C++ Long Answer Solutions - 4 Marks

1. Virtual Base Class

Theory: In C++, a virtual base class is used to solve the diamond problem in multiple inheritance. When a
class is derived from two classes which are themselves derived from a common base class, there can be
ambiguity because the derived class inherits two copies of the base class. Virtual inheritance ensures only
one copy exists.

Example:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class A {
public:
int x;
};

class B : virtual public A { };

class C : virtual public A { };

class D : public B, public C {

public:
void show() {
x = 10;
cout << "Value of x: " << x << endl;
}
};

int main() {
D obj;
obj.show();
return 0;
}

2. 'this' Pointer

Theory: - Every object has an implicit pointer called 'this' pointing to itself. - Useful for resolving naming
conflicts, returning current object, and method chaining.

Example:

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 #include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Sample {
int x;
public:
void setValue(int x) {
this->x = x;
}
Sample* getObject() {
return this;
}
void show() {
cout << "Value: " << x << endl;
}
};

int main() {
Sample obj;
obj.setValue(5);
obj.show();
Sample* ptr = obj.getObject();
ptr->show();
return 0;
}

3. Write into a File Using File Operations

Theory: - ofstream is used to write data to files. - Open file, write, close file.

Example:

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
ofstream file("example.txt");
if (file.is_open()) {
file << "Hello, this is C++ file writing example.\n";
file << "We can write multiple lines into the file.\n";
file.close();
cout << "Data written successfully." << endl;
} else {

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 cout << "Unable to open file." << endl;
}
return 0;
}

4. Compile-time vs Run-time Polymorphism

Feature Compile-Time Polymorphism Run-Time Polymorphism

Definition Resolved at compile time Resolved at runtime

Achieved by Function/Operator Overloading Virtual functions

Performance Faster Slightly slower

Flexibility Less flexible More flexible

Example of Compile-time:

class Example {
public:
void show(int x) { cout << "Int: " << x << endl; }
void show(double y) { cout << "Double: " << y << endl; }
};

Example of Run-time:

class Base {
public:
virtual void show() { cout << "Base class" << endl; }
};

class Derived : public Base {

public:
void show() override { cout << "Derived class" << endl; }
};

5. Class Student and Pointer Access

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

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 class Student {
public:
int rollno;
string name;
int age;

void display() {
cout << "Roll No: " << rollno << endl;
cout << "Name: " << name << endl;
cout << "Age: " << age << endl;
}
};

int main() {
Student s;
Student* ptr = &s;
ptr->rollno = 101;
ptr->name = "Aryan";
ptr->age = 20;
ptr->display();
return 0;
}

6. Single Inheritance

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Employee {
public:
int emp_id;
string name;
};

class Emp_info : public Employee {

public:
float basic_salary;
void display() {
cout << "ID: " << emp_id << endl;
cout << "Name: " << name << endl;
cout << "Salary: " << basic_salary << endl;
}
};

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 int main() {
Emp_info e;
e.emp_id = 101;
e.name = "Aryan";
e.basic_salary = 50000;
e.display();
return 0;
}

7. Detection of End-of-File and File Modes

• Use eof() to detect end of file.

• File Modes: ios::in , ios::out , ios::app , ios::ate , ios::binary .

Example:

#include <fstream>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
ifstream file("example.txt");
string line;
while (!file.eof()) {
getline(file, line);
cout << line << endl;
}
file.close();
return 0;
}

8. Multilevel Inheritance

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class A { public: int a; };

class B : public A { public: int b; };
class C : public B {
public:
int c;
void display() { cout << "A: " << a << ", B: " << b << ", C: " << c <<

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 endl; }
};

int main() {
C obj;
obj.a = 10;
obj.b = 20;
obj.c = 30;
obj.display();
return 0;
}

9. Copy Contents of One File into Another

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
ifstream source("source.txt");
ofstream dest("dest.txt");

if (source.is_open() && dest.is_open()) {

string line;
while (getline(source, line)) {
dest << line << endl;
}
source.close();
dest.close();
cout << "File copied successfully." << endl;
} else {
cout << "Error opening files." << endl;
}
return 0;
}