The study guide covers Unit 1, 2, and 3. There a list of keywords and questions for review.

For practice complete the Check Your Progress section at the end of each unit. If you have
questions, ask for help.

Topic Key Concepts

Cellular Respiration is a chemical process that happens

in the mitochondria of cells. It uses glucose (sugar) and
Respiration (Hô oxygen to release energy (for living) and produces
hấp) carbon dioxide and water as waste products. Word
equation: Glucose + Oxygen = Energy + Carbon Dioxide
+ Water.

Human This is a group of organs that helps with gas exchange.

Respiratory Key parts include the trachea (khí quản), bronchi (phế
System (Hệ hô hấp quản), bronchioles (tiểu phế quản), and alveoli (phế
người) nang) in the lungs (phổi).

The physical process of moving air in (inhalation / hít vào)

and out (exhalation / thở ra) of the lungs. It involves the
Breathing (Sự thở) diaphragm (cơ hoành) and intercostal muscles (cơ liên
sườn) changing the volume and pressure in the chest
cavity.

The process where oxygen moves from the air in the

alveoli (high concentration) into the blood (low
Gas Exchange
concentration), and carbon dioxide moves from the blood
(Trao đổi khí)
(high concentration) into the alveoli (low concentration).
This happens by diffusion.

Role of Blood in Red blood cells (hồng cầu) contain haemoglobin (huyết
Respiration (Vai trò sắc tố), which is a protein that carries oxygen from the
của máu trong hô lungs to all body cells and carries carbon dioxide (mostly
hấp) in the plasma) back to the lungs.

Review Questions (Câu hỏi ôn tập)

 1. What is the difference between breathing and cellular respiration?
2. Write down the word equation for cellular respiration. What is the main purpose of this
process?
3. Name three key parts of the human respiratory system and their function.
4. Where exactly does gas exchange take place in the lungs?
5. How does the diaphragm move during inhalation?

Topic Key Concepts

The process where a solute (chất tan - e.g., salt) breaks

up and spreads evenly into a solvent (dung môi - e.g.,
Dissolving (Hòa tan)
water) to form a solution (dung dịch). This is a physical
change.

Solutions (Dung A mixture where the solute is completely dissolved and

dịch) spread out. The mixture is transparent (trong suốt).

A measure of how much solute can dissolve in a fixed

Solubility (Độ hòa
amount of solvent at a specific temperature. If no more
tan)
solute can dissolve, the solution is saturated (bão hòa).

A technique used to separate a mixture of soluble (hòa

Paper tan) substances (like dyes or inks). It works because
Chromatography different substances have different solubilities in the
(Sắc ký giấy) solvent, so they move up the paper at different speeds.
The separated result is a chromatogram (sắc ký đồ).

Review Questions (Câu hỏi ôn tập)

1. Define the terms solute, solvent, and solution. Give an example of each.
2. What is the difference between a soluble and an insoluble substance?
3. What does it mean if a solution is saturated?
4. How does the solubility of a substance affect how far it travels on a chromatography
paper?
5. Outline the basic steps of a paper chromatography experiment.

Topic Key Concepts

Forces
A force (lực) is a push or pull that can change an object's speed,
and
direction, or shape. Forces are measured in Newtons (N).
Motion
 Topic Key Concepts

Unbalanced forces cause an object to change its motion (speed up

or slow down/change direction).

Speed Speed is the distance an object travels per unit of time. Average
(Tốc độ) speed is calculated by the formula:

Describing
Movement Movement can be described using distance-time graphs. The
(Mô tả gradient (độ dốc) of the line on a distance-time graph represents the
chuyển object's speed. A steeper line means faster speed.
động)

Turning
Force The turning effect of a force is called a moment. It depends on the
(Moment) size of the force and the perpendicular distance from the pivot
(Lực quay / (điểm tựa).
Momen)

Pressure
between
Solids (Áp Pressure (áp suất) is the force acting per unit area. It is calculated by
suất giữa the formula:
các vật
rắn)

Pressure
in Liquids
Pressure in liquids increases with depth and density. Pressure in
and Gases
gases is caused by gas particles colliding with the walls of the
(Áp suất
container. It increases if the gas is compressed (smaller volume) or
trong chất
heated (faster particles).
lỏng và
chất khí)

Review Questions (Câu hỏi ôn tập)

1. Explain how a balanced force is different from an unbalanced force on a stationary

object.
2. How does decreasing the area of contact affect the pressure exerted by a solid object?
3. Why does the pressure in a liquid increase as you go deeper?
4. What two factors determine the size of a moment?
 5. What causes the pressure in a gas inside a container?

4. How Particles Move (Cách các Hạt chuyển động)

Topic Key Concepts

The particle model (mô hình hạt) describes solids, liquids, and
How Particles
gases. Solids have particles in fixed positions, only vibrating (rung
Move (Cách các
động). Liquids have particles that are close but can move past
Hạt chuyển
each other (trượt qua nhau). Gases have particles that are far
động)
apart and move randomly (ngẫu nhiên) and fast.
The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration
Diffusion (Sự (nồng độ cao) to an area of low concentration (nồng độ thấp) due
khuếch tán) to their random movement. This is a passive process (quá trình
thụ động) that happens fastest in gases and slowest in solids.
States of Matter Matter can exist as a solid (chất rắn), liquid (chất lỏng), or gas
(Trạng thái vật (chất khí). Changing state (e.g., melting, boiling) involves changing
chất) the energy and movement of the particles.

Review Questions (Câu hỏi ôn tập)

1. Describe the movement and arrangement of particles in a gas.

2. Explain why diffusion happens faster in a gas than in a liquid.
3. What is the process of diffusion and where is it important in the human body?
4. How does heating a liquid affect the movement of its particles?
5. Name the three states of matter and give one key characteristic of the particles in
each state.

English Vietnamese Vietnamese

English Term
Term Translation Translation

Respiration Hô hấp Alveoli Phế nang

Mitochondria Ty thể Gas Exchange Trao đổi khí

Energy Năng lượng Inhalation Hít vào

Oxygen Oxy Exhalation Thở ra

Glucose Đường glucose Diaphragm Cơ hoành

 English Vietnamese Vietnamese
English Term
Term Translation Translation

Solute Chất tan Solvent Dung môi

Solution Dung dịch Solubility Độ hòa tan

Soluble Hòa tan Insoluble Không hòa tan

Saturated Bão hòa Chromatography Sắc ký

Force Lực Motion Chuyển động

Speed Tốc độ Distance Khoảng cách

Time Thời gian Gradient Độ dốc

Moment Momen Pivot Điểm tựa

Pressure Áp suất Area Diện tích

Pascal Pascal Depth Độ sâu

Particle Hạt Concentration Nồng độ

Diffusion Khuếch tán Solid Chất rắn

Liquid Chất lỏng Gas Chất khí

Random Ngẫu nhiên Volume Thể tích

Density Mật độ Acceleration Gia tốc

Steps to Draw a Line of Best Fit

1. Plot Your Data

o Create a scatter plot of your data points. The independent variable (the one you
control or that causes the change) goes on the horizontal x-axis, and the
dependent variable (the one that changes in response) goes on the vertical y-axis.
2. Examine the Correlation
o Look at the pattern of the points to determine if a line is appropriate.
 ▪ If the points generally rise from left to right, you have a positive
correlation.
▪ If the points generally fall from left to right, you have a negative
correlation.
▪ If the points are scattered randomly, there is no correlation, and drawing
a line of best fit is not appropriate.
o Identify any outliers (data points far removed from the general cluster). You
should ignore these points when drawing your line.

3. Draw the Line

o Use a ruler and a sharp pencil to draw a single, straight line that follows the
general direction of the data.
o Balance the points: Try to position the line so that there is a roughly equal
number of data points above and below the line along its entire length.
o Pass through the center: The line should pass through the center of the data
cluster. It does not need to pass through the origin (0,0) or any specific data point,
though it may.
o Extend the line: The line should extend across the full range of your data points.

Using the Line of Best Fit

Once the line is drawn, you can use it to:

• Determine the correlation: A line with a positive slope indicates a positive correlation,
and a negative slope indicates a negative correlation.
• Make predictions:
o Interpolation is making a prediction within the range of your existing data points
(which is generally reliable).
o Extrapolation is making a prediction outside the range of your existing data
points (which is generally less reliable).

The video below offers visual guidance on how to draw a straight line or a curve that best fits a
set of data points.

How to draw a line of best fit (and AVOID the most common MISTAKES)