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Economics JSS3 First

Term
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Home Economics JSS3 Lesson Notes

First Term – Edudelight.com
WEEK 1

INTRODUCTION TO TEXTILES STUDY

What is the study of textiles?
The study of textiles involves an understanding of the origin of fibres to
the ways of constructing fibres into fabrics, properties of the fabrics, ways
of caring for the fabrics and the uses of the fabrics.

REASONS FOR THE STUDY OF TEXTILES

The study of textiles will help you in the following ways:

Identifying different types of fabrics and their characteristics or

properties.

Selecting or choosing the suitable fabric for a given purpose.

Taking proper care of the fabric

Handling the fabric correctly

Making you a wise consumer

You can develop interest in clothing and textiles careers.

Using fabrics intelligently

GENERAL USES OF TEXTILES

Textiles are used for:
 Construction of personal and family clothes e.g dresses, underwear

Construction of household linen, such as bed sheets, curtains, towels

Keeping the body warm or cool e.g sweaters and cotton wears

Protecting the body from rain or wind e.g rain coats

Beautifying or adorning the body

Covering our nakedness (modesty)

BASIC TEXTILE TERMS

Fibre is a hair-like basic unit of raw material used in the making of
yarns and fabrics e.g. cotton, linen, silk, wool, nylon fibres.

Yarn is a thread made by twisting or spinning fibres.

Fabric is cloth constructed with yarn or directly from fibres by

weaving, knitting, crocheting, felting, etc. A woven fabric is made up
of two set of yarn or thread-the warp and the weft.

The warp is the yarn or thread which runs length-wise in a woven

fabric. It is parallel to the selvedge.

The weft is the yarn that runs across-wise in a fabric. It runs at right
angles across the selvedge grain.

The selvedge is the edge of the fabric made by the weft thread or
yarn by turning over the warp thread. It is the mill-finish edge of a
fabric which runs in a length-wise direction.

Bias is the diagonal direction across the two grain lines, wrap and
weft.

True Bias makes an angle of 450 across the length-wise and

crosswise grains. It has the greatest stretch

Grain of the fabric refers to the direction of yarns or threads in a

fabric

The right side (RS) of the fabric is the side worn out it has better
finish and more distinct print than the other side

The wrong side (WS) of the fabric is the side to be worn inside.

Edudelight lesson note

WEEK 2
CLASSES AND PROPERTIES OF FIBRES
Fibres are classified into two main classes. Namely;

1. The natural fibres; which are gotten from either plant e.g cotton and
linen; or from animals e.g wool and silk.

2. The man-made fibres; which are gotten from cellulose based fibres
e.g viscose rayon and acetate or from non-cellulose based e.g nylon,
polyester and acrylics.

PROPERTIES OF FIBRES
A. COTTON: Cotton is a vegetable fibre. It is made from cotton balls of the
cotton plant. The cotton fibres surround the seeds of the cotton plant.

PROPERTIES OF COTTON
1. It absorbs moisture quickly

2. It is reasonably strong and durable

3. It washes well

4. It can be dyed easily

5. It is cool and comfortable to wear.

B. LINEN: Is a vegetable fibre. It is gotten from the stem of flax plant. The
flax plant grows in countries such as France, Russia, it is not produced in
Nigeria.

PROPERTIES

1. It is stronger than cotton

2. It is absorbent and cool to wear

3. It dries slowly

4. It washes well

5. It is a good conductor of heat.

C. WOOL; is an animal fibre. It is gotten from the hair of fleece f sheep.

The hair of camel, Angora, rabbit or angora goat can also be used. It is
commonly produced in Britain, Australia e.t.c.

PROPERTIES
 1. A wool fibre has a scaly appearance

2. It is stronger when dry than when wet.

3. It gives the smell of burning feather when burnt.

4. It makes a very absorbent fabrics

5. It is readily affected by bleach

D. SILK; is an animal fibre. It is produced by silk worm. Silk is produced

chiefly in France, Italy, China and Japan.

PROPERTIES

1. It is a very strong fibre

2. It is smooth and fine

3. It is warm to touch

4. It absorbs moisture easily

5. It is an expensive fibre

E. VISCOSE RAYON; is made by treating wood pulp or cotton linters with

certain chemicals

PROPERTIES

1. It is not very strong especially when wet

2. 2. it has smooth surface

3. 3. resemble sink in appearance only

F. ACETATE; it is made from wood pulp or cotton linters treated with

acetic and acid acetic anhydride

PROPERTIES

1. it dries quickly

2. it looses strength when wet

G. NYLON; is the family name for all synthetic polyamides

PROPERTIES

1.It is very strong

2. It is light in weight

3. It requires no ironing

4. It is durable.

MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF FIBRES

A COTTON; are processed from bolls by the following steps;

1. Ginning

2. Baling

3. Clearing

4. Carding

5. Combing

6. Drawing

7. Spinning

8. Dyeing

9. Weaving

B. LINEN; Is produced from the stem of flax plant by the following steps

1. Retting

2. Breaking and scotching

3. Combing

4. Spinning

C. WOOL; wool fibres are produced into two forms

1. Worsted yarn; this is made from long fibres

2. Woollen yarn; this is made from short fibres

The major steps for the manufacturing of both forms are;

 1. Clipping

2. Sorting

3. Scouring

4. Carbonizing

5. Carding

6. Spinning

7. Weaving

D. RAYON

Read Also

Physics Lesson English Diction

Note SS2 Third Curriculum for
Term Primary School

1. The cellulose (wood pulp or cotton linters) is first purified

2. The cellulose is then treated with the right chemicals. It is then

changed into a thin liquid.

3. The liquid is then forced through a nozzle containing many fine holes
called a spinneret. The rayon filaments or fibres are produced

4. The filaments are spun into yarns. The yarns are woven into fabric

Assignment

Outline the manufacturing process of the following

1. Silk

2. Nylon

3. Acetate.

EXPERIMENT AND TEST ON DIFFERENT FIBRES

APPEARANCE MICROSCOPIC
FIBRES BURNING TEST
TEST TEST

COTTON It is cool to feel Fibre is flat Has a Burns in and out

and fairly firm It twist of flame Smells
 has a dull characteristics like burning paper
appearance Resembles a Leaves very little
twisted ribbon grey or white
powdery ash

fibre is round and

It has a cool crisp
smooth with
LINEN handle Dull Similar to cotton
swellings or nodes
appearance
at interval

Does not burn but

smoulders(i.e it
Wool fibre is
Has a projecting burns slowly
covered with
fibre Rough and producing smoke
WOOL scales that overlap
dull appearance but not flames
and point towards
Warm to handle Gives smell of
the top of the fibre
burning hair or
feathers

De-gummed fibre
Has a smooth
is very fine and has
and rich lustrous
a smooth surface
SILK appearance Soft, Similar to wool
Raw silk fibres are
smooth and
seen as double
resilient to harm
filamentss

has a smooth Fibre is rounded

fairly soft handle with groves
A smooth running length-
VISCOSE
lustrous wise It looks like Similar to cotton
RAYON
appearance It transparent rods
may resemble streaked with wavy
silk line

Is silk-like and it Fibre is rounded Burns like cotton

drapes well Has with one or more and gives a smell
ACETATE smooth and soft surface ridges of acetic acid or
handle Maybe which look like vinegar Smell like
dull or lustrous thickened lines boiling celery

NYLON Fabric is very Filament looks like Shrinks like flame

smooth and a smooth glass rod and melts into
 slippery hard white or grey
or bead.

Edudelight lesson note

WEEK 4

CARE AND HANDLING OF DIFFERENT

FABRICS
Reasons for care of clothing

1. To make the clothing last longer. Dirt can damage fabrics

2. To kill any disease-carrying germs and pests in the fabrics

3. To keep the clothes looking clean or better, dirty clothes are

unpleasant to look at

4. To save money since clean clothes last longer

5. To ensure that whatever clothes you have will be available for

wearing anytime.

LAUNDRY AGENTS AND EQUIPMENT

1. Water; used for soaking, washing and rinsing clothes.

2. Soaps and detergents; to lower the surface tension of water, remove

certain stains, kill carrying germs in fabrics.

3. Bleaches; make white cotton and linen fabrics whiter, remove certain
stains, kill disease carrying germs in fabric.

4. Stiffening agents; to stiffen cotton and linen fabrics, to give the

fabrics a smooth surface and fresh look

5. Stain removers; to remove stains from fabrics.

LAUNDRY EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS
1. Equipment and tools for collecting dirty clothes; these include
linen baskets or bins, laundry bags

2. Equipment and tools for washing; these include basins, buckets

and laundry tubs or trays, they can be made of plastics, stainless
steel or porcelain. We also have washing machine.

3. Equipment and tools for drying; clothes lines, movable clothes,

horses or hangers, pegs e.t.c.

4. Ironing or pressing equipment; These include the iron, ironing

board, ironing pads e.t.c.

GENERAL GUIDELINES AND STEPS IN

LAUNDERING FABRICS
1. Sorting

2. Mending

3. Stain removal

4. Soaking and steeping

5. Washing

6. Rinsing

7. Boiling

8. Bluing and stiffening

9. Drying

10. Finishing or ironing

11. Airing

12. Folding and storage.

Assignment

Explain the steps in laundry process

THE BASIC ELEMENTS OF DESIGN
The basic elements of designs are
1. LINE: This refers to the outline of an object or to the obvious lines
within it.

2. SHAPE: This refers to the form of a solid object, which is created

when lines are combined. The outline of a garment is its shape.

3. SPACE: This refers to the three dimensional area that is to be

designed. It is the entire area within a garment.

4. TEXTURE: This is the way the surface of a fabric looks and feels.

5. COLOUR: This is one of the most important elements. It has many

visual effects and its own language.

COLOUR WHEEL
This is an arrangement of colours in a circle to show how they are related.

1. The primary colours: They are red, yellow and blue.

2. The secondary colours: They are orange, green and purple/ violet.

3. Tertiary colours: These are six, and each is a blend of primary and
secondary colours. They include red- violet, blue- violet, blue- green,
yellow- green, yellow- orange and red- orange.

4. Warm colours: These are red, yellow, orange, yellow- orange etc.

5. Cool colours: These are blue, green, purple, blue- purple etc.
POINTS TO REMEMBER WHEN CHOOSING
COLOURS
1. Cool and dark colours make one look smaller than normal.

2. Warm and light or bright colours make one look larger than normal.

3. Bright contrasting colours draw attention to the figure, they

therefore make one look larger than normal.

4. Black can be used with all colour except very dark brown because
there will be no contrast.

5. White goes with every colour provided it is used sparingly.

6. Brown goes well with yellow, green, light blue, orange etc.

7. Grey as neutral colour, it harmonizes with red, yellow, blue, green,

orange and purple.

Edudelight lesson note

WEEK 7

THE BASIC ELEMENTS OF DESIGN

The basic elements of designs are

1. LINE: This refers to the outline of an object or to the obvious lines

within it.

2. SHAPE: This refers to the form of a solid object, which is created

when lines are combined. The outline of a garment is its shape.

3. SPACE: This refers to the three dimensional area that is to be

designed. It is the entire area within a garment.

4. TEXTURE: This is the way the surface of a fabric looks and feels.

5. COLOUR: This is one of the most important elements. It has many

visual effects and its own language.

COLOUR WHEEL

This is an arrangement of colours in a circle to show how they are related.

 1. The primary colours: They are red, yellow and blue.

2. The secondary colours: They are orange, green and purple/ violet.

3. Tertiary colours: These are six, and each is a blend of primary and
secondary colours. They include red- violet, blue- violet, blue- green,
yellow- green, yellow- orange and red- orange.

4. Warm colours: These are red, yellow, orange, yellow- orange etc.

5. Cool colours: These are blue, green, purple, blue- purple etc.

POINTS TO REMEMBER WHEN CHOOSING COLOURS

 1. Cool and dark colours make one look smaller than normal.

2. Warm and light or bright colours make one look larger than normal.

3. Bright contrasting colours draw attention to the figure, they

therefore make one look larger than normal.

4. Black can be used with all colour except very dark brown because
there will be no contrast.

5. White goes with every colour provided it is used sparingly.

6. Brown goes well with yellow, green, light blue, orange etc.

7. Grey as neutral colour, it harmonizes with red, yellow, blue, green,

orange and purple.

(i) vertical shapes (ii) tight

(i) large flowery designs (ii)
dresses (iii) v- shaped or
warm colours (iii) horizontal
Tall and low narrow neck lines (iv)
1 stripes (iv) full sleeves and
slender collarless dresses (v)
collars (v) gathered or
sleeveless garments (vi)
pleated skirts
tiny designs

(i) fabrics with large

Short (i) vertical stripes (ii) cool
elaborate prints (ii) large
and colours (iii) fitted sleeves (iv)
2 sleeves (iii) tight fitting
plump/ v- shaped, u- shaped or
dresses with high collar
stout rectangular neckline
(iv) wide belts.

(i) Gathered and draped

styles (ii) bodice should (i) fitted bodices (ii) too
3 Flat chest
have added fullness (iii) wide a neckline
bows, drapes

(i) very high neckline (ii)

(i) v- shaped neckline (ii)
Large full sleeves (iii) breast
4 fitted sleeves (iii) vertical
bust pockets (iv) draped and
lines
gathered bodices

(i) open neckline (ii) v-

(i) tie neck bands (ii) high
Short shaped neckline (iii) u-
5 polo- necks (iii) mandarin
neck shaped neckline (iv) open
neckline
collars
 (i) high neckline (ii) turtle
Long neck and high collars (iii) Wide or boat-shaped
6
neck huge jewellery (iv) use of necklines
scarves

(i) shape skirt from waist (ii)

straight dresses with no
(i) too narrow bodice (ii)
Large belt (iii) gored skirts (iv)
7 fitted skirts (iii) pockets at
hips gathers can be used if the
hips
waist is small (v) stitched
down pleats

WEEK 8

DRESSES FOR DIFFERENT OCCASIONS

1. School clothes

2. Clothes for office work

3. Clothes for household work or activities

4. Clothes for sleeping

5. Clothes for sports, picnics and relaxation

6. Clothes for religious worship

7. Clothes for travelling (journey / trips).

1. SCHOOL CLOTHES:
i. Fabric for school clothes should be dirable, washable colourful and
comfortable.

ii. He style should be loose enough to allow for school activities and it
should be simple.

iii. Shoes should be dirable, comfort and easy to clean.

2. CLOTHES FOR OFFICE WORK:
i. The cloth should be comfortable, smart and simple.

ii. Fabrics should be easy to clean / washable.

iii. Over dressing should be avoided.

iv. Only simple accessories are needed.

v. Clothed should not be too tight or revealing.

vi. Clothes should be discreet.

vii. Make – ups should be applied lightly.

viii. Dress and shoes should be avoided.

3. \CLOTHES FOR HOUSEHOLD WORK OR ACTIVITIES:

It is very important to dress neatly even when working at home. Clothing
for household activities should be comfortable, suitable and washable of
simple style and durable fabric. An apron or overall can be worn over the
dress to protect it.

4. CLOTHES FOR SLEEPING (Night goons or

pyjamas)
i. Fabrics should be soft – textured and flame resistant.

ii. Clothes should be comfortable and loose. Tight Clothes can restrict
movement or flow of blood.

iii. A house coat can be worn over the night goon outside the
bedroom.

5. CLOTHES FOR SPORTS, PICNICS AND RELAXATIONS.

i. Clothes for active sports should provide for freedom of movement
and at the same time cover the body decently.

ii. Fabrics for such, clothes should be durable and easy to care for.
iii. Shoe should be comfortable for easy movement.

iv. Fabrics should be washable.

6. CLOTHES FOR RELIGIOUS WORSHIP.

i. The clothes should be comfortable and not tight.

ii. Fabric should not crease (wrinkle) easily.

iii. They should be washable.

CLOTHING ACCESSORIES
These are the additional items we wear in order to supplement our
clothes e.g. shoes, hats, jewellery, and ties, handkerchief, scarves, and
handbags e.t.c.

Edudelight lesson note

WEEK 9

THE SEWING MACHINE / TYPES

The sewing machine is major sewing equipment. It is very
important in successful sewing. There are different types and makes of
sewing machines. The following are common types of sewing machines.

1. HAND SEWING MACHINE: This is a simply, it is operated just with

hand. It requires to be placed on a table.

2. TREADLE SEWNG MACHINE: This is operated with the feet. The

worker has both hands free for guiding the work. It normally has a special
stand.

3. ELECTRIC SEWING MACHINE: This is operated with to aid of an

electric motor.
PARTS OF A SEWING MACHINE
PART FUCTIONS

Balance i) It is turned either forward or backward to machine

1.
wheel sew. ii) It rises and loners the needle.

Foot
2. It holds the fabrics firmly in place for stitching
presser

Presser It is uses to raise and loner the presser foot, it is at

3.
foot lifter the back of the machine

i) It holds the fabric tight against the presser foot ii)

It pills the fabric along for stitching as it moves up
4. Feed – dog
and down. It is a tooth like piece of metal under the
pressure foot.

Throat Provides slots or opening through which the needle

5.
plate projects down – ward and the feed – dog upward.

6. Spool pin This holds the spool of the thread.

i. These support the thread from one part of the

Thread
7. machine to another. ii. They prevent the thread
guide
from twisting.

Needle
8. It is an attachment for needle.
clamp

Stitch It is used to shorten or lengthen the stitches of the

9.
regulator machine

It is used for winding the thread which goes in the

10. Bobbin
lower part of the machine

Bobbin
11. It is the case that holds the bobbin.
case

Stop This is loosened to disconnect the needle and stop

12. matron from moving when the machine is operated. It is the
screw balance wheel.

Tension This regulates the tightness of the thread as it forms

13.
discs the stitches.
GUIDELINES FOR CHOOSING SEWING
MACHINES
1. Compare similar types of sewing machines by different
manufacturers.

2. Compare their servicing arrangements, parts, prices and any other

necessary information.

3. Consider the weight of the machine is very heavy may be too

different to carry about.

4. Consider the money available. Buy the best your money can afford.

5. Before paying for the machine, check to ensure that you have the
instruction manual or handbook all the accessories and spare parts that
accompany the in chive.

6. Before carrying away the machine. It is necessary to have the

dealer demonstrate to you how is should be operated. Then try it out
yourself.

CARE AND MAINTENANCE OF SEWING

MACHINES
1. Study the machine handbook (manual) carefully.

2. Clean the machine often by dusting to remove, dirt and dust.

3. Oil the necessary point according to the hard book.

4. Cover the machine when not in use.

5. Do not scratch the plain work of machine by using sharp object like
scissors on it.

6. Disconnect the belt of a treadle machines to enable the

encasement of the machine in its box.
Edudelight lesson note
WEEK 10

SEWING MACHINE FAULTS, CAUSES

AND REMEDIES
FAULTS CAUSES REMEDIES

Thread machine
Upper properly check the
Machine not properly
1. thread machine needle and
threaded, needle bent or blunt
breaking change it if bent or
blunt.

Check / regulate the

Lower i)Tension too tight ii) Improper
tension, thread the
2. thread threading of button case of
bobbin case
breaking shuttle.
properly.

Use appropriate /
Breaking correct size of
3. Using the needle on heavy
needle needle, check bent /
blunt needle.

Use accurate or
Needle too small for the
correct size of
Skipping thread, needle not accurately
4. needle, set the
Stitches set into the needle jar, needle
needle properly unto
bent or blunt.
the needle bar.

Noisy If the treadle is noisy, the crew

5. Tighten the crew
Treadle on which it is piloted is loose.

The machine belt maybe too

Loosen machine belt
tight, the machine is gummed
give the machine a
Machine and needs general cleaning the
thorough cleaning;
6. work belt may also be too loose and
check to see if the
heavily slip on the balance wheel
belt needs
causing the operator to treadle
tightening.
more than necessary,
What is fullness?
Fullness in clothing construction means the provision of extra
allowance in the garment. This fullness can be created on controlled using
darts, tucks, gutter and pleats.

TYPES OF FULLNESS
1. Darts: They are tapered folds of fabric and they are stitches on the
wrong side of a good.

USES OF FULLNESS
i. They control fullness.

ii. They turn fabric into shapes to fit to human figure.

iii. They help to give a good fitting and shape to the finished garment.

Tucks: They are special stitched folds made in garments. The fold is
formed on the right side of the garment.

USES OF TUCKS
i. To provide extra width

ii. To decorate a garment s a style feature.

iii. They can be used to hide a join in the fabric.

Gathers: They are small, soft folds made is garment they are
commonly used in children’s clothes, making light weight skirts.

Pleats: is a fold of material designed to give extra width in garments.

Pleats are used mainly on tailored skirts, dress skirts and shirts giving
fullness in wear.

OPENINGS
Openings are features in garments. They help us to put on and take off
our clothes. There are different kinds of openings. They can also be used
to decorate the garment.
TYPES OF OPENINGS
i. Continuous wrap opening: This is a short opening; it can be fastened
with hook and eye, buttons and button holes and press studs.

ii. Faced slit opening: It can be used for front or back neck openings, wrist
cuff openings on long sleeves sit into a band.

FASTENINGS
Fastenings are devices on things attached to the openings.

TYPES OF FASTENINGS
i. Zips

ii. Press studs

iii. Hooks and eye / bars

iv. Buttons and loops

v. Buttons and button hole

vi. Eyelets and cards.

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2 Comments

Olakunbi fiyinfoluwa victor

August 22, 2024 at 5:08 pm

Thanks this was so helpful

Reply

Itz king soul

October 27, 2024 at 1:03 pm

A gud class

Reply