Theory on Python 3.4.
Introduction
Python is a high-level, interpreted, general-purpose programming
language created by Guido van Rossum in 1991. It is maintained by the
Python Software Foundation (PSF). The name “Python” was inspired by the
British comedy group Monty Python.
Python is known for its simplicity, readability, and expressive syntax,
allowing programmers to write logical code with fewer lines compared to
other languages such as C or Java.
Version Python 3.4.3, released in February 2015, is one of the stable
releases in the Python 3 series and is often used for academic learning,
including NPTEL and SWAYAM courses. This version introduced better
exception handling, enhanced libraries, and improved package
management through pip.
Features of Python
1. Simplicity and Readability – Python syntax is clear and close to
English, making it beginner-friendly.
2. Interpreted Language – Python executes code line by line,
allowing immediate testing and debugging.
3. Dynamic Typing – Variable types are automatically determined at
runtime, so there is no need for explicit declaration.
4. Object-Oriented Programming – Supports concepts like classes,
objects, inheritance, and polymorphism.
5. Extensive Standard Library – Offers built-in modules for file
handling, database access, networking, and mathematics.
6. Cross-Platform Compatibility – Works on Windows, macOS, and
Linux without changes in code.
7. Open Source – Freely available for use and modification.
8. Embeddable and Extensible – Can be combined with other
programming languages like C and C++.
Basic Structure of a Python Program
A Python program consists of a series of statements and expressions
grouped into blocks by indentation rather than braces.
Indentation defines the scope of loops, functions, and conditionals, which
improves readability and structure.
Core Concepts of Python
1. Variables and Data Types
Python provides multiple data types such as integers, floats, strings,
booleans, lists, tuples, sets, and dictionaries.
Data types can change dynamically as the program runs.
2. Control Structures
Python uses conditional statements such as if, elif, and else to
control the flow of execution.
Loops such as for and while are used to repeat code blocks based on
conditions or ranges.
3. Functions
Functions are reusable blocks of code used to perform specific tasks.
They help in modular programming and reduce code duplication.
Functions in Python are defined using the “def” keyword and can
return values.
4. Modules and Packages
A module is a file containing Python definitions and statements.
Packages are collections of related modules organized together.
Python includes built-in modules such as math, random, and
datetime for various operations.
5. File Handling
Python allows reading and writing data to files using the open
function.
Files can be opened in modes such as read (r), write (w), or append
(a).
6. Exception Handling
Python uses try, except, and finally blocks to manage runtime
errors.
This prevents program crashes and ensures safe handling of
unexpected conditions.
7. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
Python supports OOP principles that promote reusability and
structure.
Classes are user-defined data types that contain data (attributes)
and functions (methods).
Objects are instances of classes that perform specific operations.
Applications of Python
1. Web development using frameworks like Django and Flask.
2. Data science and machine learning using libraries such as NumPy,
pandas, and scikit-learn.
3. Automation and scripting to handle repetitive computer tasks.
4. Game development using libraries like Pygame.
5. Internet of Things (IoT) and embedded systems using Raspberry Pi.
6. Software testing, cybersecurity, and network programming.
7. Scientific and numerical computing using SciPy and Matplotlib.
Advantages of Python
Easy to learn and understand.
High productivity and efficiency.
Large community and strong library support.
Platform independent and portable.
Excellent for both small scripts and large projects.
Limitations of Python
Slower execution speed compared to compiled languages.
Not ideal for mobile app development.
Consumes more memory due to high-level data types.
Runtime errors can occur due to dynamic typing.
Conclusion
Python 3.4.3 provides an excellent foundation for learning programming
concepts. It is simple, powerful, and versatile, making it suitable for both
beginners and professionals. The SWAYAM–NPTEL course on Python
introduces students to the core features of the language, including
variables, functions, control structures, and object-oriented programming.
Through practical exercises and problem-solving, learners develop logical
thinking, programming discipline, and the ability to apply Python in
various real-world domains such as data science, AI, and automation.
