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2(c) straight line with non-zero gradient from 0 to d B1

line with negative gradient from (0, V) to (d, 0) B1

Question Answer Marks

3(a)(i) (P and Q are at the) same temperature B1

no net transfer of thermal energy (between P and Q) B1

3(a)(ii) Q = mcT C1

24  103 = (0.54  390  T) + (0.37  910  T) C1

T = 44 K A1

3(b)(i) work done = pV C1

= (1.6  105)  (0.18 – 0.32) C1

= –2.2  104 J A1

3(b)(ii) pV = NkT C1

N = (1.6  105  0.18) / (1.38  10–23  273) A1

= 7.6  1024

3(b)(iii) ½m<c2> = (3 / 2)kT C1

r.m.s. speed = √[(3  1.38  10–23  (210 + 273) / (4.7  10–26)] A1

= 650 ms–1

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2(c)(ii) Any three bulleted points from: B3

• strongest at the poles

• weakest near the Equator

Up to two points from:

• perpendicular to surface at the poles
• parallel to the surface near the Equator
• angle to surface increases from Equator to poles

Question Answer Marks

3(a) (thermal) energy per unit mass (to cause temperature change) B1

(thermal) energy per unit change in temperature B1

3(b)(i) density = mass / volume C1

mass = 2.700 × 103 × 3.612 × 10–3 A1

= 9.752 kg

3(b)(ii) volume = 3.612 × 10–3 × (2.700 / 2.620) = 3.722 × 10–3 m3 A1

or

volume = 9.752 / (2.620 × 103) = 3.722 × 10–3 m3

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3(b)(iii) W = pV C1

= 1.01 × 105 × (3.722 – 3.612) × 10–3 A1

= 11.1 J

3(b)(iv) volume (of block) increases B1

work is done against the atmosphere so work done (on block) is negative B1

3(b)(v) thermal energy = (4.38 × 106) + 11.1 B1

specific heat capacity = (4.38 × 106) / (9.75 × 500) C1

= 898 J kg–1 °C–1 A1

3(c) work done is negligible compared with (change in) internal energy so (answer in (b)(v) would be) unchanged B1

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4(a)(i) thermodynamic temperature B1

4(a)(ii) molar gas constant B1

4(b)(i) m: mass of one molecule (of the gas) B1

〈c2〉: mean-square speed (of molecules) B1

4(b)(ii) 1 M1
NBT / A = Nm〈c2〉
3

1 A1
clear use of EK = m〈c2〉 leading to EK = 3BT / 2A
2

4(c) line with positive gradient passing through the origin B1

smooth curve with decreasing positive gradient B1

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5(a) (motion in which) acceleration is (directly) proportional to displacement B1

(motion in which) B1
acceleration is (always) in the opposite direction to displacement
or
acceleration is (always) directed towards a fixed point

5(b)(i) period = 2 / 16 A1

= 0.39 s

5(b)(ii)
v0 = x0 or v0 =  (x 0
2
− 02 ) C1

x0 = 0.56 / 16 A1

= 0.035 m

5(b)(iii) v = ±16 √(0.0352 – x2) A1

5(b)(iv) closed loop surrounding the origin B1

loop crosses v = 0 at maximum values of x at x = ± 3.5 cm B1

loop crosses x = 0 at maximum values of v at v = ± 0.56 m s–1 B1

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3(a) (thermal) energy per unit mass (to cause state change) B1

(thermal) energy to change state at constant temperature B1

3(b) (for vaporisation): B1

involves greater change in volume (of substance)
or
involves greater increase in separation of molecules

more work has to be done by molecules (to separate) M1

or
greater increase in potential energy of molecules

kinetic energy of molecules unchanged, so more thermal energy needed A1

3(c) Q = mc and Q = mL C1

 for the water = 26.4 – 10.3 C1

(37.0 × L) + (37.0 × 4.18 × 10.3) = (208 × 4.18 × 16.1) C1

L = 335 J g–1 A1

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4(a)(i) sum of potential energy and kinetic energy B1

(total) energy of random motion of particles B1

4(a)(ii) potential energy (of molecules) (in an ideal gas) is zero, so the internal energy of the gas is equal to the total kinetic energy B1
(of molecules)

kinetic energy of molecules is proportional to (thermodynamic) temperature (so internal energy is proportional to B1
(thermodynamic) temperature))

4(b) cooling work done = 0 B1

compression increase in internal energy = +2U B1

cooling change in internal energy = –U B1

both rows: thermal energy adds to work to give increase in internal energy in terms of U and/or W B1

(if fully correct, thermal energy for compression = 2U – W and thermal energy for cooling = –U:

compression +W 2U – W +2U

cooling 0 –U –U
)

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5(a)(i) amplitude = 0.60 m A1

5(a)(ii) oscillations are simple harmonic B1

5(b) Any three points from: B3

• mean / equilibrium position is at h = 1.4 m
• total energy of oscillations = 9.0 J
• angular frequency of oscillations = 1.2 rad s–1
or
period of oscillations = 5.1 s
or
frequency of oscillation = 0.19 Hz
• maximum speed of block = 0.73 m s–1
• mass of block = 33 kg

5(c) U-shaped curve resting on h axis (with minimum at EP = 0) B1

curve from h = 0.8 m to h = 2.0 m, with minimum EP shown at h = 1.4 m B1

both end-points of curve shown at EP = 9.0 J B1

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3 (a) Two metal cuboids P and Q are in thermal contact with each other.

(i) P and Q are in thermal equilibrium.

State what is meant by the term thermal equilibrium.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]
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(ii) Data for P and Q are given in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1

P Q
specific heat capacity / J kg–1 K–1 390 910
mass / kg 0.54 0.37

P and Q are initially both at the same temperature.

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P is supplied with 24 kJ of thermal energy. After some time, P and Q are once again both
at the same temperature as each other.

P and Q are perfectly insulated from the surroundings.

Determine the change in temperature ΔT of Q.

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ΔT = ...................................................... K [3]
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(b) Nitrogen may be assumed to be an ideal gas. A fixed amount of nitrogen gas is contained at
a constant pressure of 1.6 × 105 Pa.

The variation of the volume V of the gas with the temperature θ of the gas is shown in Fig. 3.1.

0.4

V / m3

0.3

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0.2

0.1

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0 100 200 300
θ / °C

Fig. 3.1

(i) The temperature of the nitrogen gas is increased from 0 °C to 210 °C.
Determine the work done on the gas.

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work done = ....................................................... J [3]

(ii) Determine the number N of molecules of nitrogen gas.

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N = ......................................................... [2]

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(iii) The mass of a nitrogen molecule is 4.7 × 10–26 kg.

Calculate the root‑mean‑square (r.m.s.) speed of a nitrogen molecule at 210 °C.

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r.m.s. speed = ................................................ m s–1 [2]

[Total: 12]
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3 (a) Define specific heat capacity.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) A block of aluminium has a volume of 3.612 × 10–3 m3 at a temperature of 0 °C.

Aluminium has a density of 2.700 × 103 kg m–3 at 0 °C.

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It has a density of 2.620 × 103 kg m–3 at 500 °C.

The block is heated so that its temperature increases from 0 °C to 500 °C at an atmospheric
pressure of 1.01 × 105 Pa.
The increase in internal energy of the block is 4.38 MJ.

(i) Calculate the mass of the block.

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mass = .................................................... kg [2]

(ii) Show that the volume of the block at a temperature of 500 °C is 3.722 × 10–3 m3.

[1]

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(iii) Use the information in (b)(ii) to determine the magnitude of the work done on the block
when its temperature is raised from 0 °C to 500 °C.

work done = ...................................................... J [2]

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(iv) Explain whether the work done on the block is positive or negative.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(v) Use the first law of thermodynamics to determine, to three significant figures, a value for
the specific heat capacity of aluminium. Explain your reasoning. Give a unit with your
answer.
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specific heat capacity = ................................... unit .............. [3]

(c) Without further calculation, suggest with a reason how doubling the pressure in (b) is likely to
affect the answer in (b)(v).

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 13]
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4 (a) The equation of state for an ideal gas may be written as

pVA = NBT

where p is the pressure of the gas, V is the volume of the gas, A is the Avogadro constant, B
is another constant and N is the number of molecules of the gas.

(i) State the meaning, in the equation, of the symbol T.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(ii) Identify the constant B.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) The product pV for an ideal gas is also given by

1
pV = 3
Nm 〈c 2〉.

(i) State the meanings, in this equation, of the symbols m and 〈c 2〉.

m: ......................................................................................................................................

〈c 2〉: ...................................................................................................................................

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[2]

(ii) Use the equations in (a) and (b) to derive an expression, in terms of A, B and T, for the
mean kinetic energy EK of a molecule of the gas.

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EK = ......................................................... [2]
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(c) On Fig. 4.1, sketch the variation with T of the root-mean-square (r.m.s.) speed of the
molecules of an ideal gas.

r.m.s. speed
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0
0 T

Fig. 4.1
[2]

[Total: 8]
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5 (a) State what is meant by simple harmonic motion.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) A block is suspended by a spring. The block oscillates vertically with simple harmonic motion.

The velocity v of the block varies with time t according to

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v = 0.56 cos 16t

where v is in m s–1 and t is in s.

(i) Calculate the period of the oscillation.

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period = ...................................................... s [1]

(ii) Determine the amplitude x0 of the oscillation.

x0 = ..................................................... m [2]

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(iii) Use your answer in (b)(ii) to determine the equation for v in terms of the displacement x
of the block, where v is in m s–1 and x is in m.

v = ......................................................... [1]
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(iv) On Fig. 5.1, sketch the variation of v with x.

0.8
v / m s–1

0.4
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0
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
x / cm

–0.4

–0.8

Fig. 5.1
[3]
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[Total: 9]
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3 (a) Define specific latent heat.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Explain why, for a substance, the specific latent heat of vaporisation is usually greater than
the specific latent heat of fusion.

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...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(c) An ice cube of mass 37.0 g at temperature 0.0 °C is placed in a beaker containing water of
mass 208 g at temperature 26.4 °C.

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When all the ice has melted, and all the water in the beaker has reached thermal equilibrium,
the final temperature of all the water is 10.3 °C.

The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J g–1 °C–1.

The beaker has negligible specific heat capacity and is perfectly insulated from the
surroundings.

Determine a value, to three significant figures, for the specific latent heat of fusion of water.

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specific latent heat of fusion = ................................................. J g–1 [4]

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[Total: 9]

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4 (a) (i) State what is meant by the internal energy of a system.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Explain why the internal energy of an ideal gas is directly proportional to the
thermodynamic temperature of the gas.
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...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) A sample of an ideal gas at thermodynamic temperature T has internal energy U.

The gas is compressed so that its temperature increases to 3T.

During this compression, work W is done on the gas.
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The gas is then cooled at constant volume so that its temperature decreases to 2T.

Complete Table 4.1 to show, in terms of some or all of W, T and U, the work done on the gas,
the thermal energy supplied to the gas and the increase in internal energy of the gas for each
of the two processes.

Table 4.1

thermal energy increase in internal

work done on gas
supplied to gas energy of gas
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compression +W

cooling

[4]

[Total: 8]
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5 A cuboidal block floats in a liquid with its base horizontal, as shown in Fig. 5.1.

block

liquid surface

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Fig. 5.1

The base of the block is at a depth h below the surface of the liquid.

The block is displaced downwards by a small distance and then released so that it oscillates.

Fig. 5.2 shows the variation with h of the acceleration a of the block.

1.0

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a / m s–2

0
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4
h/m

–1.0

Fig. 5.2

Fig. 5.3 shows the variation with h of the kinetic energy EK of the block.

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10

EK / J

0
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4
h/m
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Fig. 5.3

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(a) (i) Determine the amplitude of the oscillations.

amplitude = ...................................................... m [1]

(ii) State what the line in Fig. 5.2 shows about the nature of the oscillations.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) State three other quantitative conclusions that can be drawn from Fig. 5.2 and Fig. 5.3 about
the block and its oscillations. Use the space for any working.
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1 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
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2 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

3 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[3]

(c) On Fig. 5.4, sketch the variation with h of the potential energy EP of the oscillations.

10
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EP / J

0
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4
h/m

Fig. 5.4
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[3]

[Total: 8]

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