a code
indicating the maximum temperature or the temperature rating of the conductor.
3. Marking Methods:
o Marking may be in the form of printing or raised symbols on the insulation or sheath of
the wire and cable.
4. Marking Spacing:
o The distance between the end of a complete series of markings and the beginning of the
next series should not exceed the following values:
▪ 550 mm if the marking is on the sheath.
▪ 275 mm if the marking is on the insulation of the wires or cables used in the
cable or on the tape used inside the cable.
5. Identifiability of Strands:
o The strands of a wire or cable must be identifiable using colored insulation or other
suitable methods. Each strand of the cable insulation should be a single color, except for
the strand that is marked with both green and yellow together.
6. Preferred Color Coding for Wire and Cable Insulation:
o Single and Two-Wire Cables: No preferred color coding.
o Three-Wire Cables: Green/Yellow, Blue, Brown or Gray, Black, Brown.
o Four-Wire Cables: Green/Yellow, Gray, Black, Brown or Blue, Black, Gray, Brown.
o Five-Wire Cables: Green/Yellow, Blue, Black, Brown, Gray, or Brown, Blue, Black, Gray,
Black.
7. Color Distribution:
o The green-yellow color combination must be distributed in such a way that in every 15
mm of the strand's length, one of these colors covers at least 30% and at most 70% of
the strand’s surface.
o The green-yellow color combination is exclusively used for identifying a cable strand
that is intended for grounding or similar protective applications.
o The blue color is designated for identifying the neutral (ground) wire. If no neutral wire
is present, the blue color can be used to identify any wire in the cable other than the
one for grounding or protective conductors.

Strict adherence to these standards for cable and wire marking will facilitate identification,
proper installation, and enhance the safety of the electrical wiring system in the power plant..
 ‫ راهنماي رنگ عایق رشته هاي مختلف کابل‬- ‫جدول‬

3‫هادي فاز‬ 2‫هادي فاز‬ 1‫هادي فاز‬ ‫هادي خنثی‬ ‫هادي حفاظتی‬ ‫تعداد رشته‬
2
3
3
4
4
5
5

8. Marking of Wires and Cables:

o Wires and cables must have a marking from the manufacturer, which can include a
unique identifier, the manufacturer's name, or the manufacturer's trademark. This
marking must be repeated on the wire or cable.
9. Cables for High-Temperature Use:
o Wires and cables that are used in temperatures above 70°C must be marked with a code
indicating the maximum temperature or the temperature rating of the conductor.
10. Marking Methods:
o Marking may be in the form of printing or raised symbols on the insulation or sheath of
the wire and cable.
11. Marking Spacing:
o The distance between the end of a complete series of markings and the beginning of the
next series should not exceed the following values:
▪ 550 mm if the marking is on the sheath.
▪ 275 mm if the marking is on the insulation of the wires or cables used in the
cable or on the tape used inside the cable.
12. Identifiability of Strands:
o The strands of a wire or cable must be identifiable using colored insulation or other
suitable methods. Each strand of the cable insulation should be a single color, except for
the strand that is marked with both green and yellow together.
13. Preferred Color Coding for Wire and Cable Insulation:
o Single and Two-Wire Cables: No preferred color coding.
o Three-Wire Cables: Green/Yellow, Blue, Brown or Gray, Black, Brown.
o Four-Wire Cables: Green/Yellow, Gray, Black, Brown or Blue, Black, Gray, Brown.
o Five-Wire Cables: Green/Yellow, Blue, Black, Brown, Gray, or Brown, Blue, Black, Gray,
Black.
14. Color Distribution:
 o The green-yellow color combination must be distributed in such a way that in every 15
mm of the strand's length, one of these colors covers at least 30% and at most 70% of
the strand’s surface.
o The green-yellow color combination is exclusively used for identifying a cable strand
that is intended for grounding or similar protective applications.
o The blue color is designated for identifying the neutral (ground) wire. If no neutral wire
is present, the blue color can be used to identify any wire in the cable other than the
one for grounding or protective conductors.

Strict adherence to these standards for cable and wire marking will facilitate identification,
proper installation, and enhance the safety of the electrical wiring system in the power plant.

Cable Coding Two common methods for identifying wires and cables are as follows:

• The method for coding wires and cables with a maximum voltage of 450/750 volts
according to the CENELEC HD 361 standard.
• The method for coding power cables according to the DIN VDE 0271 standard.
Table 6-2: Identification Signs for Electrical Wires and Cables with a Maximum Voltage of 450/750 V
according to the standard:

Parameter Description

Special Composition (2d)

Cables with a round structure No marking

Cables and separable flat strands H

Cables and inseparable flat strands up to the core H2

Inseparable flat cables (with three or more strands) H

Double layer insulation sheath H7

Spring-shaped cables H8

Conductor Material (2e)

Copper No marking

Aluminum -A

Conductor Type (2f)

Stranded conductor for welding cables per EN 60228 class 5 D

Highly flexible stranded conductor for welding cables per EN 60228 class 6 -E

Stranded conductor for cables per EN 60228 class 5 -F

Highly flexible stranded conductor for flexible cables per EN 60228 class 6 -H

Stranded conductor for fixed installation cables -K

Semi-flexible round conductor per EN 60228 class 2 -R

Solid round conductor per EN 60228 class 1 -U

Castle tape or thin wire (TENSILE) -Y

Number of Strands and Nominal Cross-Section Area of Conductors

Number of Strands (Number)

Without protective conductor X

 Parameter Description

With protective conductor G

Nominal cross-sectional area of conductors in square millimeters (Number)

Table 7-2: Guide for Identifying Electrical Wires and Cables with a Maximum Voltage of 450/750 Volts
According to CENELEC HD 361 Standard

Protecti Conduct
Insulatio Insulatio Metal Sheath Conduct Numb ve or Cross-
Standar Constructi Conduct
n n Coverin Materi or er of Covering Section
d Type on or Type
Voltage Material g al Material Cores Presenc Area
e (mm²)

A1 b1 a2 b2 a2 c2 & d2 e2 f2 mm²

H +1 B C B D3 None -D 1 X Y

None +2 G C4 G D5 A -D 2 - 0.5

- +3 J - J - - -F 3 - 0.75

N, N2,
- +5 M - None - -H 4 - 1
N4, N8

H, H2, H6,
- +7 N, N4 - Q, Q4 - -K 5 - 1.5
H7, H8

- - - R - - -R Other - 2.5

- - - S - - -U - - 4

V, V2, V3,
- - T, T6 - - - -Y - - 6
V4

V, V2,
- - Z, Z1 - V3, V4, - - - - - 10
V5

- - - - Z, Z1 - - - - - Other
Identification Signs for Power Cables According

to the DIN VDE 0271 Standard.

Abbreviations on Cables
1. H – Harmonized cable
2. A – Aluminum conductor
3. Cu – Copper conductor (sometimes written as just Cu)
4. V – PVC (Polyvinyl chloride) insulation
5. R – Round conductor
6. F – Flexible conductor (fine strands)
7. K – Semi-flexible conductor for fixed installation
8. G – Presence of protective ground wire
9. X – No protective ground wire
10. E – Elastomer insulation
11. N – Neoprene sheath
12. S – Silicone insulation
13. Z – Halogen-free materials
14. T – Textile braid or wrapping
15. Y – Tinned conductor or tensile wire
16. U – Solid conductor (Class 1)
17. D – Stranded conductor (Class 2)
Selection and Installation of Cables

All conductors and cables must be selected in such a way that they are suitable for the voltage
and current expected under all conditions in the equipment or installations, or for the specific
part where they are to be used.
Cables must be constructed, installed, protected, and maintained, or repaired in a manner that
prevents any hazard that could logically arise.
Cables must be selected to be appropriate for the intended operating conditions and the
classification of the equipment. Examples of these operating conditions include:
a) Voltage
b) Current
c) Protective measures
d) Cable grouping
e) Installation method
f) Accessibility
Cables must be selected to ensure optimal performance under any external influences. Cables
should not be installed under any conditions unless they are designed for such conditions.
Examples of external influences include:
a) Ambient temperature
b) Presence of rain, steam, or water accumulation
c) Presence of corrosive materials, chemicals, or pollutants
d) Mechanical stresses (such as holes or sharp edges near metals)
e) Animals (such as rodents)
f) Environments conducive to microbial growth (such as fungi and mold)
g) Radiation (such as sunlight)
The color of the final cable sheath is an important factor concerning sunlight exposure. Black
color provides better protection against sunlight radiation compared to lighter colors.

Permissible Current
Permissible current refers to the maximum current that an electrical cable can safely and reliably
carry without the cable’s temperature rising to a level that could damage its insulation or
conductor. If the current exceeds the permissible limit, the temperature of the cable will increase,
potentially causing damage to the cable, failure, or even fire. The permissible current is
determined according to various standards and depends on several factors that must be
considered in the design and installation of electrical systems.
Factors Affecting the Permissible Current of Cables:
1. Conductor Material (Cable): Cables are primarily produced with copper or aluminum
conductors. Copper cables can carry a higher current compared to aluminum cables due
to their lower electrical resistance. Therefore, copper cables are typically used for higher
current transmission.
2. Conductor Cross-Sectional Area: The cross-sectional area of the conductor is one of the
key factors in determining the permissible current. The larger the cross-sectional area,
the higher the cable's ability to carry current because it has lower resistance, resulting in
less heat generation in the conductor. Standard tables are usually used in electrical
projects to determine the appropriate conductor size based on current and distance.
3. Cable Insulation Type: Different insulation materials have varying thermal resistances
depending on the material used. For example, PVC-insulated cables have lower thermal
resistance compared to XLPE-insulated cables. The type of insulation affects the
permissible operating temperature of the cable and, consequently, its permissible
current.
4. Environmental Conditions: Ambient temperature and ventilation have a direct impact on
the permissible current capacity of a cable. In hot environments, the permissible current
decreases because cables heat up quickly. Additionally, cables installed in environments
with inadequate ventilation, such as enclosed ducts or buried in the ground, may require
cables with larger cross-sectional areas or more resistant insulation.
5. Cable Installation Method: The permissible current of a cable can vary depending on how
it is installed. Whether cables are buried, placed in cable ducts, mounted on cable trays,
or suspended from ceilings, all these installation methods directly influence the
permissible current. For instance, cables buried in the ground have a lower permissible
current compared to cables installed in open spaces due to reduced ventilation and heat
dissipation.

Calculations for Determining Cable Cross-Sectional Area

The determination of the conductor cross-sectional area is based on the following criteria:
1. Permissible Current Criterion in Installation Conditions
2. Third Harmonic Current Criterion
3. Voltage Drop Criterion
4. Permissible Energy during Short-Circuit Conditions
Step 1: Determining the Cross-Sectional Area of the Conductor Based on the
Permissible Current Criterion in Installation Conditions:

The conductors that should be considered in a circuit are those through which the load
current flows. When it can be assumed that a balanced current flows through the conductors
in a three-phase circuit, there is no need to account for the neutral conductor. In this case,
the permissible current of a four-core cable is exactly equal to the permissible current of a
three-core cable with the same phase conductor cross-section. When only three conductors
are carrying the load, four- and five-core cables may have a higher permissible current.
This assumption does not hold when third harmonic current exists or if the total harmonic
distortion of the current is greater than 15%.
Where the neutral conductor in a multi-core cable carries current due to phase current
imbalance, the increase in temperature caused by the neutral current equals the reduction
in heat produced by one or more phase conductors. In this case, the cross-sectional area of
the neutral conductor should be selected based on the highest phase current.
Where the neutral conductor carries current without a corresponding decrease in the load
of the phase conductors, the neutral conductor must also be considered when determining
the permissible current of the circuit. Such currents may result in significant third harmonic
currents in three-phase circuits. If the harmonic content exceeds 15% of the main phase
current, the cross-sectional area of the neutral conductor should not be smaller than that of
the phase conductors. The thermal effects of third harmonic currents or multiples of 3,
along with reduction factors for higher harmonic currents, are provided in Table (2-42).
Since heat losses vary along different sections of the path, the permissible current should
be determined based on the section with the most unfavorable conditions. No wiring system
should penetrate any load-bearing element of the building structure unless the integrity of
the load-bearing element can be guaranteed after such penetration.
 Table 12-2 regarding the selection of conductors for various conditions:

Inside
Channel
Suspende Cable Installe
Passed Supporte Cable Cabl or (Including Passed Installe
Installation d by Duct d Freely
Throug d by Ladde e Bracke Wall Throug d with
Method Supportin Syste without
h From Insulator r Tray t Passages h Pipe Clamp
g Wire m Clamp
1 and
Passages)

Conductor
s and
Cables

Bare
- + - - - - - - - -
Conductor

Insulated
+ O + + + - + + + +
Conductor

Multi-
stranded
Insulated
Cables
+ O + + + + + + + +
(Including
Tinned and
Mineral
Insulated)

Single-
- + + + + + + + + +
stranded

Notes:
• The + symbol indicates that the use of the conductor or cable is permitted.
• The - symbol indicates that the use of the conductor or cable is not permitted under the
specified conditions.
• The O symbol indicates that the conductor or cable is not applicable or not used under
the specified conditions.
• In various sections of the table, each installation method and conditions such as passing
through a channel or being installed freely are detailed.
 Table 13-2: Classification of Different Conductor Installation Methods:

Passed
Through
from Inside Passed
Suspended Installed
Supported Cable Cable Channel Through Installed
Installation Conductors by Cable Freely
by Tray or Duct (Including from with
Method and Cables Supporting Ladder without
Insulator Bracket System Wall Inside Clamp
Wire Clamp
Passages Pipe
and
Passages)

33, 32, 31, 6, 7, 8,

Accessible O 34 44, 43 42, 41 33 40 - -
30 9, 12

Inaccessible O O O 43 O 42, 41 O 40 - -

Cable 34, 32, 31,

- - O 55, 54 56 56 - - -
Channel 30

Buried in
- O 71, 70 - 71, 70 O 73, 72 - - -
Soil

Mounted 53, 52,

- O 46, 45 59, 2, 1 60 3 58, 57 - -
on Wall 51, 50

Mounted 34, 32, 31, 21, 20, 34, 32,

36 6, 7, 8, 9 5, 4 - 35 36 11, 10
on Surfaces 30 22 31, 30

Free Air
O O O 16 O 16 - O - -
Installation

Installed in
Window O O O 15 O 15 - O - -
Frames

Submerged
- O + - + + + + - -
in Water

Notes:

• O: Not applicable or not commonly used in practice.

• +: Allowed as per the installation guidelines.

 • -: Not allowed.

• Numbers in each cell refer to specific installation guidelines detailed in Table.

Step 2: Determining the Cross-Sectional Area of Conductors Based on the Third Harmonic
Current Criterion:

This section examines the conditions of cables where current exists in the neutral conductor of a
balanced three-phase system. The most significant harmonic that remains in the neutral
conductor is usually the third harmonic. The current amplitude caused by the third harmonic may
exceed the amplitude of the phase currents at power frequency. In such cases, the neutral
conductor current has a significant impact on the permissible current of the cables.
The correction factors provided in this section apply to balanced three-phase circuits. It is evident
that if two of the three phases are loaded, the situation becomes more complex. In this case, in
addition to the unbalanced current flowing through the neutral conductor, harmonic currents
also flow through it. This situation can lead to additional loading on the neutral conductor.
Devices that are likely to cause significant harmonic currents include groups of fluorescent lights
and power supplies (c.b) used in computers. More information regarding harmonic disturbances
can be found in the IEC 61000 standards.
The correction factors mentioned in Table (42-2) are applicable only to cables with a neutral
conductor inside a four or five-core cable, where the material and cross-sectional area of the
neutral conductor are the same as those of the phase conductors. These factors are based on
third-order harmonic currents.
If a significant harmonic, such as the ninth or twelfth harmonic (or higher, exceeding 15%), is
expected, lower reduction factors are applied. If the unbalance between the phases exceeds 50%,
lower reduction factors may be used.
In cases where the neutral conductor current is expected to exceed the phase conductor current,
the cross-sectional area of the cable should be chosen based on the neutral conductor current.
If the neutral conductor current exceeds 135% of the phase current and the cross-sectional area
of the cable is chosen based on the neutral conductor current, the three phase conductors will
not be fully loaded. The reduction in heat generated by the line conductors compensates for the
heat generated by the neutral conductor, eliminating the need to apply any reduction factors for
the permissible current of the fully-loaded phase conductors.
Example:
It is intended to select the cross-sectional area of a four-core three-phase cable with PVC
insulation, connected to the wall by method C, for a circuit supplying a load with a current of 39
amps.
According to Table (42-2), if there are no harmonics in the circuits, a 4×6 mm² copper conductor
cable with an allowable current of 41 amps is suitable.
If 20% third harmonic is present in the circuit, then a correction factor of 0.86 is applied.
𝑰 𝟑𝟗
𝑰′𝒃 = 𝟎.𝟖𝟔 𝒙𝒃 𝑲 = 𝟎.𝟖𝟔
= 𝟒𝟓𝑨
𝒕𝒐𝒕
For this value, a 4×10 mm² cable is required.
If 40% third harmonic is present in the circuit, the cross-sectional area of the cable will be
selected based on the current of the neutral conductor.
𝑰𝒃
𝑰𝒃 = 𝒙 𝟑 𝒙 𝒌𝑰𝑰𝑰 = 𝟑𝟗 𝑿 𝟑 𝑿 𝟎. 𝟒 = 𝟒𝟔. 𝟖𝟒 𝑨
𝑲𝒕𝒐𝒕

𝟒𝟔.𝟖
𝑰′𝒃 = 𝟎.𝟖𝟔 = 𝟓𝟒. 𝟒𝟒

In this case, a 4×16 mm² cable is required.

All of the above cable selections are based on the allowable current and the third harmonic
current, and the criteria for voltage drop and other factors have not been considered.

Step Three: Determining the Cross-Sectional Area of Conductors Based on Voltage Drop Criteria
Maximum Voltage Drop:
The voltage drop between the power source and any point of the load should not exceed the
values listed in Table (42-2), which are expressed in terms of the nominal voltage of the
installation.

Lighting Other Loads

Installation Type
(%) (%)

A - Low-voltage installations directly fed from the public low-

3% 5%
voltage network

B - Low-voltage installations fed by a dedicated source 6% 8%

Note:
1. It is recommended that, if possible, the voltage drop in the final circuit should not
exceed the values mentioned for Installation Type A.
2. If the main wiring system exceeds 100 meters, the voltage drop may increase by
approximately 0.05% for every meter beyond 100 meters, provided the total increase
does not exceed 5%.
3. The voltage drop can be calculated either based on the estimated load current (using
coincidence factors) or based on the current for which the circuits have been designed.
Calculation of voltage drop in conductors

Example: Calculate the voltage drop of a three-phase cable with the following specifications:
• Nominal Voltage: 400 Volts
• Cable Length: 90 meters
• Cable Type: 4 x 50 mm² Copper Multi-Core
• Load Current: 130 Amperes
• Power Factor: 0.8
• From Table (49-2), the voltage drop characteristic of this cable is 0.75.

𝑣 90
75 𝑥 130 𝐴 𝑥 𝑘𝑚 = 8.77 𝑣
𝐴 𝑥 𝑘𝑚 1000
8.77
𝑥 100 = 2.19%
400
Selection of Cables for the Wiring System of the Small Hydropower Plant
Building
in this section of the report, information regarding the selection of cables used for the wiring
system of the small hydropower plant building is provided. The selection of the cables was
based on technical criteria, safety, and performance capabilities under various conditions.
Selected Cables:
1. HO7RN-F Cable: This cable, with a rubber insulating layer resistant to fire and harsh
environmental conditions, was selected for use in industrial and building environments.
The cable's high flexibility and resistance to moisture, UV radiation, and chemicals make
it a suitable option for power distribution systems in various areas of the building.
2. NYAF Cable: The NYAF cable, with a PVC insulation layer, was chosen for power
distribution in internal networks and building electrical systems. Due to its high
resistance to temperature and pressure, it is particularly suitable for dry and enclosed
environments.
3. XPEL Cable: XPEL cables are used in confined spaces and for the transmission of power
in sensitive systems and electrical signals. These cables are highly flexible, resistant to
chemicals, and have flame-retardant and heat-resistant properties, making them
suitable for use in sensitive projects.
Use of Excel Sheet:
To ensure accuracy and precision in the selection of cables and required calculations, an Excel
sheet for the small hydropower plant project was used. This sheet contains detailed
calculations that served as the basis for selecting the cable types and other technical
specifications. The calculations for cable selection are provided in detail in the Excel sheet.

The information collection and cable cross-section calculation sheet has been designed and
selected as follows.
Switches and Sockets
In this section, the general technical and operational specifications of switches and electrical
sockets are introduced, considering special requirements and safety aspects in design,
installation, operation, and selection of suitable products for all buildings with various uses, as
per the following conditions:
• Manual Operation Switches for general use in alternating current applications with
nominal voltage up to 440V and nominal current up to 63A, intended for fixed electrical
installations in residential or similar buildings, either indoors or outdoors. For switches
with terminals without screws, this current is limited to 16A.
• Electronic Switches with nominal voltage up to 250V and nominal current up to 16A,
intended for fixed electrical installations in residential or similar buildings, which are
intentionally activated by a person through an actuator device, a sensing surface, or a
sensing unit, triggered by touch, proximity, rotation, light, sound, heat, or any other form
of impact.
• Plugs and Sockets—either fixed or portable—with or without grounding, used exclusively
for alternating current with a nominal voltage ranging from 50V to 440V and a nominal
current of up to 32A for household and similar uses, installed indoors or outdoors. The
nominal current for fixed sockets with terminals without screws is limited to 16A.
Definitions and Terms
• Switch
A device designed to open or close the current in one or more electrical circuits.
• Electronic Switch
A general term that covers devices used for switching and controlling electronically.
• Flush-type Switch
A switch whose box is installed flush with the surface of the mounting area.
• Surface-type Switch
A switch whose box is installed on the surface of the mounting area.

• Socket-outlet
Devices intended for repeated use by ordinary persons, which contain contacts for
engagement with the prongs of a plug, and terminals and/or connectors for the
attachment of a cable or conductor.
• Plug
Devices intended for repeated use by ordinary persons, which have prongs for
engagement with the contacts of a socket-outlet, and are equipped with parts to
establish electrical connection and provide mechanical support for a flexible cable.
• Multiple Plug
A part connected to a flexible cable, integrated with a device or mobile connector, or
designed to be attached to such a cable.

Standards
• IEC 60669-1, Switches for household and similar fixed-electrical installations - Part 1: General
requirements.

• IEC 60669-2-1, Switches for household and similar fixed electrical installations - Part 2-1: Particular
requirements - Electronic control devices.

• IEC 60669-2-3, Switches for household and similar fixed electrical installations - Part 2-3: Particular
requirements - Time-delay switches (TDS).
 • IEC 60669-2-4, Switches for household and similar fixed electrical installations - Part 2-4: Particular
requirements - Isolating switches.

• IEC 60669-2-5, Switches for household and similar fixed electrical installations - Part 2-5: Particular
requirements - Switches and related accessories for use in home and building electronic systems (HBES).

• IEC 60669-2-6, Switches for household and similar fixed electrical installations - Part 2-6: Particular
requirements - Fireman's switches for exterior and interior signs and luminaires.

• IEC 60730-2-7, Automatic electrical controls - Part 2-7: Particular requirements for timers and time
switches.

• IEC 63128, Lighting control interface for dimming - Analogue voltage dimming interface for electronic
current sourcing controlgear.

• IEC 60670-1, Boxes and enclosures for electrical accessories for household and similar fixed electrical
installations - Part 1: General requirements.

• IEC 60884-1, Plugs and socket-outlets for household and similar purposes - Part 1: General requirements.

• IEC 60884-2-1, Plugs and socket-outlets for household and similar purposes - Part 2-1: Particular
requirements for fused plugs.

• IEC 60884-2-2, Plugs and socket-outlets for household and similar purposes - Part 2-2: Particular
requirements for socket-outlets for appliances.

• IEC 60884-2-3, Plugs and socket-outlets for household and similar purposes - Part 2-3: Particular
requirements for switched socket-outlets without interlock for fixed installations.

• IEC 60884-2-4, Plugs and socket-outlets for household and similar purposes - Part 2-4: Particular
requirements for plugs and socket-outlets for SELV.

• IEC 60884-2-5, Plugs and socket-outlets for household and similar purposes - Part 2-5: Particular
requirements for adaptors.

• IEC 60884-2-6, Plugs and socket-outlets for household and similar purposes - Part 2-6: Particular
requirements for switched socket-outlets with interlock for fixed electrical installations.

• IEC 60884-2-7, Plugs and socket-outlets for household and similar purposes - Part 2-7: Particular
requirements for cord extension sets.

• IEC 61558-2-5, Safety of transformers, reactors, power supply units, and combinations thereof - Part 2-5:
Particular requirements and test for transformers for shavers, power supply units for shavers, and shaver
supply units.

• IEC 60309-1, Plugs, socket-outlets, and couplers for industrial purposes - Part 1: General requirements.

Electrical Switches
The switches discussed in this section are designed for controlling electrical loads with the
following conditions:
• Circuit related to tungsten filament lamp loads.
Circuit related to lamp loads with external ballasts (such as LED lamps and various types of
fluorescent lamps).

Protection Degree

For power plants, the need to consider more challenging environmental conditions and various
impacts might be necessary. Therefore, the protection levels for electrical switches in power
plants could be higher than general standards. The text can be modified as follows for power
plants:

Protective Rating in Power Plants

The electrical switches used in power plants are classified based on their protection against
access to hazardous parts and harmful effects from the ingress of foreign objects and water,
according to relevant industrial and environmental standards. This classification can include the
following types:

• Unprotected switches (standard): For use in internal areas and non-critical parts of the power
plant where the risk of water or foreign object ingress is low.
• Drip-protected switches (IPX1): For use in areas with limited risk of water ingress, such as
control rooms or enclosed spaces.
• Splash-protected switches (IPX3): In areas where water splashing from various directions might
occur, such as outdoor areas or around equipment.
• Waterproof switches (IPX7): In environments where there is a possibility of immersion or
prolonged exposure to water, such as outdoor areas or near water sources.
• Switches protected against access by fingers to hazardous parts (IP2X): For installation in areas
where access to equipment needs to be restricted to ensure operator and personnel safety.
• Switches protected against access by wires to hazardous parts (IP4X): For use in environments
where the ingress of foreign objects with a diameter of 1mm or more is possible.
• Switches protected against access by wires to hazardous parts and dust-proof (IP5X): These
switches are designed for use in very harsh and dusty environments, such as generator rooms or
areas near turbines and generators, where dust and contamination are present.

• For power plants, the need to consider more challenging environmental conditions and various
impacts might be necessary. Therefore, the protection levels for electrical switches in power
plants could be higher than general standards. The text can be modified as follows for power
plants:

Installation Method
Electrical switches are classified based on the method of installation into the following types:
• Flush-mounted
• Surface-mounted
 • Semi-flush-mounted
• Panel-mounted
• Decorative
For the powerhouse, we have considered the surface-mounted type.

Applications
This section introduces the most common applications of various types of electrical switches.
Single-pole, Single-throw, Single-way switch
This type of switch is used for opening and closing the live wire in lighting circuits and similar
applications.
Single-pole, Double-throw, Single-way switch
This type of switch is used for opening and closing two circuits.
Double-pole switch
This type of switch is used for simultaneously opening and closing two phases or one phase and
one neutral wire.

Selection of Switch Type, Load Capacity, and Wiring Method

This section introduces the technical specifications and general requirements for selecting the
switch type and its wiring method.
SwitchType
Lighting switches should be selected based on usage, power source type, installation conditions,
operating voltage, and the current calculation passing through the switch. They can be of the
following types: flush-mounted or surface-mounted, single-pole (single-way or double-way),
double-pole, triple-pole, changeover, or cross switches. If necessary, they should be chosen from
types that are protected against harmful moisture effects, water ingress, or explosion and spark
hazards. These switches, for a 230V single-phase system, should have a minimum rating of 250V
and 10A.
Type of Connection and Single-Line Diagram
The most common types of electrical switches used in building electrical installations, including
possible connections, electrical connection methods, and single-line diagrams, are presented in
Table (1-14).
Sockets and Plugs in Small Hydropower Plants
Sockets and plugs play a crucial role in providing electricity to various equipment in power plants.
These components must comply with safety and technical standards to ensure high performance
and protection for personnel and equipment. Depending on their location, environmental
conditions, and the type of devices they connect to, sockets in power plants may have different
specifications.
Classification of Sockets Based on Usage
1. Indoor Sockets (Rooms and Offices in the Power Plant)
These sockets are designed for use in controlled and dry environments:
• Types of Sockets:
o Flush-mounted (recessed), surface-mounted, and multi-sockets for use in control
rooms, administrative offices, and restrooms.
• Voltage and Current:
o Typically 220V and 16A, suitable for light loads like office equipment and lighting.
• Safety Features:
o Equipped with grounding and Residual Current Devices (RCD) to prevent electric
shock.
• Design and Installation:
o Installed at a height of 40–60 cm above the floor, ensuring easy access and proper
distance from heating equipment or sensitive devices.
2. Sockets for Industrial Environments (Operational Areas in the Power Plant)
These sockets are used in humid, dusty, or rugged environments:
• Types of Sockets:
o Industrial-grade sockets with high protection levels, portable sockets for movable
equipment, and panel-mounted sockets.
• Voltage and Current:
o Usually 220V to 380V and current ratings from 16A to 63A, suitable for heavy-duty
power plant equipment.
• Safety Features:
o Equipped with grounding, robust casings resistant to impact and heat, and
protective standards like IP65 or higher.
• Environmental Protection:
o Resistant to water and dust ingress, suitable for humid or outdoor environments.
General Classification of Sockets
1. By Installation Type:
o Flush-mounted, surface-mounted, semi-flush, panel-mounted, device-mounted,
and portable sockets.
2. By Grounding:
o Grounded sockets (for industrial and office equipment) and non-grounded sockets
(for double-insulated devices).
3. By Environmental Protection:
o Standard sockets (for dry spaces), water-resistant sockets (for humid
environments), and waterproof sockets (for outdoor or high-pressure water
exposure).

Technical and Safety Features

• Grounding:
o All sockets must be connected to the grounding system to prevent electric shock
hazards.
• Standards:
o Sockets should be designed and selected per IEC 60309 and IEC 60884 standards.
• Casing Material:
o The casing must be made of materials resistant to heat, impact, and chemicals.
• Residual Current Devices (RCD):
o Installing RCDs is mandatory to protect against current leakage and overloading.

Wiring Systems and Number of Sockets

This section introduces the general requirements and conditions for selecting the type of wiring
system and the number of sockets.Wiring Systems
1. Radial Wiring System
In the radial system used for socket wiring, the live conductor should be connected from the
circuit protection device to the phase terminal, the neutral conductor to the neutral terminal,
and the protective earth conductor to the earth terminal of each socket. This system is typically
used in places where protection against overload is necessary. Circuit breakers or miniature fuses
are installed for overload protection. The capacity of the circuit breaker or fuse should match the
capacity of the corresponding wire or cable.
• Wire Size: In this system, the minimum cross-sectional area of the wires should be 5.2
mm² to ensure safety and appropriate load capacity.

2. Ring Circuit Wiring System

In the ring circuit system for socket wiring, the live conductors should be connected to the
terminal of a protective fuse with a maximum of 30 amps or a miniature circuit breaker with a
maximum of 32 amps. The neutral and earth conductors should be connected to their
respective terminals.
• Wire Size: The minimum wire cross-section should be 2.5 mm².
• Coverage Limit: Each ring circuit should not cover more than 100 m² of area.
The continuity of the live and protective conductors must be tested after the installation and
wiring of the sockets to ensure the connections are correct.
Determining Circuit Capacity with Simultaneity Factor
The number of appliances or sockets powered by a final circuit must be selected in such a way
that the total demand on the circuit does not exceed the permissible thermal current of the
wiring. In cases where the appliances' use is non-simultaneous, there is no need to limit the
number of sockets on a final circuit. Generally, the permissible thermal current of a ring circuit is
1.5 times the permissible current of the circuit's conductors.
These regulations are primarily designed for residential buildings, but they can also be applied to
power plants or other locations where non-simultaneous usage is present.
Number of Sockets
The number of sockets used in a circuit should be selected so that the total demand does not
exceed the current-carrying capacity of the circuit. In particular, for small power plants, careful
consideration of socket and circuit requirements is essential to ensure optimal system
performance and to prevent overload.

Table 4-6: Minimum Number of Sockets for Different Environment Uses

Environment Use Up to 12 m² 12 to 25 m² More than 25 m²

Control Room 4 6 8

Generator Room 3 4 5

Office Area 6 8 10

Workshop Area 6 8 10

Restrooms 1 1 1

Corridors and Stairways 1 2 3

Storage Area 2 3 4

Substation Area 2 3 4

Parking Lot 2 3 4

Note: Conference rooms or similar areas larger than 20 m² should be equipped with at least one floor
socket.
This table is adjusted for various environments within a power plant. The number of sockets in
control rooms, generator rooms, office areas, workshops, and other related operational areas is
calculated to meet electrical needs effectively and safely.

Principles and Methods for Installing Switches and Sockets

In this section, the general requirements and conditions for selecting and installing electrical
devices such as switches are introduced.
General Requirements for Installing Switches
• A switch must cut off and connect the phase wire of the circuit unless a double-pole
switch is used for switching both the phase and neutral wires of the circuit. Similarly,
three-phase switches with neutral wire connections should be installed in such a way that
the neutral wire is disconnected before the phase wires. When connecting, the neutral
wire should either connect before the phase wires or simultaneously with them.
Reminder 1: No disconnecting device should be used on the PEN conductor.
Reminder 2: Switches should be installed so that when turned down, they are ON, and when
turned up, they are OFF.
Reminder 3: For single-phase and neutral sockets, the connections to the socket contacts should
be made in such a way that the phase wire is connected to the right-side hole (when viewed from
the front), and the neutral wire is connected to the left-side hole of the socket.
Installation Location
• Easy Access: Switches and sockets should be installed in locations that are easily
accessible to personnel but also protected from direct contact with water, oil, and other
hazardous materials.
• Proper Height: The height of switches and sockets should be between 1.2 and 1.4 meters
from the floor to ensure easy access for personnel. In areas with a high risk of water
spillage, switches and sockets should be installed at a higher elevation.
• Mechanical Protection: Switches and sockets should be installed in areas where there is
minimal risk of physical impact. If such a risk exists, protective covers or shockproof
enclosures should be used.
 ‫تابلو فشار ضعیف‬

‫دامنه پوشش‬

‫در این فصل تعاریف‪ ،‬مشخصات فنی و دستورالعمل های طراحی‪ ،‬ساخت‪ ،‬بازرسی‪ ،‬تست‪ ،‬بسته بندی و حمل تابلوهای قطع و وصل‬
‫و فرمان فشار ضعیف با هدف تامین ایمنی انسان در مقابل برق گرفتگی‪ ،‬حفاظت از مدارها و تجهیزات الکتریکی ‪ ،‬جلوگیری از اتالف‬
‫منابع و سرمایه های ملی ‪ ،‬کاهش احتمال آتش سوزی و افزایش قابلیت اطمینان درتاسیسات برقی ساختمان ها ارایه شده است‪.‬‬
‫همچنین این فصل‪ ،‬تعاریف و مشخصات فنی تجهیزات و بخش های مختلف تابلوهای برق فشار ضعیف را در بر می گیرد‪ .‬یادآوری‬
‫در این فصل‪ ،‬از عبارت تابلو یا تابلو برق به جای تابلوهای قطع و وصل و فرمان فشار ضعیف استفاده می شود‪.‬‬

‫صطالع ت‬ ‫تع ف‬

‫تابلو برق‬

‫تابلو برق ( ‪(Electrical Panel‬یا )‪ Power Distribution Board‬یک محفظه یا جعبه فلزی است که تجهیزات الکتریکی را‬
‫در خود جای میدهد و به توزیع و مدیریت انرژی الکتریکی در یک سیستم یا ساختمان کمک میکند‪ .‬وظیفه اصلی تابلو برق‪،‬‬
‫کنترل‪ ،‬توزیع‪ ،‬حفاظت و نظارت بر جریان برق از منبع اصلی به مدارها و مصرفکنندگان مختلف است‪.‬‬

‫انواع تابلو برق‬

‫‪ .1‬تابلو برق اصلي ‪ (Main Distribution Board):‬جریان برق را از منبع اصلی دریافت کرده و به تابلوهای فرعی و‬
‫مصرفکنندگان منتقل میکند‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬تابلو برق فرعي ‪ (Sub Distribution Board):‬برق را از تابلو اصلی دریافت کرده و به بخشهای مختلف یک‬
‫ساختمان یا سیستم توزیع میکند‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3‬تابلو کنترل موتور ‪ (Motor Control Center, MCC):‬برای کنترل و حفاظت از موتورهای الکتریکی‪.‬‬

‫‪ .4‬تابلو برق صنعتي ‪ (Industrial Panel):‬در صنایع بزرگ برای مدیریت و کنترل فرآیندهای پیچیده استفاده میشود‪.‬‬

‫وظايف تابلو برق‬

‫توزيع برق ‪:‬مدیریت و توزیع برق به مدارها و دستگاههای مختلف‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫حفاظت الکتريکي ‪:‬جلوگیری از آسیب به تجهیزات و سیستمها در اثر اضافه بار یا اتصال کوتاه‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
 ‫کنترل و نظارت ‪:‬کنترل وضعیت عملکرد تجهیزات و نمایش اطالعات مربوط به پارامترهای الکتریکی مانند ولتاژ و‬ ‫•‬
‫جریان‪.‬‬

‫ساختار تابلو برق‬

‫قسمت ثابت ‪fixed part‬‬

‫قسمتی متشکل از اجزای نصب و سیم کشی شده بر روی یک نگهدارنده واحد که به منظور نصب ثابت طراحی شده است‪.‬‬

‫قسمت قابل جدا شدن ‪removable part‬‬

‫قسمتی متشکل از اجزای نصب و سیم کشی شده بر روی یک نگه دارنده واحد با قابلیت جدا شدن کامل از تابلو و جایگزین کردن‪،‬‬
‫در حالی که مدار تغذیه کننده آن برق دار است‪.‬‬

‫اتصال ثابت ‪fixed connection‬‬

‫اتصالی که توسط یک ابزار متصل یا قطع می شود‪.‬‬

‫بخش اصلي ‪section‬‬

‫قسمتی از سازه تابلو مابین دو سطح قائم متوالی‪.‬‬

‫بخش فرعي ‪sub-section‬‬

‫قسمتی از سازه تابلو در یک بخش اصلی‪ ،‬مابین دو سطح افقی یا قائم متوالی‪.‬‬

‫خانه ‪compartment‬‬

‫یک بخش اصلی یا فرعی که به جز بازشوهایی برای اتصاالت‪ ،‬کنترل یا تهویه بقیه قسمت های آن پوشیده باشد‪.‬‬

‫اجزای اصلی تابلو برق‬

‫‪ .1‬کلیدها ‪ (Switches):‬برای قطع و وصل جریان برق‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬فیوزها يا مدارشکنها ‪ (Circuit Breakers):‬برای حفاظت از مدارها در برابر اضافهبار و اتصال کوتاه‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ترمینالها ‪ (Terminals):‬نقاط اتصال برای سیمها و کابلها‪.‬‬

 .‫( برای کنترل اتوماتیک جریان برق به تجهیزات مختلف‬Contactors): ‫ کنتاکتورها‬.4

.‫( برای محافظت و کنترل تجهیزات برقی‬Relays): ‫ رلهها‬.5

.‫ ولتاژ و سایر پارامترهای الکتریکی‬،‫( برای نمایش مقادیر جریان‬Meters): ‫ نشانگرها و ابزارهای اندازهگیری‬.6

‫استانداردها‬

.‫مدارك الزامی زیر حاوی مقرراتی هستند که در متن این فصل به آن ها ارجاع داده شده است‬

• IEC61439-1, Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies - Part 1: General

rules.
• IEC61439-2, Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies - Part 2: Power
switchgear
and controlgear assemblies.
• IEC61439-3, Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies - Part 3: Distribution
boards
intended to be operated by ordinary persons (DBO).
• IEC61439-5, Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies - Part 5: Assemblies
for
power distribution in public networks.
• IEC 62208, Empty enclosures for low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies -
General
Requirements.

‫لوازم و تجهیزات تابلوهای برق فشار ضعیف‬

.‫استاندارد های لوازم و تجهیزات مورد استفاده در تابلوهای برق فشار ضعیف قرار ذیل است‬

• ISO 197-3, Copper and copper alloys -Terms and definitions - Part 3: Wrought
products.
• ISO 2107, Aluminium and aluminium alloys — Wrought products.
• IEC 60947-1, Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 1: General rules.
• IEC 60947-2, Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 2: Circuit-breakers.
• IEC 60947-3, Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 3: Switches,
disconnectors,
switch-disconnectors and fuse-combination units.
• IEC 60947-4-1, Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 4-1: Contactors and
motorstarters
- Electromechanical contactors and motor-starters.
• IEC 60947-4-2, Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 4-2: Contactors and
motorstarters
– Semiconductor motor controllers, starters and soft-starters.
• IEC 60947-4-3, Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 4-3: Contactors and
motorstarters
- Semiconductor controllers and semiconductor contactors for non-motor loads.
• IEC 60898-1, Electrical accessories - Circuit-breakers for overcurrent protection for
household
and similar installations - Part 1: Circuit-breakers for a. c. operation.
• IEC 60755: General safety requirements for residual current operated protective
devices.
• IEC 61008-1, Residual current operated circuit-breakers without integral overcurrent
protection
for household and similar uses (RCCBs) - Part1: General rules.
• IEC 61009-1, Residual current operated circuit-breakers with integral overcurrent
protection for
household and similar uses (RCBOs) - Part 1: General rules.
• IEC 62606: General requirements for arc fault detection devices.
• IEC 61643-11, Low-voltage surge protective devices - Part 11: Surge protective
devices
connected to low-voltage power systems - Requirements and test methods.
• IEC 61810-1, Electromechanical elementary relays - Part 1: General and safety
requirements
• IEC 62314: Solid-state relays.
• IEC 60269-1, Low-voltage fuses - Part 1: General requirements.
• IEC 61869-1, Instrument transformers - Part 1: General requirements.
• IEC 61869-2, Instrument transformers - Part 2: Additional requirements for current
transformers.
• IEC 61869-3, Instrument transformers - Part 3: Additional requirements for inductive
voltage
transformers.
• IEC 61557-12, Electrical safety in low voltage distribution systems up to 1 000 V AC
and 1 500
V DC - Equipment for testing, measuring or monitoring of protective measures - Part 12:
Power
metering and monitoring devices (PMD).
• IEC 60051-1, Direct acting indicating analogue electrical measuring instruments and
their
accessories - Part 1: Definitions and general requirements common to all parts.
• IEC 60947-7-1, Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 7-1: Ancillary
equipment -
Terminal blocks for copper conductors.

‫شرايط نصب و بهره برداری تابلوهای برق فشار ضعیف‬

‫دما و رطوبت هوای محیط‬

‫داخل ساختمان‬
‫حداکثر دمای هوای محیط مثبت ‪ 40‬درجه سلسیوس و میانگین آن در مدت زمان ‪ 24‬ساعت بیش تر از مثبت ‪ 35‬درجه سلسیوس‬
‫نیست‪ .‬حداقل دمای هوای محیط منفی ‪ 5‬درجه سلسیوس است‪.‬‬

‫رطوبت نسبی هوا بیش تر از ‪ 50‬درصد در دمای حداکثر مثبت ‪ 40‬درجه سلسیوس نیست اما در دماهای پایین تر رطوبت نسبی‬
‫مجاز می تواند بیش تر باشد (مثالا ‪ 90‬درصد در دمای مثبت ‪ 20‬درجه سلسیوس)‪.‬‬

‫خارج ساختمان (هوای آزاد)‬

‫حداکثر دمای هوای محیط مثبت ‪ 40‬درجه سلسیوس و میانگین آن در مدت زمان ‪ 24‬ساعت بیش تر از مثبت ‪ 35‬درجه سلسیوس‬
‫نیست‪ .‬حداقل دمای هوای محیط منفی ‪ 25‬درجه سلسیوس است‪.‬‬

‫رطوبت نسبی هوا ممکن است به طور موقت تا حد ‪ 100‬درصد در حداکثر دمای مثبت ‪ 25‬درجه سلسیوس باشد‪.‬‬

‫درجه آلودگي‬

‫درجه آلودگی مربوط به شرایط محیطی است که تابلو در آن به کار گرفته می شود‪.‬‬

‫این درجه بندی برای ارزیابی فواصل هوایی و خزشی در چهار گروه تعیین می شود‪.‬‬

‫درجه آلودگي ‪1‬‬

‫هیچ آلودگی وجود ندارد یا آلودگی از نوع غیر رسانا و خشک است‪ .‬این نوع آلودگی هیچ تاثیری در عملکرد تابلو ندارد‪.‬‬

‫درجه آلودگي ‪2‬‬

‫فقط آلودگی از نوع غیر رسانا وجود دارد و ممکن است به سبب میعان احتمالی به صورت موقت تبدیل به رسانا شود‪.‬‬

‫درجه آلودگي ‪3‬‬

‫آلودگی از نوع رسانا وجود دارد یا ممکن است آلودگی از نوع غیر رسانا و خشک به سبب میعان احتمالی به صورت موقت‬

‫تبدیل به رسانا شود‪.‬‬

‫درجه آلودگي ‪4‬‬

‫به سبب وجود گرده های رسانا‪ ،‬باران یا سایر شرایط مرطوب‪ ،‬آلودگی از نوع رسانا به صورت پیوسته وجود دارد‪.‬‬

‫ارتفاع از سطح دريا‬

 ‫ارتفاع از سطح دریا محل نصب تابلو بیش تر از ‪ 2000‬متر نیست‪.‬‬

‫مشخصات محل نصب تابلو (اتاق برق)‬

‫•ساختمان یا اتاق محل نصب تابلوهای برق باید از استحکام کافی برخوردار باشد و متناسب با موقعیت آن در مقابل پدیده های‬
‫طبیعی از جمله زلزله یا اثرات جوی مانند باران‪ ،‬برف یا وزش بادهای شدید به نحو مناسب محافظت شود‪.‬‬

‫•میزان رطوبت و دمای محل نصب تابلوهای برق باید به نحوی کنترل شود که از محدوده مجاز عملکرد تابلو و تجهیزات آن که‬
‫توسط سازنده تعیین شده است خارج نشود‪.‬‬

‫•ابعاد درهای اتاق تابلوی برق باید برای حمل و نقل تابلوها و دیگر متعلقات‪ ،‬مناسب و از نوع مقاوم در برابر حریق یا آهنی باشد‪.‬‬
‫درهای اتاق باید به سمت خارج اتاق باز شود و قفل درها باید از نوعی باشد که خروج ازاتاق حتی هنگامی که در قفل یا بسته است‬
‫بدون نیاز به کلید امکان پذیر باشد‪.‬‬

‫•در صورتی که طول فضای اختصاصی نصب تابلوهای برق بیش از ‪ 20‬متر باشد‪ ،‬این فضا باید با نصب در در هر دو سمت قابل‬
‫دسترس باشد‪.‬‬

‫•در صورتی که طول راهرو بیش از ‪ 10‬متر باشد باید از دو طرف قابل دسترس باشد‪.‬‬

‫•عرض راهرو مقابل در تابلوهای برق نباید کم تر از ‪ 80‬سانتی متر باشد و این مقدار نباید در حالت باز بودن در تابلوها یا تغییر‬
‫وضعیت کلیدهای کشویی به کم تر از ‪ 50‬سانتی متر کاهش یابد‪.‬‬

‫•ارتفاع اتاق برق نباید هیچ گاه از ‪ 2‬متر کم تر باشد و حداقل ارتفاع اتاق برق بزرگ تر یا مساوی ارتفاع بلندترین تابلو به عالوه ‪50‬‬
‫سانتی متر است‪.‬‬

‫•تهویه فضای استقرار تابلوها باید به خوبی صورت پذیرد به گونه ای که از زنگ زدگی و اثرات گرد و غبار بر روی تابلوها جلوگیری‬
‫شود‪ .‬برای جلوگیری از ورود گرد و غبار‪ ،‬مسیر جریان هوا باید به سمت بیرون اتاق باشد و دریچه ورودی مجهز به فیلتر مناسب‬
‫باشد‪.‬‬

‫•پنجره ها (در صورت وجود) باید مجهز به شبکه محافظ یا شیشه های مسلح باشند‪.‬‬

‫•شدت روشنایی محل نصب تابلوهای برق حداقل ‪ 300‬لوکس است و قطع و وصل آن نباید صرفا به صورت خودکار باشد‪.‬‬

‫•طراحی و اجرای صحیح سیستم اتصال زمین و هم بندی تجهیزات باید مطابق با الزامات مربوطه رعایت شود‪.‬‬

‫•توصیه اکید می شود عالیم هشدار متناسب با نوع تابلوها و دسترسی افراد به اتاق برق با هماهنگی واحدهای ایمنی در محل مناسب‬
‫نصب شود‪.‬‬

‫•الزم است دستورالعمل ایمنی و همچنین راهنمای کمک های اولیه در مواقع برق گرفتگی در محل مناسب و قابل رویت نصب‬
‫شود‪.‬‬
‫•ابعاد کانال ها یا بازشوهای عبور کابل یا فضاهای زیر اتاق ها باید بقدر کافی عمیق و عریض باشند تا هنگام نصب و بهره برداری‪،‬‬
‫شعاع انحنای کابل ها از مقدار مجاز کم تر نشود‪ ،‬به همین خاطر برای کابل های با مقطع بزرگ الزم خواهد بود زوایای داخلی کانال‬
‫ها با توجه به این موضوع اجرا شود و برای هدایت آب یا مایعات دیگری که ممکن است به داخل کانال ها و فضاهای مورد بحث رخنه‬
‫کند شیب مناسب برای دفع به سمت خارج تعبیه شود‪.‬‬

‫•لبه کانال باید با آهن نبشی ‪ 4‬سانتی متر در ‪ 4‬سانتی متر یا اجرای تمهیدات مشابه مهار شود‪.‬‬

‫نحوه نصب تابلو‬

‫فاصله تابلوهای تمام بسته برق فشار متوسط و فشار ضعیف از هم نباید از ‪ 1.5‬متر کمتر باشد‪ .‬به منظور سهولت در تخلیه اتاق محل‬
‫نصب تابلوهای اصلی در هنگام خطر‪ ،‬در تابلوها باید هم راستای مسیر خروج بسته شود‪.‬‬

‫حداکثر ارتفاع نصب تابلوهای دیواری و ایستاده ‪ 210‬سانتی متر از باالی تابلو تا کف تمام شده خواهد بود‪.‬‬

‫در صورتی که به هر دلیل ارتفاع نصب تابلو بیش تر از مقدار ذکر شده باشد‪ ،‬نصب سکوی ثابت با ارتفاع مناسب در جلوی‬

‫تابلو الزامی است‪.‬‬

‫تابلوهای روکار باید پس از اتمام نازك کاری ساختمان‪ ،‬با در نظر گرفتن دستورالعمل نصب که توسط سازنده تابلو ارایه می شود و با‬
‫بست های مناسب روی دیوار نصب شود‪.‬‬

‫تابلوهای توکار باید پس از اتمام سفت کاری و با در نظر گرفتن دستورالعمل نصب که توسط سازنده تابلو ارایه می شود به نحوی که‬
‫بدنه تابلو هم تراز با سطح تمام شده دیوار باشد با مصالح یا بست های مناسب داخل دیوار نصب شود‪.‬‬

‫طراحي و تايید‬

‫تابلوهای برق فشار ضعیف به منظور نصب و بهره برداری در تاسیسات الکتریکی با شرایط مشخص طراحی و ساخته می شود‪ ،‬بنابراین‬
‫الزم است طراحی و تحویل تابلو بر اساس کاربرد مشخص آن یا بر اساس کاربرد و مشخصات نوعی صورت پذیرد تا امکان بهره برداری‬
‫از تابلو در گستره ای از شرایط مشابه امکان پذیر باشد‪.‬‬

‫فرایند طراحی تابلو بر اساس مشخصات فنی ذکر شده در این فصل و الزامات خاص تعیین شده توسط کارفرما و‪/‬یا بهره بردار بر عهده‬
‫سازنده تابلو است‪ .‬همچنین سازنده تابلو باید تطابق طرح تابلو با مشخصات فنی ذکر شده در این فصل و استانداردهای مربوطه را با‬
‫انجام آزمون‪ ،‬تحویل مقایسه ای یا تحویل بر پایه ارزیابی و انجام محاسبات تضمین کند‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫مشخصات فني ساختمان تابلو ها‬

‫مشخصات فنی عمومی ساخت بدنه تابلوهای برق فشار ضعیف در این بخش ذکر شده است‪ .‬سایر مشخصات فنی مربوط‬
 ‫به شرایط خاص نصب و بهره برداری از تابلو برق (مانند شرایط آلودگی محیطی شدید‪ ،‬شرایط ویژه اقلیمی محل نصب‬

‫تابلو و غیره) مطابق با درخواست کارفرما در نظر گرفته می شود‪.‬‬

‫کلیات‬

‫•تابلوها باید به نحوی ساخته شود که استحکام و دوام الزم به منظور تامین عملکرد مناسب مطابق با شرایط حمل‪ ،‬نصب و بهره‬
‫برداری را داشته باشد‪.‬‬

‫•در تابلو و مکانیزم اتصال آن (مثل لوال) باید استحکام و دوام کافی برای تحمل وزن در و تجهیزات نصب شده بر روی آن را داشته‬
‫باشد‪.‬‬

‫•تمهیدات الزم برای حمل و جابجایی تابلو با پیش بینی پایه یا قالب های مناسب در نظر گرفته شود‪.‬‬

‫•صفحه گلند تابلو باید قابل جدا شدن از بدنه اصلی تابلو باشد‪.‬‬

‫•در تابلوهایی که در محیط بیرونی یا در معرض باد نصب می شود‪ ،‬الزاماا باید مجهز به نگهدارنده ‪ 1‬مناسب باشد‪ ،‬همچنین توصیه‬
‫می شود در تابلوهای داخلی هم به نگهدارنده مجهز شود‪.‬‬

‫•به منظور نگه داری نقشه ها و مدارك فنی‪ ،‬تابلو برق باید دارای نگه دارنده نقشه فلزی یا پالستیکی متناسب با جنس بدنه تابلو‬
‫برق باشد‪.‬‬

‫جنس تابلو‬

‫•تابلو می تواند از یک یا چند صفحه از جنس عایق (که جاذب رطوبت و خودسوز نباشد) یا صفحات فلزی یا ترکیبی از این دو‬
‫تشکیل شده باشد‪.‬‬

‫•صفحات عایق مورد استفاده در بدنه تابلو از مواد مختلف مانند پلی کربنات‪ ،‬پلی استر تقویت شده با فایبرگالس‪ ABS ،‬و اجناس‬
‫مشابه ساخته می شود‪.‬‬

‫•صفحات فلزی مورد استفاده در بدنه تابلو از ورق آهن نوع نورد سرد مانند)‪ ( ST12‬ساخته شده است که نسبت به نوع کاربری‬
‫و شرایط محیطی نصب تابلو می تواند از نوع گالوانیزه سرد‪ ،‬گرم یا رنگ شده باشد ‪.‬‬

‫•همچنین سایر انواع صفحات فلزی از جنس فوالد ضد زنگ (گریدهای ‪ 304‬یا ‪ ) 316‬و صفحات فلزی با روکش آلیاژ آلومینیوم‪-‬‬
‫زینک با در نظر گرفتن شرایط محیطی و کاربری تابلو قابل استفاده است‪.‬‬
‫•قسمت های فلزی تابلو برق (مانند صفحه گلند) که برای عبور هادی تک رشته با دامنه جریان باال (بیش از‪200‬آمپر) پیش بینی‬
‫شده است نباید از جنس فلز مغناطیسی انتخاب شود‪.‬‬

‫ضخامت صفحات تابلو‬

‫ضخامت صفحات فلزی پوشش تابلو های ایستاده (مانند در جلو ‪ ،‬در پشت‪ ،‬در بغل) حداقل ‪ 2‬میلی متر و ضخامت ستون های اصلی‬
‫این نوع تابلو حداقل ‪ ۲.۵‬میلی متر است‪.‬‬

‫ضخامت صفحات فلزی پوشش تابلوهای دیواری حداقل ‪ ۱.۵‬میلی متر است و در صورتی که ارتفاع این نوع تابلو بیش از ‪ ۱۰۰‬سانتی‬
‫متر باشد ضخامت در آن حداقل ‪ 2‬میلی متر در نظر گرفته می شود‪.‬‬

‫حداقل ضخامت صفحات فلزی سایر اجزای بدنه تابلو برق مانند بست های نگهدارنده کابل‪ ،‬پایه نصب تجهیزات‪ ،‬روبنده و غیره حداقل‬
‫‪ ۱.۵‬میلی متر است‪.‬‬

‫حداقل ضخامت صفحه گلند تابلو برق ‪ 2‬میلی متر است‪.‬‬

‫در یا پوشش شفاف که برای مشاهده بخش های داخلی تابلو و تجهیزات در نظر گرفته می شود باید از جنس شیشه نشکن یا ورق‬
‫پلی کربنات با ضخامت حداقل ‪ 3‬میلی متر بوده و از دوام کافی در برابر اثرات شیمیایی و تنش های مکانیکی برخوردار باشد‪.‬‬

‫در صورتی که بدنه یا بخشی از اجزای بدنه تابلو برق از مواد عایق ذك ر شد ه د ر بند ‪ ۲-۶-۶‬ساخته شده باشد ‪ ،‬این قسمت ها‬
‫باید استحکام مکانیکی و دوام الزم در برابر شرایط محیطی (مانند تغییرات دما و تابش اشعه فرابنفش) را داشته باشد‪.‬‬

‫ابعاد تابلو‬

‫ابعاد تابلوهای برق فشار ضعیف باید با در نظر گرفتن موارد زیر طراحی شود‪:‬‬

‫•سهولت نصب تجهیزات داخل تابلو‬

‫•دسترسی مناسب به تجهیزات برای تنظیم‪ ،‬قطع و وصل یا تعمیر و نگهداری‬

‫•سهولت حمل و نصب‬

‫•رعایت فواصل عایقی قسمت های برق دار‬

‫•برقراری جریان هوا داخل تابلو و تبادل گرمایی مناسب با محیط اطراف‬

‫یادآوری‪ -‬عرض در تابلو نباید بزرگ تر از ‪ 90‬سانتی متر باشد‪ .‬در صورتی که عرض تابلو بیش از ‪ 90‬سانتی متر است‪ ،‬در آن باید‬
‫دو یا چند تکه باشد و تمهیدات الزم برای جلوگیری از ورود گردوغبار به داخل تابلو در نظر گرفته شود‪.‬‬
 ‫حفاظت در برابر خوردگي‬

‫حفاظت بدنه تابلو در برابر خوردگی با استفاده از مواد مناسب یا اعمال پوشش مناسب (مانند رنگ) بر روی قسمت های در معرض‬
‫خوردگی و با در نظر گرفتن شرایط بهره برداری نرمال تضمین می شود‪.‬‬

‫رنگ آمیزی صفحات فلزی‬

‫روش کلی رنگ آمیزی بدنه تابلوهای قابل نصب در محیط هایی که در معرض خوردگی شدید و رطوبت زیاد نیست‪ ،‬شامل چهار‬
‫مرحله چربی گیری‪ ،‬زنگ زدایی‪ ،‬فسفاته کاری و رنگ آمیزی است و جزئیات اجرایی هرکدام از این مراحل مطابق با پیوست ت جلد‬
‫اول از استاندارد تابلوهای مورد استفاده در شبکه توزیع شرکت توانیر است‪.‬‬

‫رنگ آمیزی با روش الکترواستاتیک و با استفاده از پوشش های پودری اپوکسی‪-‬پلی استر (هیبریدی) با ضخامت متوسط‪ 80‬میکرون‬

‫مناسب تابلوهای قابل نصب در محیط های معمولی با شرایط کنترل شده است‪.‬‬

‫در صورتی که تابلو در معرض شرایط خاص محیطی (مانند تغییرات دمایی وسیع‪ ،‬رطوبت زیاد‪ ،‬تشعشع فرابنفش شدید) قرار دارد‪،‬‬
‫تمهیدات تکمیلی به منظور حفاظت صفحات فلزی و همچنین پوشش آن باید در نظر گرفته شود‪.‬‬

‫قطعات و یراق آالت فلزی مورد استفاده در تابلو برق که معموال رنگ آمیزی نمی شود باید با استفاده از متریال مناسب که در برابر‬
‫خوردگی مقاوم هستند ساخته شود یا با روش های مختلف گالوانیزه (آبکاری) شده باشد‪.‬‬

‫رنگ ظاهری‬

‫به منظور یکنواخت ساختن ظاهر تابلوهای برق فشار ضعیف‪ ،‬رنگ یا فام پوشش این تابلوها خاکستری روشن با کد رنگ‬
‫‪ RAL7035‬است‪.‬‬

‫همچنین پوشش تابلوهای برق از نوع مات است و استفاده از رنگ های براق مجاز نیست‪.‬‬

‫درجه حفاظتي‬
‫درجه حفاظتی تامین شده توسط تابلو برق در مقابل تماس با قسمت های برق دار‪ ،‬نفوذ اشیا‪ ،‬ذرات جامد خارجی و آب با استفاده‬
‫از کد ‪ IP‬مطابق با مشخصات درج شده در استاندارد ‪ IEC60529‬تعیین می شود که خالصه آن در جداول ( ‪ ) ۱-۶‬و (‪ ) ۲ – ۶‬ذکر‬
‫شده است‪.‬‬

‫درجه حفاظتی تابلو برق تمام بسته پس از نصب بر اساس دستورالعمل سازنده‪ ،‬حداقل ‪ IP2X‬است‪.‬‬

‫درجه حفاظتی تابلو برق قابل نصب در خارج ساختمان که فاقد هرگونه حفاظت تکمیلی (مانند سایبان و غیره) است‪ ،‬حداقل ‪IPX3‬‬
‫است‪.‬‬

‫قسمت های لخت و برق دار تابلو باید داخل محفظه یا پشت موانعی که حداقل درجه حفاظتی ‪ IPXXB‬را تامین می کند قرار گیرد‬
‫و باز کردن این موانع فقط با استفاده از ابزار امکان پذیر باشد‪.‬‬

‫یادآوری‪ -‬افزایش درجه حفاظتی )‪ )IP‬تابلو برق منجر به کاهش تبادل حرارتی فضای داخل تابلو با محیط اطراف و در نتیجه کاهش‬
‫میزان جریان مجاز عبوری شینه ها می شود‪ ،‬بنابراین الزم است این موضوع هنگام محاسبه سطح مقطع شینه ها مد نظر قرار بگیرد‪.‬‬

‫به منظور جلوگیری از ورود گرد و غبار به داخل تابلو‪ ،‬در تابلوهای دیواری و ایستاده قابل نصب در داخل یا خارج از ساختمان باید‬
‫مجهز به الستیک درزگیر (ترجیحاا از نوع فوم تزریقی) باشد‪.‬‬

‫الستیک درزگیر باید در برابر اثرات شیمیایی عوامل خارجی‪ ،‬مایعات‪ ،‬تغییرات دمایی و غیره از دوام مناسب برخوردار‬

‫بوده و به صورت ثابت نصب شده باشد‪.‬‬

‫به منظور جلوگیری از نشستن برف یا ورود آب باران به داخل تابلو‪ ،‬سقف تابلوهای دیواری و ایستاده که در خارج از ساختمان و در‬
‫معرض بارش برف و باران نصب می شود باید دارای شیب دو طرفه یا یک طرفه با لبه های برگردان به سمت داخل بوده و از هر چهار‬
‫طرف حداقل پنج سانتی متر بزرگ تر از ابعاد سقف تابلو باشد‪.‬‬

‫حفاظت در برابر ضربه مکانیکي‬

‫درجه حفاظت تامین شده توسط پوشش تابلو در برابر ضربه مکانیکی باید در صورت نیاز در مشخصات فنی مربوطه ذکر شده و‬
‫الزامات عمومی آن مطابق با استاندارد ‪ IEC 62262‬تعیین شود‪.‬‬

‫یادآوری‪ -‬آزمایش درجه حفاظتی ‪ IK‬نباید باعث از بین رفتن درجه حفاظتی ‪ IP‬شود و باید حداقل فاصله قسمت های برق دار تابلو‬
‫از بدنه آن حفظ شود‪.‬‬

‫در جدول ( ‪ ) ۳-۶‬هر کد نشانگر میزان انرژی ضربه معادل رها شدن یک وزنه از ارتفاع ‪ h‬مطابق به شکل ( ‪ ) ۶-۶‬است‪.‬‬