APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION

SYNOPSIS
Rate of change
dx
• Rate of change of ‘x’ w.r.t. time is denoted by
dt
dy dy / dt
• If x and y are both function of a third variable t then = and it gives the rate
dx dx / dt
of change of y w.r.t. x
2
d s dv vdv
and acceleration = 2 = =
ds
• If s is the displacement, then velocity =
dt dt dt ds

Increasing/Decreasing functions

• A function f(x) is said to be increasing in (a, b), if for x1 , x2  (a, b )

• x1  x 2  f ( x1 )  f ( x 2 ) . The function is strictly increasing if
x1  x 2  f ( x1 )  f ( x2 )
• A function is said to be decreasing in interval (a, b) if x1 , x2  (a, b ),
x1  x2  f ( x1 )  f ( x2 )
• A function is said to be increasing over its domain if f (x )  0 x  its domain.
• If the function is strictly increasing we have f (x )  0 x  domain of the function.
• A function is said to be decreasing over its domain if f (x )  0 x  its domain. If
the function is strictly decreasing we have f (x )  0 x  domain of function.
• A function ‘f’ is said to be neither increasing nor decreasing over D if it is increasing
in D 1 and decreasing in D 2 an vice versa where D = D1  D 2

Maxima and Minima:

• First Derivative Test: Let f be a function defined on an open interval I. Let f be
continuous at a critical point c in I. Then (i) If f′(x) changes sign from positive to negative
as x increases through c, i.e., if f′(x) > 0 at every point sufficiently close to and to the left
of c, and f′(x) < 0 at every point sufficiently close to and to the right of c, then c is a point
of local maxima.
• If f′(x) changes sign from negative to positive as x increases through c, i.e., if f′(x) < 0 at
every point sufficiently close to and to the left of c, and f′(x) > 0 at every point sufficiently
close to and to the right of c, then c is a point of local minima.
• If f′(x) does not change sign as x increases through c, then c is neither a point of local
maxima nor a point of local minima. In fact, such a point is called point of inflexion.
• Second Derivative Test: Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c ∈ I. Let f be
twice differentiable at c. Then (i) x = c is a point of local maxima if f′(c) = 0 and f″(c) < 0
The values f(c) is local maximum value of f . (ii) x = c is a point of local minima if f′(c) = 0
 and f″(c) > 0 In this case, f (c) is local minimum value of f . (iii) The test fails if f′(c) = 0 and
f″(c) = 0. In this case, we go back to the first derivative test and find whether c is a point
of maxima, minima or a point of inflexion.
• Working rule for finding absolute maxima and/or absolute minima
• Step 1: Find all critical points of f in the interval, i.e., find points x where either f′(x) = 0 or
f is not differentiable.
• Step 2:Take the end points of the interval.
• Step 3: At all these points (listed in Step 1 and 2), calculate the values of f .
• Step 4: Identify the maximum and minimum values of f out of the values calculated in
Step 3. This maximum value will be the absolute maximum value of f and the minimum
value will be the absolute minimum value of f .

LEGENDS

Class Work Homework Challenge Yourself Strongly recommended to practice Evaluation

1.
2 Markers: 1 to 3

2. MCQ: 1-15
ARQ:1-5
3. Case Study – 1 - 5

4. 5 Markers: 1 to 7

5. 3 marker: 4 to 10

M.C.Q
I. Multiple
t Choice Questions:
1. If the rate of change in the circumference of a circle is 0.5cm/sec. Then the rate of change in
the area when the circumference is 10πcm is ____
a 2.5 sq.cm/sec b 5 sq.cm/sec c 1.5sq.cm/sec d 2 sq.cm/sec
2. A spherical balloon is being inflated so that its volume increases at the rate of 40c.c/sec. Then
the rate of increases in the surface area when the radius is 8cm is ______
a 10 b 15 c 20 d 25
3. If y=x3and x increases at the rate of 3 units per sec; then the rate at which the slope increases
when x=3 is _________
a 9 b 18 c 27 d 54
4. Function 𝑓(𝑥)=𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 is increasing on 𝑅, if
a 0<x<1 b x>1 c x<1 d x>0
5. The function f given by f(x) = log sin x is strictly increasing on(0, 𝜋 2 )
a is increasing on b is decreasing on c is strictly d is strictly
(0, 𝜋 2 ) (0, 𝜋 2 ) decreasing on increasing on
(0, 𝜋 2 ) (0, 𝜋 2 )
6. The least value of a such that the function f given by f(x) = x2 + ax + 1 is strictly increasing on (1, 2)
is
a 2 b -2 c 4 d -4
7. In which of the following intervals the function 𝑓(𝑥)= 𝑥2 𝑒 - x is increasing in
a (−∞,∞) b (−2,0) c (2,∞) d [0,2]
8. Which of the following is strictly decreasing on (0, 𝜋 /2 )
A Cos x b Cos 2x c Cos 3x d Both a and b
9. The function 𝑥 −5𝑥 +5𝑥 −10 has a maximum, when x = ?
5 4 3

a 3 b 2 c 1 d 0
10. The maximum area of a rectangle inscribed in a circle of radius 5 cm is a
a 25 sq.cm b 50 sq.cm c 100 sq.cm d 25/2 sq.cm
11. The hypotenuse of a right-angle triangle is k cm, if the area is maximum then the sides of the
triangle are __________
𝑥
12. The function x+ log( 1+𝑥) is increasing when x belongs to the interval _____
13. Water is poured into an inverted conical vessel of depth 20cm and base radius 10cm at the rate
of 4 cc per minute. The rate of increase of water level when the depth is 5 cm is _______
14. The sum of two positive numbers is equal to ‘a’ and if the sum of their cubes is least, the
numbers are _____
15. The function 𝑓(𝑥)=𝑥x 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 on the interval …………

1 Mark
1. The maximum value of function 𝑥3−12𝑥2+36𝑥+17 in the interval [1, 10] is ?
2. An edge of a variable cube is increasing at rate of 5cm/s. How fast is the volume
increasing when the side is 15cm ?
3. Local maximum value of the function log𝑥/𝑥 is ?
4. The minimum value of the function: 2 cos2𝑥−cos4𝑥 in 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋 is ?
5. The radius of a spherical soap bubble is increasing @ of 0.2 cm/sec. Find the rate
of increase of its surface area when the radius is 7cm.
6. If from a wire of length 36 metre a rectangle of greatest area is made, then its two adjacent
sides in metre are ?
7. What are the minimum and maximum values of f(x) = 3sinx + 4cosx
8. Find the interval in which f(x) = log (x – 1) is increasing.
ASSERTION AND REASONING QUESTIONS (1 MARK)
In the following questions, A statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason
( R ), Mark the correct choice as
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A B) Both A and R are true
but R is not the correct explanation of A C) A is true but R is false D) A is false and R
is true
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
c) A is true but R is false
d) A is false and R is true

1. A function𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑓 (𝑥) = 2𝑥3−6𝑥2+6𝑥+5

Assertion(A) : x = 1 is not a point of local maxima
Reason(R) : x = 1 is not a point of local minima
2. Assertion(A) : If two positive numbers are such that sum is 16 and sum of their cubes is
minimum, then the numbers are 8 and 8.
Reason (R) : Let 𝑓 be twice differentiable at x = c such that 𝑓′ (𝑐) = 0 and 𝑓 " (𝑐) > 0 then 𝑓
has a local minima and f ( c ) is the local minimum value of 𝑓.
3. An open-top box is to be constructed by removing equal squares from each corner of
a 3m by 8m rectangular sheet and folding up the sides.
Assertion(A): Maximum volume of the box is 200/27 cubic meters.
Reason(R): Volume is largest when the square of side 2/3 is removed from each corner.
4. Assertion(A):The function 𝑦 =[𝑥(𝑥−2)]2is increasing in(0,1)∪(2,∞)
Reason(R) : 𝑑𝑦/dx=0, when x=0,1,2.
5. Assertion(A): ƒ(𝑥)=𝑠i𝑛2𝑥+3 is defined for all real values of x.
Reason(R): :Minimum value of f(x) is 2 and Maximum value is 4.

(2 MARKS)
1. Rice is being poured on the ground in such a way that the rice on the ground forms a
cone of altitude equal to the radius of the base. Rice is being poured @ 20cm3/sec.
Find the rate at which the altitude of the rice cone is increasing when it is 50cm.
2. A particle moves along the curve 6y = x3 + 2. Find the points on the curve at
which the y coordinate is changing 8 times as fast as x-coordinate
3. Show that the function f(x) = 4x3 - 18x2 + 27x - 7 is always increasing on R.

(3 MARKS)
4. An aeroplane is ascending vertically @ 300 km/hr. If the radius of the earth is 'R', how
fast is the area of the earth visible from the plane increasing at 3minutes after it starts
ascending ?(visible area A = 2πR2h/(R+h) , where h is the height of the plane above the
earth)

5. A man is moving away from a tower 80m high at a speed of 4m/sec. Find the rate at
which his angle of elevation of the top of the tower is changing when he is at 60m from the
foot of the tower. Assume that the height of the man is negligible.

6. Water is being pumped into a conical reservoir whose height is 3⅓ m and radius of
its top 1⅔ m at the constant rate of ⅔ m3/ min. How fast is the water level rising when it
is 2m deep?
7. Find the intervals in which the following functions (I) increasing (II) decreasing:
(a) f(x) = x3 – 12x2 + 36x + 17
(b) f(x) = sin x – cos x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π
8. A car parking company has 500 subscribers and collects fixed charges of Rs.300 per
subscriber per month. The company proposes to increase the monthly subscription, and it is
believed that for every increase of Re.1, one subscriber will discontinue the service. What
increase will bring maximum income of the company?
9. A farmer wants to construct a circular well and a square garden in his field. He wants to
keep sum of their perimeters fixed. Then prove that the sum of their areas is least when the
side of square garden is double the radius of the circular well.
10. Prove that the surface area of a solid cuboid, of square base and given volume, is
minimum when it is a cube.

(5 marks)
1. Show that the triangle of maximum area that can be inscribed in a given circle is
an equilateral triangle.
2. A given quantity of metal is to be cast into half cylinder with a rectangular base
and semi-circular ends. Show that surface area is minimum when the ratio of length
of cylinder to the diameter of its semi-circular ends is π : π + 2
3 A right circular cylinder is inscribed in a right circular cone. Show that the curved surface
area of the cylinder is maximum when the diameter of cylinder is equal to the radius of
the base of the cone.

4 Find the equation of the line through the point (3,4) which cuts from the first quadrant a
triangle of minimum area.

5 An open box with a square base is to be made out of a given quantity of cardboard of area
c2 square units. Show that the maximum volume of the box is c3/6√3 cubic units.

6 The sum of the areas of a sphere and a cube is given. Show that when sum of their
volumes is least, the diameter of sphere is equal to the edge of the cube.

7 A quadrant of a circle of radius 'a' is bounded by radii OA,OB and the circular arc AB. A
triangle is inscribed in this quadrant with one vertex fixed at the midpoint of the arc and
 two variable vertices are on each of OA and OB equidistant from O. Find the maximum
possible area of the triangle.

CASE STUDY (4 MARKS)

1. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions.
Let P(x) = 4x3 – 6x2 – 72x + 30 is the total profit function of a company, where x is the production
of the company.

(i) What is the value of P’(x)?

(ii) Determine the critical points of the profit function?
(iii) Find the interval the profit is strictly increasing .
(iv) Find the interval the profit is strictly decreasing .

2. Engine displacement is the measure of the cylinder volume swept by all the pistons of a
piston engine. The piston moves inside the cylinder bore.

3.

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

(i) If you are in between the lamp posts, at distance x feet from the stronger light, then find the
formula for the combined light intensity coming from both lamp posts as function of x
(ii) If I(x) denote the combined light intensity, then find the value of x for which I(x) is minimum. OR
(ii) Find the darkest spot between the two lights the weaker lamp post.

4. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below. Some young entrepreneurs
started an industry “Young achievers” for casting metal into various shapes. They put up an
advertisement online stating the same and expecting order to cast method for toys, sculptures,
decorative pieces and more. A group of friends wanted to make innovative toys and hence contacted
the “Young achievers” to order them to cast metal into solid half cylinders with a rectangular base and
semi-circular ends.
(i) If r, h and V are radius, length and volume respectively casted half cylinder, then find the total
surface area function S of the casted half cylinder in terms of V and r.
(ii) For the given volume V, Find the condition for the total surface area S to be minimum.

(iii) Use second derivative test to prove that Surface area is minimum for given volume.

OR

(iii) Find the ratio h : 2r for S to be minimum.

5. Rohan, a student of class XII, visited his uncle’s flat with his father. He observe that the
window of the house is in the form of a rectangle surmounted by a semicircular opening having
perimeter 10 m as shown in the figure.

(i) If a and y represent the length and breadth of the rectangular region, then find the relation between
x and y. Also, Find the expression of Area (A) of the window.
(ii) Find the value of x for maximizing the Area (A) of whole window.

(iii) Find the maximum area of the window.

OR

(iii) For maximum value of A, find the breadth of the rectangular part of the window.
Answers of MCQ
(1)2.5 sq.cm (2) 10 (3) 54 (4) x>1 (5) is strictly increasing on(0, 𝜋 2 ) (6) -2
𝑘 𝑘
(7) [0,2] (8) both a and b (9) 1 (10) 50 sq.cm (11) ,
√2 √2
16
(12) (−∞. −1) ∪ (0, ∞) (13) 2𝜋 (14) a/2,a/2 (15) (0, 1/𝑒 )

SCORING KEY
1 MARK
1. 177
2. 3375cm3
3. 1/e
4. -3
5. 35.2 cm2/s
6. 9, 9
7. Min= -5 , max= 5
8. (1, ∞)
ASSERTION AND REASONING QUESTIONS (1 MARK)
1. b
2. a
3. a
4. b
5. a
2 MARKS
1. 0.0025cm/sec
2. − 31
(4,11) & (-4, ))
3

3 Marks
4. 600π𝑅 3
(𝑅+15)2

5. 0.032 rad/sec
6. 7 m/min
33

7. a) (-∞,2) U (6,∞) ; (2,6) b) (0, 3π/4) U ( 7π/4,2π ) ; (3π/4, 7π/4)

8. Increase of Rs.100 monthly subscription for Max. Income of the company.
5 MARKS
4. 4x+ 3y = 24
7. a2
4
CASE STUDY(4 MARKS)
1. (i) 12 x2 -12x – 72
(ii) -2 and 3
(iii) (– ∞, – 2) ∪ (3, ∞)

(iv) (– 2, 3).
2.

3.
(i)
(ii) x = 400
Or
(ii) distance of 400 feet from stronger lamp post,

4. 4𝑉 2𝑉
(i) S = 𝜋𝑟 + 𝜋 r2 + 𝑟
𝑉 2𝑉
(ii) r3 = + 𝜋2
𝜋

(iii) proof
Or
ℎ 𝜋
(iii) 2𝑟 = 𝜋+2
5. 𝜋 𝑥2
(i) A = 5x – x2/2 –
8
20
(ii) x =
𝜋+4
50
(iii) A =
𝜋+4

Or
10
(iii) y =
𝜋+4