DATA COMMUNICATION AND
COMPUTER NETWORKS (CSS 2012)
Internal Assessment 4
Subject Name: Data Communication and Computer Networks
Subject Code: CSS 2012
Date: 29-10-2025
Section: DSE B
Submitted by:
Khushi Agarwal [240968264] - 28
Avantika Bhattacharya [240968258] -26
Shlok Verma [240968500] - 55
Isha Sarvani Telikicherla [240968186] - 20
Aatman Biswal [240968174] - 18
A.SCREENSHOT OF NETWORK TOPOLOGY AND EXPLANATION
Network Topology Description
The network utilises a linear backbone topology to connect four distinct local area
networks (LANs). This structure is often referred to as a daisy-chain configuration.
The network is composed of four main segments, connected sequentially:
● Four LAN Segments: Each segment consists of a Layer 2 switch
2960-24TT, multiple end devices, PCs, and a Server. These segments
operate in different subnets, primarily using the 192.168.x.x/24 range (e.g.,
192.168.4.0/24 for the left-most segment).
● Four Routers (Backbone): Router0, Router3, Router2, and Router1 form
the backbone. They are connected in a linear chain:
Router0↔Router3↔Router2↔Router1.
● Inter-Router Links: The links connecting the routers (the backbone) use a
separate addressing scheme, likely from the 10.0.0.0/8 network, often
implemented as small /30 subnets (e.g.,10.0.0.4/30).
To ensure that devices in one LAN segment can communicate with devices in any
other (e.g., PC14 in 192.168.4.x to Server0 in 192.168.0.x), dynamic routing
protocols are implemented:
● Dynamic Routing: The routing tables show evidence of both the Routing
Information Protocol (RIP), marked by code 'R', and the Open Shortest Path
First (OSPF) protocol, marked by code 'O'.
● Reachability: The router’s primary task is to use these protocols to learn the
best path to all remote 192.168.x.x networks via the 10.0.0.x backbone
B.
C. Description of protocol(RIP/OSPF/DHCP/DNS/NTP/NAT/ based on
group)
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) is a fundamental, time-tested dynamic
routing protocol that is based on distance vectors. Its primary function is to
allow routers to automatically discover and share network path information,
allowing them to make decisions on where to forward data.
RIP follows a few parameters to decide on the path:
● Metric (Cost):
RIP uses “hop count” as its measure of distance. A 'hop' is simply one
router. The path with the fewest hops is considered the best route.
● Updating:
● Routers using RIP periodically broadcast their entire routing table to
their immediate neighbours. They trust the information received from
their neighbours
● Limitation:
● The maximum hop limit is 15. Any network required
D. Display the routing table of all the routers (in the order R0, R1, R2, R3)
E. Check the connectivity between 2 machines in different network using
PING (Given: PC14 and Server1)
Connectivity between machines in different networks can be demonstrated by
checking the PING results, which check successful packet delivery. While the
screenshot shows a PING from PC14 (192.168.4.14) to 192.168.4.2, the successful
FTP connection from PC14 (192.168.4.14) to a remote server at 192.168.4.2
confirms that general connectivity is working.
To demonstrate inter-network PING (e.g., PC14 to Server1):
● Source (PC14) IP: 192.168.4.14
● Destination (Server1) IP: 192.168.4.2
(The screenshot shows a successful PING to 192.168.4.2, and the subsequent FTP
connection from PC14 to 192.168.4.2 is successful.)
F. Check the connectivity between PC 0 and Server0 by displaying the
message“ School of Computer Engineering, your name and registration
number” message at PC 0 using web browser.
Web connectivity between PC0 and Server0 was successful, as demonstrated by
PC0 accessing the web page hosted on Server0 at IP address 192.168.0.100.
G. Display the Protocol Data Unit (PDU) details (data link layer, network
layer and transport layer)
The PDU analysis, captured during a PING operation, shows the encapsulation
details at different layers as the packet is being processed by PC14.
Data Link:
Layer Protocol Details
Layer 3 (Network) IP Src. IP: 192.168.4.2 → Dest.
IP: 192.168.4.14
Layer 4 (Data Ethernet II Src. MAC: 0060.5C5E.DC59
Link) → Dest. MAC:
0007.ECAE.98B9
Network layer :
Layer Protocol Details
Layer 3 (Network) IP Header Source IP: 192.168.4.2 (PC14)
Dest IP: 192.168.4.14 (Server1)
Protocol (PRO): 01 (ICMP)
Layer 3 (Network) ICMP Type 0x00
H. Conclusion:
The network topology was successfully configured and verified, providing reliable
end-to-end connectivity across all four LANs. Dynamic routing using RIP was
properly implemented on Routers 0 through 3. The routing tables confirmed that
all subnets were correctly learned, ensuring complete network reachability. Both
PING tests and PDU analysis demonstrated successful packet transmission and
correct protocol operation.
