The Arthurian Cycle
The Arthurian Cycle
The Arthurian cycle presents itself as a vast and fertile set that
it continues the courtly romances. And also referred to as Matter of
Brittany. The central figure continues to be that of Arthur, the legendary king of origin
Celtic; it was intended to see in that king the maintainer of the struggle against the Saxons.
and that, to safeguard his island, allowed himself to be killed in 542; this liberal king
was born in Tintagel, in Cornwall.
Arthur - or Artus - triumphs with his wonderful weapons, but also by
the friendship of the magician Merlin who is sometimes considered as being
a real character.
Queen Guinevere, daughter of King Leodegrance, the ideal figure of the court lady,
borrows some traits from Isolda, another character of the cycle.
Guinevere reigns over her knights who gather around the Round Table.
Round; the royal couple commands noble and reckless companies; the 'geis' that
it is at the same time a prayerful request and a defensive injunction, it creates a
obstacle that is the basis of dangerous adventures. In order to successfully accomplish
the conquest of talismanic objects and cups with magical virtues that
they will beautify the king's treasures, the fairies help the knights. These
fights about naturals, these very objects, come from a pagan tradition
well publicized.
When the powerful Arthur goes to penetrate Rome, his nephew's revolt
Mordret — which may also be the child of adultery and incest among
Artur and the wife of King Loth - forces him to regain his kingdom. In this
bloody campaign, your loyal servants die. The Saxons
they take advantage of what happened to invade the country and, in the last episode of the
slaughterhouse, Artur and Mordret fatally injure each other.
It is the downfall of the Breton cavalry, but its hope survives. Arthur would have been
taken alive to the kingdom of the fairies and one day would return to restore to his
people, independence, and power.
The Arthurian cycle contains the extraordinary Quest for the Holy Grail that
It starts as a chivalric romance and ends as a mystical narrative.
These demands allowed each narrator to create a narrative of
according to your temperament; the combat episodes alternate with
sentimental scenes; acts of bravery succeed the voluptuous images and
brief orders of warrior strategy, to the gallant lectures. The progress
successively move away little by little from the theme of the primitive leave and then the
prose romances merge Arthurian legends and the
narratives of the Grail.
This Celtic mythology would have formed during the Saxon invasion.
(450-510) and would have subsequently enriched itself with the inspiration coming from
continent. The history of the Britons, attributed to Nennius, was taken up in the century
XII in the History of the Kings of Britain by Geoffrey of Monmouth (1137). Wace
mentions the Round Table in his Roman de Brut. The origin is perhaps
Gaelic from Kuchwch and 0lwen or Irish as Jean Marx says
based on the text of the Mabinogion.
Chrétien de Troyes left us this extraordinary and supernatural set.
Skilled narrator, took advantage of the people's tendency towards the fabulous and created
adventures and thrilling episodes. In describing Lancelot to
search for, queen (The Knight of the Cart), imagined a hero who
having deserved the love of his lover risks falling asleep in a life
idle. But Yvain (or The Knight with the Lion) will return to the handling of arms.
Erec, the 'knight of the falcon', after the criticisms from his lady Enide,
find your strength again.
Unable to mention all the work related to this cycle (we refer to the
reader to the Literary History of France, Volumes XXX and XXXI, by Gaston Paris and to the
Romances of the Round Table, by Paulin Paris), we will observe that the subject
continues to be that of an unknown young knight who, from the court of
Artur will successfully carry out an adventure deemed impractical; thanks to the
his qualities, marries the young woman who feels involved and gives him,
as a dowry, a kingdom.
All these legends contain mythical, pagan, druidic elements in them.
which will be a Christian mystical conception. Human stories
mixed with sacred history, a set that forms the tragedy of weakness
human longing for the powers of the spirit (the Grail). This theme resembles
Fausto's year; Lancelot became the valet of our letters and the use of
king cake came to us. We will successively study: The demand of
Holy Grail, Merlin, Tristan and Isolde.
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Arthurian Cycle
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Arthurian Cycle is aliterary cyclethe most well-known part of the Matter of Britain
("Matter of Brittany), refers to the set of legends and literary works related to the
King Arthurand yoursknights.
Your success is largely due to the fact that it tells two intertwined stories.
which intrigued many later authors. One concernsCamelot, usually
imagined as autopiacondemned of chivalrous virtue, undone by flaws
fatal ofArturandSir LancelotThe other concerns the quests of the various knights to
get theHoly Grailsome were successful Galahad, Percival), and others failed
(Lancelot).
The medieval tale of Arthur and his knights is full of themes.Christiansthese themes
involve the destruction of human plans of virtue by their moral failures
characters, and the quest for an important Christian relic. Finally, the relationship
among the characters invited to treatment in the tradition of thecourtly love, such as
Lancelot andGuinevereorTristan and IsoldeIn recent years, the trend has been
link the tales of King Arthur and his knights with theCeltic mythology, usually in
highly romanticized reconstructed versions from the early 20th century.
Bibliography
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Morgan Le Fay: The Heritage of the Goddess. The Faces of the Feminine in Mythology
Arthurian
Master's Thesis in English Literature presented to the Faculty of Letters
from the University of Lisbon, in September 2010. Supervision by Prof.
Doctor Angélica Varandas.
http://medievalista.revues.org/660
The mystical land of Avalon was immortalized in the Arthurian cycle, the most
known Celtic hero, and around her reality and fiction mingle
enveloping in mist the history of the place.
Avalon would be located southwest of England, at the place where there is the mountain.
Tor Hill and the Abbey of Glastonbury. Tor Hill is surrounded by
mists, and the very name Tor means "passage."
In the ancient Celtic legends, there existed the Isle of the Blessed, something like the
Elysian Fields of the Greeks or the Valhalla of the Germans, a place of
abundance and joy. Over time, the vision of this land merged
with the legend of Avalon, since it was an island surrounded by mists, difficult
access, and for being imagined as a paradise, the land of apples, which
they represent knowledge and magic for the Celts.
Avalon is also associated with the Land of Youth, a mythical kingdom in
which inhabitants are immortal.
In the most well-known and acclaimed version of the classic 'The Mists of Avalon'
by Marion Zimmer Bradley, Avalon was an island surrounded by mists that
only a priestess could move aside to uncover the path to the
island, there was the refuge of the ancient religion that was diminished by Catholicism.
The island was in the same location as the Abbey of Glastonbury, but in another
plan, so that anyone trying to reach Avalon would end up at the temple
Christian.
Glastonbury
A more realistic version is presented to us by Bernard Cornwell in the trilogy
"The Chronicles of Arthur", in it Avalon is a fief, a kingdom under the dominion of
Dumnonia, the kingdom of which Arthur was the guardian.
Avalon of Cornwall was led by a Lord, and this was Merlin, who
he was also the greatest of all the druids. There is no island in this
version, only theTor, at the top of which are the rooms where Merlin,
Morgana and Nimue perform their rituals, the Tor is populated by children.
defective and crazy, for Merlin believed that they had the blessings of
gods.
This version is more realistic as it does not involve any type of magic, just
an old druid and his priestesses in a land ruled by this druid,
Obviously a place like this has attracted attention and many legends.
they grew around him.
In the legends of Etain and Oisin, there are members of the royal family participating.
from the Land of Youth (Avalon), they are immortal and beautiful, but imagine
who in reality were kings and princes like any others that the
popular imagination about the place where they lived had elevated it to a
superior category.
This brings us to Avalon as presented by Cornwell, a kingdom like
any other but wrapped in legends and becoming more and more each time
mystical culminating with the version presented in The Mists of Avalon.
With this, we come to the conclusion that Avalon was once an island afterwards.
became the name for a kingdom and on the site of the island the abbey was built
Glastonbury, and how popular imagination has taken care of the priestesses,
magical swords and druids that inhabit this wonderful place.
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Morgana
By Ioldanach
In the principal document that historically cites it, namely the book entitled
Vita Merlini (Life of Merlin) by Geoffrey of Monmouth (1100 - )
1155), Morgana is introduced as one of the nine sisters who ruled
a magical place they called "island of apples" and that men
they were known by the name of 'The Fortunate Island' (it is mentioned in
The Navigation of Saint Brendan by Saint Brendan in the narrative of his legends
trips to a Lost Paradise) because there Mother Nature nourished
its inhabitants with such abundance that there was no need to
to cultivate the land and plow it.
Morgana is here referred to as "Morgen" by Geoffrey, being described by him
as having remarkable beauty, extraordinary knowledge and incredible
powers to change her own form. Would she be a kind of leader and
mentor of her sisters. However, the importance she gives to her in "Vita Merlini"
It is secondary since the text focuses more on talking about Merlin (practically
only a paragraph is spent to mention it) that ends a kind of
trilogy that began with "Prophetiae Merlini" (Prophecies of Merlin) and goes
by 'Historia Regum Britanniae' (Histories of the Kings of Britain).
Later, the same character with certain changes is mentioned as
a little more emphasis like 'Morgawse' (we see other authors less
renowned to call her also "Anna" by Sir Thomas Malory (1405-
1471) in his book 'Le Morte d'Arthur' where it is compiled for the French the
Arthurian sagas. However, whatever the name, the fact is that Morgana and
other female characters stand as secondary in relation to Arthur,
Merlin and the Knights of the Round Table.
Some time later, already in the twentieth century, the American writer Marion Zimmer
Bradley (1930-1999) took the initiative to create a version from the point
feminine of the Arthurian legends in her book 'The Mists of Avalon' where
Morgana is finally elevated to the status of almost a central character in
a story just assuming the nickname 'Morgana Le Fey' in the plot.
The Other Side of Morgana
Note: samito was a type of heavy silk fabric used in the Age
Average.
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The Romans stayed in Britain for centuries, the name of the islands that make up today.
the British Isles and the northwest portion of Frankish Gaul, since before the
Franks... There they infused their polytheistic myths, such as the myths of Mithras.
important in another famous retelling of the tales of Arthur, the Chronicles of
Lord of War, by Bernard Cornwell, which we will also address further.
(afternoon)... They also infused Christianity after Constantine, through apostles.
(in the pre-Reformation Christian sense of shepherding new sheep) various, such as
Columban, later among the saints of the church, even in the pre-
proliferation of Catholic saints - before the contemporary age there existed
great restraint on the part of the Catholic Church in giving place to someone among
the blessed ones, even Joana - patroness of France alongside Dinis of
Paris only became Santa in the 20th century.
With the legions withdrawn, the local indigenous peoples (Picts and
supposedly celts - very unlikely although the term indigenous applied
whether Homo sapiens is highly controversial to be 'applied' beyond the
northeast region of Africa), Latin emigrants and related imperial ones in
Britain... They were no longer just the people of Boudica (semi-legendary queen
historical figures who fought against imperial occupation), they were more, they were Christians and
polytheists in a cauldron of pre-modern civilization...
In the book The Mists of Avalon, there is the illusion of tolerance among Christians.
the Celtic polytheists, very understandable in the terms of the book, as a
tolerance imposed by the rulers, when 'these' are tolerant...A
tolerance would break at the whim of the fanaticism of the leadership on one side or
else...
Arthur Pendragon was the successor of the historical Great Magnos Maximus.
Maximus, or Magnus the Great (he set out with the legions to try to be...
emperor in Rome by the strength of arms) and Ambrosius Aurelianus. Arthur
he was the son of Uther Pendragon (semi-historical), being considered by many
the name Arthur is a corruption of Arth-Uther - the Bear of Uther in Celtic
We can conjecture whether the historical Arthur was actually Uther himself.
Pendragon (Pendragon - the Great Dragon). Arthur Pendragon portrays the
the apogee and the decline epilogue of the Celts - the Keltai - for they won the battle
from Mount Badon to the Saxons (Mont Badon) and delayed by a generation the
inexorable Anglo-Saxon conquest...
The period of the books begins with the childhood of Morgana of Kernow.
(Cornwall or Cornualha - was the daughter of Dux Garlois of Cornwall - Galois is a
strange name, like many in the Pendragon myth, especially Lancelot
duLac - probably coming from the Celtic legends of Arthur from the part of
French Brittany) and the birth of Arthur Pendragon (Arthur and Morgana
they were siblings only on their mother's side in the Mists of Avalon. Their mother,
Igraine was the wife of Duke Gorlois and was taken by Uther Pendragon.
Great Queen in Caerleon (for many Camelot).
The books end with the death of Arthur Pendragon, buried by
Morgana of Cornwall in Ynis Vitrin - the Island of Glass.
The Mists of Avalon is extensive... 4 volumes deal with this period and bring it to
light the above and more: Queen Gwenhwyfar (Guinevere or Geneva) the
semi-magical bardo Talliesin (historical), or Merlin (in the mists of Avalon a
the role of the bard leader-priest male), Elaine and Viviane (other face of
Morgana, as Mother and Daughter), the Lady of the Lake (leader of the ancient religion
polytheistic), the enchanted sword of Excalibur (cut steel, for many of
a comet), Lancelot du Lac (Lancelot - elf arrow - of the Lake - son of
Lady of the Lake Viviane, Mordred (son of Morgana from the Sea and Arthur)
Pendragon, Tristan and Isolde, and Galahad, the seeker of
Grail...
Sir Thomas Malory (1405 — 1471) was an English novelist, famous for
having written Le Morte d'Arthur (The Death of Arthur), one of the most famous
books about the stories of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table.
the work, published in 1485, was written in 1469, when serving a sentence of
prison in London.
For his work, Malory primarily relied on books in the language
French from the 13th century, such as the Lancelot-Grail Cycle and Tristan in
Prosa.
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Marion Zimmerr.html
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http://www.kingarthursknights.com/structures/roundtable.asp
In the Great
-
Brittany, the stories of the Knight Errant, more notably the
linked to the legend of King Arthur, constituted an important set of
edifying themes, and the Laws of Chivalry certainly had their influence
in the formulation of the Scout Law.
Laws of Chivalry:
Always be ready, dressed in armor, except while you are
resting at night.
In everything you are doing, seek to gain honor and fame for
honesty.
Defend the poor and the weak.
Help those who cannot defend themselves.
Do nothing to hurt or offend others.
Be prepared to fight in defense of your Homeland.
Work for honor before profit.
Do not go back on your word.
Defend the honor of your Homeland with your own life.
Right after receiving Vitor's suggestion, my first step was to look for
information. Thus, I contacted Luiz Cesar de Simas Horn who is
national manager of educational methods at UEB and who also works in
part of research, translation, and editing of B.P.'s books about the movement
scout, in other words, the guy knows what he is talking about.
Talking to him, I discovered that actually this relationship never existed,
and that everything is just a misunderstanding with some phrases from Baden
Powell that were misinterpreted by some people and passed on.
go ahead as if it were the absolute truth. And I tell you that this
It's no news. A simple example of this is the songs.
bustiers that have passed down from generation to generation have come to have their own letters
changed because at some point someone misunderstood a
word and moved on.
Then you ask me: -Cesar, why don't you get straight to the point?
And I answer you! I'm not getting straight to the point because I know there are many
people who have always associated the pioneering branch with the legends of chivalry.
I myself, confess that I was surprised! I spent my whole scouting life.
believing that this connection has always existed! But I also make a point of
that they read the following excerpts taken from 3 texts that discuss the subject.
King Arthur
The designation of Pack that is given to the section, its division into packs,
use of a cave, the command voices, the great howl, and the wide
the use of the episodes narrated in THE BOOK OF JÂNGAL all of this comes together,
In Ramo Lobinho, to compose the background where everything unfolds.
non-formal education process that the Scout Movement offers to
children between the ages of seven and ten or eleven. Thus, in the Wolf Cub Branch – and only
In Ramo Lobinho – Scouting explores a background scene that, like in
theater, appeals to the student's imagination, transporting them to a world
de fantasia onde “viver” em companhia dos personagens facilita e dinamiza
the educational process, giving it a more appealing and effective character
deeper and more lasting.
Well, I think we are quite clear on the fact that the background is part of the
branch Wolf cub and not of the other branches and with that we enter the question of
Pioneering branch and the legends of King Arthur and his Knights. In this part, it is
it is fundamental that we know the reason for the creation of this relationship. In
text by Héctor Carrer (World Scout Bureau of the Interamerican Region)
written in September of this year, 'Rovers... Return to the Sources'
"Pioneers... return to the origins," he explains the reasons for this conclusion.
mistaken.
Of course, even knowing these facts, many people still take a stance that
favor of the legend of the knights. It's the case of the Pioneer Vitor who suggested to me
this topic, shortly after my research I talked to him about the
the fact that I had discovered and he said to me: "I am still in favor,"
because the foundation of the Pioneering branch is to serve God and the Fatherland.
the way of the knights.” And really, if we are to embrace the ideals of honor
of knights, which even B-P described as an example, is not necessary
create no background and not even myths about this story
that these values are used.
However, our duties as PIONEERS are simply to SERVE
God, the homeland, and our neighbor, just as we promised one day, in this manner
how we will do it is up to each one. It is necessary to always keep in mind
that we are part of the scouting movement to grow as beings
humans and the best way to approach this topic will be with debate,
because whether we like it or not, this culture is already rooted in many groups
scouts and it will not change from one hour to another for a simple
imposition. It is also necessary to explain in the training courses the
benefits of the educational method and what are the real applications of mysticism
pioneer, but above all we must seek balance, for only then
we will reach a healthy conclusion for everyone.