Name : ODEH AYEVBOSA PLEASURE
Mat NO: MGS2406785
Course Code: Introduction to Computer
(AMS 103)
Computer Networks and Internet
Fundamentals
A. Introduction to Computer Networks
A computer network is a system where two or more computing
devices are connected together to share resources, exchange data,
and communicate efficiently. These devices can include
computers, servers, mobile devices, printers, and even IoT
devices.
The main purpose of networking is communication and
resource sharing. For example, a group of employees in an
office can share a single printer or access a central database
through a network.
Key Elements of a Network
1. Nodes – Devices connected to the network (computers,
phones, printers).
2. Links – Physical or wireless pathways (cables, Wi-Fi
signals).
3. Hardware – Routers, switches, hubs, network interface
cards (NICs).
4. Software – Operating systems and applications that manage
communication.
B. Importance of Networking
Resource Sharing – Files, applications, and devices like
printers can be shared.
Communication – Email, instant messaging, and video
conferencing.
Data Security and Backup – Centralized storage makes
backup easier.
Cost Efficiency – Reduces hardware and software costs
through sharing.
Scalability – Networks can grow as organizations expand.
C. Types of Networks
Networks are classified based on geographical coverage and
purpose.
a. Personal Area Network (PAN)
Very small range (about 10 meters).
Used for connecting personal devices such as smartphones,
laptops, and Bluetooth headphones.
Example: A student connecting a phone to a laptop via
Bluetooth.
b. Local Area Network (LAN)
Covers a small area like an office, school, or home.
Usually controlled by a single organization.
High speed and low cost.
Example: The network in a cybercafé or computer lab.
c. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Larger than LAN but smaller than WAN.
Covers a city or a large campus.
Example: A university connecting different faculties across
the city.
d. Wide Area Network (WAN)
Covers large areas, even countries or continents.
The Internet is the biggest example of a WAN.
Uses satellite links, undersea cables, and long-distance
communication.
e. Virtual Private Network (VPN)
A secure connection built over a public network like the
Internet.
Used for privacy and accessing restricted resources.
D. Network Topologies
Network topology refers to the arrangement of computers and
devices in a network.
Bus Topology – All devices connected to a single cable.
Star Topology – All devices connected to a central hub or
switch.
Ring Topology – Devices connected in a circular manner.
Mesh Topology – Every device connected to every other
device.
Hybrid Topology – A mix of two or more topologies.
E. Networking Devices
Router – Connects different networks and directs traffic.
Switch – Connects devices within a LAN and forwards data
to the correct device.
Hub – A simple device that broadcasts data to all connected
devices.
Modem – Converts digital signals to analog (and vice versa)
for Internet connectivity.
Access Point (AP) – Provides wireless connectivity.
F. Protocols in Networking
A protocol is a set of rules that governs communication
between devices in a network. Without protocols, devices from
different manufacturers would not be able to communicate.
Common Protocols
1. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet
Protocol)
Foundation of the Internet.
TCP ensures reliable delivery of data, while IP
handles addressing and routing.
2. HTTP/HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol / Secure)
Used for accessing web pages.
HTTPS adds encryption for secure communication.
3. FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
Used to transfer files between computers.
4. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
Used for sending emails.
5. POP3/IMAP
Used for retrieving emails from a server.
6. DNS (Domain Name System)
Translates domain names (e.g., www.google.com) into IP
addresses.
7. DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
Automatically assigns IP addresses to devices in a
network.
G. Internet Basics
The Internet is a global network of networks that allows
billions of devices worldwide to communicate and exchange
information. It is based on the TCP/IP protocol suite.
Key Concepts
IP Address – A unique identifier for each device
connected to the Internet. Example: 192.168.1.1.
Domain Names – Human-friendly names for websites
(e.g., www.facebook.com).
ISP (Internet Service Provider) – A company that
provides Internet access.
Bandwidth – The amount of data transmitted over a
network in a given time.
Latency – The time it takes for data to travel from source
to destination.
Internet Services
Email – Electronic mail service for communication.
World Wide Web (WWW) – A collection of websites
accessible via browsers.
Social Media – Platforms for sharing content (Facebook,
Instagram).
Cloud Services – Online storage and computing (Google
Drive, OneDrive).
E-commerce – Online buying and selling (Amazon,
Jumia).
H. Security in Networking and Internet
With the growth of the Internet, Cyber security has become
crucial.
Common Security Measures
Firewalls – Protect networks from unauthorized access.
Antivirus Software – Detects and removes malicious
programs.
Encryption – Secures data during transmission.
Strong Passwords – Prevent unauthorized access.
VPNs – Provide anonymity and protect data privacy.
I. Future of Networking and Internet
5G Networks – Faster and more reliable wireless
communication.
Internet of Things (IoT) – Billions of devices (smart
homes, cars, wearables) connected.
Artificial Intelligence in Networking – Intelligent
routing and cybersecurity.
Quantum Internet – Future technology for ultra-secure
communication.
J. Conclusion
Computer networks and the Internet have transformed how
people communicate, share information, and conduct business.
From simple local networks to the vast Internet, networking
principles, types, and protocols ensure smooth, efficient, and
secure communication across the globe. Understanding these
fundamentals is essential for students, professionals, and anyone
living in today’s digital world.
