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1 Insoluble salts can be made by mixing solutions of two soluble salts.

A student followed the procedure shown to make silver bromide, an insoluble salt.

step 1 Add aqueous silver nitrate to a beaker. Then add aqueous potassium bromide and stir.

step 2 Filter the mixture formed in step 1.

step 3 Dry the residue

(a) State the term used to describe this method of making salts.

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(b) Give the observation the student would make during step 1.

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(c) Write the ionic equation for the reaction between aqueous silver nitrate and aqueous potassium
bromide

Include state symbols.

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[Total: 5]

2 Barium sulfate is an insoluble salt.

Barium sulfate can be made from aqueous ammonium sulfate using a precipitation reaction.

(a) Name a solution that can be added to aqueous ammonium sulfate to produce a precipitate of
barium sulfate.

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(b) Write an ionic equation for this precipitation reaction. Include state symbols.

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[Total: 3]
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3 Insoluble salts can be made by precipitation reactions.

A student mixed solutions of some soluble salts.

The results the student obtained are shown in the table.

second salt solution

Co(NO3)2(aq) AgNO3(aq) Pb(NO3)2(aq)

NaI(aq) no change yellow precipitate yellow precipitate

first salt
Na2CO3(aq) purple precipitate yellow precipitate white precipitate
solution
Na2SO4(aq) no change white precipitate white precipitate

All sodium salts are soluble in water.

Use only results from the table to answer the following questions.

(a) Name:

(i) an insoluble cobalt salt

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(ii) an insoluble yellow lead salt

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(b) Write the chemical equation for the reaction in which silver carbonate is formed.

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(c) Write the ionic equation for the reaction in which lead(II) iodide is formed.

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[Total: 6]

4 Silver chloride, AgCl, is insoluble. It can be made by a precipitation reaction between aqueous
barium chloride and a suitable aqueous silver salt.

(a) What is meant by the term precipitate?

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(b) Complete the chemical equation to show the formation of insoluble silver chloride from aqueous
barium chloride and a suitable silver salt.

Name the silver salt you have chosen for the preparation of silver chloride

BaCl2 + .................. → .................. + ..................

name of suitable silver salt................................................................................................ [3]

[Total: 5]

5 Lead(II) azide is insoluble in water. Solid lead(II) azide can be made in a precipitation reaction
between aqueous lead(II) nitrate and aqueous sodium azide.

Lead(II) azide has the formula Pb(N3)2.

(a) Deduce the formula of the azide ion.

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(b) Complete the chemical equation for the reaction between aqueous lead(II) nitrate and aqueous
sodium azide to form solid lead(II) azide and aqueous sodium nitrate. Include state symbols.

Pb(NO3)2(aq) + ....... NaN3(aq) → Pb(N3)2(.....) + ....... ....................(.....) [2]

(c) Describe how you could obtain a sample of lead(II) azide that is not contaminated with any
soluble salts from the reaction mixture.

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[Total: 5]

6 A student prepares crystals of magnesium chloride by adding an excess of magnesium carbonate

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to 50.00 cm of 2.00 mol / dm hydrochloric acid.

The student filters the mixture and rinses the residue.

(a) Why does the student add an excess of magnesium carbonate?

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(b) Why does the student rinse the residue?

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(c) Describe how the student would obtain pure crystals of magnesium chloride from the filtrate.

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[Total: 5]

7 Copper(II) sulfate crystals, CuSO4.5H2O, are hydrated.

Copper(II) sulfate crystals are made by reacting copper(II) carbonate with dilute sulfuric acid.

The equation for the overall process is shown.

CuCO3 + H2SO4 + 4H2O → CuSO4.5H2O + CO2

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step 1 Powdered solid copper(II) carbonate is added to 50.0 cm of 0.05 mol / dm sulfuric acid until
the copper(II) carbonate is in excess.

step 2 The excess of copper(II) carbonate is separated from the aqueous copper(II) sulfate.

step 3 The aqueous copper(II) sulfate is heated until the solution is saturated.

step 4 The solution is allowed to cool and crystallise.

step 5 The crystals are removed and dried.

(a) Name a different substance, other than copper(II) carbonate, that could be added to dilute
sulfuric acid to produce copper(II) sulfate in step 1.

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(b) Name the process used to separate the aqueous copper(II) sulfate from the excess of
copper(II) carbonate in step 2.

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(c) The solution of aqueous copper(II) sulfate was heated until it was saturated in step 3.

(i) Suggest what is meant by the term saturated solution.

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(ii) What evidence would show that the solution was saturated in step 3?

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(iii) Why should the aqueous copper(II) sulfate not be heated to dryness in step 3?

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[Total: 6]

8 All sodium salts are soluble in water. All nitrates are soluble in water. Barium carbonate is insoluble
in water.

Describe how you would make a pure, dry sample of barium carbonate by precipitation.
Include:
● the names of the starting materials
● full practical details
● a chemical equation.

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[Total: 5]