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JONES
MEDIA & POLITICS
COMMUNICATION, MEDIA, AND POLITICS
SERIES EDITOR: ROBERT E. DENTON, JR. SATIRIC TELEVISION
“This thoroughly revised and brilliant second edition brings up to date the story of political AND POLITICAL ENGAGEMENT
television that Jeffrey P. Jones began with the first edition, and it expands the analysis in excit-
ENTERTAINING
ing new ways, thereby solidifying Jones’s preeminence as a scholar who truly gets how politics,
entertainment, and citizenship intersect in contemporary American life. All those who sense
POLITICS
that the likes of Jon Stewart are doing something important, and all those who need convincing
of the fact, should move this excellent book to the top of their reading list.”
—JONATHAN GRAY, author of Television Entertainment and Watching with The Simpsons
“Entertaining Politics shows us why we must take satiric television seriously. Jeffrey P. Jones’s
cases and insight help us consider and question the political landscape in important ways.
The first edition has been warmly received in my undergraduate survey courses and graduate
research seminars; this engaging and detailed second edition will be equally attractive to a wide
range of audiences attempting to make sense of the changing face of politics on television.”
—SHARON JARVIS, University of Texas, Austin SECOND
EDITION
This series features a range of work dealing with the role and function of communi-
cation in the realm of politics, broadly defined. Including general academic books
and texts for use in graduate and advanced undergraduate courses, the series encom-
passes humanistic, critical, historical, and empirical studies in political communica-
tion in the United States. Primary subject areas include campaigns and elections,
media, and political institutions. Communication, Media, and Politics books will
be of interest to students, teachers, and scholars of political communication from
the disciplines of communication, rhetorical studies, political science, journalism,
and political sociology.
Second Edition
Jeffrey P. Jones
Estover Road
Plymouth PL6 7PY
United Kingdom
vii
viii Contents
Entertaining Politics appeared around Election Day in 2004, but was writ-
ten amidst a bizarre presidential sex scandal and impeachment, across the
even more bizarre 2000 presidential election outcome, the shocking terror-
ist attacks of 9/11, and the subsequent wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. As a
genre (or subgenre, depending on how one sees it), political entertainment
television began in the tranquil, if overly partisan years of the early to mid
1990s. When the book went to press, however, the programs and hosts
that constituted the genre were faced with what can be seen in hindsight to
have been a minor crisis of American democracy brought on by the Impe-
rial Presidency of George W. Bush. The primary issues addressed in the first
edition, therefore, look somewhat quaint in retrospect.
Nevertheless, what seemed clear at that time was that television’s relation-
ship to politics was undergoing a transformation. New political entertain-
ment talk shows were appearing that presented a challenge to the privileged
position of traditional public affairs talk shows—especially those pro-
grammed by network news divisions. These pundit shows featured experts
or political insiders, but their insistance that viewers engage politics based
on their inside-the-beltway thinking often made political programming
seem inaccessible, predictable, or distant from the daily lives of viewers.
What was appearing in entertainment television, however, was a brand of
hybrid talk that blended entertainment and politics in newly creative ways,
including the use of humor and a vernacular approach to politics as its
central draw. In the process, these shows were establishing an alternative to
both the staid entertainment and political brands that dominated television
talk. The programs extended politics into popular culture (and vice versa)
and offered a different means of making sense of politics in the process.
ix
x Preface to the Second Edition
What is more, audiences welcomed these new outsider voices (much to the
chagrin of Washington elites) as legitimate commentators on politics. The
question the first edition tried to address, then, was what exactly were these
shows contributing to American political life, and how the answer to that
question might address the normative claims by critics that this program-
ming was detrimental to democracy because of its supposedly unholy blend-
ing of entertainment with the serious business of politics/democracy.
Since that time, much has changed, both within the genre as well as in
the world. The primary characters that composed the narrative of the first
edition of this book were Bill Maher, Dennis Miller, and Jon Stewart. Ma-
her’s role as the most prominent and visible comedian-commentator and
weeknight talk show host diminished when he left a broadcast network and
moved to subscription television with a once-a-week show. Dennis Miller
left the air, finding it hard to stay employed after experiencing what looked
like a right-wing conversion experience after 9/11 and seemingly losing
his sense of humor in the process. Jon Stewart, who early on characterized
himself as one of the guys in the back of the room lobbing spitballs, over
time had assumed a court jester role in the early years of the Bush admin-
istration. While an aggressive, in-your-face comic like Maher was fired for
his supposedly unpatriotic commentary, Stewart adroitly used his satiric
humor to poke, prod, and critique King George and his administration’s
brazen and ruthless yet incompetently waged “War on Terror” without
Stewart losing his head.
Two weeks prior to the publication of this book’s first edition, Stewart
assumed a new public role when he appeared on CNN’s pundit talk show
Crossfire and lambasted the program’s hosts in a very serious but cringe-
inducing manner for “hurting America,” transforming political talk into
spectacle, and making politics into a theatrical joke. If not a shot heard
round the world, he certainly announced that this comedian—whose job
was to satirize the absurdity of public life—didn’t find politics a laughing
matter when performed by news networks that had abrogated their public
responsibility. After that October surprise and the reelection of Bush, Stew-
art’s Daily Show continued to garner critical acclaim for being one of the few
programs on television that consistently offered a critical perspective on the
ever-shocking activities of the Bush administration, as well as the news me-
dia whose job it was to keep governmental abuse of power in check. By the
following summer, Stewart had removed the guest couch on his program’s
set, added a chair more conducive to serious interviews, and began hosting
an array of authors, journalists, politicians, and bureaucrats—all of whom
were there to help make sense of the confusing and frustrating events and
governmental actions that seemed to appear daily. The Daily Show became
a serious (though humorous) arena for interrogating power, and in the pro-
cess, Stewart left the jester persona behind. In short, Stewart and The Daily
Preface to the Second Edition xi
Show became Exhibit A for the ways in which political entertainment tele-
vision (especially the satirical kind) could play a positive, important, and
critical role in communicating politics, especially in the seeming absence of
such from traditional news media.
What also transpired between editions was the addition of another criti-
cal voice within the genre—comedian Stephen Colbert, who expanded a
persona crafted during his years as a Daily Show correspondent into a
parody of a bloviated right-wing talk show host on his own program, The
Colbert Report. Colbert too announced the seriousness of the genre and
its location as a place for substantive political commentary and critique
when he appeared as the featured entertainment at the White House Cor-
respondents’ Association Dinner in 2006. Colbert performed in character,
and as should have been expected after his parodic characterization of the
inanity of right-wing thinking on his program, he took the president and
press corps to task as President Bush grimly looked on. Colbert became an
almost overnight sensation as the video of his performance spread quickly
across the Internet by viewers hungry for just such a critique. In sum, here
then was Exhibit B of how the power of satire and parody could play an
important role in enunciating critiques that were difficult to articulate (or
be effective) in other ways.
With this successful maturation of the genre, there has been a more gen-
eral public and critical acceptance of entertaining political programming as a
legitimate location for public discourse. The more pressing and contentious
question today, though, is whether such programming substitutes for news
and older forms of political information, especially for younger citizens,
and if so, whether that is a dangerous thing. Journalists, scholars, and other
cultural critics have perpetuated the claim that young people “get their news”
from comedy-entertainment programs, with the fear that if this is true, they
are missing vitally important information central to an engaged citizenship by
not attending to traditional forums for news. But what if such programming
is actually an alternative form of reporting—another way of producing use-
ful, informative, or meaningful materials with just as much value to citizens
as that provided by television news? Are such criticisms of the genre merited
in that case? And what if citizens maintain a meaningful relationship with
the genre, using it for forms of civic engagement beyond simple information
acquisition? Central to this critique as well is the assumption that satirical
and parodic programming, by donning a faux premise, are therefore traffick-
ing in falsities because the fake cannot, by definition, be “real,” and therefore
anything said in that format must simply not be true. But what if the fake is
actually just a mode for accessing reality in different ways? What if the fake can
actually produce a more realistic picture of the world by stepping outside the
traditional (and accepted) means for encoding reality that were established
through the conventions of news?
xii Preface to the Second Edition
These are questions that now dog the genre, and ones that this book is
dedicated to addressing. The intensified presence of Jon Stewart and the ad-
dition of Stephen Colbert are also examined for the central role they now
play in interrogating public life from a satirical and humorous perspective.
For as we have also seen in the intervening years, abuses of power and privi-
lege can easily continue unabated. Through the months in which this edi-
tion was penned, Jon Stewart and his staff turned their attention to the re-
markably poor job the news media had performed in reporting on the Wall
Street activities that led to the economic meltdown of 2008–2009. If not
the first, Stewart was certainly the most prominent television commentator
to turn a critical eye and extended attention to the subject, and his confron-
tations with CNBC and NBC could not have been more extraordinary for
workers receiving pink slips and those who wondered why their retirement
accounts were suddenly worth 30 percent less. In short, entertaining politi-
cal television has become much more than simply a pluralist addition of
vernacular talk about politics. It offers a critical voice for citizens interested
in taking measure of the powerful, especially in a period in which much of
television news media have seemingly abandoned that job.
Norfolk, Virginia
June 1, 2009
Acknowledgments
Many people have contributed to the writing of this book, for which I am
very grateful. Thanks to Dean Chandra DeSilva and the College of Arts and
Letters at Old Dominion University for a sabbatical research leave through
which I acquired time to tackle this project. My department chair, Gary
Edgerton, and departmental colleagues in Communication and Theatre
Arts, also deserve thanks for their continued interest and support, as do Mi-
chelle Falck, Jennifer Mullen, and Steve Daniels in the Office of University
Relations.
Numerous colleagues across the fields of media studies and political
communication have contributed to the writing of this book in various
ways, and deserve heartfelt thanks. These include Jonathan Gray, Ethan
Thompson, Geoffrey Baym, Danna Young, Amber Day, Cornel Sandvoss,
Christian Christensen, Amanda Lotz, Jason Mittell, Serra Tinic, Barbie Zel-
izer, Matthew Bernstein, Kristina Riegert, Sue Collins, Liesbet van Zoonen,
Avi Santo, Tim Anderson, Dana Heller, Michael Delli Carpini, Peter Dahl-
gren, Toby Miller, Bob Denton, Rod Hart, Sharon Strover, Bob Jensen,
John Downing, and Karin Wahl-Jorgensen. Very special thanks go to my
academic heroes, mentors, and intellectual inspirations, Horace Newcomb
and John Hartley. I could not be more privileged to count two of television
studies’ most important scholars as my friends, from whom I have learned
many things, and with whom I’ve enjoyed many a laugh and wonderful
conversations.
I am also indebted to the staffs at Comedy Central, The Daily Show, The
Colbert Report, and Real Time/Politically Incorrect for their support of this
project through its many phases. This includes Tony Fox, Mat Mahoney,
James Kailor, Jon Stewart, Stephen Colbert, Bill Maher, Scott Carter, Chris
xiii
xiv Acknowledgments
Kelly and Sheila Griffiths, without whose early assistance this book would
not have been possible. I also extend gratitude to my dear friends Seble
Dawit, Angelo Robinson, and Kyle Nicholas for their continued support
and good cheer, and my students Elizabeth Aucamp, Kat Ely, Courtney
Childers, Maria Lopresto, Angela Sexton, Amy Lutz-Sexton, among others,
for their spirited discussions, intelligent conversation, and support and in-
terest in this project throughout.
Special thanks also goes to my loving and dedicated family, including my
lovely wife Shana and precious son Andrew, for all they do to keep me sane
and happy, and my father, Allen Jones, who greatly shaped my interests in
politics and laughter. Finally, much love goes to my wonderful, sweet, and
recently departed mother, Grace Jones, for whom this book and the hard
work it represents is dedicated.
The publisher and I would like to acknowledge Helgref Publishers, Uni-
versity Press of Kentucky, Routledge, New York University Press, and Row-
man & Littlefield for permission to reprint sections originally published in
the following chapters and articles:
1
1
The Changing Face of Politics
on Television
3
4 Chapter 1
News’s Charlie Gibson and CBS Evening News’s Katie Couric, the long-
running NBC sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live (SNL) became one
of the most influential sites of public commentary on Palin’s embarrassing
performances. While traditional forums for political discourse on television
such as network and cable talk shows debated the merits of Palin’s inter-
views from their predictable partisan positions, it was comedian Tina Fey’s
spot-on parody of Palin’s performance in these journalistic encounters that
captured the most prescient interpretation. Fey, who naturally bears a strik-
ing resemblance to the governor, was able to parody Palin’s interview with
Couric by, in one instance, simply repeating much of what Palin actually
said in the interview with slight derivations for comic relief. In so doing, Fey
and SNL transported the viewer out of the serious context associated with
journalism—one that offered the viewer little recourse beyond befuddle-
ment or disbelief—and recontextualized the encounter through a comedic
lens, thereby granting the viewer a different perspective from which to view
the event. Steve Linstead makes this point well when he argues, “Humor
can have great impact in the world by having its content transposed and
defined as serious, but also by transposing real-world content into the hu-
morous frame, and defining it as humorous in an indelible and irreversible
way. Its impact may be more effectively destructive in this way than through
the more tortuous channels of negotiation and construction.”1 The power
of satire as a tool with which to scrutinize its comedic subjects allowed
the comedian to strip the encounter bare and offer up the essence of the
situation instead—a governor who was a political novice and intellectual
lightweight seeking to charm her way through a campaign and into an of-
fice that she was ill-prepared to fill.
In a presidential campaign of historic proportions, the sketch comedy
parodies of Saturday Night Live and the entertainment talk of The View
played an important role in mediating the relationship between candidates
and voters. While the McCain-Palin campaign and the news media were
simultaneously attempting to “define” Sarah Palin for the voting public,
SNL took this nationally unknown politician and through its satirical com-
mentary on news footage, cemented a largely negative and damning public
perception of the candidate.2 Similarly, when the hosts of The View took
what was supposed to be a “safe” campaign appearance designed to appeal
to women and turned it into a hard-nosed grilling over honor and fairness,
an infotainment forum not only became a venue through which a politi-
cian was directly held to account for his questionable public actions, but
also demonstrated the freedom such venues have to engage in discourse
that other forums shy away from. Popular media outlets discovered that
political content could be its hottest commodity. The View broke viewership
records, while SNL recorded ratings numbers it hadn’t seen since 1994.3 In
so doing, these shows produced a centrifugal push of political information
The Changing Face of Politics on Television 5
(and perhaps even primed citizen interest) to sectors of the polity that may
not regularly attend to the traditional venues of electoral politics and its
narratives. What is also demonstrated is that entertainment media hosts
and writers can operate outside the structural norms and unwritten rules
that typically govern the interactions between news media, candidates, and
campaign staffs. In popular culture, those interactions can be unscripted,
more aggressive or critical than journalism, and often more far-reaching,
moving from serious to humorous and back again in seconds. As such,
popular culture forums offered fresh and alternative perspectives from
which to assess candidates and their campaigns.
For the purposes of this book, these events from the 2008 election also
direct our attention to the role that entertainment television now plays
in contemporary political communication more broadly, a role that has
greatly increased in recent years. Popular culture has become one of the
more open and free-flowing arenas for communication about politics.4
Whereas newspapers, news magazines, television news, and public affairs
talk shows have traditionally served as primary arbiters of information and
commentary about politics (often in very predictable ways), entertainment
media can arguably now play just as significant a role. As the news media
continue to falter economically and lose status (both culturally and politi-
cally) as the primary agents and venues for the conduct of politics through
media, entertainment television has offered viable and at times important
alternative forums for political discussion, information, and critique. In-
deed, “new political television” (as I label it here), along with the content
and user-centered practices now available through the Internet, has been
central to citizen reassessment of the authority and legitimacy of journal-
ism and its affiliated practices in the conduct of public affairs.5 This book
explores the role that new political television has played in the questioning
and critique of traditional forms of politics on television, what it offers to
citizens instead, and how and why citizens have responded favorably. At
the core here is an argument about entertainment television’s role in shap-
ing political culture—what it contributes to new ways of thinking about
both politics and television. But such new ways of thinking did not arrive
overnight.
sketch comedy, and even reality programming. The conventional lines that
once segregated the “serious” from the “entertaining” in television pro-
gramming are largely now eroded, and the location for where institutional
politics resides within and across those lines is varied. The daily and nightly
sense-making of political events is processed in new ways by new voices,
and rarely operates by the previous assumptions that guided televised po-
litical discourse for much of the medium’s history.
For decades, television broadcast networks maintained an artificial sepa-
ration between politics and popular culture, specifically assigning public
affairs programming to news divisions while entertainment—the prepon-
derance of network programming—was managed by different divisions.
Politics was found primarily in newscasts, Sunday morning talk shows,
and documentaries, but much less so in other genres. Such strict segrega-
tion helped the networks call attention to the specific areas of program-
ming that could be used to justify claims of serving the public interest, a
requirement necessary for the broadcast licensure in the United States. It
also assured network executives that nothing too controversial would in-
terfere with their primary business interest: the delivery of the largest mass
audience possible to advertisers accrued through entertainment program-
ming. Through forced segregation, therefore, network executives construed
politics in reductive terms—minimally engaging, focused on the delivery of
information about political elites, primarily handled by “experts,” employ-
ing a grave and serious tone. Politics, television executives told the viewing
public, is an “eat-your-peas” endeavor. Although the history of American
television contains notable exceptions, the overall result was an artificial
separation of politics from other forms of programming (and how these
forms can make sense of politics through alternative narratives), but also
from cultural life in general. This separation began to be erased, however,
with the advent of competition from cable and its challenge to the network
oligopoly in the post-network era.6
The first sustained blurring between the generic lines of political news
and entertainment programming was seen in a significant fashion in the
1992 presidential campaign when candidates began appearing frequently
on entertainment talk shows, largely on cable (such as Larry King Live) and
those programs offered through syndication (such as The Phil Donahue
Show). Critics were aghast at what they considered a degradation of the
electoral process, proclaiming this the “entertainmentization” of politics.7
Audiences, however, reveled in these new venues for political information,
as they were invited to engage directly with the candidates via telephone or
as studio audience members.8 With increasingly intense competition aris-
ing in the television marketplace in the 1990s, politics gained currency as
a programming strategy for cable producers who were seeking distinctive
original programming and who recognized that audiences just might be
The Changing Face of Politics on Television 7
and the compliant news media that aided and abetted those efforts. After
the reelection of George W. Bush in 2004, the program spawned a success-
ful spin-off around the faux conservative persona of show reporter Stephen
Colbert. In 2005, the Colbert Report premiered with Colbert starring as
bloviated right-wing talk show host in the vein of Fox News’s Bill O’Reilly.
Here too the network offered a program that simultaneously deconstructed
conservative media and politicians through humorous and parodic cri-
tiques. In sum, Comedy Central has been one of the main creative forces in
television—cable or broadcast—for political and social satire.
Subscription cable television channels such as HBO and Showtime have
also produced a variety of creative programming centered on politics. HBO
has offered groundbreaking talk shows that have blended the political and
entertainment genres of traditional late-night talk television, including
the pioneering Dennis Miller Live (1994–2002), as well as The Chris Rock
Show (1997–2000) and Real Time with Bill Maher (2003–present; discussed
in subsequent chapters).14 In 2003, the network produced a video-vérité,
documentary-style show called K Street that centered on a make-believe
Washington lobbying firm. The show featured a mixture of actors and
real-life politicos such as consultants James Carville and Mary Matalin, but
also included cameos by lawmakers such as Senators John McCain, Hillary
Clinton, and Orrin Hatch.15 The show was commercially unsuccessful, but
it did feature an important arena of politics as its narrative center—one that
has rarely been featured on television.
For its part, Showtime aired a reality program called American Candidate
during the 2004 election cycle. Produced by R. J. Cutler (The War Room),
the show featured a group of citizen contestants who competed in a cam-
paign to be president of the United States.16 Cutler’s stated intention was
to “comment on the [political] process” by showing “how the sausage is
made.”17 Despite what some might see as a trivialization of politics, the
reality show nevertheless did offer a dose of pluralism by discussing issues
that rarely find their way onto television (such as animal rights), while also
offering up candidates who were not beholden to the rigid ideological or
partisan categories that typically dominate political campaigns. In sum,
the subscription channels have demonstrated that they are willing to take
programming risks that the networks rarely would and, in the process, ex-
pand our understanding of how democracy can be viewed and understood
through alternative narratives about politics.
By the turn of the new millennium, prime-time network television pro-
gramming with government institutions as the central theme or setting
(traditionally a formula for ratings death) included three shows on the CIA,
one on the FBI, one on the White House, two on the Supreme Court, one
on City Hall, two on the U.S. armed forces, and one on an American em-
bassy.18 Two of those shows—The West Wing and 24—became enormous
10 Chapter 1
hits, arguably for different reasons. As numerous critics have pointed out,
Aaron Sorkin’s The West Wing was a liberal Democratic fantasy, offering a
narrative that featured an honest, fair, and ethical Democratic president,
a salve for many Democrats still smarting from the humiliation and party
damage caused by President Bill Clinton’s reckless behavior, baby boomer
narcissism, and conservative politics.19 Oddly enough, as the show’s narra-
tive evolved in its final two seasons (2004–2006), it also presaged and par-
alleled the story line of what would occur in the 2008 presidential contest
between Barack Obama and John McCain by featuring a youthful minority
Democratic candidate (in this case, a Latino) in a race with a straight-
talking, old-guard Republican senator opponent.20 The show 24 also mir-
rored political reality by featuring a CIA agent who would stop at nothing
to thwart terrorists. In the process, the show became a vehicle for graphic
displays of the Bush administration’s real-life policies regarding torture and
the audience’s vicarious pleasure in seeing the bad guys cry.21
One additional network program of note is Saturday Night Live, the late-
night weekend sketch comedy show that has aired since 1975 on NBC.
Through the years, the show has had a spotty track record as a place for
consistent high-quality late-night comedy, tending of late to “go political”
primarily in presidential election years. For many cultural critics, how-
ever, SNL is the place for satirical political commentary during an election.
Elsewhere I have criticized SNL’s political humor for failing to adequately
live up to the true potential of political satire as a discourse of critique.22
The central weakness is that the show’s preferred form of political humor
focuses more on the personal characteristics of politicians (such as Dana
Carvey making fun of George H. W. Bush’s strange lexical ticks) than their
policies or approach to power. There are moments, however—such as the
2008 presidential election discussed previously, but also in 2000—when
the show produced stinging satirical critiques that have affected public de-
liberation about the election and/or candidates, becoming “water-cooler”
moments as well as widely circulated video clips that are replayed across
numerous media channels.23 In 2008, the program even became part of
the official campaign when Democratic hopeful Hillary Clinton seized on
a skit that suggested press favoritism toward Barack Obama and used it
as rhetorical ammunition against her rival and the journalist-moderators
during a Democratic debate.
This is one example of how the political world has embraced this en-
croachment of entertainment television into politics. But presidential
candidates also regularly appear on Saturday Night Live during campaign
seasons, even participating in jokes at their own expense. Such was the
case in 2008 when Sarah Palin, after being ridiculed mercilessly, appeared
on the show but had to sit smiling at the “Weekend Update” anchor desk
while the show’s actors engaged in a damning rap song about her. Simi-
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s mód felett egészségesek. Szeretik az aludt tejet is és a tarhót,
amiben van részük elég, mert szerződés szerint az a tej az övék,
amit a tehenekből kifejnek. Ily módon nem is rossz mesterség az,
mert hasznuk van a tejből is, amit az asszonyaik elhordanak és turót,
vajat, sajtot csinálnak belőle. A várostól is kapnak fizetést, valamint
minden gazdától minden darab állat után az őrizésért egy-egy
forintot. Ezzel szemben azonban megvan a vagyoni felelősség, hogy
akármi történjen tavasztól őszig, bármiféle gyanus ember
kódorogjon a határban: nem vesz el a jószágból egy czitek sem. Ez
oknál fogva meg nehéz mesterség a gulyásság s csak olyan ember
üzheti, aki tökéletesen kiérti magát a világi állapotokban.
*
A nagy pusztán, ahol a gulyák laknak, vasárnap némi
embermozgás látszik. Máskor csend van arra s nagy néha halad
Szabadka felé egy-egy kocsi vagy pedig gyalogosok haladnak s
megkérdik, merre van a Pálinkás-erdő, ahol a fa tetejében a Mária
látszik. A gulyások ezeket utba igazitják s azután csendes megint
minden. Vasárnap már más. Többen jönnek ilyenkor a gulyák felé,
kocsin vagy gyalogszerrel. Mind olyan ember, aki azért jön, hogy
föltekintse a marháját. Hogy nőtt-e a tavasz óta? Gyarapodott-e? A
fü térdig ér csaknem, abban az emberek kéjelegve járnak.
– Ilyen teritött asztalnál csak gyarapodhatik – mondják s keresni
kezdik a Bimbót a nagy tömeg állat között.
Mi is ilyen irányban értünk ki, hogy megnézzük a Tündér üszőt,
amely a tavaszszal került ide. Előbb a Vincze János gulyájában volt s
az tartozott érte felelettel, de a kapás tudni vélte, hogy ezuttal a két
Rózsáknál van. Hogy Vinczénél igen fölszaporodott a jószág s átadott
belőle emezeknek. Ő tudja, neki megüzenték.
– Kicsoda?
– Nem is vélök már rá – felelte az öreg – de valaki mondta a
multkor.
Ez a „multkor“ az augusztus közepi bucsut jelenti, amidőn a vén
ember is elment a csárdába s két álló napig felejtgette, hogy
öregszik. Ennyi idő alatt kétségkivül lehet néhány üzenetet váltani s
igy most már egyenest arrafelé hajtottunk, amerre felé sejteni
lehetett, hogy ott őrzik a két Rózsák a gulyát a pusztában. A buczkák
közt nemsokára elő is tünt a nagy zöld tábla, végig rajta a sok állat.
Mind fejetlen. A fejük lent volt a nagy füben. A gulya-szélben van
már egy-két kocsi, odahajtunk. Nemsokára látszik, hogy jön egy
magas ősz ember a térdig érő harmatos füben, huzva maga után a
hosszu botot.
A kapás csöndesen mondja:
– A Rózsa Sándor öcscse.
Széles kalap van a fején, haja rövidre nyirt, szakálla ősz, bár még
látszik, hogy veres volt azelőtt. Bocskorban van, nem a füzős tótban,
hanem a magyar csuszá-ban, amely csatra jár. Meztelen, izmos
lábszárai barnavörösek, a pihéket, amik rajta nőttek, lenfehérre
szivta a nap. Ha valamely festő meg tudná ezt a szinkeveréket
festeni, bizonyosan kidobnák a képét a mütárlatból.
A gulyás nyujtja a kezét és üdvözli az embereket e szóval:
– Tartson mög az Isten mindnyájunkat.
– Mindnyájunkat… mindnyájunkat…
– Mind magunkat, mind nyájunkat…
– Hát talán hogy a jószágot tekintik föl maguk is?
– Az ám, majd azt néznénk. Ha itt van, ebben a gulyában.
– Hát – mondja elütőleg – én majd téritöm a marhát, de gyün a
gyerök mingyárt.
El is siet a semjék felé, hogy tereljen.
– Tán nincs itthon a számadó? – kérdezi a kapás a többitől.
– Oda van a szabadkai földön – mondják.
– Ez csak éppen testvérje a számadónak – int Muladi kocsis az
eltávozott után – amaz az igazi, aki Szabadkát járja.
– Akkor hogy találjuk mög az üszőt?
– Majd mögmondja a gyerök.
Jött is már a gyerek, akinek a fejében van az inventárium. Egy
alacsonyra maradt fiu, karikás ostor a nyakában, a kezében nagy
bot, háromszor olyan hosszu, mint ő maga. Vékony gyürücze-
szárban egy makrapipa, azt a fogai között tartja, mikor köszönt.
– No – mondja aztán – talán maguk is a marhájukat keresnék?
– Az ám – szól a kapás – azt. Van itt egy üsző a baromban, azt
akarnánk mögnézni.
– Hát – felelt igen komolyan a kis ember – azt löhet… löhet. Majd
mögkeressük. Mert van itt sok. Miféle névön van itt az a maguké?
– Kis Pál névön.
A bojtár lenézett a földre s a füszálak töveit durkálta a botvéggel.
– Hm – mondta egyszer s csóválta a fejét. Azután ismét
gondolkozott. A pipát kivette a szájából.
– Üsző? – kérdezte.
– Üsző.
– No – szólt fontosan – itt aligha van. Ötszázhuszonhét darab van
itt a kezem alatt. Nem mondom: van közte négy, akinek a gazdáját
nem tudom. Abbul egy ló, kettő öreg tehén, egy van üsző. Ha ez lösz
az, akkor mögvan, ha az se az, akkor itt nincsen ebben a gulyában.
– Hát – mondta a kapás – itt köll annak lönni.
A bojtár előre halad.
– Nono – felelt. – Majd mögkeressük.
Mentünk utána. Egy bikát, amely gyanusan nézte ténfergésünket,
jól oldalba ütött a nagy bottal. Az idomtalan nagy állat, amelynek a
husából vagy tizenöt ekkora gyerek kitelt volna, félre fordult, de
ismét csak levágta a fejét, ami nem kedvező körülmény. A hosszu
bot most nagyot sivitott a gyerek kezében s hirtelen a homlokához
repült. Ezen a bika elszégyenült, a gyerek felvette a botot s ment
előre szótalan.
– De bolond bikátok van, hé – szólt neki Muladi, ahogy a
csatakos füben haladtunk.
– Ez még csak istenös – mondta rá a bojtár. – Van rátartósabb is.
Egy csomó barom közt megállt s egy kajla üszőre mutatott.
– Ez-e az? – kérdezte.
A kapás nézni kezdte az üszőt. Ő sem látta a tavasz óta, hát nem
ismerhet rá azonnal. Nézte jobbról, nézte balról.
– Ilyenfajta barnás-szürke volt az is, de még sem ez az. Más
annak a füle állása… Nem ez az, nem ez az no.
– Hát pedig – állapitotta meg a bojtár – itt az egészben nincs
más üsző, akinek a gazdáját én ne tudnám.
Egész határozottsággal mondta ezt s azonnal más munkába
kezdett. Jött ugyanis utánunk három surbankó legény, akik szintén
vele akartak beszélni. Kötelet hoztak és ostort, ami nyilvánvaló jele,
hogy haza akarják hajtani a marhájukat.
– Adjon isten jó napot – köszöntötték.
– Adjon isten – felelte pipázva.
– Hát löhet-e? – kérdezték a legények.
– Löhet – válaszolt, kissé kérkedve állásával, amit a barom körül
elfoglal. – Nem nehéz mestörség… Tán haza hajtod?
– Az ám.
– Kiféléjét?
– Sebők Fekete Antalét.
– Azt – mondta nyugodtan. – Annak kettő van itt kint, a tavaszi
kajla tehén mög egy üsző.
– Az, az – mondták örömmel a legények s a bojtár csöndesen
felelt:
– Tudom én az ilyesmit. Majd mingyárt kikeressük.
Készülne is hozzá, de az öreg kapás, aki a saját szemének sem
igen hisz, tovább kutakodott s most a tereléshez álló gulya elejéről
kiált vissza:
– Itt az üsző.
Mire odaértünk, már körül is nézte.
– Tündér – szólt neki örömmel. – Tündér…
Az üsző rábámult.
– Mögüsmert, mögüsmert – ismétli vigan a kapás. – De
möghiztál! Enyje, de szép vagy! Ha a Pirók látna! (A Pirók ugyanis az
anyja neki.)
– No hogy – vélte Muladi. – Ojan kil –, nyócz – nyóczvanöt
forintot bizonyosan ma mögadnak érte. De valójában az-e?
– Nézze kend a billogját. Kend ismer irást.
Nézi Muladi, azonban tehénszőrön nehéz az irást megismerni az
olyannak, aki régen tanulta. Együttesen állapitjuk meg, hogy
csakugyan rajta a billog.
– No, most gyere bojtár – örvend a kapás. – Mondtam én, hogy
itt lösz az elejibe, mert mindig olyan elüljáró marha volt ez a Tündér.
Jön is a bojtár, de már messziről kiált, ahogy az üszőre néz.
– Jaj – magyarázza – nem jól mondták maguk a nevet, azért nem
tudtam én. Nem Kis Pál ennek a gazdája, hanem Kis Palcsi.
Hát különben mindegy. Az üszőt megtaláltuk, az a fődolog. Meg
is deputáltuk és meg is dicsérték. Többen csodájára jöttek arrajárók,
hogy jaj de szép.
– Hát hiszen, hát hiszen… – szólt kedvtelve a kapás s
végigtekintett némely hitvány tehenen, melyek a közelben
legelésztek – aki bornyut én kötök el az anyjátul…
Haladtunk visszafelé, miután elkezeltünk az öreg Rózsától. Muladi
neki eresztette a gyepes siknak a lovakat s tömni kezdte a pipáját.
Közben a Sándorról beszélt.
– Lám – szólt hátrafordulva az ülésben – micsoda élet az?
Másoknak vagyont szörzött, maga tömlöczben halt.
– Hát az ugy van – állitotta a kapás.
Muladi azt mondta:
– Sok urat begombolhatott volna maga mellé a Sándor, ha akarta
volna.
– Hát az ugy van – állitotta a kapás.
A pipa szárával kissé oldalt mutatott s csöndesen szólt:
– Szép tanya ez a nyárfás nagyon.
Muladi nem szólt semmit, a kapás nem szólt semmit, én se
szóltam semmit.
HAZATÉRÉS.
Ő
érkezésének. Ő azonban mogorva agglegény s nem ért a beszéd
tudományához. Rendesen csak elmélkedik s a lovaival társalog.
– No hát nem is kenöm már tovább azt a szijjat – mondja
hirtelen.
Istvánnak azóta most fakad először mosoly az arczán. Lám, az
öreg Imre még mindig a régi vén gyerek.
– Hiszen kár is – felel – csak ugy csöpög már a zsirtól.
– Hagy csöpögjön – véli Imre. – Olyan, mint a szép lány haja,
sohase elég neki az olaj.
A konyhába mennek, ahol Imre a tüzben tesz-vesz. István, mint
aki rég ideje nem látott ilyen munkát, idegenül nézi.
– Paprikás krumpli – magyarázza Imre – de majd megszaporitom,
mert csak magamra számitottam.
Burgonyát hámoz, a füstös bögrébe teszi, majd pedig vizet is tölt
hozzá. Azután szalonnát vág.
– Zsir is kell ám ehhöz – mondja, derülten foglalatoskodva, a vén
ügyetlenség. – Vasárnap van mámma, ögye mög a kutya a máját.
Imre soha sem szokta az ilyes beszédet, de most, ugy látszik,
nevettetni szeretné mindenképpen a szomoru Istvánt. Sürögve keres
a tüzhely előtt egy hosszu galyat, amit hegyesre farag s ráhuzza a
szalonnadarabot. Még megirdalja egy kicsit a késsel.
– No, vágjék kend egy nagy karaj könyeret – biztatja Istvánt.
Ő maga pedig az ablakban kutakodik.
– Ehol a pálinka is e! Kóstolja kend. Idei, érzik még az éretlen
szaga, de azért nagyon jó pálinka lönne az gyüvőre, ha az idén mög
nem innánk.
István kézbe veszi az üveget és néz a benne kotyogó fehér
törkölyre.
– Ilyenbe se volt részöm nyolcz hónap óta…
– Majd kipótoli kend, no… – vigasztalja Imre.
Süti a szalonnát és a csepegő zsirt okosan osztogatja el, felét a
kenyérre, felét pedig a bögrébe hullatván. Nem sok időbe kerül ám
most már, hogy a jó parazsas rőzse tüze mellett megforr a krumpli, a
szalonna is hamar kiadja a lelkét. De jól végezte kötelességét, a
kenyér zsiros végtől végig. És jutott azért a bögrébe is. Mikor Imre
két tányérba kiönti az ételt: örömmel mondja és dicsekedve is:
– Nézze kend, milyen nagy pillangók uszkálnak rajta.
István csak nézi az ebédhez való készülődést szótalan. A régen
kóstolt pálinka egy kis pirosságot hoz az arczába, melyről leszedte az
egészség virágait a Csillag-börtön. Imre kanalakat keres elő, ünneplő
fakanalakat, amelyeknek nyele feketére van festve, az alján pedig
zöld levelek között sárga tulipántok. Az asztalra helyez mindent,
tányért, kanalat, kenyeret, pálinkát. Még csak a sült szalonnát kell a
krumplira darabolni, aztán király legyen az, aki különbet eszik ennél.
– No, isten áldásával – kinálja Imre.
István könybelábadtan tekint végig a szorgoskodó öregen.
– Nem átall kend velem egy asztalnál önni? – kérdezi csöndesen.
– Én? – fakadt ki Imre. – Hát minek néz kend engöm?
– Mégis… Vér van a kezemön.
– Ugyan ne beszéljön kend. Nem ér az ilyen beszéd sömmit. Nem
akaratbul tötte kend.
– Hát abbul nem.
– No amazért mög nem kár, hogy egy betyárral kevesebb van. Ha
zsandár lőtte volna agyon, medáliát kapott volna érte.
A paprikás krumpli zsirpillangói közé odahullik István szemeiből is
néhány pillangó.
– Igyék kend még – kinálja Imre a pálinkát, a zavarodottság
elháritása szempontjából.
De amazon kitörnek az elfojtott keserüségek, amiket mostanáig
türtőztetett magában. Könye könye után csordul és egész testét
rázzák a belső viharok.
– Miért érdemöltem, miért érdemöltem.
Valósággal erre ki tudna felelni? A törvény néha oly tökéletlen.
Tudja azt a vén Imre is, de ő, mint vagyonos és zsugori agglegény, a
fennálló rendhez huzódik s mindent ugy talál jónak, ahogy van. Ezért
ez irányban nem is szól semmit. Csak nézi a zokogó embert egy
darabig, azután beszédbe kezd:
– A gyerök iránt ne lögyön aggodalma kendnek. Itt jártak most
harmadik hete vasárnap. Az Annusnak uj ruhát vött a gazda, csak
látná kend, hogy milyen pötyke benne!
– Hát az Andris? – sirja István.
– Az Andris mög kigyógyult a szömfájásbul. Pedig kékküvet rakott
rá a doktor.
Istvánban csillapul a kétségbeesés. Nyugodtabban tárgyalnak és
végire is járnak az ebédnek. Mikor a szépen festett kanál utolsókat
koppanna a tányérok alján, Imre föláll, hogy a korsóba vizet hozna a
kutból, de alig tesz pár lépést, fölhagy e szándékával.
– Ej – mondja erős hangon, ami ő nála bizony szokatlan, mert a
maga csendességében élte eddig világéletét – az ebadta hejjén. Ki
iszik ilyen ételre vizet?
István bágyadtan tekint rá:
– Hát?
– Hát, az ebadta hejjén, átmögyünk a csárdába!
Ezzel aztán se szól, se beszél, csak kifordul a konyhából. Vizet ad
az állatainak és rájuk zárja az ajtót. István mindezt tétova nézi.
– Ugy-e – kérdezi – aztán én kenddel mönnyek?
– Hát? Hát mi? – csodálja Imre. – Tudja kend, hogy én ott még
sohasem jártam bort inni. Csak dologban, ha néha elvetődtem. Most
én csak csupán kendért akarok ott lönni. Hagy lássák, hogy itthon
van. Én akarom! Én fizetök!
Aki ugy ismeri évtizedeken át Imrét, mint István, fölérheti
észszel, hogy micsoda nagy dolog ez. Imréről tudva van, hogy
fösvény agglegény, borhoz ritkán nyul (ha ingyen adják), dohányhoz
soha és interesre vannak a tanyák között a pénzei. A
kötelezvényeket a csizmaszárban tartogatja. Volt már rá eset, hogy
el is vesztek csizmástul, de csak megkerültek. És ime, most Imre a
korcsmába invitál. István érzi, hogy e dolognak Imre lelkében széles
alapja van. Megindult a szabadult rab mindezek láttára és ujból csak
elfogják a szeme világát azok a szivárványok, amik a belső
megindulásokból könyek alakjában következnek elő.
– Imre… – mondja – Imre…
Azonban Imrével ezen a hangon nem lehet beszélni. Soha ilyet,
még fütyül is, pedig bizony isten nem tud fütyülni. Csakhogy ő
mindenkép azon van, hogy itten vidámság legyen s ez a sápadt
ember pedig ne legyen szomoru. Az istálló ajtó közepébe rakja be a
vasrudat és azt lakatolja. Ez lókötés ellen igen ajánlatos, mert hiába
fesziti ki a rossz ember az ajtót, a lovat ki nem vezetheti. A vasrud
ugy van oda helyezve, hogy alatta a ló el nem jöhet, fölötte át nem
ugorhat. Ezt ellátván, még a galamboknak szór némi ocsut, mert
hátha késedelmesen érnek haza. Továbbá lánczáról elereszti
Móriczot, a kutyát, amely azonnal Istvánnak rohan és két lábát olyan
erővel veti a mellére, hogy szinte megtántorodik a rabságban
elgyengült ember. Végig is nyalja az állát és István az eb sáros lábait
megfogja a kezével.
– Rám ismersz hát te is?
Imre bezárván mindent, bekecset is hoz ki Istvánnak. A tulajdon
ünneplő bekecse ez, ő maga pedig a köznapiban indult utra. Jó az
ilyen a kocsis embernek, mig ellenben István csősz. Együtt mennek
ki a havas gledicsiák között az utra, amely a bormérő felé vezet. De
amint a sarokra ér Imre és végig tekint az uton, hogy mely oldalán
volna járhatóbb a hegy, hirtelen visszalép a kapualj bokrai közé. Egy
ember alakja látszik a ház végén, aki nagy bottal a kezében halad
errefelé.
– Várjuk mög – mondja Imre az Istvánnak – mig ez elhalad. A
Gegus János ez. Nem érdemös szóba állni vele. Tolvaj embör ez,
mög hazug. Szekérszámra lopta a kukoriczát a nyáron, be is van
adva érte a fegyházba.
Móricz is dühösen ugatta Gegust, mig a porta szélén elhaladt.
– Látja kend – mondta Istvánnak Imre – a kutya is csak igy
véleködik.
FECSKÉK.
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