GHA, PT

Temporary Mount 7
EXPERIMENT-7
Objective
To prepare a temporary mount of a leaf peel
to show stomata
Materials Required
A compound microscope, glass slide, watch glass, forceps,
or Bryophyllum, glycerine, safranin, blotting paper, brush, needles, fresh leaf of Tradescantia
petri dish, a pair of scissors and water
Theory
Stomata (sing. stoma) are tiny pores found in the
epidermis of leaves.
oA dicot leaf contains more stomata on its lower side than its
monocot leaf contains equal number of stomata on its upper side. On the other hand, a
both the sides.
Each stoma is surrounded by two guard cells. The guard cells regulate the
stomata. They have thinner and more elastic outer walls, and thicker and less opening and closing or
elastic inner walls.
" When guard cells swell up by absorbing water, their inner walls bend
out slightly making an
aperture in between them.
" When guard cells become flaccid by losing water, their inner walls become straight closing
the aperture.
In monocots, the guard cells are dumb-bell-shaped whereas in dicots they are bean or kidney-shaped.
3 Stomata help in the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the internal parts of the lear
during respiration and photosynthesis.
o They also help in transpiration, ie., in losing excess of water in the form of water vapour.
Procedure
Take a fresh leaf and fold it backward to brealk it off in the middle.
Remove the broken peel from the lower surface of leaf and put it in water in a petri dish.
* Cut a small square piece of the peel with the help of scissors and place it in a watch glass.
* Pour 2-3 drops of safranin on the peel and wash it
with water.
* Take a clean slide and transfer the peel on to it with Petiole
the help of a brush.
o Put a drop of glycerine on the peel and cover it with
clean cover slip. (a) Upper epidermis

o Soak extra glycerine with the help of a blotting Torn lower

epidermis
paper. Leaf fold

o Focus the slide under a microscope.

* Observe catefully and draw a neat and labelled
diagram. (b) (c)
Fig. 7.1 Taking a leaf peel
Observations irregular cells.
* The epidermis is made up of closely packedmany tny openings
called stomata,

* In between the epidermal cells. there are

bean-shaped guard
cells.
Each stoma is surrounded by two

Stoma (open) Stoma (closed)

Epidermal cell
nucleus
Guard cell
Nucleus
Chloroplast

Thick inner wall

Thin outer wall

stomata
(b) Leaf peel with closed
(a) Leaf peel with open stomata
microscope
observed under the
Fig. 7.2 The leaf peel as
Conclusion
epidermis.
Stomata are found embeded in between the cells of
Precautions
Always use a freshly plucked leaf to take the peel.
Wash out extra stain with water.
Use clean slide and coverslip.
$ Soak extra glycerine with the help of a blotting paper.
VIVA VOCE
1. What are stomata?
soft green parts of plant.
Ans. Stomata are minute pores found on leaf and other
2. What are guard cells?
surround the stomata are called guard cells.
Ans. The bean-shaped or kidney-shaped cells that a dicot leaf?
3. Where are stomata found on a monocot and
surfaces almost in equal numbers, while on a dicot
Ans. On a monocot leaf, stomata are found on both the
leaf, most of the stomata are found on the lower surface.
monocot plants?
4. What is the shape of guard cells in dicot and
plants, they are dumb-bell-shaped.
Ans. In dicot plants, guard cells are bean-shaped and in monocot
5. What is a dorsiventral leaf?
called a dorsiventral leaf. It is found
Ans. A leaf in which the structure of upper and lower epidermis differs is
in dicot plants.
6. What is an isobilateral leaf?
isobilateral leaf. It is found in
Ans. A leaf having similar structure of upper and lower epidermis is called an
monocot plants.
7. How do stomata help a plant?
Ans. Stomata help the plant in:
(a) gaseous exchange during respiration and photosynthesis.
(b) expelling excess amount of water, i.e., transpiration.
8. What is the function of guard cells?
Ans, Guard cells regulate the opening and closing of stomata. When guard cells become turgid, stomala a
opened and when guard cells become flaccid, stomata are closed.

32 PRISTINE SCIENCE LAB MANUAL-10

 PRACTICAL SKILL-BASED SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. What is the function of guard cells in stomata? (NCERT Lab Manual)
Ans. Guard cells control the opening and closing of stomata.
2. Why is the number of stomata greater on the lower surface of a leaf? (NCERT Lab Manual]
Ans. To avoid water loss through transpiration, more stomata are present on lower surface than the upper
surface of a leaf.
3. Why are stomata absent in roots? (NCERT Lab Manual]
Ans. Stomata are present on the aerial parts of a plant for transpiration and gaseous exchange. Roots are present
in soil which can block stomata, if present.
4. What is the shape of guard cells in agrass leaf? (NCERT Lab Manual)
Ans. In grass leaf (monocot leaf), stomata are dumb-beli shaped.
5. Do guard cells have rigid or elastic cell walls? Justify your answer. (NCERT Lab Manual]
Ans. Guard cells have elastic cell wall. When water enters guard cells, they become turgid. This results in opening
of stomata and when guard cells lose water, they become flaccid. This results in closing of stomata.
6. Why is it preferred to take an epidermal peel from lower surface of a leaf?
Ans. In monocot plants, the leaves are isobilateral, i.e., number of stomata are almost similar on upper and
lower surfaces. But in dicot plants, leaves are dorsiventral. The stomata are more on lower surface than
upper surface. Hence, it is preferred to take epidermal peel from lower surface of a leaf.
7. How are guard cells different from rest of the epidermal cells?
Ans. Guard cells are nucleated and have several chloroplasts. They have a pecuiar shape, ie., kidney shaped
in dicot leaves and dumb-bell shaped in monocot leaves. Rest of the epidermal cells lack chloroplasts and
are irregular in shape.
8. Name the instruments used to measure (a) rate of transpiration, and (b) size of stomata.
Ans. (a) Potometer (b) Porometer
9. In respect of cell wall, how are guard cells different from rest of the epidermal cells?
Ans. In guard cells,cell wall is thick towards inner side and comparatively thin towards outer side but in rest
of the epidermal cells, cell wall has uniform thickness.
10. What is the role of cuticle over the epidermis?
Ans. The function of cuticle is purely protective in nature. It protects the inner tissues against evaporation,
bacterial infection and excessive heat and cold.
11. Why do you think that stomata are present only on the aerial parts of the plants?
Ans. Two main functions of stomata are:
(a) Exchange of gases during respiration and photosynthesis.
(b) Loss of water in vapour form during ranspiration.
Since these processes occur mostly in the aerial parts of plants, stomata are present only on aerial parts of plants.
12. What causes opening of stomata?
Ans. When water flows from surrounding cells to guard cells, the turgor pressure in them increases and they
expand, resulting in the opening of stomatal aperture.
13. What causes closing of stomata?
Ans. When water moves from guard cells to surrounding cells, their turgor pressure decreases and they become
flaccid, resulting in the closure of stomatal aperture.
14. Why?
Tradescantia leaf is usually aken for preparing temporary mount of leaf peel to observe stomata.
Name any two other leaves that can be used for this experiment.
Ans. Tradescantia leaf provides good leaf peel which can be easily separated out. Therefore, it is commonly
used for this experiment.
Leaves of Bryophyllum and lily can also be used for this experiment.
15. Why do guard cells bend when they become turgid?
Ans. The guard cells bend when they become turgid because of the differential thickening of their inner and
outer walls. The wall on inner side of guard cells is thicker and less stretchable as compared to the wall
on outer side.

TEMPORARY MOUNT 33
 8
Respiration
EXPERIMENT-8

respiration
during
Objective dioxide is given out
experimentally that carbon
To show
tube, sketch pen, KOH solution.
Materials Required tube, bent delivery water
single-bore cork, small test thread and
conical flask, beaker, scale, piece of
A vaseline, measuring
germinating gram seeds,
carrying out
oxidised to release energy for
Theory catabolic process in which food is
Respiration is a
* various life processes.
and Anaerobic respiration.
respiration organisms (plants
Respiration is of two
types-Aerobic
presence of Oxygen. It occurs in most
* takes place in the
" Aerobic respiration some microbes
and animals).
absence of oxygen. It occurs in yeast,
takes place in the strenous work.
Anaerobic respiration carbon dioxide and
"
skeletal muscles of our body during (broken down) into
and in the oxidised represented as
respiration, food (glucose) is of ATP. Its reaction is
o During aerobic released in the form
large amount of energy is
water, and a
(38 ATP)
follows: + 6H,0 + Energy
6CO2
CGH1206 + 602 Carbon dioxide Water
Glucose Oxygen and carbon
broken down into ethyl alcohol (ethanol) follows:
respiration, food
(glucose) is reaction is
represented as
During anaerobic energy is released. Its
small amount of ATP)
dioxide, and a very + 2C02 + Energy (2
2C2H;OH
CçHj206 Ethyl alcohol
Carbon dioxide
Glucose passing it
respiration. The CO, can be tested by
dioxide is produced in both types of
Hence, carbon milky.
limewater as it turns limewater
into
conical flask.
Procedure them on moist cotton wool in a in
some germinating seeds and
place
conical flask and fix a cork as shown
Take containing KOH solution
in
Suspend a small test tube
& other end in a beaker
Figure 8.1. through the hole in cork and
tube in conical flask
Insert one end of delivery
filled with water.
water level in the delivery tube with a sketch
the delivery tube, mark the
As water will rise inside
intial reading (h).
pen. This is the
* Make all the joints air-tight with the
help of vaseline. Dolivery tube
Leave the set-up undisturbed for
Final lovel of waler
about 30 minutes in bright sunlight.
* Observe the water level inside the Initial levol of water
delivery tube after 30 minutes and KOH solution
note the final reading (h).
Conical flask Water
Observation Boaker
Germinating
Water rises up in the delivery tube. seods (Wet)
Fig. 8.1 To show that carbon dioxide gas is released during respiration
Conclusion and Explanation
As KOH solution absorbs the CO, released by germinating secds. It creates a partial vacuum in conical
flask. Therefore, an equal volume of water rises up in the delivery tube. This shows that germinating
seeds evolve CO; during respiration.
Precautions
<o Handle KOH carefully as it is corrosive.
*All the connections/joints should be air-tight.
* The germinating seeds should be moist.

VIVA VOCE
1. What is respiration?
Ans. Respiration is a catabolicprocess which releases energy from the food to carry out life processes.
2. What do you mean by aerobic respiration?
Ans. Respiration that occurs in the presence of oxygen is known as aerobic respiration.
3. What is anaerobic respiration?
Ans. Respiration which occurs in the absence of oxygen is termed as anaerobic respiration.
4. How much energy is released during aerobic and anaerobic respirations?
Ans. 38 ATP molecules are produced during aerobic respiration and only 2 ATP molecules are produced during
anaerobicrespiration.
5. What is the difference between respiration and breathing?
Ans. (a) Respiration is a biochemical process while breathing is a physical process.
(b) Food is oxidised to release energy during respiration whereas gaseous exchange takes place during
breathing.
6. Why do we use germinating seeds to perform the experiment?
Ans. Germinating seeds respire rapidly to fulfil the need of energy for fast growth.
7. Why is it necessary to keep the germinating seeds moist during the experiment?
Ans. Water is necessary for germination and growth of seedlings. In the absence of water, seeds will dry up
and there will be no respiration in them.
8. Why is KOHused in this experiment?
Ans. KOH absorbs CO, released by germinating seeds.
9. Why does water rise inside the delivery tube when its end is dipped in water while setting up
experiment?
Ans. It is due to capillary action.
10. What else can be used for germinating seeds?
Ans. Flower buds.

RESPIRATION 35
 PRACTICAL SKILL-BASED SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. What is the role of KOH in this
experimen?
Ans. KOH absorbs CO released by germinating secds leading to creation of partial vacuum. (NCERT Lab Manuall
2. When we say that
Ans. plants and animals respire, where exacly is the process occurring? (NCERT Lab
Mitochondria of the ccll. Manuall
3. Why do we use germinating seeds in this
Ans. Germinating seeds respire actively at a fasterexperiment?
rate.
(NCERT Lab Manual]l
4. Give chemical equations of aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Ans. Aerobic respiration:
CoHj206 + 60, 6CO, + GH0 + Energy (38 ATP)
(Glucose)
Anaerobic respiration:
Yeast
CçHi206 ’ 2C,H;OH + 2C0 + Energy (2 ATP)
CçHË206 Muscle cell, 2C,HcO2 + 2CO, + Energy (2 ATP)
S. Why is more amount of energy produced during aerobic respiration in comparison to anaerobic
respiration?
Ans. Complete oxidation of food takes place during aerobic respiration whereas incomplete oxidation of food
takes place during anaerobic respiration. Hence, in comparison to anaerobic respiration, more amount of
energy is produced during aerobic respiration.
6. Out of respiration and photosynthesis, which process is called anabolic and which is called catabolic
process and why?
Ans. Photosynthesis is an anabolic process as it involves the synthesis of big molecules from smaller molecules.
ie., CO, and H,0 react in presence of sunlight and chlorophyll to form glucose and oxygen gas is released.
Respiration is a catabolic process as it involves the breakdown of big molecules of carbohydrate or fat
into smaller molecules.
7. What is compensation point?
Ans. When the intensity of light is low (during morning and evening hours), the amount of CO, released
the process of respiration is just sufficient to its consunption by photosynthetic process. So thereduring
is no
net gaseous exchange. This state is called compensation point.
8. Why are germinating seeds taken in the above experiment? What would happen if boiled seeds
are
taken in place of germinating seeds?
Ans. Germinating seeds respire actively at a faster rate, hence they are taken in the above experiment.
Boiled seeds are dead and therefore, they do not respire. If boiled seeds are taken, the very purpose of
experiment willbe lost.
9. What would happen if
(a) Instead of KOH solution, NaOH solution is hung in conical flask during experiment?
(b) Seeds are not kept moist during experiment?
Ans. (a) Carbon dioxide released by germinating seeds during respiration will not be absorbed by NaOH solution.
Hence, partial vacuum will not be created and thus, there will be no rise in the level of water in delivery
tube. It will lead to failure of experiment.
(b) If seeds in the experimental set-up are not kept moist, they will dry up and willnot respire. Hence,
they will not produce carbon dioxide and the purpose of experiment will be lost.
10. List any two major differences between respiration and combustion.
Ans. (1) Respiration is a slow metabolic process, controlled by enzymes whereas combustion is a nonmetabolic
process not influenced by enzymes.
(2) In respiration, energy is evolved step by step in the form of ATP. Energy can be stored also. In
combustion, energy is evolved at once and this energy cannot be stored.
1. Justify the statement that cellular respiration is just opposite to the process of photosynthesis.
Ans. During respiration, glucose reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water with the release of
energy. Hence in it,glucose and oxygen are reactants and carbon dioxide and water are the end products.
In photosynthesis, it is just opposite. Carbon dioxide and water are reactants, they combine in presence
of sunlight and chlorophyll to produce glucose and oxygen as end products.

36 PRISTINE SCIENCE LAB MANUAL-10

Study of Binary Fission and Budding 15
EXPERIMENT-15(A)
Objective
To study binary fission in Amoeba with the help of prepared slides
Materials Required
Permanent slide of binary fission in Amoeba, compound microscope, notebook, pencil and eraser
Theory
* Living organisms reproduce by two methods sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction.
" In sexual reproduction, male and female gametes are formed which unite to form a new individual
" In asexual reproduction, gametes are not formed. In this case, the single parent individual forme
new individuals by different methods such as binary fission, budding, fragmentation, etc.
Binary fission is a simple type of asexual reproduction in unicellular forms in which an individua
divides into two daughter cells of almost equal size. It occurs in Amoeba, Paramecium, etc. During
binary fission, first the nucleus divides into two daughter nuclei and then the cytoplasm divide
forming two daughter cels. The daughter cells grow in size and each divides to form two nex
daughter cells.
Procedure
* Focus the given slide first under the low power and then under high power of compound microscope
Observe the process and structures carefully.
o Draw a neat and labelled diagram.
Elongated nucleus Dividing nucleus
Food
vacuoles
Cell
membrane

Cytoplasm
Nucleus

Contractile
vacuole

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Finally, parent Amoeba divides
Fig. 15.1 Binary fission in Amoeba into two daughter amoebae

Observations
* It is the slide of binary fission in Amoeba.
It shows an elongated Amoeba having a constriction in the middle.
o The nucleus is also elongated with a thin strand in the middle.
" The slide shows a parent Amoeba being divided into two daughter amoebae.
Precautions

The slide should be hold from the sides so that it does not become dirty.
"The slide should be focused first under low power and then under high power of nicroscope.
Never use coarse adjustment while focusing the slide under high power.
EXPERIMENT-15 (B)
Objective
To study budding in yeast with the help of prepared slides
Materials Required
Permanent slide of budding in yeast, compound microscope, notebook, pencil and eraser
Theory
Budding is another type of asexual reproduction in living organisms in which a small outgrowth arises
from the body of parent organism and grows in size. This outgrowth is called a bud. When the bud
becomes fully developed, it separates from the parent body and becomes a new individual. Budding
is comnon in yeast, Hydra, sponges, ctc.
Procedure
o Focus the slide first under low power and then under high power of microscope.
Observe the process and structures carefully.
* Draw a neat and labelled diagram.
Observations
It is the slide of budding in yeast. Buds

It shows a yeast cell with a chain of cells.

The largest cell has many smaller cells attached to its one side, Parent cell
one on top of the other.
" Each cell has a central nucleus in it. Nucleus

* The chain of cells has been formed due to multiple budding.

Precautions
Fig. 15.2 Budding in yeast
Same as in Experiment 15 (A).
EXPERIMENT-15(C)
Objective
To study budding in Hydra with the help of a permanent slide
Materials Required
Permanent slide of Hydra showing budding, Compound microscope
Theory
* Budding is a type of asexual reproduction. In this process, a bulging appears on the parent body
divisions of the cells.
as a result of repeated mitotic
o Hydra is a tiny freshwater multicellular organism. Budding in Hydra results in the formation of a
lateral outgrowth called bud. Bud grOws in size, and mouth and tentacles are formed terminally. As
the bud becomes nutritionally independent, it constricts at the base and separates as a baby Hydra.
" Hydra multiplies by budding under favourable conditions. Budding is afaster praceFÉYCOAM
in which several buds form simultaneously. COMPL
NOT FOR SALE

GDUCATION PLTD.
PRISTINE
STUDY OF B DUbN ANC CDE NG enaágP
subject to
Price
Procedure
* Fous the permanent slide of Hvd under the higlh pwer of conmpound microscope,
* Obsere the characteristics. Draw labelled diagrams of stages of budding and note down
obsenations.
Observations
"Buds are fomed on the parent organism laterally, near the basal part of the body.
" More than one buds are formed.
* A bud starts growing as a small bulge
The free end of the bud modifies into mouth.
o Acinclet of 6-10 thread like tentacles arises at the base of the mouth.

Tentacles
Parent
Bud appears Bud detaches
laterally
Bud growing Young Hydra
in size

Fig. 15.3 Budding in Hydra

Inference
* The slide shows various stages of bud formation. The buds are formed laterally on the parent
organism. Hence, it is concluded that the given slide shows budding in Hydra.
Precautions
* Same as in Experiment 15 (A).

VIVA VOCE
I. What is reproduction?
Ans. Reproduction is a process in living organisms by which they produce new individuals of their own kind.
2. What is sexual reproduction?
Ans. Reproduction in which male and female gametes fuse to form a new individual is called sexual reproduction.
3. What is asexual reproduction?
Ans. Reproduction in which no gametes are required but a single parent organism forms anew individual is
called asexual reproduction.
4. What do you mean by binary fission?
Ans. Binary fission is a type of asexual reproduction in which the parent organism divides into two daughter
organisms.
5. Where does binary fission occur?
Ans. Binary fission generally occurs in unicellular organisms such as Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena, etc.
6. What do you understand by budding?
Ans. Budding is atypeof asexual reproduction in which a small outgrowth called bud appears on the body of
parent organism, grows in size and finally detaches and leads an independent life.
Where does budding lake place?
Ans. Budding takes place in yeas1, Hydra, sponges, etc.

62 PRISTINE SCIENCE LAG 1JAL-10

 8. Which type of division takes place during asexual reproduction?
Ans. Mitotic division takes place during asexual reproduction.
9. What is the division of nucleus called?
Ans. The division of nucleus is called karyokinesis.
10. What do you mean by cytokinesis?
Ans. The division of cytoplasm during cell division is known as cytokinesis.
11, What is the distinguishing feature of budding in Hydra?
Ans. in Hydra, bud is formed as a lateral outgrowth on the parent body.
12. Is the bud formed in Hydra unicellular or multicellular?
Ans. The bud formed in Hydra is multicellular.
13. Like yeast does he chain of buds form in Hydra?
Ans. No. In Hydra, bud detaches from the parent body and develops as a separate individual.
14. Why is budding considered a faster means of reproduction?
Ans. Budding is considered a faster means of reproduction because it does not involve formation and fusion
of male and female gametes.
15. Which type of cell division is involved in budding?
Ans. Mitosis.

PRACTICAL SKILL-BASED SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

3. Why are binary fission and budding included under asexual reproduction? [NCERT Lab Manual]
Ans. (a) Only one parent is involved.
(b) Gametes are not produced.
(c) Fertilisation does not occur.
(d) Daughter organisms are genetically identical to the parent organism.
4. Are binary fission and budding faster processes of reproduction as compared to sexual reproduction?
Justify. [NCERT Lab Manual]
Ans. Yes, in binary fission and budding, daughter cells are formed by simple cell division whereas in sexual
reproduction, gamete formation, fusion of gametes (fertilisation) and development from zygote take much
longer time.
5. Why is itjustified to call mitotic division as binary fission?
Ans. As a result of mitotic division in unicellular organisms like Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena, yeast, bacteria,
etc.. the two daughter individuals are formed which are genetically identical to parent organism as well as
each other. Hence, mitotic division can also be called binary fission.
6. Differentiate between asexual and sexual reproduction.
Ans.
Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction
1. Single parent is involved (sexes are not involved). 1. Two parents are involved (both male and female
sexes are involved).
2. No gamete is formed; no mitotic divisiontakes place. 2. Gametes are formed; mitotic division takes place.
3. Fertilisation does not occur. 3. Fertilisation takes place.
4. New individuals formed are genetically identical. 4. New individuals formed are geneticaly different
from each other as well as from parents.
7. Why do we classify budding, fission and spore formation as asexual type of reproduction?
Ans. All these types of reproduction are classified under asexual reproduction because:
(a) They involve single parent.
(b) No gamete formation takes place.
(c) No fertilisation occurs.
(d) Organisms formed are genetically similar.

STUDY OF BINARY FISSION AND BUDDING 63

 hit od aec al ands a l rpi tion whic h one leads to more variations anong organiss.
An val rtd ton rads tn ye variaton and whyy
Hi aer ual rpnvBu thon imntirs )tomatn nf gametes which are produced as a result of nme
*l tiun that imnhre(ng nrt of chromosomes, and ) tertllsatton whichinvolves randonm
(uston
1en in binars fixsion different (rom mnltiple fission?
Binary Fission Multiple Fission
1. Hoours during tevouratle condtons 1. It occurs when an organism faces unfavourablo
conditions.
2 A single organism solts 1o form two identical 2. Duringthis process, many new organisms are
organisms tormed trom single one.
3. Nucteus drvides only once during this torm of 3. Nucleus divides repeatedly to form a large
reproduction number of nuclei.
4. Protective covering is not forned around the 4. Protective covering or cyst is formed around the
organism organism.

10 offspring forned by asexual reproduction are called clones. Why are they called so?
Ans. All offspring formed by asexual reproduction are morphologically and genetically similar to each other
Hence, they are called clones.
11. (a) Define tissue culture.
(b) Name a few plants in which tissue culture has been successfully performed.
Ans. (a) Tissue culture is the production of newplants by isolating plant cells and tissues from desirable stock
and then allowing them to grow intosuitable culture media as new plantlets.
(b) Tissue culture has been successfully performed on plants like Dahlia, Asparagus, Orchids and
Chy'santhemum.
12. What is the significance of sexual reproduction?
Ans. During sexual reproduction, gametes are formed. During formation of gametes, crossing over takes place
which brings about genetic recombinations leading to variations. Variations ultimately lead to evolution.
13. What are the shortcomings of vegetative propagation?
Ans. (a) Plants produced by this technique possess less vigour.
(b) They are more prone to diseases.
14. (a) What is fragmentation?
(b) Name a few organisms which show process of fragmentation.
Ans. Fragmentation is generally considered as an accidental process of asexual reproduction. Sometimes, an
organism may be broken into two or more pieces. Each of these pieces grows into a complete organism.
(animals).
Examples: Spirogyra(plant); Hydra, Planaria and Tapeworm
15. Nanme an organism which reproduces by regeneration as well as by budding.
Ans. Hydra.
l6. Name few organisms which reproduce by budding.
Ans. Yeast, Hydra and Planeria.
17. When does Hydra reproduce by budding?
Ans. Hydra reproduces by budding during favourable conditions.
18. How and when does the bud separate out from parent body during budding?
Ans. As soon as the bud becomes nutritionally independent, it constricts at the base and separates as a new
individual.
slide under
19. Give any two identification points to ensurebudding in Hydra while youare observing the
a miroscope.
parent body.
Ans. ) A bulge appears laterally on the lower side of the
terminally.
()) As the bulge grows, it develops nouth and tentacles
20. No, the parent body does not divide during budding but it gives rise to one or more outgrowths which
nduals.
later on develop into new individ

PRISTINE SCIENCE LAB MANUAL- 10

Structure of Embryo 16
EXPERIMENT-16

Objective
Gram or Red Kidney Bean)
To identify the different parts of an embryo of a dicot seed (Pea,
Materials Required
needle, forceps, slide, water
Healthy seeds of pea, gram or red kidney bean, beaker, cotton, petri dish,
and hand lens

Theory
seed consists of an embryo and
Seed is formed in higher plants as a result of fertilisation. Each conditions, the seed germinates
endosperm enclosed inside a protective seed coat. On getting suitable
to grow into a new plant.
Structure of a dicot seed
A typical dicot seed has three parts:
testa and inner thin layer called
The seed coat consists of two layers -outer thick layer called
tegmen.
is the place where seed was attached to
" There is a small scar on the seed coat called hilum. It
the placenta through a stalk called funiculus.
hilum. Seed absorbs water through
"A small pore called micropyle is present just below the
micropyle during germination.
consists of two fleshy cotyledons
The embryo lies below the seed coat. It is a baby plant. The embryo
and a small embryonal axis.
hinged to the embryonal axis.
" Cotyledons are called leaves of embryo or seed leaves. They are storing food.
Cotyledons are thin and papery but sometimes, they become fleshy by
germination, radicle forms the root
The embryonal axis is made up of radicle and plumule. On
and plumule forms the shoot.
Endosperm is a food-storing tissue. Seeds having endosperm till
maturity are called endospermic
young stages are called
or albuminous seeds and the seeds that consume food from endosperm at
nonendospermic or exalbuminous seeds.

Procedure
soak them in water in a beaker for two
Take some seeds of pea or gram or red kidney beans and
days.
day.
Put the soaked seeds on moist cotton in apetri dish for one
and micropyl.
Pick up one germinated seed and find the location of hilumn
 forceps.
the help of
o Carefully remove its seed coat with out the e m b r y o n a l axis.
Pull apart the two cotyledons to take a clean
slide.
cotyledons on lens.
Place the embryonal axis and the help of a hand
with
embryonal axis
Study the structure of
Cotyledons (food stores)
Seed coat
Plumule

Plumule
(future shoot)
Raphe Radicle
Hilum
(future foot)
Radicle unfolded (c) Embryonal axis
Micropyle with cotyledons
(b) Embryo
(a) External features
Structure of a gram seed
Fig. 16.1

Observations
3 The hilum and micropyle are easily located. soaking in water. It
confines the
embryo.
The seed coat is hard which becomes soft after cotyledons.
3 The embryo consists of an embryonal axis and two
upper plumule.
The embryonal axis has two parts- -lower radicle and
* Cotyledons are two and fleshy.
Conclusion and Explanation
3 The seed is a dicot seed because it has twO cotyledons.
*1ne seed is nonendospermic because it
has fleshy cotyledons which store food.
Precautions
Seed should be healthy and well-soaked.
3 Remove the seed coat carefully so that cotyledons are not damaged.
* Take out the embryonal axis carefully because it is very delicate and may get damaged easiy

VIVA VOCE
1. What is a seed?
Ans. A seed is a ripened ovule which is formed after fertilisation in higher plants.
2. What does a seed contain?
Ans. A seed contains an embryo (baby plant) and reserved food inside it.
3. What are the two layers of seed coat?
Ans. Outer thick testa and inner thin tegmen.
4. What is embryonal axis made up of?
Ans. The embryonal axis is made up of plumule and radicle.
5. What is plumule?
Ans. Plumule is the upper part of embryonal axis that forms shoot on seed germination.
6. What is radicle?
Ans. Radicle is the lower part of embryonal axis that
forms root on seed germination.

66 PRISTINE SCIENCE LAB MANUAL-10

 ;. What is the basic ditference between a dicot seed and a nonocot seed?
Ans. A dicot seed has two cotyledons while a monocot seed has only one cotyledon.
8. What are endospernic or albuminous seeds?
or albuminous
Ans. Seeds in which food is stored in endosperm and not in cotyledons are called endospermlc
seeds, e.g., castor seed.
9. What are nonendospernic or exalbuminous seeds?
Ans. Seeds in which food is stored in cotyledons are called nonendospermic or exalbuninous seeds, e.g., pea,
gram, bean, etc.

PRACTICAL SKILL-BASED SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. What is the role of cotyledons?
generally thick and
Ans. The cotyledons are the organs which are attached to the embryonal axis. Theseof are This food also
swollen due to storage of food. This stored food is utilised for the development embryo.
supplies nourishment to young plant until it is in the condition to make food for itself.
2. (a) Name the single cell which is formed by the fusion of male and female gametes in angiosperm.
(b) Where does an embryo develop from?
Ans. (a) Zygote
(b) Embryo develops from the zygote.
3. What are the final products of fertilisation in an angiosperm?
It is often described as fertilised
Ans. In an angiosperm, the seed is the final product of sexual reproduction.
ovule. In angiosperms, seeds are protected inside the fruit.
4. What are conditions required for germination of seed?
moisture, (ii) oxygen (air) and
Ans. The conditions required for the germination of seed are (i) adequate
(ii) suitable temperature.
5. What are the components of an embryo?
plumule (future shoot) and cotyledons having
Ans. An embryo possesses a tiny radicle (future root), a tiny
cotyledons (as in dicots).
stored food. An embryo may have single cotyledon (as in monocots) or two
6. What is seed dormancy?
when the conditions are not favourable for
Ans. When the seeds are still on the plants or within the fruits or
leads an inactive life. This
germination, the metabolic activities of the embryo slow down. The embryo
state of seed is called seed dormancy.

7. Define pollination and fertilisation.

to the stigma of the same flower or another
Ans. The process of transfer of pollen grains from anther of a flower
flower is known as pollination.
is called fertilisation.
The fusion of male and female gametes (pollen and egg) to form zyote
fertilisation?
8. Why is fertilisation in angiosperms called double
male gametes fuses with the egg cell to formn a
Ans. In angiosperms, twO male gametes are formed. One of the endosperm
nucleus to formatriploid
diploid oospore or zygote. Another male gamete fuses with secondary double
nucleus. Thus, process of fertilisation occurs twice. Hence, in angiosperms, fertilisation is called
fertilisation.

9. Define germination of seed.

develops (seed germinates) to form a small
Ans. On getting favourable environmental conditions, the embryo
development of seedling from a seed is called
seedling which finally grows into a plant. The process of
germination.

STRUCTURE OF EMBRYO 67
 examples.
10. What are albuminous and exalbuminous seeds? Give consumed by the developing embryo before seed
tissue) may either be completely
Ans. Lndosperm (food storing called exalbuminous seeds. Examples: Pea, groundnut, bean, etc.
maturation. Such seeds are germination. Such seeds are
used up during seed
in mature seeds and can be
Or endosperm may persistExamples: Castor, coconut, wheat, maize, sunflower, etc.
called albuminous seeds.
1. List the post fertilisation events in an angiosperm.
wall).
Ans. (a) The ovary wall develops into pericarp (fruit seed coat.
develops into seed and wall of ovule forms the protective floral parts degenerate and fall
(b) The ovule the ovary, other
most plants, by the time the fruit develops from
(C) In
off.
represent? layers called
12. What do micropyle and hilum in seed funicle. Ovule is enclosed by two protective
ovule and through micropyle.
the junction between Pollen tube enters the ovule
us. Huum represents small pore called micropyle. Oxygen and water into
nteguments, except for a
on the seed coat. This facilitates entry of
a small pore
The micropyle remains as
the seed during germination.