INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT

Thi GK buoi thu 9, 40p

CK: 3 section
A. MCQ 20, chon 1 or nhieu dap an dung (2pt)
B. 5 cau hoi ly thuyet nho (3pt)
C. 5 cau hoi ly thuyet nho (5pt)
Chapter 1: International transportation & Supply Chain
1. The Role of transportation in LSC setup
- Logistics: the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the physical and
information flows concerned with materials and final goods from point of origin to
point of usage.
- Function:
- Activities of logistics:
o Procurement or purchasing: the flow of materials through an organization is
usually initiated when procurement sends a purchase order to a supplier.
o Inward transport or traffic actually moves materials from suppliers to the
organization’s receiving area.
o Receiving: makes sure that materials delivered correspond to the order,
acknowledges receipt, unloads delivery vehicles
o Warehousing or stores
o Stock control sets the policies for inventory. It considers the materials to store,
overall investment, customer service, stock levels, order sizes, order timing
and so on.
o Order picking: finds and removes materials from stores
o Materials handling (làm hàng: chăm sóc bảo quản hàng, packaging, …): moves
materials through the operations within an organization. The aim of materials
handling is to give efficient movements, with short journeys, using appropriate
equipment, with little damage, and using special packaging and handling
where needed.
o Outward transport takes materials from the departure area and delivers them to
customers (with concerns that are similar to inward transport)
o Physical distribution management: deliver finished goods to customers,
including outward transport
o Recyling, returns and waste disposal
 Activities that return materials back to an organization are called
reverse logistics or reverse distribution.
o Location
o Communication
- Supply chain: consists of the series of activities and organizations that materials move
through on their journey from initial
- Drivers of SC
o Production
o Inventory
o Location
o Transportation
 o Information
- Transportation represents the single most important element in logistical costs for
most firms.
- Transportation: movement of a product from 1 place to another as it makes its way
from the beginning of the SC to the hands of the consumer.
Transportation and inventory maintencance are the primary cost-absorbing logistics
activities. Typically about a half of logistics costs are absorfed by transport
o Transportation is the physical link connecting the firm to its suppliers and
customers
o The SC is a system of links between nodes where goods are stored
o Transportation companies bridge the gaps
2. Creation of place and time utilities
- Aim of logs: achieve high customer satistfaction. (high quality service with
low/acceptable price)
- Transportation adds place value while inventory adds time value to products
- Transportation also created time utility
- Transportation is more important when product value is low

3. Impact of transportation
- Location Decisions- Where plants, warehouse, offices, stores or other business
facilities should be located ?
- Although decisions relative to where plants, warehouses, offices, stores, and other
business facilities should be located are influenced by many factors, transportation
availability, adequacy, and cost can be extremely important in such decision making.
- Pricing Decisions- What are the costs ?

On the contrary, unlike most commercial transactions, transportation decisions are

influenced by 5 parties: (1) shipper, (2) consignee, (3) carriers and agents, (4) government,
(5) the public.
Shipper and consignee
The Shipper and consignee have a common interest in moving goods from origin to
destination within a given time at the lowest cost
Carrier agents
The carrier, a business that performs a transportation service, desires to maximize its
revenue for movement while minizing associated costs.
Government
The gov has a vested interest in transportation because of the critical importance of
reliable service to economic and social well-being. Government desires a stable and
efficient transportation environment to support economic growth.
Public
 The final transportation system participant, the public, is concerned with transportation
accessibility, expense, and effectiveness as well as environmental and safety standards.
4. Factors affecting transportation
- Degree of intramode or intermode competition
- Location of markets (distance goods must be transported)
- Nature and extent of gov regulations
- Blance or imbalance of freight traffic in a market
- Seasonality
- Domestic or international transportation
5. A perspective of an effective transprtation system
Transportation plays a big role in creating a high level of economic activity. It is typical in the
developing nation that production and consumption take place in close proximity (eg much of
the workforce is engaged in agricultural production), and a low proportion of the total
population lives in the urban areas. & More specifically, an efficient and inexpensive
transportation system contributes to greater competition in the market place, greater
economies of scale in production and reduced prices of goods.
Transport Management system

6. Greater competition
With improvements in the transportation system, the landed costs for products in distant
markets can be competitive with other products selling in the same markets.
In addition to encouraging direct competition, inexpensive, high quality transportation also
encourages an indirect form of competition by making the goods available to a market that
normally could not withstand the cost of transportation.
7. Economies of Scale
Economies of scale are cost advantages reaped by companies when production becomes
efficient. Companies can achieve economies of scale by increasing production and lowering
costs. This happens because costs are spread over a larger number of goods. Costs can be both
fixed and variable.
Wider markets can result in lower production costs.
The size of the business generally matters when it comes to economies of scale. The larger the
business, the more the cost savings.
There are several reasons why economies of scale give rise to lower per-unit costs.
• Specialization of labor and more integrated technology boost production volumes.
• Lower per-unit costs can come from bulk orders from suppliers, larger advertising buys, or
lower cost of capital.
• Spreading internal function costs across more units produced and sold helps to reduce costs.
8. Reduced costs
Inexpensive transportation also contributes to reduced product prices. This occurs not only
because of the increased competition in the marketplace but also because transportation is a
coponent cost along with production, selling and other distribution costs that made up the
aggregate product cost.
9. Loss and Damage
Carriers differ in their ability to move freight-and-damage free.
Because of this, loss and damage become important factors in selecting a carrier.
Regulated carriers are liable under law to move freight with reasonable dispatch and to do so
using reasonable care in order to avoid damage. They are often released from the liability if
loss and damage are a result of an act of God, the act or default of the shipper, or other causes
not within the control of the carrier.
10. Short Term Planning and Decision (Planning & Optimization)
TMS solutions will define the most efficient transport schemes according to given parameters,
which have a lower or higher importance according to the user policy: transport cost, shorter
lead-time, fewer stops possible to insure quality and others.
11. Transport Follow-up (Execution)
TMS solutions will allow following any physical or administrative operation regarding
transportation: traceability of transport event by event (shipping from A, arrival at B, customs
clearance...), editing of reception, custom clearance, invoicing and booking documents,
sending of transport alerts (delay, accident, non-forecast stops...)
13. Measurement (Visibility & Performance Mgt)
- TMS usually "sits" between an ERP or legacy order processing and warehouse/distribution
module. Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is a process used by companies to manage and
integrate the important parts of their businesses.
- A typical scenario would include both inbound (procurement) and outbound (shipping)
orders to be evaluated by the TMS Planning Module offering the user various suggested
routing solutions.
Transportation management involves the assignment of people and equipment to general tasks
and sipatching them to specific tasks. Transportation management may also involve
negotiations with outside carriers that the firm does not wish to perform (outsorcing).
14. Total cost analysis

In the absence of a total cost analysis approach, the firm may use a trans mode which is the
least costly.
Industries are using a TCA approach to deciding logistics choices.
When reviewing costs across the logistics chain, managers are looking at trade-off among
various expenses. * A rule of thumb on logistics cost drivers is reflected below:
Total Logistics Cost = Transport Cost + Warehouse Cost + Stock Holding Cost + Packaging
Cost + Information Processing Cost + Other Logistics Overheads
Trade – offs

Organizations create value for their customers either by increasing the level of 'benefit' they
deliver or by reducing the customers' costs. In fact customer value can be defined as follows:
Customer value = Perceived benefits/Total Cost of Ownership
- Perceived benefits include the tangible, product-related aspects as well as the less tangible,
service-related elements of the relationship. The key point to note is that these benefits are
essentially perceptual and that they will differ by customer.
15. Carrier Characteristics and Selection
Carrier selection logically follows mode selection. & Many of the same criteria used in mode
selection are reused here. Carrier's selection is generally based on:
• Costs/Price:
Depending on the perspective you are looking from, will almost always be the pre-dominant
factor in carrier selection
• Accessibility
Accessibility is the cornerstone of service for shipper. The transportation capacity must be
available when and where the integrated logistics system needs it.
• Responsiveness
For carrier selection, this means how readily the carrier responds to changing customer needs.
• Claims Record
This is about the integrity and dependability of the carrier. Carriers which have a large
number of claims could mean that the contractual agreements between the carrier and shippers
are ambiguous.
• Reliability*
This is about the integrity and dependability of the carrier. Carriers which have a large
number of claims could mean that the contractual agreements between the carrier and shippers
are ambiguous.
Carrier must not only be dependable. They have to be reliable. Reliability is a function of the
pp, commiment, resources and in4 vailable to the carrier. Reliability is a measurement of how
consistently and constantly meets the delivery schedule of the shipper.
16. Transportation and the economy
Transportation is one of the tools of industry. Without transportation, we could not operate a
grocery store or win a war.
Transportation services are normally influenced by 3 factors:
- Movement service
- Equipment used
- Cost of transportation service
17. Transport functionality
The role of transport can be viewed from the aspect of its functionality
Product movement
Role: move materials to their destination such as factories, retailers, …
Since transportation uses resources, it is important that goods be moved only when it truly
enhances the product value - possession utility, form utility and time & place utility.
- Transportation uses time resources because product is generally inaccessible during the
transportation process. Product captive to the transport system is referred to as in-transit
inventory.
- Transportation uses environmental resources both directly and indirectly. In direct terms,
transportation represents one of the largest consumers of fuel and oil in the US economy.
Product storage
- Temporary storage. Vehicles are expensive storage facilities. A trade off exists between
using a trans vehicle vs temporarily
- 1 Form of temporary product storage is diversion. Diversion occurs when a shipment
destination is changed while product is in transit.
18. Economic Significance
- Transportation systems dertermine the economic value of goods. A reduction of in the cost
of transportation may help expand the existing markets or open new ones.
19. Environmental significance
Trans affects the environment in a number of ways includung noise, fumes, and air quality
20. Social Significance
A good trans system can also enhance the health and welfare of the general population. One
of the major problems facing the famine relief efforts in Eastern Africa in the 1980s was the
inadequate and ineffective networks available at that time.
21. Political Significance
The state has a significant responsibility to promote…
22. Aggregation and demand elasticity
- The demand for transportation can be examined at different levels of aggregation. In
addition, aggregate demand is the sum of the demand for transportation via different modes
and the aggregate demand for a particular mode is the sum of the demand for the carriers in
that mode.
- Demand elasticity refers to the sensitivity of customers to changes in price.
- The demand for freight transportation is inelastic. Freight rate reductions will not
dramatically increase the demand for freight transportation because transportation costs
represents, in the aggregate, less than 4% of a product's landed cost
- A general definition of elasticity of transport demand is the responsiveness of demand for a
transport mode to a change in one of its determinants.
- On a modal and carrier specific basis, demand is price sensitive. The relative modal share of
aggregate demand is in part determined by the rates charged. Reductions in rates charged by a
particular mode will result in increases in volume of freight handled by that mode. This
assumes that the mode that reduced the rate is physically capable of carrying the additional
load.

23. Trade – offs on SC

- Trade-offs is a balance achieved between 2 desirable but incompatible features; a
compromise
Or trade-offs is a situation which you balance 2 opposing situations or equalities or a situation
in which you accept something bad in order to have something good.
24. Derived demand
- In economics, derived demand is demand for a factor of production or intermediate good
that occurs as a result of the demand for another intermediate or final good. In essence, the
demand for, say, a factor of production by a firm is dependent on the demand by consumers
for the product produced by the firm.
- Thus the demand for transportation is derived from the customer's demand for that product.
Derived demand in economics is the demand for a goods or service that results from the
demand for a different…
- The derived demand characteristics of freight trans imply that freight trans demand cannot
be influenced by frieght carrier decisions. This assumption is true for the aggregate demand
for trans.
25. INCOTERMS
- provide a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade
terms in foreign trade.
- It appears that two particular misconceptions about Incoterms are very common.
- They are sometimes wrongly assumed to provide for all the duties which parties may wish to
include in a contract of sale.
Incoterms deal with a number of identified obligations imposed on the parties, such as the
seller's obligation to place the goods at the disposal of the buyer or hand them over for
carriage or deliver them at destination - and with the distribution of risk between the parties in
these cases.
26. Revision of INCOTERMS
27. ICT 2020
28. Incorpration of ICT into the contract of sale
29. ICT 2000 (tu doc o nha)
30. The structure of ICT 2010
32. The differences between ICT 2010 and 2020
CHAPTER 2: GLOBAL TRANSPORTATION CONSIDERATIONS IN SC

1. Introduction
Companies have broadened their sourcing and marketing considerations looking towards to
global logistics strategies and operations to provide competitive advantage through efficiency,
effectiveness, and differentiation.
2. Global transport organizations
- Global companies tend to be more successful at developing strategies that help them to
simultaneously achieve their business objectives at locations throughout the world.
- The logistics system serves as the global infrastructure upon which the other systems operate
and hence provides a source of competitive advantage.
Global competition haves four prominent characteristics:
o global companies seek to create standardized, yet customized, marketing
o shortened product life cycles that may last less than a year greater use of outsourcing
and offshore manufacturing
o firms operating globally are better able to converge and coordinate marketing
3. The New Competitive Framework: 4 R for Global Transport Firms
*the 'Four Rs' - Reliability, Responsiveness, Resilience and Relationships - and logistics
strategies need to be formulated with these as the objectives.
- Reliability
• Customers are seeking to reduce their inventory holdings**
• Just-in-time practices can be found in industries as diverse as car assembly and retailing
• Essential that suppliers can guarantee complete order-fill delivered at agreed times***
• Supply chains in the current market try to improve the reliability by re-engineering
processes which affect performances*
- Responsiveness
• Very closely linked to the customers' demands for reliability is the need for responsiveness *
• Essentially this means the ability to respond in ever-shorter lead times with the greatest
possible flexibility **
• Responsiveness is about how fast the supply chain can react on certain things. A trend in
responsiveness is that customers rather have short lead times, more flexibility and improving
customer solutions.
Resilence
The idea of resilience in the context of supply chain management is that supply chains need to
be able to absorb shocks and to continue to function even in the face of unexpected disruption.
The resilience of the supply chain is about how the supply chain deals with unexpected
fluctuations and turbulences in the market. *The resilience of the supply chain focusses on
dealing with these unexpected things.
Relationships
An important example of relationships in the supply chain are purchasing together with other
businesses. This is done to improve quality, share innovation, reduce costs and integrate
planning of production and deliveries
- Strategic sourcing is receiving widespread support
- Is based on the careful selection of suppliers whom

4. Marketplace Controls
The elimination of tariff filing and the publishing of rates on the Internet make marketplace
controls much more effective. Shippers may negotiate confidential contracts with ocean
carriers, and the carriers are not required to match the service contract terms of similarly
situated shippers.
5. Free Trade Agreements
Many countries that are geographically close have negotiated free trade agreements. Europe
has established the European, an economic community of fifteen European countries. The
United States, Canada, and Mexico have joined together to form the North American Free
Trade Agreement (NAFTA), a free trade zone. Australia, New Zealand, Japan, South Korea,
Canada, and the United States have joined to found Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation
(APEC). BRICS.
Official trade barriers and unofficial barriers such as customs delays still may impair the
ability of logistics systems to function effectively in terms of product supply and/or
distribution. *
Another key element to remember is that countries have different cultures, customs and
business practices. Shipment delays are possible when these cultural differences are not
understood.
• Free Trade Zones
- Imports can be processed, re-marked, or prepackaged to meet local requirements before
importation
- FTZ can hold goods in excess of current quotas until the next quota period arrives
- Buyers can test or sample products before import
This allows the buyer to ensure that the merchandise meets all contract stipulations before he
or she accepts the goods and pays the import duties
- Free trade zones (FTZ) are areas within a country that permit shippers to land store, and
process goods without incurring any import duties or domestic taxes
- FTZs offer excellent security for the merchandise because they are under customs control.
- Goods can be landed and stored without customs formalities, duty, or bond *
6. Currency fluctuations & exchange rates
- Both short and long term trends in the value of the US dollar in comparison with the
currencies of other nations may easily affect logistics decisions.
- Fluctuations in world currency values can significantly affect logistics decisions
7. Political and legal environments
7.1. European Union (EU)
- The European Union (EU) is an economic and political union of 27 member states which are
located primarily in Europe. Its capital is Brussels. * Important institutions of the EU include
the European Commission, the Council of the European Union, the European Council, the
Court of Justice of the European Union, and the European Central Bank.
- EU creates one integrated market of more than 320 million consumers, eliminates trade
barriers between the EC nations and facilitates the free movement of goods, services, capital,
and people.
-
CHAPTER 4: CHARTERING BULK OCEAN CARRIERS
I. Introduction
In liner shipping, the shipowner runs a regular service between fixed ports and usually on a
fixed schedule.
1. B/L bill of lading
In tramp shipping, the owner operates between different ports depending on the availability of
cargoes.
AWB: air waybill
2 VOYAGE CHARTER
C/P: CHARTER PARTY
ITM-Chartering Bulk Ocean Carriers
- Liner vs Tramp Service
• Liner:
- Regular schedule, mostly containerized cargo
- Pre-determined ports: based on schedule
- Tariff rates
• Tramp:
- No schedule, depends on cargo availability
- Volatile freight rates, based on the negotiation
- Bulk and break-bulk cargo
(hàng rời: hàng không có bao bì thương mại, xếp lên tàu bằng cần cẩu, máng cầu, giá trị thấp,
eg: nông sản, than đá, vật liệu xây dựng)
Commodity Trading
- How are commodities traded?
- Physical and speculative trading
- Current vs future prices of commodity
- Examples of commodities traded:
• Soya beans, wheat, coffee beans, cocoa beans, sugar
• copper, zinc, aluminum, nickel, tin, steel
• Chemicals, fertilisers (fertilizers đc coi là hàng nguy hiểm)
• Beef, pork bellies
• Crude oil
Spot price & future prices (giá giao ngay & giá giao sau)
Different:
Delivery date
- Example of physical trading: *
- Illustration:
• Price in New Orleans is $6 per ton and price at Shanghai is $2 per ton
• If price of shipping is $1 per ton, Trader charters vessel and ship from Shanghai to New
Orleans and makes profit of $3 per ton
- Price of shipping includes bank interest, shipping, insurance and storage costs
- Sometimes, when charter rates are low, traders may move commodities to the point of
consumption as a stockpile
2. What is a Charter?
Firms contract charter ships for specific voyages or for specified time periods.
Chartering usually takes place through shipbrokers, who track the location and status of ships
that are open for hire. 1
A charter means that the owner or the disponent owner promises to put a vessel or a certain
transportation capacity at the disposal of the charterer.
The use of ship involves a number of costs:
• capital costs,
• costs for the management of the vessel
- Owner places vessel at charterer's disposal
- Charterer pays agreed freight or hire
- Charter can be on time, trip or bareboat basis
Ship management costs
The costs associated with managing ships commonly fall into 3 categories:
1-Ship fixed costs (Ship Capital Cost)
2-ship operating costs
3-Ship voyage costs
- ship fixed costs (ship capital costs): are associated with the purchase of a ship & they are
deemed to be entirely within the control of the shipowner. 1
- Ship operating costs: are the costs that are the primary responsibility of the ship manager.
They can be considered to be semi-variable. 2
- Ship voyage costs: are variable costs associated with the particular employment in which the
ship is engaged from time to time. 3
2.1. Voyage charter
Voyage charters are contracts covering a one-way voyage between specific ports with a
specified cargo at a negotiated rate of freight. 1.
Under this method a ship is chartered for.
• voyage charterer: The person who charters the ship. The payment is called freight
• the contract: a voyage charter-party.
On a voyage charter the owner bears all the expenses of the voyage (2)
• Voyage charters are contracts covering one voyage. The carrier agrees to carry a certain
cargo from an origin port to a destination. The price the carrier quotes includes all of the
expenses of the sea voyage.
- Charterer may be cargo owner or disponent owner (time chartered owner)
- Owner retains operational control of the vessel
- Responsible for operating expenses e.g. port expenses, bunkers, extra insurances, taxes
- Charterer's costs usually related to cargo e.g. loading and unloading costs in FIO (free in and
out: miễn chi phí xếp hàng cho người chuyên chở ở cảng đi, miễn chi phí xếp hàng cho người
chuyên chở ở cảng đích; chủ hàng làm) case
• Voyage Charter Party
- Usually in a fixture note format covering details:
• Name of parties involved
• Name of vessel, age, number of hatches, cargo to be carried
• Ports of loading and discharge
• Canceling date for charter in case of delay in ship arrival
• Laytime 1
• Often a canceling day has been determined for the latest arrival of the ship at the port of
loading 2
• Fixture Note Checklist
- Check vessel specifications eg age, insurance, gears, dwt, draft (mớn nước), LOA, flag,
laycan (thời gian chủ hàng được xếp hàng lên tàu) 1 etc.
- Verify shipment terms and quantity agreement to confirm as "more or less at charterer's
option"(MOLOCHOPT)
- Verify Loading & discharging rate otherwise to confirm as CQD (customary quick despatch)
- Check any agreement on overage premium amount and to mention this in fixture note
- Request for vessel routings, ETA date to destination &
2.2. Time charter – phương thức thuê tàu định hạn – đi thuê tàu của người chủ sở hữu tàu để
kinh doanh khai thác và thu tiền cước
Time charters allow the use of a ship for an agreed-upon time period, for a specified round-
trip voyage, or, occasionally, for a stated one-way voyage, the rate of hire being expressed in
terms of so much per ton deadweight (DWT) per month.
- On time charter the charterer bears the cost of bunkers and stores consumed.
2 loại:
 Thuê tàu trần
 Thuê ướt: thuê cả thuỷ thủ đoàn + tàu
- Time Period: Number of days to number of years within agreed geographical area or
worldwide
- The time charterer may be a shipowner who needs to enlarge his fleet or a cargo owner
(seller or buyer) with continuous need of transport but does not want to invest money in a ship
and wants to have control of the commercial operation of the vessel. 1
Owner
Employs crew
Responsible for nautical operation and maintanance
Supervision of cargo from seawworthiness viewpoint
Charterer
Responsible for commercial
Thiếu
• Time Charter
- Charter period renewable at charterer's option for another period
- Charter hire is payable 15 days or one month in advance
- Failure to pay may result in cancellation of charter
- Vessel must be delivered to charterer within agreed timeframe known as laycan (laydays
canceling).
Sau khi hợp đồng kí, chủ tàu phải đưa tàu về quyền định đoạt của charterer
- Charterer is liable for costs directly connected with use of the vessel *
- Liable for normal wear and tear in connection with her use
- At end of charter period, charterer to redeliver the vessel to owner at the agreed location
- Both owner and charter enter into contract with signing of a charter party
2.3. Bareboat thuê tàu trần or demise charter
On bareboat charter the owner of the ship deliver …
- Bareboat or demise charter transfers full control of the vessel to the charterer. 1
- The bareboat charter means that the vessel is put at the disposal of the charterer without any
crew. The charterer will take over almost all of the owner's functions except for the payment
of capital costs. 2
- Can be regarded as ship financing
- Financing bareboat - a modern type of financing (3)
2.4. Quantity contracts
One form of quantity contract or volume contract is sometimes referred to as contract of
affreightment (CoA). Under a quantity contract, the owner promises to meet the charterer's
needs for transport capacity over a certain period of time, often one year or several years. 1
• Contract of Affreightment
- Quantity contract where owner promises to meet charterer's needs for transport over a
certain period of time, often several years
3. What is a Shipbroker ? môi giới hàng hải, nhận hoa hồng của cả owner charterer.
Agency chỉ nhận từ 1 bên
- Owner and charterer use shipbrokers as their representatives in fixing a charter
- Appoint broker based on
• Particular knowledge e.g. cargo positions and orders
• Sources of information i.e. market information
• Negotiation skills
- Broker must act within authorities vested in him in negotiations. *
- Commission levels 1.25% to 3.75%
- A representative acting on behalf of the ship owner in obtaining cargo and often in arranging
such port activities of a vessel as the discharge anc loading of cargo, clearance, and insurance.
- The function of the broker is to represent his principal in charter negotiations and he has to
work for and protect his principal's interests in the following way:
• Broker should act strictly within given authorities in connection with the negotiations.
• Broker should work loyally for his principal and should carry out the negotiations and other
work connected with the charter scrupulously and skillfully.
• Broker may not withhold information from his principal nor give him wrong information. 1
The commission paid to a broker is called the "brokerage" – phí môi giới
8 benefits of using a broker
 Save money
 Get market knowledge
 Keep things simple: có nhiều knowledge, make it easier to understand
 Professionalism
 More choice
 Impartial advice
  Longterm relationship
4. Cost Elements in chartering
Costs involved in chartering can be grouped into 3 classes:
 Capital cost
 Daily (Running) cost
 Voyage costs
5. Voyage calculations
- Voyage calculations normally done under pressure of time
- Tools include registers on port dues & charges, stevedoring tariffs, draught restrictions at
ports, productivity in various ports for different kinds of cargo
- Records of efficient agents worldwide for assistance in providing local information
- Work with experienced operational staff for costs estimates and charter party clauses 1
- Using a spreadsheet format, we can perform voyage calculations
Essential in4
 The ship’s name
 Period of time
 Intended voyage
 Commodity and stowage factor
 Cargo quantity
 Cargo deadweight and draught(mớn nước) restrictions 2
• Costs
On the costs side in the voyage calculation a lump sum covering port dues and charges
(normally known as port costs) should be noted as well as an estimated costs for cargo
handling.1
• Dispatch and loading/discharging rate
The dispatch time must be estimated based on port agent's feedback and also from the
charterer's guarantee if cargo is accepted on FILO. (cước gồm chi phí dỡ hàng, không bao
gồm chi phí xếp hàng lên tàu) terms. 3 Ships are kept in port for a longer duration than
provided in the charter party.
Bunker cost
The main engine in modern ships uses fuel oil of a heavier grade than the auxiliary engines,
which require light and more expensive fuel. The costs for fuel oil (FO) - which is related to
sailing distances and cost for diesel oil (DO) - which is consumed daily whether at sea or in
port - are calculated separately, 1
• Costs in Shipping
1. Voyage costs:
• Bunkers
• Port dues & charges
• Load/discharge
• Commissions
• Extra insurance
• Miscellaneous
Capital cost
 Interest
 Depreciation
gg
OCEAN FR
1. Container
- Cac loai container
o DC: công thường
o HC/HQ: chiều cao 9,6
o RF: Hẹp hơn công thường ở (đầu công?), chở đồ đông lạnh,
o OT
o FR
- Operational markings - Các dấu hiệu trong khai thác
o MAX.GROSS: Tổng trọng lượng tối đa cho phép của cont, tính cả khi đã đóng
hàng. Đvi: LB, Kg
o TARE: Trọng lượng tịnh của vỏ cont
o NET or PAYLOAD or MAX.C.W: Trọng lượng hàng tối đa đóng vào cont
o CU.CAP.(CUBIC CAPACITY) Số khối lượng trong cont, tính bằng mét khối và
feet khối

2. Vessel Schedule
3. BL
Surendered/telex release: đắt hơn sea waybill(seawb: hàng đến, tự ra cảng lấy tiền)
4. Ocean rate
5. Local charges & other surcharge
THC: phí bến bãi
SEAL FEE
AFS:
AFA
VNDOC
TELEX
LSS Surcharges: phụ phí báo theo quý

6. Work flow chart

Process for ocean export
Process for ocean import

7. Case