Vol 45 No.

10
Journal of Harbin Engineering University
October 2024
ISSN: 1006-7043

A Comprehensive Review of Parameters and Assessment Methods

for Auditorium Acoustics
¹ Dr. C. Pradeepa Chandramouli, ² Dr. Janani Selvam*, ³ Dr. Amiya Bhaumik
Post doctoral Research Fellow, Lincoln University College, Malaysia
Lincoln University College, Malaysia
Lincoln University College, Malaysia

Abstract
This systematic review consolidates and analyzes significant advancements in the acoustic design of
auditoriums, emphasizing the integration of architectural innovation to improve sound quality in built
environments. Initially, the review explores traditional and modern acoustic materials, detailing the transition
from synthetic to sustainable resources like natural fibers and bio-based composites, which offer
environmentally friendly solutions. The review further delves into the empirical research underpinning these
materials' effectiveness, supported by ISO standard tests that illustrate their practical benefits in contemporary
architectural acoustics. Additionally, the review contextualizes the historical evolution of acoustic design,
reflecting on the impact of architectural forms and materials on the acoustic quality of auditoriums, and
proposes a forward-looking perspective on the use of advanced materials and technologies. Through a
comprehensive analysis, this review highlights the ongoing innovations and challenges in the field, offering a
valuable reference for future research and practical applications in auditorium acoustic design.

Keywords: Acoustics; Sustainable Acoustic Materials; Architectural Acoustic Design; Computational Acoustics;
Sound Absorption Technologies.

Introduction acoustic measurement programmes implemented

The section titled "Introduction to Auditoria in British concert halls. The citations highlight the
Acoustics" establishes the foundation for the
thorough examination of auditoria acoustics, intricate and diverse characteristics of auditorium
elucidating its importance in the context of acoustics, encompassing historical developments
improving performance spaces via sound as well as the incorporation of both subjective and
engineering. The fundamental principles of sound objective evaluations in the planning and
absorption, reflection, sound propagation, and assessment of performance areas.
reflection are critical in the design of auditoriums. Major objectives of the comprehensive review of
To attain a comprehensive comprehension and parameters and assessment methods for
investigation of these fundamental elements, the auditorium acoustics are as follows.
referenced literature in the document provides a • Evaluation of significant advancements in the
more profound dive into the components and acoustic design of auditoriums, focusing on how
progressions in the domain of auditoria acoustics. architectural innovation and material science
He et al. [1] presented a comprehensive historical contribute to enhanced sound quality.
account of the progression of concert hall • Investigation of the evolution of acoustic materials
acoustics. By providing exhaustive analyzes of the from traditional to modern options, including the
acoustic qualities of concert halls around the shift from synthetic to sustainable materials such
world, Beranek [2] advances knowledge regarding as natural fibers and bio-based composites.
sound propagation and audience perception in • Examination of the role of innovative fabric-based
auditoriums. Barron [3] established a correlation acoustic solutions and the impact of
between subjective experiences and objective computational simulations in optimizing the
acoustical attributes of auditorium interiors.

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• Assessment of the effectiveness of new materials Architectural Design" by Michael Barron examines
like coal bottom ash concrete and hybrid bio- both traditional and contemporary methods of
benzoxazines/epoxy matrices in improving sound improving auditorium acoustics [5]. A novel
absorption and insulation. approach to design is put forth, utilising statistical
• Proposal of a forward-looking perspective on the analysis of current auditoria to provide insights on
use of advanced materials and technologies, designs that go beyond conventional techniques
highlighting ongoing innovations and challenges in [6]. Problems such as "boomy" noises in speech-
auditorium acoustic design. oriented environments highlight the importance of
careful planning and absorptive remedies,
2. Literature Review especially for stage towers [7]. Seoul's Grand
Using a structured scientific approach, the Theatre has undergone restorations that include
literature review on auditorium acoustics material and architectural changes to improve
methodically evaluated previous investigations, acoustical quality, which have been confirmed by
emphasizing developments in acoustic materials model measurements and simulations [8].
and architectural methods. First, a thorough search 2.2 Thematic cluster – 2 – Acoustic Materials
was conducted using keywords like "auditorium A variety of environmentally friendly acoustic
acoustics," "architectural acoustics," and "sound materials and uses are examined in this
absorption" across academic databases (Scopus collection[9]. Reviews highlight natural fibers—
and Web of Science) and specialised publications. such as jute, kenaf, and coconut coir—as
To achieve a comprehensive analysis, selection affordable, eco-friendly substitutes for synthetic
criteria were based on the relevance to auditorium materials, highlighting their capacity to reduce
acoustics, and both empirical and theoretical noise[10]. Studies of a range of fabric-based
works were considered. The extraction of data was acoustic devices, including fixed parts and movable
centred on the kinds of acoustic materials that panels, show that fabric structure has a major
were employed, the assessment of architectural effect on sound absorption at all frequencies [11].
designs, the techniques for measuring acoustic Additional research on hybrid bio-
performance, and the efficacy of different designs benzoxazines/epoxy matrices and coal bottom ash
and materials. After that, data was arranged concrete emphasizes their potential as building
thematically to facilitate an organised analysis that insulation, highlighting both their environmental
revealed patterns, gaps, and new themes. The and acoustic benefits [12] Furthermore reviewed
methodological rigour and impact of each study are the acoustical, thermophysical, and structural
were evaluated to ensure that only high-quality qualities of timber materials, highlighting their
and significant research was included. In the end, crucial role in environmentally friendly building
the review synthesised the data to create a [13].
cohesive story about the condition and
developments of auditorium acoustics today, 3. General studies on quantitative criteria and
bridging the gap between sustainability and evaluation methods
acoustic performance and pointing out areas that Donald and Baxa [14] developed a comprehensive
require more investigation. This approach set of eight quantitative merit criteria for concert
guaranteed a thorough review, highlighting hall design, which are used in an automated
effective techniques and prospective avenues for computer optimization method. Their approach,
auditorium design innovation. which employed a modified image method, sought
2.1 Thematic cluster – 1 Architectural Design to identify the best hall configurations and
Building Shape and Form absorption coefficients for each criterion. By
The acoustical peculiarities of historic curved comparing the acoustical merits of these optimized
buildings are rarely seen in modern acoustic designs to an existing hall with well-known
design, which instead uses computer models to acoustical quality, they gained valuable insights
modify circular and elliptical spaces for a variety of into improving specific design objectives and
uses[4]. The book "Auditorium Acoustics and comparing metrics. Bradley [15] emphasized the

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significance of early-to-late sound ratios and measuring speech intelligibility in enclosed spaces,
interaural cross-correlation in assessing acoustic emphasizing the importance of including
performance. He emphasized the significance of directional characteristics and directivity factors in
early sound on music quality, highlighting the speech intelligibility predictions.
delicate balance required for maximum clarity and John Bradley [24] conducted experiments to
richness. Furthermore, correlations were evaluate acoustic measures as predictors of
discovered between hall width and acoustic subjective judgements, comparing objective
measures, indicating that mean width is an measures to subjective parameters to identify
accurate predictor. Lacatis [16] looked into the reliable predictors. Hidaka and Beranek [25,26]
historical evolution of concert hall acoustic investigated the use of interaural cross-correlation
parameters, providing a retrospective analysis of coefficients (IACC) and lateral efficiency to evaluate
how they have changed over time. concert hall quality, focusing on the effects of low
Barron [3] conducted extensive objective acoustic and high-frequency sound levels on perceived
measurements in British concert halls, comparing quality. Beranek [26] documented various
subjective preferences with various objective acoustical features of concert halls, providing
measures. Preferences for intimacy and insights based on experiments carried out in
reverberance were discovered, and correlations several halls. Gade [27] proposed prediction
demonstrated the importance of total sound level methods for newer acoustical parameters
and early decay time. Bradley [17] discussed the associated with hall shape and dimensions, to
evolution of newer auditorium acoustics measures assist acoustic consultants during the early stages
other than reverberation time, emphasizing the of design.
importance of clarity and definition in addition to
reverberation. Carl and Eyring [18] presented a Lam [28] talked about partial diffusion and its
reverberation time equation that accounts for implications for room acoustics prediction,
variations in room shape, resulting in a more including models for calculating diffuse reflection
general formula than Sabine's. Their findings coefficients in auditoriums. Rindel [29] discussed
emphasized the importance of taking into account sound reflections and computer modelling
room geometry when predicting sound decay. solutions, emphasizing the importance of
Bradley [19] conducted detailed measurements of accurately simulating diffusion and diffraction
the acoustical conditions in multipurpose halls and effects. Okano [30] investigated the relationship
renowned concert halls, revealing significant between subjective characteristics of concert hall
differences. The study sought to emphasize the acoustics and objective measures such as apparent
significance of extensive measurements in source width and interaural cross-correlation
accurately assessing auditorium acoustics. coefficient and found that they can predict
subjective rankings. Takayuki et al. [31] presented
Fergus and Fricke [20] examined existing concert objective and subjective evaluations of opera
hall acoustic design guidelines and proposed a houses, identifying key parameters for determining
statistical approach based on existing auditorium acoustic quality. John and Bradley [32] discussed
shape as an alternative design method. Barron [21] speech intelligibility metrics about sound
investigated the effects of hall design features on reflections and background noise, and they
bass frequency attenuation and sound diffusion, provided analytical formulas for comparing speech
highlighting the importance of grazing incidence intelligibility in different room conditions.
and ceiling designs in shaping sound spectra.
Plenge [22] conducted experiments to assess Takayuki Hidaka [33] demonstrated the
concert hall acoustic quality, comparing subjective predictability of occupied reverberation time and
ratings to physical parameters like position, other parameters using unoccupied values,
reverberation time, and brilliance. Factor analysis emphasizing the importance of fabric covering in
revealed that hall quality is multidimensional. hall acoustics. Reinhard [34] proposed a modified
Gerald Marshall [23] discussed indices for formula for calculating reverberation time in

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unevenly distributed absorptive environments to techniques. The study experimented with room
make more accurate predictions. Chiles and Barron size, surface absorption properties, and virtual
[35] measured in scale models, revealing simulation features such as the use of personalised
differences between predicted and observed head-related transfer function measurements for
reflected sound levels, and looked into scatter in spatial rendering. While BRIRs differed in several
reverberation time. Shin-ichi Sato [36] presented a physical parameters, multidimensional scaling
genetic algorithm-based optimization system for analysis revealed that the rooms differed only in
theatre design, to produce optimized forms with two perceptual dimensions: reverberation time
high subjective sound quality preferences. Beranek (T60) and coherence (IACC). The study found that
[37] described how size, shape, and building modelled rooms differed from measured rooms in
materials affect hall acoustics while also this perceptual space, but the differences were
introducing new terminology. Bradley [38] minor and easily corrected by adjusting T60 and
investigated the use of ISO 3382 standards to IACC.
evaluate concert hall acoustics, emphasizing the
significance of understanding spatial variations as Martellotta [45] looked into how reverberation
well as early and late sound levels. time (T) affects just noticeable difference (JND)
values in clarity measurements. While the JND
Fergus et al. [39] assessed the information values for the majority of acoustical parameters
required for concert hall acoustics design while used in practice have been determined using
considering the feasibility of calculating objective conditions commonly found in concert halls and
parameters using neural networks. Jack and Evans speech rooms, Martellotta's research considered
[40] discussed the design of circular auditoriums longer reverberation times. The study altered
for optimal acoustics, proposing improvements to measured B-format impulse responses to
sound foci, reflection patterns, and reverb. Daniel introduce changes in reverberation time, then
et al. [41] proposed acoustical parameters for conducted listening tests to determine subjective
describing sound fields in halls, emphasizing their limens. The results showed that JND in the clarity
importance in distinguishing between good and index was nearly independent of T, while JND in
excellent acoustics. Barron [42] investigated clarity the centre time was significantly related to T.
values for various music genres and the Bradley [46] talked about ISO 3382, which defines
relationship between clarity and early-to-late objective room acoustics parameters for assessing
sound indices, revealing the optimal hall specific aspects of concert hall sound fields.
conditions. Marshall [43] emphasized the However, little research has been conducted on
superiority of shoebox concert halls in sound how to effectively develop and implement these
quality ratings, implying that a better objective measures. Values for measures such as
understanding of their acoustical properties is Early Decay Time (EDT) are uncertain, and changes
required to achieve excellence in modern hall proposed for measures such as energy ratios lack
design. subjective support. Bradley emphasized the
Pavel Zahorik [44] investigated the perceptual importance of having a better understanding of
properties of room acoustic simulation techniques, just noticeable differences (JND) for each measure
which have been thoroughly researched and and went over specific issues with measurements
refined in terms of physical aspects. However, the in different halls.
perceptual aspects of these simulations have
received relatively little attention. Zahorik Niels Wermer et al. [47] took objective
developed and tested a method for estimating measurements in 20 Danish rock music venues and
perceptual similarity between rooms by running 15 used a questionnaire to solicit subjective feedback
small-room simulations based on binaural room from musicians and sound engineers. The study
impulse responses (BRIRs). These BRIRs were found that the best-rated halls had reverberation
either measured in real rooms or estimated using times (RT) ranging from 0.6 to 1.2 seconds, while
fundamental geometrical acoustic modelling the worst-rated halls had higher RT in the 63 to

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Journal of Harbin Engineering University
October 2024
ISSN: 1006-7043

125 Hz range. A standing audience's absorption which subjects received it. These studies advance
coefficient was found to have a significant effect on our understanding of room acoustics, the
sound absorption in mid/high frequencies when perceptual aspects of acoustic simulations,
compared to a sitting audience. Magne Skalevik subjective assessments of room quality, and the
[48] faced the challenge of describing sound relationship between objective measures and
differences between rooms with similar RTs. subjective perception. They emphasize the
Skalevik proposed five aspects, each with its importance of considering both physical
physical measure, to reduce the number of listener parameters and perceptual attributes when
aspects. Despite claims that RT is no longer evaluating and optimizing room acoustics for a
required, statistical analysis of measurements and wide range of applications, including concert halls
computer simulations, combined with Barron's and rock music venues.
Revised Theory, revealed that RT controls four of
the five most important listener characteristics. Mike Barron [52] emphasizes the importance of
Skalevik demonstrated that all five aspects could good concert hall acoustics and the value of
be predicted using RT, volume, and the source- research in this field. While much effort has gone
receiver distance. into better understanding reflection preferences
Krzysztof Leo [49] spoke about speech intelligibility and developing new measurable acoustic
as measured in the Auditorium Novum at the quantities, translating acoustic requirements into
Technical University of Gdansk. Articulation tests three-dimensional built form has received less
were run, and the Speech Transmission Index (STI) attention. Barron conducted an acoustic survey on
and EDT were calculated. The study investigated existing auditoriums of various types, including
the effect of negative noise on speech intelligibility concert halls, recital halls, drama theatres, opera
and discovered that the majority of seats in the houses, and multipurpose rooms. The survey
auditorium had high speech intelligibility. included measurements of physical acoustic
Correlations between spatial differences and characteristics as well as listening tests
articulation tests were studied. Tapio Lokki et al. administered during public performances via
[50] described a concert hall acoustics study using questionnaires. The results of this comprehensive
the individual vocabulary profiling method. This survey are presented alongside a thorough
method allowed assessors to rate samples examination of the concerns and principles of good
recorded in three locations across three concert acoustic design.
halls based on individual characteristics. The
subjective results revealed that loudness and Beranek [53] delves into the parameters necessary
reverberance were the most important perceptual for concert hall acoustics design, focusing on sound
dimensions, with separate groups of attributes strength (G) and RT. G, which is closely related to
formed for apparent source width, definition, and loudness, and RT, which is inversely related to total
distance. The study also compared subjective sound absorption in a hall, are both important
results to objective room acoustic parameters, acoustic design factors. Beranek discusses how the
concluding that ISO 3382-1 parameters could not bass index determines the loudness of bass
account for all of the variability in the subjective sounds, as well as architectural features that
data. influence strength (G). He emphasizes the
importance of adhering to specific G and RT ranges
Michelle Vigeant [51] examined just noticeable when designing and evaluating concert halls. Tapio
differences (JND) in room acoustics parameters, Lokki et al. [54] investigated perceptual differences
specifically the music clarity index (C_80). Two new in simulated concert halls, specifically the role of
studies were conducted to further investigate C_80 temporal envelope preservation and lateral
JND, and the findings showed a higher JND than reflections in sound perception. Their findings
previous studies. The studies also compared show that preserving a signal's temporal envelope
testing methods and discovered an interaction in reflections increases the perceived strength of
effect between the test method and the order in sound and bass. Furthermore, lateral reflections

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affect perceptions of envelopment, openness, and objective room acoustics in performance spaces
sound source distance, with stronger effects at and compares the findings to subjective survey
higher frequencies. results. The study uses factor analysis to identify
independent parameters for describing acoustic
Ahmed Ali Elkhateeb [55] investigates architectural quality, which shows correlations with traditional
details in lecture auditoriums and compares field parameters like impression of space and strength.
measurements to predicted values to determine Salvador Cerda [63] assesses Ando-Beranek's
speech intelligibility. Despite the high levels of sound quality model for symphony orchestra
speech intelligibility attributed to finishing concert halls and combines it with Barron's theory
materials, Elkhateeb notices an issue with to determine the optimal design regions for
excessive background noise, most likely caused by classical music venues. Czerwinski and
natural ventilation. Alicia Gimenez [56] examines Dziechciowski [64] compare measurement results
audience perceptions of concert hall acoustics by for auditorium acoustic properties, with a focus on
comparing responses from music fans, speech intelligibility and uniform sound
acousticians, and the general public. The study distribution. They notice issues with EDT and
discovers a shared vocabulary among music sound level variation with distance from the
enthusiasts and acousticians in rating halls, source.
emphasizing the importance of subjective
perceptions in evaluating acoustics. Yann Tapio Lokki [65] discusses the challenges of
Jurkiewicz [57] investigates the importance of early explaining the success of specific concert halls,
reflections in producing high acoustic quality in despite extensive research on measured and
performing arts venues. His research demonstrates simulated impulse responses. Patynen [66]
the ability to predict early reflected energy across describes experiments that show how concert hall
an audience area using solid angles, which has acoustics affect emotional responses, emphasizing
implications for acoustic design. Marina et al. [58] the importance of near-orchestra positions and
conducted an acoustic analysis of a rectangular shoebox-shaped hall designs in increasing musical
auditorium, focusing on parameters such as RT and impact. Chrissanth Mourti [67] investigates the
diffusion. Their study evaluates room acoustics relationship between technological principles and
through measurements and simulations, architecture in rock auditoriums, emphasizing the
emphasizing the importance of factors such as challenges of developing successful designs due to
diffusion in achieving optimal acoustics. limited acoustic knowledge. Tansu Yilmaz [68]
investigates the acoustic quality of a multipurpose
Abdelouahab [59] measures acoustic comfort in hall and proposes volume resonator-based low-
classrooms using variables such as background frequency noise control solutions. Artur
noise and RT. The study identifies problems with Nowoswiat [69] discusses RT models and their
impulse decay and background noise in classrooms application in describing acoustic parameters in
and makes recommendations for acoustic enclosed rooms. Cheung and Tanga [70] present a
rehabilitation. Colin Campbell [60] discusses the framework for predicting early IACCs and show
use of reverberation time to set acoustic that geometrical regression models outperform
conditions in classrooms, emphasizing the neural network approaches. Gimenez [71] uses
limitations of relying solely on RT to explain human factor analysis to identify independent parameters
perception differences. He emphasizes the for describing musical performance halls that
importance of measuring additional room acoustic correlate with traditional parameters like
parameters to achieve acceptable acoustic comfort impression of space and strength. Laurent and
levels. Peisheng Zhu [61] investigates speech Galbrun [72] look at the accuracy of predicting the
intelligibility metrics such as the STI and the STI with RT and signal-to-noise ratio, highlighting
Speech Intelligibility Index, concluding that both differences between measured and predicted STIs.
can be used to objectively rate speech Kwangbok Jeong et al. [73] look into the acoustic
intelligibility. Alicia Gimenez [62] investigates design of a classical concert hall and evaluate its

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performance using metrics like RT, clarity, and Michael Vorländer's [79] contributions in 2005,
lateral fraction. Hochgraf [74] discusses the and later in 2010 [80] and 2011 [81], shed light on
acoustic design elements of concert and vineyard the uncertainties inherent in room acoustical
halls, focusing on the importance of wall surfaces, computer simulations, as well as the importance of
reflections, and reverberation in achieving optimal real-time modelling, emphasizing the ongoing
sound quality. need for verification and improvement in
simulation algorithms and software reliability.
4. Simulation studies Graham Naylor's 1992 [82] prediction of room
The evolution and refinement of room acoustical acoustical behaviour highlighted the discrepancies
models and simulation techniques have made that can result from geometrical simplifications,
significant contributions to our understanding and advocating for simpler room models to make more
improvement of sound quality in a variety of reliable predictions in certain situations. In 2007,
settings, particularly concert halls and auditoriums. Hiroyoshi Shiokawa [83] assessed the capabilities
This comprehensive overview examines the of computer simulations by comparing measured
contributions and findings of several key and simulated room acoustical parameters in
researchers over the years, highlighting the concert halls, emphasizing the importance of high
evolution from basic models to sophisticated geometrical fidelity in models. David and Bradley
hybrid and real-time simulation techniques. [84] and Carolina Reich and Marcon Passero [85]
Beginning with Claus Lynge Christensen in 1999 investigated specific applications of ODEON
[75], a room acoustical model capable of handling software in evaluating concert hall acoustics and
point, line, and surface sources was established, classroom RTs, demonstrating the utility of
with a special ray-tracing algorithm for line and simulation software in real-world settings. Jens
surface sources and Image Source Modelling for Holger Rindel's 2010 [86] paper examined the
point sources. This method enabled the modelling strengths and weaknesses of various modelling
of complex sound sources in workrooms, laying the techniques, emphasizing the differences that can
groundwork for future advances in acoustic arise due to differences in material absorption
simulation. Rindel's work [76] advanced the field characteristics and the approximation of wave
by emphasizing the benefits of hybrid models, phenomena such as scattering and diffraction in
which combine the best features of image source simulations. In 2010, Kaminski [87] and Cameron
models and ray-tracing methods to shorten M. Hough [88] investigated the acoustics of
calculation times and improve results. The concert halls using various simulation software and
importance of accurately modelling sound methods, addressing specific issues such as
scattering from surfaces was emphasized, acoustic defects and the effectiveness of acoustic
indicating a need for more data on material immersion indices in evaluating hall acoustics.
scattering properties. Jens Holger Rindel's [77] Tapio Lokki's [89] studied concert hall acoustics
comparison of measured room acoustical employed descriptive sensory analysis to generate
parameters with those obtained from computer sensory profiles of concert halls, presenting a novel
simulations using the ODEON programme shed approach to evaluating acoustic qualities.
light on the accuracy of these models in non-
rectangular spaces, such as concert halls, Jens Holger Rindel reiterated in 2013 [91] the close
demonstrating the potential of these tools in real- agreement between measured and simulated
world applications. In 2002, Sanmartin [78] room acoustical parameters, while Emma Linnea
compared two acoustic simulation software, Gjers in 2014 [92] and Lukas Aspöck in 2016 [93]
highlighting ODEON's efficiency over Ray noise in investigated correlations between measurements,
terms of processing time and frequency accuracy, simulations, and subjective opinions, as well as the
emphasizing the importance of modelling accuracy impact of boundary conditions on simulation
in simulation outcomes. results. Amit Kr. Singh Chauhan et al. [94]
discussed solutions for improving room acoustics
through material selection and placement,

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emphasizing the potential of new materials and demonstrated the ability of these tools to
treatments in improving acoustical properties. accurately reflect real-world acoustics, particularly
Finally, Soha Eldakdoky's 2017 study on auditoria in non-standard spaces such as concert halls.
[95], which used experimental and digital
simulation techniques, highlighted the importance Sanmartin [78] compared acoustic simulation
of absorptive materials and ceiling shapes in software and found that ODEON outperformed Ray
achieving optimal reverberation and speech noise in processing time and accuracy, emphasizing
intelligibility, demonstrating the practical the importance of modelling accuracy in
applications of simulation techniques in simulation outcomes. Michael Vorländer [79-81]
architectural acoustics. This journey through the provided critical insights into the uncertainties of
evolution of room acoustics modelling and room acoustic computer simulations and the
simulation shows how the field progressed from significance of real-time modelling. His work
simple geometric and statistical methods to emphasized the importance of continuous
complex hybrid models and real-time simulations. verification and refinement of simulation
Researchers have worked tirelessly to improve the algorithms to improve their reliability and
accuracy, efficiency, and applicability of these applicability in architectural acoustics. Graham
models, tackling challenges such as material Naylor [82] and Hiroyoshi Shiokawa [83] discussed
properties, geometrical fidelity, and wave the discrepancies that can result from geometrical
simulation. These scholars' collective work simplifications in models, advocating for simpler,
emphasizes the importance of acoustical more reliable room models and emphasizing the
simulations in space design and evaluation, importance of geometrical fidelity in simulations.
ensuring that sound quality and listener
experience meet desired standards. David and Bradley [84], along with Carolina Reich
and Marcon Passero [85], used ODEON software in
5. Artificial neural network real-world settings to evaluate concert hall and
The advancement of room acoustical modelling classroom acoustics. These studies demonstrated
and simulation techniques in recent decades has the software's accuracy in predicting acoustic
had a significant impact on the field of parameters as well as its potential for real-world
architectural acoustics, particularly in the design applications. Kaminski [87] and Cameron M. Hough
and evaluation of concert halls and auditoriums. [88] investigated the acoustics of concert halls
This condensed review focuses on key using various simulation methods, addressing
contributions and findings from several issues such as acoustic defects and the usefulness
researchers who influenced the development and of acoustic immersion indices. Their findings shed
application of these models. Claus Lynge light on specific issues in hall acoustics and
Christensen [75] introduced a comprehensive proposed solutions to improve auditory
model for room acoustics that can handle point, experiences. Tapio Lokki [89] used a novel
line, and surface sources while also utilising a approach to evaluate concert hall acoustics,
unique ray-tracing algorithm and Image Source resulting in sensory profiles that provided unique
Modelling. This methodology enabled the insights into the perceptual aspects of acoustic
simulation of complex sound sources in work quality.
environments, which was a watershed moment in
acoustical modelling. Jens Holger Rindel's work in Lukas Aspöck [95], Amit Kr. Singh Chauhan et al.
2000 and subsequent years [77,85,89] focused on [94], and Soha Eldakdoky [95] broadened the
the effectiveness of hybrid models, which combine scope of acoustical simulations by investigating the
the best aspects of image source models and ray- effects of boundary conditions, material selection,
tracing methods to improve accuracy and reduce and architectural changes on simulation accuracy
computation times. Rindel's comparisons of and room acoustics. Their research emphasized the
measured and simulated room acoustical importance of detailed input data, novel material
parameters using the ODEON programme applications, and design changes in achieving

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optimal acoustic properties. Together, these the significance of performer-audience acoustic

researchers have improved our understanding and dynamics in spatial perception. Barron [3]
capabilities in room acoustics modelling and improved questionnaire techniques by
simulation. Their efforts have resulted in significant administering continuous semantic differential
improvements in the accuracy, efficiency, and scales to 27 acoustics specialists during live
practical application of these models, addressing concerts in British halls. His research demonstrated
challenges such as material properties, geometrical the validity of expert opinions in live settings when
fidelity, and wave simulation. Their findings determining design characteristics for good
highlight the critical role of acoustical simulations acoustics. In the late 1990s, Haan and Fricke [6]
in ensuring that sound quality and listener broadened the scope by surveying musicians and
experience in architectural spaces meet high conductors from the Sydney Symphony Orchestra,
expectations. evaluating the acoustics of 60 concert halls on a
three-point scale and receiving a 32% response
6. Subjective studies rate. This study validated the questionnaire
The evaluation of acoustic quality in concert halls approach to assessing concert hall acoustics on a
and educational spaces has evolved significantly global scale. Cox and Shield [99] and Richardson
over the years, with various methodologies used to and Shield [100] examined the general audience's
collect subjective assessments from a diverse perception of live concerts at the Royal Festival
range of respondents. This review chronicles Hall and four other British venues, respectively.
researchers' pioneering efforts and methodologies Their research highlighted the difficulties of
for assessing the acoustical quality of spaces, engaging non-expert listeners, as evidenced by the
highlighting the variety of approaches and insights relatively low response rates of 25% and 17%.
gained from these studies. Parkin et al. [96] Nonetheless, these studies were a significant step
conducted what is thought to be the first known towards understanding the lay audience's acoustic
use of questionnaires to numerically rate the experiences.
overall acoustics of British concert halls in 1952.
They used a three-point scale to survey music Satya Pancharatnam and Ramachandraiah [101]
critics, academics, and composers and received a investigated the subjective responses of regular
25% response rate, laying the groundwork for attendees to South Indian classical music concerts.
future subjective acoustical assessments. A decade Their in-depth survey of seven live vocal concerts
later, Beranek [2] expanded on this approach by sought to capture listeners' acoustic preferences
interviewing 50 distinguished musicians and music and rankings of 22 concert halls, providing valuable
critics to assess 54 world-renowned concert halls. insights into cultural and genre-specific acoustic
His method of categorising halls into five levels of requirements. Arianna Astolfi [102] shifted the
acoustical quality and identifying key attributes of focus to educational spaces, conducting a
successful spaces demonstrated the value of subjective survey of the perceived environmental
interviews for detailed feedback, despite the quality of 51 secondary school classrooms,
higher cost when compared to questionnaires. including acoustically renovated ones. Astolfi's
Hawkes and Douglas [97] developed a more study, which included responses from 1006
nuanced questionnaire with 16 bipolar rating students, found significant correlations between
scales that were distributed to attendees at four acoustic quality, speech comprehension, and
London concert halls. Their findings highlighted the academic performance. The study highlighted the
multidimensional nature of acoustic assessments, effect of acoustic conditions on concentration and
revealing differences depending on the type of the disturbance caused by intermittent noise
music and the venue. versus constant noise. These studies cover a wide
range of methodologies and respondent groups
Gade [98] interviewed 32 musicians to determine used to assess the acoustic quality of various
12 critical attributes of room acoustic quality from spaces. Subjective acoustic assessment has
the standpoint of the stage. This study emphasized evolved from the use of simple numerical scales to

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Journal of Harbin Engineering University
October 2024
ISSN: 1006-7043

detailed semantic differential scales, and from predicting speech intelligibility in the classroom.
focusing solely on concert halls to including The study includes data collection from various
educational settings, reflecting a growing classrooms, statistical analysis, and the creation of
understanding of the complex interplay between an Elman network-based prediction system. The
architectural acoustics and human perception. The study concludes that network performance is
varying response rates, as well as the shift from influenced by the normalisation method
expert opinions to general audience feedback, employed. In conclusion, these studies offer useful
highlight the challenges and opportunities insights into acoustical design considerations for
associated with capturing the subjective acoustic auditoriums and classrooms, including RT, clarity,
experience. These pioneering efforts have laid the sound reinforcement systems, and speech
groundwork for current and future research aimed intelligibility prediction.
at improving acoustic design to meet the diverse
needs of users in various settings. 8. Discussion and Conclusion
The comprehensive review of auditorium acoustics
7. Indian studies reveals that each auditorium worldwide possesses
Ramakrishna [103], Bhandari [104], Pancharatnam distinct acoustical characteristics. Literature
and Ramachandraiah [105,106], and Paulraj et al. highlights that various researchers have studied
[107] investigate various aspects of acoustical individual auditoriums, often comparing their
design and testing in a variety of auditoriums and acoustical properties over time. Despite similarities
classroom settings. Ramakrishna [103] focuses on in volume, shape, and other design features,
the acoustic design and testing of a multipurpose auditoriums can exhibit subtle variations in their
auditorium with a seating capacity of 3250 people. acoustical behavior. Some factors contributing to
The study focuses on the optimal RT for a hall with these differences have been identified, resulting in
a sound reinforcement system, as well as the a matrix of objective parameters such as clarity,
system's design and performance. The key strength, lateral efficiency, definition, and Speech
parameters are hall volume, RT, bass ratio, sound Transmission Index (STI).
level variation, and noise level. Bhandari [104] The increasing importance of simulation studies in
emphasizes the importance of taking into account architectural acoustics, which often replace
a variety of factors that influence sound quality physical scale model studies, underscores the need
when designing acoustics for multipurpose halls. for a deeper focus on various acoustical aspects of
The interaction of various aspects of sound and the interior spaces. Computational simulations have
internal physical environment of the room is advanced, but they require further refinement to
investigated to ensure good acoustics. accurately address the complexities of acoustical
behavior.
Pancharatnam and Ramachandraiah [105] use In the context of Indian architecture, while there
simulation software to investigate the acoustics of has been research focused on single-purpose
an image auditorium in Chennai. The parameters auditoria relevant to local needs, there is a
examined include RT, EDT, C_80, G, and clarity. The noticeable gap in studies related to multipurpose
study shows a more reverberant hall at higher auditoria. The lack of indices for objective
frequencies, emphasizing the importance of shape parameters in these settings indicates a need for
in achieving optimal acoustics for South Indian more targeted research. Future investigations
classical music. Satya Pancharatnam and should address this gap, focusing on the
Ramachandraiah [106] compare two South Indian development of standardized indices and further
classical music halls in Chennai, analyzing exploration of acoustical characteristics specific to
parameters such as RT, C_80, and G using multipurpose halls. This research is essential for
simulation and field measurements. The study advancing our understanding and improving
emphasizes the importance of hall shape, acoustic design practices in diverse architectural
resonance, and clarity for various types of music. contexts.
Paulraj [107] focuses on creating a system for

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October 2024
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10. Bhingare NH, Prakash S, Jatti VS. A review on

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