(Ebook) The Road To Social Work and Human Service Practice by Lesley Chenoweth Donna McAuliffe ISBN 9780170259835, 0170259838 Full Chapters Included
(Ebook) The Road To Social Work and Human Service Practice by Lesley Chenoweth Donna McAuliffe ISBN 9780170259835, 0170259838 Full Chapters Included
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To our Mentors, who have generously given their time and wisdom to pave the path
for others: Margaret Shapiro, Peter North, Catherine McDonald, Susan Betsy
Goddard, Jill Wilson.
BRIEF CONTENTS
Chapter 1 Starting the journey: An introduction to social work
and human service practice 1
Chapter 5 Finding the right maps: The knowledge base of practice 125
Glossary 304
Index 310
v
CONTENTS
Preface xi
Resource guide xii
About the authors xiv
Acknowledgements xv
Introduction 2
Making the most of the educational experience 3
Developing support strategies 4
Choosing the road to social work and human services 7
Motivations for working in social work and human services 8
The purpose of practice: Is there a final destination? 15
The domains of practice: Scanning the territory 18
Work with individuals 19
Work with families and partnerships 19
Groupwork 20
Community work 20
Social policy practice 21
Research and evaluation 22
Organisational practice, management and leadership 22
Education and training 23
Exploring your pre-existing knowledge, values and beliefs: The place of
transformational learning 24
Conclusion 26
Introduction 32
The history of welfare 32
The English Poor Law 33
The emergence of the welfare practitioner 34
Towards the welfare state and beyond 36
The professionalisation of helping 40
Key philosophies 41
Social justice 41
Human rights 42
The use of power 44
Types of power 45
vi
Power and empowerment 46
Conclusion 52
Introduction 58
The influence of moral philosophy in practice 59
Exploring ethical theory and its application 62
The history of values and ethics 65
The value base of practice-contested territory 66
Core values 68
Distinguishing between ethical issues, problems and dilemmas 73
Ethical challenges in the eight domains of practice 75
Models for ethical decision making 78
The inclusive model 80
Conclusion 87
Introduction 94
Codes of ethics: Care or control? 94
The international context 96
The International Federation of Social Workers 96
The regional context 100
The Australian Association of Social Workers 100
The Australian College of Social Work 106
The Aotearoa New Zealand Association of Social Workers 108
The Australian Register of Counsellors and Psychotherapists Pty Ltd 109
The Australian Community Workers Association 111
Harmful practice – a duty to regulate 112
E-professionalism: Standards in a new era 115
Construction of online persona, identity and associated personal disclosures 116
Remote service delivery 116
Conclusion 117
CHAPTER 5 FINDING THE RIGHT MAPS: THE KNOWLEDGE BASE OF PRACTICE 125
Introduction 126
What is knowledge? 126
Defining the terms 127
The social and historical foundations of knowledge 131
Knowledge types and content 133
The sources of knowledge 137
The paradigms influencing knowledge development 141
CONTENTS vii
Using knowledge in practice 144
Evidence-based practice 145
The relationship between theory and practice 147
Practice approaches 149
Systems and ecological perspectives 149
Psychodynamic practice 150
Humanist existential approaches 151
Cognitive and behavioural approaches 152
Radical, structural and critical approaches 152
Postmodern practices 153
The strengths perspective 154
Crisis intervention and task-centred practice 155
Community development 156
Trauma-informed practice 157
Conclusion 158
Introduction 164
Fields of practice 164
The health sector 168
Mental health 170
Child protection and juvenile justice 173
The disability field 175
Working with older adults 178
Rural and remote practice 180
Income security and employment services 183
Substance misuse 184
Youth work 186
Environmental and disaster work 187
Choosing a field of practice 189
Methods of practice 190
Levels of intervention 190
Conclusion 193
Introduction 198
Characteristics of human service organisations 199
Organisations 199
Human service organisations 200
Purpose 201
The nature of the work 201
Auspice 203
viii CONTENTS
Types of human service organisations 205
Organisational theories 207
The theory of bureaucracy 208
Scientific management 208
Human relations 208
Systems and ecological perspectives 209
Ife’s discourses of human services 210
Working in the human service organisation 212
Tensions and dilemmas 212
Conclusion 220
Introduction 226
Exploring the helping process 226
Models of helping 228
The steps of the process 230
Engagement – making connections and building relationships 230
Assessment – making sense of a situation 236
Intervention – moving forward and taking action 242
Termination – tying up loose ends and achieving closure 247
Review – the critical phase of reflective practice 250
Documentation and case records 253
Conclusion 256
Introduction 262
Conceptualising difference and diversity 262
Defining the terms 263
The parameters of difference and diversity 265
Practice contexts and approaches 274
Anti-oppressive practice 274
Ethnic-sensitive practice 276
Conclusion 278
Introduction 284
Developing a practice framework 284
Critical reflective practice 287
Use of self 288
Continuing to learn 290
Professional development 290
Field and professional supervision 291
CONTENTS ix
Looking after yourself 291
The futures of practice 294
The aftermath of managerialism 295
A global focus 296
Consumer voice and participation 297
New frontiers 298
Implications for education and ongoing learning 299
Conclusion 300
Glossary 304
Index 310
x CONTENTS
PREFACE
We educate for our future. We hold responsibility for those who will go ahead of us to teach
them well and provide them with a steady compass, a strong guiding light, and sustenance for
the journey. Social work and human service practitioners need to be bred brave and must be
clear in their purpose. In the face of continued inequity and ongoing oppression of the most
vulnerable in our communities, it is often the hands of social workers and human service
workers that provide the lifelines of hope. In writing the fourth edition of this text, we continue
to highlight the urgent need for responsiveness, understanding, compassion and diligence,
within a framework of activism that will always acknowledge the tension between care and
control. While people continue to seek and be denied asylum; while people continue to live in
fear of violence; while people continue to live without food and shelter; while people continue to
die too young – our work is not yet done, and this book will still have a job to do. We hope that
this edition will push the boundaries a little further.
xi
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Lesley Chenoweth is Professor of Social Work and Head of Logan campus at Griffith
University. She has more than 20 years experience as an academic after a long career in human
service in the disability and health sectors. Her current research interests include social work
practice, disability, child protection services and rural communities. Lesley has taught
numerous courses in social work theory and practice and disability studies. She is a consultant
to many government and community organisations. She is a regular invited speaker at
conferences both in Australia and overseas.
Donna McAuliffe is an Associate Professor and Deputy Head of School (Learning & Teaching)
in the School of Human Services & Social Work at Griffith University. She has worked as a
social worker for over 20 years in the fields of community development, mental health and legal
social work. She now specialises in the field of professional ethics, which is the focus of her
teaching and research, but continues to teach courses in social work practice. She is a member
of a number of ethics committees in both academic and practice contexts, and provides ethics
consultation and supervision to human service practitioners and management.
xiv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The fourth edition of this text is continued testament to the experiences of many social work
and human service students and colleagues who have generously given their stories and ideas
to keep this text current and relevant. Thanks are extended to Matthew Armstrong for inclusion
of important new content on trauma-informed practice and vicarious trauma; to Kathryn Beard
for once again taking on the onerous task of editing and updating references; and to all who
have continued to allow us to use their practitioner and client perspectives in each edition. Our
appreciation to our colleagues at Griffith University who ensure that we stay connected to
practice and research; and of course to our students who continue to inspire us and keep us
believing every day that what we do in social work and human service education is a
worthwhile way to spend our working lives. Our families, partners, children and grandchildren
all play a large part in our understanding of what it is to be human, keep us guessing, and don’t
give us too much room for rest. We love them all for that, and appreciate them for their ongoing
support.
The authors and Cengage Learning would like to thank the following academics for their
incisive comments and suggestions on chapters from the previous edition or draft chapters of
this edition, as well as those academics who provided anonymous feedback:
• Dr Grace Brown – Monash University
• Dr Julie Clark – Griffith University
• Dr Helen Cleak – LaTrobe University
• Dr Patricia Fronek – Griffith University
• Peter Jones – James Cook University
• Jenny Kaighin – Queensland University of Technology
• Shirley Ledger – Central Queensland University
• Alistair Lemmon – Charles Sturt University
• Dr Sonia Martin – RMIT University
• Dr Robyn Mason – Monash University
• Dr Christine Morley – University of the Sunshine Coast
• Dr Tricia Munn – University of South Australia
• Sharlene Nipperess – Deakin University
• Dr Elizabeth Reimer – Southern Cross University
• Dr Sarah Wendt – University of South Australia.
xv
CHAPTER 1
Starting the journey:
An introduction to social work
and human service practice
Aims
to introduce the concept of students as
emerging practitioners
to consider motivations for choosing the path
of social work and human services
to clarify the purpose and domain of social
work and human services
to explore students’ pre-existing knowledge,
values, attitudes and beliefs about the world
1
INTRODUCTION
All stories have to start somewhere. Your story as a practitioner of social work or human
services may have started either quite recently or a long time ago. At some point, you
made a decision to take this particular fork in life’s road. In this chapter, we ask you to
think about your life story and clearly identify what led you to follow a career path of
working with people. You are encouraged to think of yourself as an ‘emerging
practitioner’ and consider how to make the most of your educational experience so that
you can become a competent, reflective and ethical practitioner. This chapter explores
the purpose of social work and human services and discusses the various domains of
practice. You are also challenged to think about what pre-existing knowledge, values and
beliefs you bring on your journey to social work and human service practice. When you
have finished this chapter, you will move on to explore the history of social welfare so that
you can gain an understanding of where you are located in time, what has come before,
and what may lie ahead. You will then look at the ethical foundations of practice, including
how social work and human services are positioned within the broader industry. Following
this, you will learn about the knowledge and theory base of practice, and explore the
diversity of fields and methods that make this work so broad-ranging. The organisational
context of practice will then be presented so that you can think about the types of
workplaces that might employ you as a practitioner, how these are funded and structured,
and who you might be working with. The phases of the helping process will give you a
map of how to think about engaging with people, making assessments of needs and
planning interventions, moving to closure and reviewing what was done. Finally, you will
consider the complex issues of working with difference and diversity, and the importance
of developing a framework for practice that will hone your skills in critical reflection. By the
time you have finished this book, you should have a good understanding of what lies
ahead for your future practice, and will be motivated to learn more.
People choose to work in human services at different points in their lives, and for
different reasons.
Some decide on leaving secondary education, certain that this is the career they
want to pursue, so they begin the journey at an early stage. Others have had previous
jobs or careers and decide to change to human service work much later in their working
lives. It is inevitable that whatever your pathway, you have been influenced by life events,
relationships with others, social changes, economic and political imperatives, and
exposure to experiences that have shaped your values, attitudes and beliefs. You do not
begin with a clean slate – you bring a multitude of experiences that are starting points for
your new journey.
This chapter helps you determine these starting points so that you can make the
most of the lessons you have already learned, the knowledge you have already acquired
and the skills you have already developed. Exploring these starting points gives you a
solid foundation and orients you more strongly as you move forward.
CHAPTER ONE
Starting the journey: An introduction to social work and human service practice 3
educational process to engage in debates about the difference between appropriate
and inappropriate behaviour so that you are clear about conduct that could
potentially cause harm to the people with whom you will work.
• Become attuned to the world around you as you learn more about human behaviour,
the dynamics of relationships, the constructions of power and the sources of
structural oppression. Be mindful of what is happening in current affairs, the political
arena and your local and global community. Learn to observe others more closely
and challenge your assumptions in a more critical way.
• Acknowledge that initially you may not feel comfortable with some areas of practice
(for example, mental health, aged care) or you may not want to work with some
people (for example, sex offenders, parents who abuse children). Be prepared to
explore in a reflective way your responses to personally confronting situations so that
you can make informed choices about the different areas of practice. Accept that
assumptions and value judgements can influence your perceptions and minimise
opportunities for learning.
Many of the issues touched on here are given more attention in later chapters of the
book. As a beginning practitioner, you are encouraged to continue reading with these
suggestions in mind.
Educators
Educators in social work and human services (your lecturers and tutors) have travelled the
road before and know the landscape well. They are charged with the responsibility of
ensuring that you receive a sound educational experience and graduate with the
required knowledge and skills for practice. They also have a responsibility to ensure that
when you start working in the field you are competent. Educators have a role to assist
you to find the answers to your questions and should be seen as a valuable resource,
particularly as they generally remain closely connected to practice, are engaged in
ongoing research, or are also practitioners themselves.
Practitioners
Practitioners are in the field doing the work and have also travelled on a similar learning
path before. They will be your field supervisors and educators and will become your
colleagues in the future. They can be important role models and you are encouraged to
meet as many practitioners as possible. Ask them about their work, their motivations and
their challenges. The more practitioners you meet, the better sense you will be able to
make of the range of methods and ways of working that are used in contemporary human
services. You also will get a better sense of the diversity of practice, and come to
understand how practitioners use theory to inform their practice.
CHAPTER ONE
Starting the journey: An introduction to social work and human service practice 5
support worker. These workers have their own areas of knowledge and expertise and
they may be important sources of information or referral in the future.
Personal supports
Academics and
Practitioners
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