■ AHSEC Class 12 Chemistry Practical (Full
Explanation)
1. Surface Chemistry
This branch of chemistry studies reactions that happen on surfaces — for example, in colloids,
adsorption, and emulsions. (a) Preparation of Lyophilic and Lyophobic Sols Lyophilic sol: “Liquid
loving” sol. The dispersed particles have strong attraction toward the medium. Examples: Starch,
gum, egg albumin in water. These sols are stable and can be remade by adding water if dried.
Lyophobic sol: “Liquid hating” sol. Particles have weak attraction toward the medium. Examples:
Ferric hydroxide sol, aluminium hydroxide sol. These are unstable and require stabilizing agents.
Theory: In sols, one substance is dispersed evenly throughout another (solid in liquid). They show
the Tyndall effect (scattering of light). (b) Dialysis of Sols Dialysis removes impurities (like
electrolytes) from a sol by using a semi-permeable membrane (like parchment paper or
cellophane). The pure sol stays inside, while small ions pass out through the membrane. Use: To
purify colloidal solutions. (c) Study of Emulsions An emulsion is a mixture of two immiscible liquids
(like oil and water). Examples: Milk (oil in water type), butter (water in oil type). Emulsifying agents
(like soap or detergent) help to stabilize emulsions by reducing surface tension.
2. Chemical Kinetics
It studies the rate (speed) of chemical reactions and the factors affecting it. (a) Reaction of Sodium
Thiosulphate with HCl Na■S■O■ + 2HCl → 2NaCl + SO■ + S + H■O You study how temperature
or concentration affects the rate. (b) Iodine Clock Reaction KIO■ + Na■SO■ + H■SO■ + Starch →
I■ (Blue colour after some time) Theory: Rate of reaction increases with increase in temperature
and concentration.
3. Thermochemistry
It deals with heat (enthalpy) changes during chemical reactions. (a) Enthalpy of Solution Example:
Dissolving KNO■ or CuSO■ in water. Measure temperature change. ∆H = m × c × ∆T (b) Enthalpy
of Neutralization HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H■O + heat (–57 kJ/mol) (c) Enthalpy of Mixing Example:
Acetone + Chloroform → Heat released due to hydrogen bond formation.
4. Electrochemistry
Studies relation between electricity and chemical change. (a) Electrochemical Cell Experiment Zn |
ZnSO■ || CuSO■ | Cu Measure Ecell using voltmeter and observe effect of concentration change.
Theory: Ecell = E■cell – (RT/nF) ln Q
5. Inorganic Salt Preparations
(a) Mohr’s Salt: FeSO■ + (NH■)■SO■ + 6H■O → FeSO■(NH■)■SO■·6H■O (b) Potash Alum:
K■SO■ + Al■(SO■)■ + 24H■O → 2KAl(SO■)■·12H■O (c) Potassium Ferric Oxalate – Green
crystals used in photochemistry.
6. Organic Chemistry Experiments
(a) Preparation of Compounds • Acetanilide – from aniline + acetic anhydride • p-Nitroacetanilide –
from acetanilide + nitric acid • Dibenzalacetone – from benzaldehyde + acetone • Aniline Yellow –
from aniline + β-naphthol (b) Identification of Functional Groups
Functional Group Test Observation
Unsaturation Baeyer’s test (KMnO■) Purple → colourless
Alcoholic (–OH) Sodium metal test H■ gas bubbles
Phenolic (–OH) Ferric chloride test Violet colour
Aldehyde (–CHO) Tollen’s test Silver mirror
Ketone (C=O) Brady’s reagent Orange ppt
Carboxylic acid (–COOH) NaHCO■ test CO■ gas
Amino (–NH■) Carbylamine test Unpleasant smell
8. Viva Questions (with meaning)
Question Short Explanation
What is a colloid? Mixture with particle size between solution and suspension.
Difference between lyophilic and lyophobic sols?
Lyophilic are stable; lyophobic are unstable.
Define enthalpy of neutralization. Heat change when one mole of acid and base react.
What factors affect reaction rate? Temperature, concentration, catalyst, surface area.
What is an electrochemical cell? Device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy.
What is an emulsion? Mixture of two immiscible liquids stabilized by emulsifier.
9. Tips for Practical Exam
• Keep your file neat and signed by teacher.
• Revise theory + reactions before exam.
• Perform experiment carefully and note correct observations.
• Give short, confident viva answers.
• Remember all formulas and balanced equations.
