ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY ASSINGNMENT

Name-Amit kumar Roll-B230802CE

A storm of 8-hour duration occurred over a catchment area of 150 km² and produced the following
rainfall record:

Time interval 0-2 2-4 4-6 6-8

(hours)
Rainfall(cm) 1.5 3.0 4.0 1.5
The base flow in the river during the event was observed to be 25 m³/s, and the φ-index for the
catchment is 0.4 cm/hr.

The observed total streamflow hydrograph ordinates (including base flow) at 2-hour intervals are:

Time(hr) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Discharge(m3/s) 25 60 140 210 260 200 140 90 50 25

Find effective Rainfall (Runoff Estimation) and Direct Runoff Hydrograph (DRH).

Solution:-

Given: Area = 150 km² = 150 × 10⁶ m²,

phi-index = 0.4 cm/hr (loss per 2 hr=0.4x2=0.8cm)

Time interval = 2 hr

Base flow = 25 m³/s

Interval(cm) Rainfall(cm) Loss(cm) Effective rainfall(cm)

0-2 1.5 0.8 0.7
2-4 3.0 0.8 2.2
4-6 4.0 0.8 3.2
6-8 1.5 0.8 0.7
Thus, total effective rainfall=0.7+2.2+3.2+0.7=6.8cm.

Total effective rainfall in volume = 0–2: 0.007 m × 150×10⁶ = 1,050,000 m³

2–4: 0.022 m × 150×10⁶ = 3,300,000 m³

4–6: 0.032 m × 150×10⁶ = 4,800,000 m³

6–8: 0.007 m × 150×10⁶ = 1,050,000 m³

=10,200,000m3

Now DRH=Q-base flow

Time(hr) Total Q(m3/s) DRH=Q-25(m3/s)

0 25 0
2 60 35
 ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY ASSINGNMENT
Name-Amit kumar Roll-B230802CE
4 140 115
6 210 185
8 260 235
10 200 175
12 140 115
14 90 65
16 50 25
18 25 0
ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY
ASSIGNMENT
AAQIB NIHAL B231350CE
Question
For an engineering project, the team has to build a culvert at the outlet of 20 hectare
catchment. the catchment have two sub areas that drain to a single outlet.
Area 1: A 5-hectare commercial district (Runoff Coefficient, C=0.9) with a Time of
Concentration (Tc) of 15 minutes.

Area 2: A 15-hectare residential park (Runoff Coefficient, C=0.3) with a time of

concentration from its furthest point to the outlet of 45 minutes.

The local Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curve is given by the formula:

i = 1200 / (Td + 20)

where i is the rainfall intensity (mm/hr) and Td is the storm duration (minutes).

Answer
The peak outflow occurs at any of the two conditions
i- A long, gentle storm (45 min) that covers the entire 20-hectare catchment.
ii- A short, intense storm (15 min) that only covers the 5-hectare commercial area
(as the park area would not be fully contributing yet).

Design discharge will be the greater one

∗∗
Q=
.

First condition

Time of Concentration (Tc = Td): 45 minutes

Total Area (A): 5 ha + 15 ha = 20 hectares=0.2 sq km

Composite Runoff Coefficient (Ccomp):

∗ ∗
Ccomp =
∗ . ∗ .
Ccomp = = 0.45

Rainfall Intensity (i):

i= = 18.46 mm/hr
 Peak Discharge (Q1):
. ∗ . ∗ .
Q1 = = 0.461 m³/s
.

Condition 2

Time of Concentration (Tc): 15 minutes

Area (A): 5 hectares=0.05 sq km (Only Area 1 is fully contributing)
Runoff Coefficient (C): 0.9

Rainfall Intensity (i):

i= = 34.29 mm/hr

Peak Discharge (Q2):

. ∗ . ∗ .
Q2 = = 0.429 m³/s
.

Condition 1 Result: 0.461 m³/s

Condition 2 Result: 0.429 m³/s

Therefore, the critical Time of Concentration to use for the final design is 45 minutes, and
the design peak discharge is 0.461 m³/s.
 Hydrology Assignment
Abdul Qayyom

B230728CE

Qn, The inflow hydrograph tabulated in Table through a river for which x = 0.2 and K =
10 hours is given. Determine the peak outflow at hour 30 by using the Muskingum
channel routing method, if the initial outflow is 22 m³/s.

Time(hours) Inflow(m^3/s)
00 12
05 15
10 22
15 32
20 10
25 08
30 17

Ans,

Given- K=10 hours, X=0.2, Δt=5 hours

Using the Muskingum channel routing method

 C1 =(5-2×10×0.2)/(2×10(1-0.2)+5)=0.0476

C2 =(5+2×10×0.2)/(2×10(1-0.2)+5)=0.4285

C3 =(2×10(1-0.2)-5)/(2×10(1-0.2)+5)=0.5238

Routing Table

Time(hrs) Inflow(m^3/s) C2I1 C1I2 C3Q Outflow(m^3/s)

00 12 22
05 15 5.14 0.71 11.52 17.37
10 22 6.43 1.05 9.10 16.58
15 32 9.43 1.52 8.68 19.63
20 10 13.71 0.48 10.28 24.47
25 08 4.28 0.38 12.82 17.48
30 17 3.43 0.80 9.15 13.38

Peak outflow at hour 30=13.38 m^3/s

HYDROLOGY ASSIGNMENT

ABDUL SANAD

B230729CE

CE01

Sl no. :3
Question:
In a river reach, the Muskingum parameters are given as:
K = 10 hours, X = 0.25, and Δt = 5 hours.

The inflow and outflow data for the reach are as follows:

Time (hr) Inflow (I) (m³/s) Outflow (Q) (m³/s)

0 50 50

5 100 70

10 ? 110

15 ? 160

20 250 200

25 180 190

30 100 150

Estimate the missing inflows at 10 hours and 15 hours using the Muskingum method.

Solution:
The Muskingum equation is given by:

Q_(j+1) = C1 I_(j+1) + C2 I_j + C3 Q_j

The coefficients are defined as:

C1 = (-KX + 0.5Δt) / (K - KX + 0.5Δt)

C2 = (KX + 0.5Δt) / (K - KX + 0.5Δt)

C3 = (K - KX - 0.5Δt) / (K - KX + 0.5Δt)

Step 1: Substitution of Values

Substituting K = 10, X = 0.25, and Δt = 5 into the above formulas:

C1 = (-10×0.25 + 0.5×5) / (10 - 10×0.25 + 0.5×5)

= (-2.5 + 2.5) / (10 - 2.5 + 2.5)
=0
C2 = (10×0.25 + 0.5×5) / (10 - 10×0.25 + 0.5×5)
= (2.5 + 2.5) / 10
= 0.5

C3 = (10 - 10×0.25 - 0.5×5) / (10 - 10×0.25 + 0.5×5)

= (10 - 2.5 - 2.5) / 10
= 0.5

Therefore, C1 = 0, C2 = 0.5, and C3 = 0.5.

Step 2: Applying Muskingum Equation

The rearranged Muskingum equation to find the missing inflows is:
I_j = (Q_(j+1) - C1 I_(j+1) - C3 Q_j) / C2

At time 15 hr:

Q_20 = C1 I_20 + C2 I_15 + C3 Q_15

200 = (0)(250) + (0.5)I_15 + (0.5)(160)

200 = 0.5I_15 + 80

I_15 = (200 - 80) / 0.5 = 240 m³/s

At time 10 hr:

Q_15 = C1 I_15 + C2 I_10 + C3 Q_10

160 = (0)(240) + (0.5)I_10 + (0.5)(110)

160 = 0.5I_10 + 55

I_10 = (160 - 55) / 0.5 = 210 m³/s

Final Table:

Time (hr) Inflow (I) (m³/s) Outflow (Q) (m³/s)

0 50 50

5 100 70

10 210 110

15 240 160

20 250 200

25 180 190

30 100 150

Hence, the missing inflows are:

I_10 = 210 m³/s and I_15 = 240 m³/s.
ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY ASSIGNMENT
Question:
​
Given inflow data for a river reach as follows:​
​

Time 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54
(h):
Inflow 10 20 50 60 55 45 35 27 20 15
(m³/s):
​
Perform flood routing using the Muskingum method for two reaches in series with the
following parameters:​
​
Reach 1: K₁ = 8 hr, x₁ = 0.25​
Reach 2: K₂ = 6 hr, x₂ = 0.3​
Δt = 6 hr​
​
Compute the outflow hydrograph for both reaches, Plot both the inflow and final outflow
hydrographs on the same graph.​

Answer:
Δt = 6 hr

Reach 1: x₁ = 0.25, K₁ = 8 hr

Reach 2: x₂ = 0.3, K₂ = 6 hr

Muskingum coefficients

Q₂ = C₁I₂ + C₂I₁ + C₃Q₁

Reach 1:

C’₁ = (Δt - 2Kx) / (2K(1-x) + Δt) = (6 - 2×8×0.25) / [2×8(1-0.25) + 6] = 0.12

C’₂ = (Δt + 2Kx) / (2K(1-x) + Δt) = (6 + 2×8×0.25) / [2×8(1-0.25) + 6] = 0.56

C’₃ = (2K(1-x) - Δt) / (2K(1-x) + Δt) = [2×8(1-0.25) - 6] / [2×8(1-0.25) + 6] = 0.34

​

Reach 1 Computation Table:

Time (h) I (m³/s) C₁Ij+1 C₂Ij C₃Qj+1 Qj+1

(0.12 Ij+1) (0.56 Ij) (0.34 Qj+1) (Outflow

)

0 10

6 20 2.4 5.6 3.4 10

12 50 6 11.2 3.88 11.4

18 60 7.2 28 7.17 21.08

24 55 6.6 33.6 14.4 42.37

30 45 5.4 30.8 18.56 54.60

36 35 4.2 25.2 18.62 48.02

42 27 3.24 19.6 16.33 39.17

48 20 2.4 15.12 13.32 30.84

54 15 1.8 11.2 10.48 23.48

Both Reach 1 and Reach 2 are in series; the outflow of Reach 1 will be the inflow of Reach 2.

​
Reach 2:

C₁ = (Δt - 2Kx) / (2K(1-x) + Δt) ) = (6 - 2×6×0.3) / [2×6(1-0.3) = 0.167

C₂ = (Δt + 2Kx) / (2K(1-x) + Δt) ) = (6 - 2×6×0.25) / [2×6(1-0.3) = 0.667

C₃ = (2K(1-x) - Δt) / (2K(1-x) + Δt) = [2×6(1-0.3) - 6] / [2×6(1-0.3) + 6] = 0.167

Reach 2 Computation Table:

Time (h) Inflow C’₁IJ+1 C’₂Ij C’₃Qj Qj+1

(m³/s)
(Outflow
m³/s)

0 10 10

6 11.4 1.90 6.7 1.67 10.27

12 21.08 3.52 7.64 1.71 12.87

18 42.37 7.076 14.12 2.15 28.35

24 54.6 9.12 28.39 3.9 41.41

30 54.77 9.15 36.58 6.9 52.64

36 48.02 8.02 36.69 8.79 53.50

42 39.17 6.54 32.17 8.93 47.64

48 30.84 5.15 26.24 7.96 39.35

54 23.48 3.92 20.06 6.57 36.15

​
Graphical Representation:
 ABHINAV DUBEY CE01 B230734CE

PROBLEM STATEMENT
For the given 3-hour unit hydrograph derive the Direct runoff hydrograph
for 3 cm excess rainfall using which get the flood hydrograph with
baseflow 5 m3./s.
Derive the ordinate of 6-hour unit hydrograph using s-curve method
using above obtained data.

TIME 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48

UH
(m^3/ 0 27 52 83 128 163 188 175 163 116 68 38 23 14 9 2 0
s)

Sol:

First obtaining the direct runoff hydrograph for 3 cm excess rainfall using given 3-
hour unit hydrograph.

DRH = UH * 3 ( For 3 cm excess rainfall)

total flood = DRH + Baseflow

(given baseflow = 5 m^3/s)
 Now T/D= 6/3
=2

S curve ordinates for 6-hour unit hydrograph obtained from flood hydrograph
 ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY ASSIGNMENT

TOPIC : RATIONAL METHOD ABHIRAM-A

B230739CE

A drainage basin consists of three land-use zones:

Land Use Area (ha) Runoff Coefficient (C)

Urban (paved) 25 0.85
Suburban (mixed) 40 0.60
Grassland (open) 35 0.30

The total length of main channel is 1.8 km and the difference in elevation between the most
distant point and the outlet is 15 m.

The rainfall intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) relationship for the region is:

i = 1050 / (t + 20)0.5 (mm/hr)

where t = duration (min).

Assuming the time of concentration (tₙ) is given by Kirpich’s formula:
tc= 0.01947 × L0.77 × S-0.385

where L = channel length (m), S = slope (H/L), find the peak discharge (Q) for the basin
using the Rational Method.

Solution:

Step 1: Compute time of concentration

Given: L = 1.8 km = 1800 m, H = 15 m

S = H/L = 15 / 1800 = 0.00833

tc = 0.01947 × (1800)0.77 × (0.00833)-0.385

tc= 0.01947 × 306.9 × 5.28 = 31.5 min

Time of concentration = 31.5 min

Step 2: Determine Rainfall Intensity

Using the IDF relation: i = 1050 / (t + 20)0.5

i = 1050 / (31.5 + 20)0.5 = 1050 / √51.5 = 146.2 mm/hr

Rainfall intensity = 146.2 mm/hr

Step 3: Weighted Runoff Coefficient

Cavg = [(25)(0.85) + (40)(0.6) + (35)(0.3)] / (25 + 40 + 35)

Cavg = (21.25 + 24 + 10.5) / 100 = 0.758

Weighted Runoff Coefficient = 0.758

Step 4: Apply Rational Formula

Q = 0.278 × C × i × A

Q = 0.278 × 0.758 × 146.2 × 100

Q = 0.278 × 11081.96 = 3080.8 m³/s

Peak Discharge = 3080.8 m³/s

NAME: ABHIRAMI C R

ROLL NO: B230129CE

ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY ASSIGNMENT

FLOOD FREQUENCY ANALYSIS USING GUMBELS METHOD

Question:
A river gauging station has recorded the annual maximum flood discharge (in m³/s) for the
past 10 years as follows:

YEAR 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DISCHARGE(m^3/s) 210 275 190 330 290 410 360 280 440 390

1. Rank the data in descending order ,calculate P using the Weibull formula and calculate Fn
and yt
Weibull formula:P = m / (n + 1)
2. Compute the return period (T) for each discharge using T = 1 / P.
3. Estimate the flood discharge for a return period of 25 and 50 years using the Gumbel
distribution method.

Solution:
 The discharges are ranked in descending order and plotting positions are calculated using
Weibull formula.
P =m/(n+1)

Fn =1 – P

Yt = -ln [-ln (Fₙ) ]

RANK DISCHARGE(m^3/s) P = T (years) Fₙ = 1 - P y = -ln[-

m/(n+1) ln(Fₙ)]

1 440 0.0909 11 0.9091 4.1679

2 410 0.1818 5.5 0.8182 2.9971
3 390 0.2727 3.67 0.7273 2.4336
4 360 0.3636 2.75 0.6364 1.9732
5 330 0.455 2.2 0.5455 1.5849
6 290 0.5455 1.83 0.4545 1.2436
 7 280 0.6364 1.57 0.3636 0.9345
8 275 0.7273 1.37 0.2727 0.649
9 210 0.8182 1.22 0.1818 0.3582
10 190 0.9091 1.1 0.0909 0.0899

 Fitting Gumbel Distribution

x̄= 317.5
σ= 83.37
α = (σ √ 6)/ π= (83.37* √ 6)/ π =65
u= x̄-0.5772* α = 279.98

 25-Year Flood Estimation

For T = 25 years, P = 1/25 = 0.04
Fₙ =(T-1)/T= 0.96

yt = -ln[-ln(0.96)] = 3.1985

xt= u + α yt = 279.98 + 83.37* 3.1985 = 546.64

 50-Year Flood estimation

For T= 50 years, P=1/50 =0.02

Fn=(T-1)/T= 49/50 = 0.98

Yt= -ln[-ln(0.98)] = 3.9019

Xt = u + α*yt = 279.98 + 83.37*3.9019 = 605.28

 Final Answer
Estimated 25-year flood discharge = 546.64 m^3/s
Estimated 50-year flood discharge = 605.28 m^3 /s
ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY
ASSIGNMENT

NOVEMBER 1, 2025

ADITYA CHAUDHARY

B230761CE
Question

The table below shows the rainfall hyetograph (incremental rainfall) for a storm event
over a catchment. The total direct runoff volume measured from the catchment outlet
for this storm is 480,000m3. The catchment area is 4.5km2.

(a) Calculate the total observed runoff depth (in cm) over the catchment.
(b) Using the φ-index method, determine the value of φ (in cm/hr) for this storm.

Time (hr) 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
Incremental
Rainfall 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5 5.4 3.6 2.4 1.5
(cm)

Solution

(a) Given, volume of runoff = 480,000m3

Catchment area = 4.5km2

So,

depth of runoff = ( volume of runoff ) / ( Catchment area )

depth of runoff, R = (480,000) / (4.5*106) =0.1067m

R=10.67cm

Therefore,

total observed runoff depth (in cm) over the catchment is R = 10.67 cm
(b)

Time (hr) 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24

Incremental
Rainfall 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5 5.4 3.6 2.4 1.5
(cm)

Intensity
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 1.8 1.2 0.8 0.5
(cm/h)

Given, Total rainfall (P) = (3 + 4.5 + 6 + 7.5 + 5.4 + 3.6 + 2.4 + 1.5)cm
P = 33.9 cm

Infiltration = ( P – R ) / t [ R = 10.67cm ]

= (33.9 – 10.67) / 24

= 0.968 cm/h

Now, we check the blocks having intensity ( I ) > 0.968 cm/h

We got 6 blocks having ( I > 0.968 cm/h)

Now, we use formula for calculation of φ

R=∑(I–φ)∆t [ ∆ t = 3 hr ]

10.67 = ( 1.0 + 1.5 + 2.0 + 2.5 + 1.8 + 1.2 - 6φ ) * 3

10.67 = ( 10 - 6φ ) * 3

10.67 = 30 - 18φ

φ = ( 30 – 10.67 ) / 18

φ = 1.0738cm/h

Now blocks having I > φ =1.0738 cm/h [ 5 blocks ]

Intensity
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 1.8 1.2 0.8 0.5
(cm/h)
Again using formula, R=∑(I–φ)∆t

10.67 = (1.5 + 2.0 + 2.5 + 1.8 + 1.2 - 5φ ) * 3

10.67 = ( 9 - 5φ) * 3

10.67 = 27 - 15 φ

Φ = ( 27 - 10.67 ) / 15

Φ = 1.0887 cm/h

Therefore,

We have got Φ = 1.0887 cm/h

NAME – ADITYA MOHAN SINGH
ROLL NO- B230763CE
SUBJECT – HYDROLOGY ENGINEERING
Topic- Unit Hydrograph and Rational method

Problem statement
A catchment has an area of 1.8 km² has 50%
impervious surfaces (C=0.85) and 50% pervious
surfaces (C=0.35). The time of concentration is 22
minutes. A rainfall event with a uniform intensity of 65
mm/hr occurred for the duration of the time of
concentration. It has been noted that only 80% of the
total precipitation is effective rainfall that reaches the
surface. This is because 20% is lost to interception,
initial abstractions, and surface storage. Using the
Water Budget Equation, first calculate the net rainfall
available for runoff. Then,
(a) Use the Rational Method to find the peak runoff
from the net rainfall.
(b) Now the given 22 minute unit hydrograph has a
peak flow of P m^3/s for 1 cm net rainfall.It is observed
that the Unit Hydrograph’s peak flow 𝑃 is exactly 10%
less than the peak runoff for the same net rainfall.
Find the value of P and find the direct runoff at t=11
minutes for the actual net rainfall.(If the UH ordinate at
t=11 min is 60% of the peak)

Solution:
STEP 1- Calculate Effective Rainfall using the water
budget equation .
Given,
Rainfall intensity , i=65mm/hr
Duration = 22 min = 0.367 hr
Only 80 % is effective (20% is lost).

Total rainfall depth = i × duration = 65×0.367=23.85mm

Effective Rainfall depth = Total rainfall depth × 0.8
= 23.85×0.8
= 19.08mm = 1.908cm
STEP 2- Calculate weighed runoff coefficient (C):
C= 0.85×50 + 0.35×50
=0.6
STEP 3- Calculate net rainfall intensity
 i = 19.08/(22/60)
i=52.036 mm/hr
STEP 4- Calculate peak runoff using rational method
Q = C×i×A /3.6
Where,
Q is the peak discharge (m^3/s)
C=0.6
i=52.036 mm/hr
A=1.80 km^2
Now,
Q=(0.6×52.035×1.8)/3.6
=15.60 m^3/s
Now part (b)
According to the question
UH peak is 10% less than peak runoff.
So,
STEP 1- Find the value of P
P=15.6 × 0.90
= 14.04 m^3/s
STEP 2- find the direct runoff at t=11 min
 Now, UH at 11 min=60% of peak
= 0.6×14.04
=8.424 m^3/s
Step 3- Calculate the net rainfall excess
Q at 11 min= 8.424 × 1.908
= 16.06 m^3/s
NAME: ADITYA RAJ HYDROLOGY
ROLL NO: B230144CE ASSIGNMENT

Q. Derive a 3h UH from a given 6h UH using S Curve Method.

TIME(h) 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54

6h UH 0 11 18 25 30 28 21 16 7 0

Ans:

S Curve
TIME(h) 6h UH Interpolated Lag by 3h (S_A-S_B)*2
(S_A)

0 0 0 0 0

3 5 0 10

6 11 11 11 5 12

9 19 11 16

12 18 29 29 19 20

15 41 29 24

18 25 54 54 41 26

21 68 54 28

24 30 84 84 68 32

27 99 84 30

30 28 112 112 99 26

33 123 112 22
 S Curve
TIME(h) 6h UH Interpolated Lag by 3h (S_A-S_B)/2
(S_A)

36 21 133 133 123 20

39 142 133 18

42 16 149 149 142 14

45 154 149 10

48 7 156 156 154 4

51 156 156 0

54 0 156 156 156 0

57 0 156 156 156 0

The interpolated values is calculated from the graph of S curve

given below.
3h UH is given below as a solution of the given question.
 HYDROLOGY ASSIGNMENT REPORT

Course: Engineering Hydrology

Topic: Flood Frequency Analysis and Channel Routing using Muskingum Method

Problem Statement
During the July 2020 Brahmaputra floods, severe inundation occurred near Kaziranga National Park,
causing widespread damage. The Central Water Commission (CWC) recorded annual maximum
discharges (m³/s) for a 15-year period at a gauging station upstream of the park. The channel routing
parameters determined from past calibration are K = 5 hours and X = 0.25. The storage–outflow relation is
approximately linear and can be expressed through the Muskingum method. Tasks include: 1. Flood
Frequency Analysis (Gumbel’s Method): Peak discharge for a 50-year return period flood. 2. Design Flood
Estimation: SPF and PMF for 100-year flood. 3. Channel Routing (Muskingum Method): Design inflow
hydrograph for the 50-year flood.
Inflow Hydrograph Data

Time (hr) Inflow (m³/s)

0 1000
2 4000
4 8000
6 11000
8 9500
10 6000
12 3000

Peak Discharge Data (2006–2020)

Peak Discharge (m³/s)
Year 5200
2006 6150
2007 5820
2008 6420
2009 6950
2010 7200
2011 6800
2012 7300

2013 7500

2014 7700

2015 8150
8600
2016
9050
2017
9750
2018
10400
2019
2020
Solution

1. Flood Frequency Analysis (Gumbel’s Method)

Mean (x¯) = 7710 m³/s
Standard deviation (S) = 1460 m³/s
Gumbel reduced variate (y₅₀) = −ln[−ln(49/50)] = 3.9
Frequency factor (α) = 1138.36 m³/s
x₅₀ = 7710 + 3.9 × 1138.36 = 12,149.6 m³/s

2. Design Flood Estimation

For 100-year flood: y₁₀₀ = −ln[−ln(99/100)] = 4.6
Q₁₀₀ = 7710 + 1132.99 × 4.6 = 12,921.8 m³/s
PMF = 1.5 × SPF = 1.5 × 12921.8 = 19,382.7 m³/s

3. Channel Routing (Muskingum Method)

Given: K = 5 hr, X = 0.25

Computed coefficients: C₀= −0.0526, C₁ =0.4737, C₂ = 0.5789
Routing equation: Q₂ = C₀I₂ + C₁I₁ + C₂Q₁

Time (hr) Design Inflow (m³/s) Routed Outflow (m³/s)

0 1086.7 1086.7
2 4346.8 2766.1
4 8693.6 6043.6
6 11953.7 9222.0
8 10323.7 9093.6 (Peak Outflow)
10 6520.1 8778.6
12 3260.0 6049.5

Conclusion: The estimated 50-year flood peak is approximately 12,150 m³/s, while the 100-year SPF
is 12,922 m³/s and the PMF is 19,383 m³/s. The Muskingum method routing results indicate a peak
outflow of about 9,094 m³/s at 8 hours.
Submitted By
Adwaith.R
B230766CE
 NAME: Aishwarya Ramohan

ROLL NO.: B230769CE

DATE: 27/10/2025

HYDROLOGY ASSIGNMENT

Ques on:

1. Route the flood hydrograph through a reservoir of surface area 10800 m² based on the
following data:
Ini ally, (at t=0), the rainfall intensity is measured to be 1666.7 mm/h. The ini al eleva on of
the water level in the reservoir is 200.33 m.
Plot the:
a. Inflow – ou low hydrograph.
b. Eleva on – me graph.
c. Graph to obtain the storage – ou low rela onship.
Use the Levelpool methodology.

Time (h) Rainfall Intensity (x10³)(mm/h) Elevation (m) Outflow Q (m³/s)

0 1.6667 200 0
3 3.3333 200.5 16
6 9.0000 201 38
9 19.3333 201.5 66
12 34.0000 202 110
15 30.3333 202.5 160
18 24.0000
21 17.6667
24 13.3333
27 10.3333
30 8.3333
Answer:

Given, the area of the reservoir is 10800 m². Then, the storage of the reservoir for each respec ve
eleva on would be:

Storage (S) = Eleva on x Area

Then:

Elevation (m) Outflow Q (m³/s) Storage S (x10⁶)(m³) 2S/Δt + Q (m³/s)

200 0 2.16 400.00

200.5 16 2.1654 417.00
201 38 2.1708 440.00
201.5 66 2.1762 469.00
202 110 2.1816 514.00
202.5 160 2.187 565.00

With these points, the graph to obtain the storage – ou low rela onship can be plo ed:

Outflow Q (m³/s)

0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360

203

202.5

202
Elevation (m)

201.5 2S/Δt + Q

Outflow
201

200.5

200

199.5
400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 500.00 520.00 540.00 560.00 580.00

2S/Δt + Q (m³/s)
We know that, using the Levelpool method,

(2Sⱼ₊₁ / Δt) + Qⱼ₊₁ = Iⱼ₊₁ + Iⱼ + (2Sⱼ / Δt) - Qⱼ

To find the inflow from the Rainfall Intensity,

Inflow = (Rainfall Intensity x 10¯³ x 10800) / (60x60)

Then,

Time Rainfall Intensity Inflow I I₁+I₂ 2S/Δt - Q 2S/Δt + Q Outflow Q Elevation

(h) (x10³)(mm/h) (m³/s) (m³/s) (m³/s) (m³/s) (m³/s) (m)
0 1.6667 5 - - 405.00 6.91 200.33
3 3.3333 10 15 391.19 406.19 8.01 200.35
6 9.0000 27 37 390.17 427.17 27.51 200.66
9 19.3333 58 85 372.15 457.15 55.38 201.10
12 34.0000 102 160 346.39 506.39 101.15 201.82
15 30.3333 91 193 304.09 497.09 92.50 201.68
18 24.0000 72 163 312.08 475.08 72.05 201.36
21 17.6667 53 125 330.99 455.99 54.30 201.08
24 13.3333 40 93 347.39 440.39 39.80 200.85
27 10.3333 31 71 360.79 431.79 31.81 200.73
30 8.3333 25 56 368.18 424.18 24.73 200.62

From the table,

a. Inflow – Ou low graph:

110

100

90

80

70

60
Q (m³/s)

50 Inflow
Outflow
40

30

20

10

0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33

Time t (h)
b. Eleva on – Time graph:

202.00

201.80

201.60

201.40
Elevation (m)

201.20

201.00
Elevation
200.80

200.60

200.40

200.20
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33

Time t (h)
 HYDROLOGY ASSIGNMENT

Name: Ajmal Faris K Date: 01-11-2025

Roll No: B230775CE Topic: Rational Formula

Q. A catchment area consists of three different types of land uses — a railway track, an airport runway, and a
parking lot. The corresponding runoff coefficients (C) and areas are given in the table below. The peak discharge (Qₚ)
observed from the catchment during a storm of intensity 50 mm/hr is 14.5 m³/s. determine the area of the airport
runway (in hectares).

Land use type Runoff Coefficient (C) Area (ha)

Railway Track 0.4 80

Airport Runway 0.9 ___

Parking Lot 0.6 60

Solution:

Given Data 𝑄𝑝 = 14.5 m³/s

𝑖 = 50 mm/hr

0.4×0.80+0.9(𝐴)+0.6×0.60
𝐶=
1.4+𝐴

𝐶×𝑖×𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑄𝑝 =
3.6

Substituting,

1 0.4×0.80+0.9(𝐴)+0.6×0.60
14.5 = 3.6 × ( ) × 50 × (1.4 + 𝐴)
1.4+𝐴

Solving,
𝐴 = 0.4 km2

∴ 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝒊𝒓𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕 𝒓𝒖𝒏𝒘𝒂𝒚 = 𝟒𝟎 ha

Roll No.:B230784CE Date:31/10/2025
Name:Akshay Singh

HYDROLOGY ASSIGNMENT

Q. A newly developed township spreads across 2.8 km² of mixed land use. The area is divided as follows:

AREA (KM²) Runoff Coefficient (C)

LAND TYPE
Residential zone 1.2 0.70
Commercial zone 0.8 0.85
Green / Open area 0.8 0.35
Total 2.8 —

Main drainage channel length: 2.1 km

Average slope: 1.6 %

Rainfall intensity–duration relation: I = 950 / (Tc + 18)^0.45 (I in mm/hr, Tc in minutes)

Time of concentration formula (Kirpich): Tc = 0.0195 × L^0.77 × S^-0.385 (L in m, S in m/m)

Find:
1. Compute the time of concentration (Tc).
2. Determine the corresponding rainfall intensity (I).
3. Find the weighted runoff coefficient (C_w) for the entire township.
4. Calculate the peak discharge (Q) using Q = 0.278 × C_w × I × A (A in hectares).
5. If rainfall intensity increases by 15%, find the new Q and % increase.

SOLUTION —
1) Time of concentration (Tc)
Kirpich formula: Tc = 0.0195 × L^0.77 × S^-0.385 L = 2.1 km = 2100 m; S = 1.6% = 0.016
(m/m).
Compute L^0.77 = 361.500462
Compute S^-0.385 = 4.913758
Therefore, Tc = 0.0195 × 361.500462 × 4.913758 = 34.64 minutes.

2) Rainfall intensity (I)

IDF relation (given): I = 950 / (Tc + 18)^0.45
With Tc = 34.64 min,

Compute I:
I = 950 / (34.64 + 18)^0.45 = 159.638 mm/hr
3) Weighted runoff coefficient (Cw)
Formula: Cw = (Σ Ci × Ai) / (Σ Ai)
Numerator = 0.70×1.2 + 0.85×0.8 + 0.35×0.8 = 1.8000
Total area = 2.80 km²
Cw = 1.8000 / 2.80 = 0.6429

4) Peak discharge (Q)

Rational Method:
Q = (Cw × I × A)/3.6
Area = 2.80 km²
Using Cw = 0.6429 and I = 159.638 mm/hr:
Q = (0.6429 × 159.638 × 280.0)/3.6 = 7988.309 m³/s

5) Climate-change scenario (I increases by 15%)

New intensity:
I' = 159.638 × 1.15 = 183.584 mm/hr
New Q:

Q' = 0.278 × 0.6429 × 183.584 × 280.0 = 9186.555 m³/s

Percentage increase in Q = 15.00 %

***************************************
ALOK G C

B230158CE

CE01

In a rural area of 200 ha, 60% is reserve forest, 30% is cultivated land with sandy loam soil and the
rest is residential area. The distance between the two extreme points in this region in 1300 m and
there is an elevation difference of 12 m between these. An irrigation canal is being constructed in
this region. The runoff coefficients from a survey that happened 10 years ago is given below.

Type of land Runoff Coefficient

RESERVE FOREST .10
AGRICULTURAL LAND .20
RESIDENTIAL AREA .30

But due to the densification of forest from the past 10 years, there is a 15% reduction in the runoff
value due to interception loss.

a) Calculate the peak flow rate for this region

b) After the construction of the canal, it occupies 20% of the agricultural land and 2% of the
residential area. Calculate the new peak flow if runoff coefficient of canal is .60 .

Duration (min) 10 20 30 40 50 60
Depth of rainfall 11 20 27 34 39 45
(mm)
SOLUTION

S = (12/1300) = 9.230 x 10^-3

t = .01947 x (1300)^.77 x (9.230 x 10^-3)^-0.385

t = 29.5437 min

interpolating from table

20 + (29.537-20)/(30-20) x (27-20) = 26.680mm

Avg Intensity = 26.680/29.543 x 60 = 54.187 mm/hr

C= ΣCiAi/A

Corrected C of forest region

C = Runoff/Precipitation = (R – 0.15R) /P

= 0.85R/P

C = 0.085

Total area = 200 ha

Forest = 200 x .60 = 120ha

Agricultural = 200 x .30 = 60ha

Residential = 200 x .10 = 20ha

C = (120 x 0.085) + (60 x .20) + (30 x .30) / 200

C = 0.156

Qp = CiA/3.6

54.187 x 200 x 10^-2 x 0.156 / 3.6 = 4.696 m^3/s

b)

Determining area occupied by canal

Agricultural land = .20 x 60 = 12ha

New agricultural area = 60 – 12 = 48ha

Residential land = .02 x 20 = 0.4ha

New residential area = 20 – 0.4 = 19.6ha

12 + 0.4 = 12.4

C = (48.4 x .60) + (120 x .085) + (48 x .20) + (19.6 x .30) / 200

=0.1656

Qp = 54.187 x 200 x 10^-2 x 0.1656 / 3.6 = 4.985 m^3/s

 Amal Jazim
B230792CE
CE01

A catchment has the following 2-hour Unit Hydrograph (UH)

with ordinates given in m³/s per cm of effective rainfall:

Using this 2-hour UH, construct an S-hydrograph (S-curve) by

continuous superposition of unit hydrographs spaced at 2-
hour intervals, continuing the superposition until the S-curve
approaches a constant tail value (within ±1 m³/s).
Final S-curve table (every 2 hr)

After 16 hr the S-curve has essentially reached its steady value

(within ±1 m³/s) — later times remain at 330.0 m³/s per cm.
Aman Raj Patel. B230796CE. CE01

Problem Statement:

A large, flat parking lot (Area = 2 Hectares) acts as a temporary detention basin during a
storm. The inflow to the parking lot is from a storm drain. The outflow from the lot is over a
broad-crested weir along one edge, and the outflow rate is governed by the equation O = 1.5
* H^(3/2), where O is in m³/s and H is the depth of water (in meters) above the weir crest.

A storm produces the following inflow hydrograph to the parking lot:

Time(hr) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Inflow(m^3/s) 0 0.8 2.5 1.8 0.9 0.4 0

At time t=0, the parking lot is dry (H=0, so O=0).

Using the Muskingum routing concept, route the inflow hydrograph through this parking lot
detention basin to determine the outflow hydrograph. Use a routing time step Δt = 1 hour.
You will first need to determine the parameters K and X for this system.

Solution

Determine the Muskingum Parameters K and X

a) Relating Storage (S) to Outflow (O):

Area of the parking lot is 2 Hectares= 20,000 m².
The volume stored,S (m³), at any depth H (m) is: S = Area * H = 20,000 * H

The outflow is given by: O = 1.5 * H^(3/2)

We can expressH in terms of O: H = (O / 1.5)^(2/3)

Now, substitute to find S as a function of O:

S = 20,000 * (O / 1.5)^(2/3)

Finding the Travel Time Constant K:

In the standard Muskingum equation,if the inflow and outflow are equal (steady state, I=O),
the storage equation becomes S = K * O. Therefore, K is the slope of the Storage-Outflow (S
vs O) relationship.

Differentiate the S-O relationship:

S = 20,000 * (1/1.5)^(2/3) * O^(2/3)
Letc = 20,000 * (1/1.5)^(2/3). Calculating this: (1/1.5)^(2/3) ≈ (0.6667)^0.6667 ≈ 0.763. So c
≈ 20,000 * 0.763 = 15,260.
So, S ≈ 15,260 * O^(2/3)

Now, K = dS / dO
K = d/dO [15,260 * O^(2/3)] = 15,260 * (2/3) * O^(-1/3)
K ≈ 10,173 / O^(1/3)

K is not a constant! It depends on the outflow O. For routing, we need an initial estimate.
Let's assume an average outflow for the event. The peak inflow is 2.5 m³/s. Let's estimate a
peak outflow of around 1.5 m³/s.
K ≈ 10,173 / (1.5)^(1/3) ≈ 10,173 / 1.145 ≈ 8,885 seconds.
Converting to hours:K ≈ 8885 / 3600 ≈ 2.47 hours.
K = 2.5 hours.(Approx)

Estimating the Weighting Factor X:

For a reservoir,storage is a function of outflow only (S = f(O)). Comparing this to the
Muskingum equation S = K[XI + (1-X)O], if it's a pure reservoir, the term XI must be zero,
meaning X = 0.

Calculate the Routing Coefficients

Given:
· Δt = 1 hour
· K = 2.5 hours
·X=0

D = 2(1 - X) + Δt/K = 2(1 - 0) + 1/2.5 = 2 + 0.4 = 2.4

Now the coefficients:

· C₁ = (Δt/K - 2X) / D = (0.4 - 0) / 2.4 = 0.4 / 2.4 = 0.167

· C₂ = (Δt/K + 2X) / D = (0.4 + 0) / 2.4 = 0.4 / 2.4 = 0.167
· C₃ = (2(1 - X) - Δt/K) / D = (2 - 0.4) / 2.4 = 1.6 / 2.4 = 0.666

Check: C₁ + C₂ + C₃ = 0.167 + 0.167 + 0.666 = 1.000

Perform the Routing

We use the equation: O₂ = C₁ I₂ + C₂ I₁ + C₃ O₁

We start at time t=0, where I₀=0 and O₀=0.

Time(hr) Inflow,I(m^3/s) C1I2 C2I1 C3O1 Outflow,O(m^3/s)

0 0.0 0.000

1 0.8 0.134 0.000 0.000 0.134

2 2.5 0.418 0.134 0.089 0.641

 3 1.8 0.301 0.418 0.427 1.146

4 0.9 0.150 0.301 0.763 1.214

5 0.4 0.067 0.150 0.809 1.026

6 0.0 0.000 0.067 0.683 0.750

The outflow hydrograph has been calculated. Notice the characteristic peak attenuation and
time lag. The inflow peak was 2.5 m³/s at t=2 hrs, while the outflow peak is 1.21 m³/s at t=4
hrs.
 HYDROLOGY ASSIGNMENT
AMAN AGRAWAL (B230794CE)

Question:

A catchment is divided into three sub-areas with the following details:

Sub-area Area (km²) Runoff coefficient (C)

A₁ 1.2 0.40

A₂ 1.8 0.55

A₃ 2.0 0.70

The intensity–duration relationship for the region is given by:

i = 850 / (tc + 20)^0.7,

where i is in mm/hr and tc in minutes.

tc = 30 min.

(a) Determine the equivalent runoff coefficient (Ceq) for the basin.

(b) Estimate the rainfall intensity for the basin time of concentration.

(c) Compute the peak discharge (Q) in m³/s using Rational Method.

Solution:

(a) Equivalent Runoff Coefficient (Ceq)

Ceq = (Σ Ai Ci) / Σ Ai

Ceq = (1.2×0.40 + 1.8×0.55 + 2.0×0.70) / (1.2 + 1.8 + 2.0)

Ceq = (0.48 + 0.99 + 1.40) / 5.0 = 2.87 / 5.0

Ceq = 0.574

(b) Determine rainfall intensity (i):

i = 850 / (tc + 20)^0.7

i = 850 / (50)^0.7

i = 54.96 mm/hr

(c) Peak Discharge (Rational Formula)

 Q = 1/3.6 × C × i × A

Q = 0.278 × 0.574 × 54.96 × 5.0

Q = 43.7 m³/s

Hence, Peak Discharge (Q) = 43.7 m³/s

 ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY ASSINGNMENT

A storm of 8-hour duration occurred over a catchment area of 150 km² and produced the following
rainfall record:

Time interval 0-2 2-4 4-6 6-8

(hours)
Rainfall(cm) 1.5 3.0 4.0 1.5
The base flow in the river during the event was observed to be 25 m³/s, and the φ-index for the
catchment is 0.4 cm/hr.

The observed total streamflow hydrograph ordinates (including base flow) at 2-hour intervals are:

Time(hr) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Discharge(m3/s) 25 60 140 210 260 200 140 90 50 25

Find effective Rainfall (Runoff Estimation) and Direct Runoff Hydrograph (DRH).

Solution:-

Given: Area = 150 km² = 150 × 10⁶ m²,

phi-index = 0.4 cm/hr (loss per 2 hr=0.4x2=0.8cm)

Time interval = 2 hr

Base flow = 25 m³/s

Interval(cm) Rainfall(cm) Loss(cm) Effective rainfall(cm)

0-2 1.5 0.8 0.7
2-4 3.0 0.8 2.2
4-6 4.0 0.8 3.2
6-8 1.5 0.8 0.7
Thus, total effective rainfall=0.7+2.2+3.2+0.7=6.8cm.

Total effective rainfall in volume = 0–2: 0.007 m × 150×10⁶ = 1,050,000 m³

2–4: 0.022 m × 150×10⁶ = 3,300,000 m³

4–6: 0.032 m × 150×10⁶ = 4,800,000 m³

6–8: 0.007 m × 150×10⁶ = 1,050,000 m³

=10,200,000m3

Now DRH=Q-base flow

Time(hr) Total Q(m3/s) DRH=Q-25(m3/s)

0 25 0
2 60 35
 ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY ASSINGNMENT

4 140 115
6 210 185
8 260 235
10 200 175
12 140 115
14 90 65
16 50 25
18 25 0
Amna Sharin
B230111CE

ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY
ASSIGNMENT

1. The ordinates of S-hydrograph of a catchment from a 4-h unit hydrograph is

developed. A 2-h unit hydrograph is to be developed for the same catchment using
S-curve method prepare the 2-h unit hydrograph.

time s-curve ordinate

0 0
4 10
8 40
12 65
16 83
20 93
24 98
28 98

Answer:
S-curve ordinate for 2h intervals:

Time(h) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
S(2h-UH) 0 5 10 25 40 52.5 65 74 83 88 93 95.5 98 98 98

Derivation of 2h unit hydrograph ordinates:

𝑆(𝑡)+ 𝑆(𝑡−𝑑) 𝑆(𝑡)+ 𝑆(𝑡−𝑑)

𝑈𝐻 = 𝑡 = 2
𝐷 4

Time(h) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
S(t) 0 5 10 25 40 52.5 65 74 83 88 93 95.5 98 98 98
S(t-d) 0 0 5 10 25 40 52.5 65 74 83 88 93 95.5 98 98
UH 0 10 10 30 30 25 25 18 18 10 10 5 5 0 0
ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY
ASSIGNMENT

Anamika K V
B230172CE
CE01
Q.Given the ordinates of 2hr unit hydrograph at the upstream. Derive the ordinates of direct runoff
hydrograph from a 6cm excess rainfall and find the outflow hydrograph at the downstream level
using Muskingum routing method. Find out the peak flow at downstream.
K=2.5hr,X=0.15,Δt=2hr,Initial Q=15m3/s,Base flow=20m3/s

Time 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
2h UH 0 20 80 120 70 15 0

UH ordinates 0 2 8 12 7 3 0
DRH 0 12 48 72 42 18 0
ordinates
Storm 20 32 68 92 62 38 20
hydrograph

ANSWER:

C1= (Δt-2KX)/(2K(1-X) + Δt) = 0.2

C2= (Δt+2KX)/(2K(1-X) + Δt) =0.44

C3=(2K(1-X) - Δt)/(2K(1-X) + Δt) =0.36

Period(hr) Inflow(m3/s) C1I j+1 C2I j C3Q j Outflow(m3/s)

0 20 15
2 32 6.4 8.8 5.4 20.6
4 68 13.6 14.08 7.42 35.10
6 92 18.4 29.92 12.64 60.96
8 62 12.4 40.48 21.95 74.83
10 38 7.6 27.28 26.94 61.82
12 20 4 16.72 22.25 42.97

100

80
Q(m3/s)

60

40

20

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
time (hr)

Inflow Outflow

Peak flow at downstream level=74.83m3/s

 ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY ASSIGNMENT

Name: Anamika Ajith

Roll No: B230628CE
Class: CE01

Question:
A watershed is made of three zones:

Zone Area (ha) Runoff Coefficient

A 40 0.45
B 30 0.25
C 10 0.10

Other data:
Maximum flow length, L = 1.2 km (1200 m)
Average slope, S = 0.008
Return period: 10 years

Observed maximum rainfall depths for this return period:

Duration (min): 10, 20, 30, 45, 60
Depth (mm): 20, 32, 42, 50, 55

A) Determine the time of concentration of the catchment using Kirpich equation.

B) Estimate the 10-year peak runoff using the Rational method.
C) If a culvert at the outlet has a capacity of 2.8 m³/s, check its adequacy.
If not, compute the temporary storage volume for a 15-minute storm, assuming uniform rainfall intensity.

Solution:

A) Time of Concentration (tc):

Kirpich’s equation: tc = 0.01947 × L^0.77 × S^-0.385
Substituting: tc = 0.01947 × (1200)^0.77 × (0.008)^-0.385 = 23.8 minutes
Hence, tc = 23.8 minutes.

B) Weighted Runoff Coefficient:

C = ((40×0.45)+(30×0.25)+(10×0.10)) / 80 = 0.325 ≈ 0.33

Rainfall Intensity:
Interpolating for 23.8 minutes between (20, 32) and (30, 42):
D = 32 + ((42 - 32)/(30 - 20)) × (23.8 - 20) = 35.8 mm
I = (35.8 × 60) / 23.8 = 90 mm/hr

Catchment Area: A = 80 ha = 0.8 km²

Peak Discharge: Q = 0.2778 × C × I × A
Q = 0.2778 × 0.33 × 90 × 0.8 = 6.6 m³/s
Hence, Q = 6.6 m³/s.

C) Culvert Capacity Check:

Capacity = 2.8 m³/s → Not adequate since Q > 2.8.
Excess flow = 6.6 - 2.8 = 3.8 m³/s
Temporary storage (15 min = 900 s):
V = 3.8 × 900 = 3420 m³

Therefore, temporary storage required = 3420 m³.

Final Answers:
Time of concentration (tc): 23.8 min
Weighted runoff coefficient (C): 0.33
Rainfall intensity (I): 90 mm/hr
Peak discharge (Q): 6.6 m³/s
Temporary storage volume (V): 3420 m³
NAME : ANANTHU VR

CE01

B230810CE

HYDROLOGY ASSIGNMENT
Q.The NIT Calicut campus has a total area of 300 hectares, with the following land-use
details:

Land Use / Cover Area (ha) Runoff Coefficient (C)

Academic & Hostel Buildings 80 0.70

Roads and Parking Areas 40 0.85

Playgrounds and Open Lawns 100 0.25

97th Avenue park 80 0.15

The maximum length of flow from the farthest point in the campus to the outlet is 2.5
km and the difference in elevation between them is 20 m.

From the regional rainfall data, the 25-year return period rainfall for different
durations is given below:

Duration (hours) Rainfall depth (cm)

0.5 4.5

1.0 6.8

2.0 9.2

Assuming that the time of concentration of the campus is 1.2 hours,

find:

1. The rainfall intensity (i) corresponding to the 25-year return period.

2. The peak runoff (Qₚ) from the campus using the Rational Method.

Solution

Given Data

𝐴 = 300 ha, 𝑡𝑐 = 1.2 h

Find Rainfall Intensity 𝒊

From the table,

• Rainfall for 1 h = 6.8 cm

• Rainfall for 2 h = 9.2 cm

Since 𝑡𝑐 = 1.2h (between 1 and 2 hours), interpolate:

1.2 − 1.0
6.8 + (2.0 − 1.0)(9.2 − 6.8)
𝑖=
1.2
6.8 + 0.2(2.4) 6.8 + 0.48 7.28
𝑖= = = = 6.07 cm/hr
1.2 1.2 1.2

𝑖 = 6.1 cm/hr

Equivalent Runoff Coefficient 𝑪𝒆

(0.70 × 80) + (0.85 × 40) + (0.25 × 100) + (0.15 × 80)
𝐶𝑒 =
300
56 + 34 + 25 + 12
𝐶𝑒 = = 0.423
300

On Apply the Rational Formula

1
𝑄𝑝 = × 𝐶𝑒 × 𝑖 × 𝐴
3.6
1
𝑄𝑝 = × (0.423) × (61𝑚𝑚/ℎ𝑟) × (3 𝑘𝑚^2)
3.6
1
𝑄𝑝 = × 77.409 = 21.5025 m3 /s
3.6
NAME: ANGEL MARY PAULOSE
BATCH: CE01
ROLL NO: B230180CE

HYDROLOGY ASSIGNMENT
Q. A 4-hour unit hydrograph for a catchment area of 250km2 is given below by
the ordinates:
1. Derive a 6hr unit hydrograph using the S-curve method.
2. And calculate the equilibrium discharge.
Time(hr) 4-hr UH Ordinate(m^3/s)
0 0
4 20
8 55
12 80
16 60
20 35
24 15
28 5
32 0

1. Deriving a 6hr UH using S-curve method.

The Greek alphabet

Time(hr) 4-UH(m3/s) S4- S4-curve S4-S6(m3/s) UH-6(m3/s)

curve(m3/s) lagged
6hrs(m3/s)
0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0
4 20 20 0 20 13.3
6 0 20 0 20 13.3
8 55 75 0 75 50
10 0 75 0 75 50
12 80 155 0 155 103.3
14 0 155 0 155 103.3
16 60 215 20 195 130
18 0 215 20 195 130
20 35 250 75 175 116.7
22 0 250 75 175 116.7
24 5 265 155 110 73.7
26 0 265 155 110 73.3
28 0 270 215 55 36.7
30 0 270 215 55 36.7
32 0 270 250 20 13.3
34 0 270 250 20 13.3
36 0 270 250 5 3.3
38 0 270 250 5 3.3
40 0 270 250 0 0

2. Calulating equilibrium discharge

Qeq(m3/s) =Area(km2) × Rainfall Depth (cm/hr) × (1000m2/km2) ÷
(100cm/hr) × (1 hr) ÷ (3600s)
Qeq = 250 × 0.25 × (1000) ÷ (100×3600) = 138.89 m3/s
 Assignment
Anil Parthip J B230815CE

Flood Frequency Analysis using Gumbel’s Method

Question

The annual maximum flood discharges (in m³/s) recorded at a gauging station for 10 years are as follows:

Year Flood discharge (m³/s)

2014 220

2015 340

2016 280

2017 410

2018 370

2019 450

2020 500

2021 390

2022 420

2023 470
Using Gumbel’s Extreme Value Type-I distribution, estimate the flood discharge corresponding to a return
period of 50 years (Q₅₀). Also, determine the return period of a flood of 480 m³/s.

Answer

Mean (X̄ ) = 385.0 m³/s

S= (∑ (X−Xˉ) 2/N-1) (1/2)​​Standard deviation(S) = 97.9 m³/s

y₅₀ = -ln [-ln(1 - 1/T)] = 3.899

α = S/1.2825 = 76.3 (where pi/(6)1/2 = 1.2825 )u = X̄ - 0.5772α = 341.0

Q₅₀ = u+αy₅₀ = 341.0 + 76.3(3.899) = 638.6 m³/s

yT = (Q - u)/α = (480 - 341)/76.3 = 1.823T = 6.7 years

Therefore the return period for Q=480m3/s is 6.7 years.

ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY ASSIGNMENT
ANKIT PATEL B230630CE CE01

1. Question Explanation

The inflows due to a flood in the Sonali River are given every 6 hours.​
Given data:​
K = 11 hours​
X = 0.13​
Initial outflow (O₀) = 10 m³/s

We are asked to determine:

1.​ The peak outflow​

2.​ The lag time​

Time (hours): 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48​

Inflow (m³/s): 10, 30, 68, 50, 40, 31, 23, 10

We need to perform flood routing using the Muskingum method to compute the outflow hydrograph.

2. Concept of the Muskingum Method

The Muskingum method relates storage (S), inflow (I), and outflow (O) as:

S = K [ X·I + (1 − X)·O ]

where​
S = storage in the reach​
K = storage time constant (hours)​
X = weighting factor (0 ≤ X ≤ 0.5)​
I = inflow​
O = outflow

The continuity equation is:​

dS/dt = I − O

By combining and discretizing for a time step Δt, the outflow at the next time step is given by:

O ₊₁ = C₀·I ₊₁ + C₁·I + C₂·O

where the coefficients are:

C₀ = (Δt − 2KX) / [2K(1 − X) + Δt]​

C₁ = (Δt + 2KX) / [2K(1 − X) + Δt]​
C₂ = [2K(1 − X) − Δt] / [2K(1 − X) + Δt]
and​
C₀ + C₁ + C₂ = 1

3. Given Data

K = 11 hours​
X = 0.13​
Δt = 6 hours​
O₀ = 10 m³/s​
(Assume inflow at time 0 = 0)

4. Compute Muskingum Coefficients

Denominator:​
D = 2K(1 − X) + Δt​
D = 2(11)(0.87) + 6 = 25.14

C₀ = (6 − 2×11×0.13) / 25.14 = 0.1249​

C₁ = (6 + 2×11×0.13) / 25.14 = 0.3524​
C₂ = (2×11×0.87 − 6) / 25.14 = 0.5227

Check: C₀ + C₁ + C₂ = 1.000 ✔️
5. Apply Routing Equation

O ₊₁ = C₀·I ₊₁ + C₁·I + C₂·O

Step-by-step calculations:

Time 0 hr:​
I₀ = 0, O₀ = 10 (given)

At 6 hr:​
O₆ = 0.1249(10) + 0.3524(0) + 0.5227(10) = 6.48

At 12 hr:​
O₁₂ = 0.1249(30) + 0.3524(10) + 0.5227(6.48) = 10.66

At 18 hr:​
O₁₈ = 0.1249(68) + 0.3524(30) + 0.5227(10.66) = 24.64

At 24 hr:​
O₂₄ = 0.1249(50) + 0.3524(68) + 0.5227(24.64) = 43.09

At 30 hr:​
O₃₀ = 0.1249(40) + 0.3524(50) + 0.5227(43.09) = 45.14

At 36 hr:​
O₃₆ = 0.1249(31) + 0.3524(40) + 0.5227(45.14) = 41.56

At 42 hr:​
O₄₂ = 0.1249(23) + 0.3524(31) + 0.5227(41.56) = 35.52
At 48 hr:​
O₄₈ = 0.1249(10) + 0.3524(23) + 0.5227(35.52) = 27.92

6. Outflow Hydrograph

Time (hr) | Inflow (m³/s) | Outflow (m³/s)​

0 | 0 | 10.00​
6 | 10 | 6.48​
12 | 30 | 10.66​
18 | 68 | 24.64​
24 | 50 | 43.09​
30 | 40 | 45.14​
36 | 31 | 41.56​
42 | 23 | 35.52​
48 | 10 | 27.92

7. Results and Interpretation

Peak inflow = 68 m³/s at 18 hours​

Peak outflow = 45.14 m³/s at 30 hours​
Lag time = 30 − 18 = 12 hours

The flood wave took about 12 hours to travel through the river reach.​
During routing, the flood peak decreased (from 68 to 45.14 m³/s) — this is called attenuation, and the delay of
12 hours is the lag time.

Final Answers

Peak Outflow = 45.14 m³/s​

Lag Time = 12 hours​
Method used = Muskingum Method (K = 11 hr, X = 0.13, Δt = 6 hr)
Name -: Ankur kumar Singh
Roll:- B230820CE

Assignment 2

Level Pool Routing

The storage,elevation and outflow data of a reservoir are given below:

Elevation (m) Storage (10⁶ m³) Outflow discharge

(m³/s)
0
299.5 4.8
0
300.2 5.5
15
300.7 6.0
40
301.2 6.6
75
301.7 7.2
115
302.2 7.9
160
302.7 8.8

The spillway crest is at elevation 300.20 m. The following flood flow is

expected into the reservoir:

Time (h) 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27

Discharge 10 20 52 60 53 43 32 22 16 10
(m³/s)

If the reservoir surface is at elevation 300.00 m at the commencement of the

inflow, route the flood to obtain outflow discharge and elevations by Level
pool routing .
 Starting with finding (2S/Δt) + Q for given elevations :-

Elevation (m) Storage (10⁶ m³)

Outflow discharge (2S / Δt) + Q
(m³/s) (m³/s)
299.5 4.8 0 888.89
300.2 5.5 0 1018.52
300.7 6.0 15 1126.11
301.2 6.6 40 1262.22
301.7 7.2 75 1408.33
302.2 7.9 115 1577.96
302.7 8.8 160 1789.63
 Now draw Graph between Elevation vs (2S/Δt) + Q and elevation vs
Outflow in one plot :-

Using python code :-

Output :-

Since the value of spillway Crest is at elevation of 300.2 , so starting with the
another table acc to the relation of Level pool routing:-

By using several codes , I am finding graphical values such that (2S / Δt)+Q at
300.2 elevation and similarly for all,
And the code is like :-

Final Table:-

Time(h) Inflow(m³/s) I₁ + I₂ (2S / Δt)-Q (2S / Δt)+Q Elevation Outflow

(m³/s) (m³/s) (m) (m³/s)
0 10 1018.52 300.2 0
3 20 30 1018.52 1248.52 300.34 4.20
6 52 72 1040.12 1112.12 300.64 13.20
9 60 112 1085.72 1197.72 300.96 28
12 53 113 1141.72 1254.72 301.17 38.5
15 43 96 1177.72 1273.72 301.24 42.8
18 32 75 1188.12 1263.12 301.20 40
21 22 54 1237.12 301.11 35.5
1183.12
24 16 38 29.5
1166.12 1204.12 300.99
27 10 26 23.5
1145.12 1171.12 300.87
 Engineering Hydrology Assignment

Name: Aravind Anoop

Roll No: B230028CE
Class: CE01

Q) A catchment area comprises of two zones as shown in the table below

Zone Area(ha) Runoff Coefficient
A 60 0.35
B 25 0.20

The average slope of the catchment is 0.006 and the maximum length of the
catchment is 1.5km. For a 25 year return period, the maximum depth of rainfall
observed for various durations is as follows
Duration(min) 10 20 30 40 50 60
Depth of Rainfall(mm) 24 37 48 55 60 63

A) Estimate the time of concentration of the catchment area.

B) Estimate the 25 year peak runoff from the watershed.
C) An existing culvert at the end of the catchment area has a capacity of 4m3/s.
Determine if the culvert has sufficient capacity to handle such floods. If not,
compute the volume of runoff that would temporarily accumulate in the
catchment during a 15 minute storm assuming that the rainfall intensity
remains constant throughout the duration of the storm.

Ans) A) time of concentration (tc) is computed using the Kirpich equation

tc =0.01947 L0.77 S-0.385
tc = 0.01974 x (1.5 x 1000)0.77 x 0.006-0.385 = 39.4775 minutes
B) Average runoff coefficient of watershed
∗ . ∗ .
C= = 0.3058

To find the depth of rainfall at 39.4775th minute we interpolate between

(30,48) & (40,55)

.
= D=54.634mm-

.
Intensity = . = 83.035mm/hr

A = 60+25 = 85ha = 0.85km2

Q = 0.2778CIA
=0.2778 x 0.3058 x 83.035 x 0.85 = 5.995m3/s

C) Capacity of the culvert = 4m3/s

Capacity of the culvert is less than that of the runoff flow hence it is not
adequate.
Total water accumulated = (Qinflow - Qoutflow ) x Duration of the storm
(5.995 - 4) x 4 x 60 = 478.8m3
 ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY ASSIGNMENT

SUBMITTED BY: ARAVIND BALAKRISHNAN [B230193CE]

Q) Flood frequency computation using Gumbel’s method. Estimate flood magnitude at

500years?

Flood Frequency Computation by Using Gumbel’s Method

Given Data:

Return Period (T) Value (xₜ)

30 years 40000

90 years 45000

Answer:

xₜ = x̄ + Kₜσₜ

For 30-year and 90-year return periods:

40000 = x̄ + K₃₃σₜ

45000 = x̄ + K₃₃σₜ

45000 - 40000 = (K₃₃ - K₃₃)σₜ

5000 = (K₃₃ - K₃₃)σₜ

We know: K = (yₜ - ȳₜ) / Sₜ

5000 = ((y₃₃ - ȳₜ)/Sₜ - (y₃₃ - ȳₜ)/Sₜ) σₜ

5000 = ((y₃₃ - y₃₃) σₜ) / Sₜ

Compute reduced variates: y₃₃ = 3.38429, y₃₃ = 4.49423

σₜ / Sₜ = 5000.00 / (1.10993) = 4504.77346

x₃₃₃ - x₃₃ = (K₃₃₃ - K₃₃) σₜ

x₃₃₃ - x₃₃ = (y₃₃₃ - y₃₃) σₜ / Sₜ

Reduced variate y₃₃₃ = 6.21361

x₃₃₃ - 45000 = (6.21361 - 4.49423) × 4504.77346

x₃₃₃ - 45000 = 7745.41307

x₃₃₃ = 45000 + 7745.41307

x₃₃₃ = 52745.41 m³/s

 HYDROLOGY ASSIGNMENT

NAME : ARUNKRISHNAN K
ROLL NO: B230205CE
BATCH: CE01

Q). For a small catchment area of 12 km², the annual maximum 1 hour rainfall (mm) for
the past 10 years are:
​
78, 95, 105, 82, 110, 97, 123, 115, 88, 102.

(a) Using Gumbel’s method, estimate the 25 year return period rainfall.​
(b) Assuming that the design storm duration is 1 hour and the runoff coefficient C =
0.75, compute the design flood peak (m³/s) using the Rational formula.

Ans).
 NAME : ARVIND YADAV
B230842CE
CE01
HYDROLOGY ASSIGNMENT
QUS
DERIVE 1 HOUR UNIT HYDRO GRAPH FROM 3 HR UNIT HYDROGRAPH HAVING A TIME INTERVAL
OF 1 HOUR GIVEN IN TABLE AND FROM THE SAME 1 HOUR UNIT HYDROGRAPH FIND THE FLOOD HYDROGRAPH
FOR 3 CM OF RAINFALL . TAKE THE BASE FLOW OF 10 CUMECS

solution :

given D=3HR
T=1HR
SO , D/T = 3

3 HR UH
TIME
(CUMEC Sa Sb (Sa-Sb)/3
(HRS)
)

0
0 0

1 3 3 0 1

2 12 15 3 4

3 8 23 15 8/3

4 6 29 23 2

5 3 32 29 1

6 0 32 32 0

7 32 0
 GRAPH

FOR FLOOD GRAPH

FLOOD
TIME 1 HR UH DRH (3CM)
HYDROGRAPH

0 0 0 10

1 4 12 22

2 8/3 8 18

3 2 6 16

4 1 3 13

5 0 0 10

6 0 0 10
 Aswin Sunil

B230853CE

CE-01

Flood Frequency Analysis by Rational Method

Question
A drainage basin of 820 hectares has the following characteristics:

Surface Type Area (ha) Runoff Coefficient (C)

Residential (dense) 300 0.75

Commercial 200 0.90

Parks and open spaces 320 0.35

The maximum length of the main flow path (L) = 5.2 km and average slope (S) = 0.004.

The intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) relationship for the region is given by:

i = (2500 × T^0.2) / (t_c + 20)^0.85

where:
• i = rainfall intensity (mm/hr)
• t_c = time of concentration (min)
• T = return period (years)

Tasks:
1. Compute the time of concentration using Kirpich’s formula:
t_c = 0.0195 × L^0.77 × S^-0.385 (L in meters, t_c in minutes)

2. Determine the composite runoff coefficient (C) for the entire catchment.

3. Using the Rational Method, compute the peak discharge (Q) for return periods T = 10, 25, 50,
and 100 years.

Q = 0.278 × C × i × A

where Q = discharge (m³/s), A = area (km²), i = intensity (mm/hr).

4. Plot a frequency curve (Q vs. T) and comment on the growth pattern of design floods.

Solution

Step 1: Time of Concentration

Using Kirpich’s formula:
t_c = 0.0195 × L^0.77 × S^-0.385

Given L = 5.2 km = 5200 m, and S = 0.004:

t_c = 0.0195 × (5200)^0.77 × (0.004)^-0.385

= 0.0195 × 1034.86 × 6.14
= 124.0 minutes ≈ 2.07 hours.

Hence, the time of concentration is approximately 124 minutes.

Step 2: Composite Runoff Coefficient

Weighted average runoff coefficient is computed as:

Surface Type Area (ha) C A×C

Residential (dense) 300 0.75 225

Commercial 200 0.90 180

Parks & open spaces 320 0.35 112

Total A = 820 ha
Σ(A×C) = 225 + 180 + 112 = 517

C = Σ(A×C) / A = 517 / 820 = 0.63 (≈ 0.60 for design)

Therefore, the composite runoff coefficient C = 0.60.

Step 3: Computation of Peak Discharges

The Rational Method formula is:
Q = 0.278 × C × i × A
Given C = 0.60, A = 820 ha = 0.82 km², and t_c = 124 min.

The rainfall intensity i (mm/hr) for each return period (T) is obtained from the IDF equation:
i = (2500 × T^0.2) / (t_c + 20)^0.85

Applying the equations and substituting in the table we got:

Return Period (T, years) Intensity i (mm/hr) Discharge Q (m³/s)

10 81.3 11.2

25 93.7 12.9

50 103.6 14.3

100 114.5 15.8

Hence, as the return period increases, rainfall intensity and peak discharge also increase.

Step 4: Interpretation of Frequency Curve

Plot Q versus T to obtain a flood frequency curve.

The ratio of 100-year flood to 10-year flood:

 = 15.8 / 11.2 = 1.41

This indicates a moderate increase in design flood with increasing return period—typical for
urban basins with mixed land use.

Final Answers Summary

Return Period (T, years) Peak Discharge Q (m³/s)

10 11.2

25 12.9

50 14.3

100 15.8

Thus, the Rational Method combined with frequency analysis provides an efficient approach for
estimating design discharges for urban catchments.
 Avanthika Pradeep
Engineering Hydrology
B230859CE

Question:
The following table gives the ordinates of a 4-hour unit hydrograph for
a particular catchment:

Time (hr) 0 4 8 12 16 20

Discharge
0 40 150 260 310 270
(m³/s)

Time(hr) 24 28 32 36 40

Discharge
200 130 80 40 20
(m³/s)

a)Using the S-curve method, derive the 8-hour unit hydrograph

ordinates for the basin.
b)If a storm produces 10 mm total rainfall uniformly over 8 hours,
compute the direct runoff hydrograph (m³/s)
Final composite running coefficient =0.678
Solution:
a)The S-curve is obtained by cumulative addition of the
4-hour unit hydrograph ordinates.

Time (hr) 0 4 8 12 16 20 t=8

d=4
Discharge
0 40 150 260 310 270
(m³/s) t/d =2
S-curve(4h) 0 40 190 450 760 1030

S-curve(8h) 0 0 40 190 450 760

(s4 -s8)/(t/d) 0 20 75 130 155 135

Time(hr) 24 28 32 36 40

Discharge
200 130 80 40 20
(m³/s)

S-curve(4h) 1230 1360 1440 1480 1500 1500

S-curve(8h) 1030 1230 1360 1440 1480 1500

(s4 -s8)/(t/d) 100 65 40 20 10 0

b)Effective depth = total depth ×C =10×0.678

=6.78
Time(hr) 0 8 16 24 32 40

UH8 0 190 570 470 210 60

Q(m³/s) 0 1288.2 3864.6 3186.6 1423.8 406.8

Q=UH8 × 6.78
 Assignment

Name: Avin Nair R

Roll No: B230026CE
Q)The inflows due to a flood in the Ravi River with K = 13 hours and X =
0.22 are shown in the following table. Determine the peak outflow and lag
time, if the initial outflow is 15 m³/s.

Time(hrs) Inflow(m3/s)
0 15
6 25
12 58
18 92
24 75
30 64
36 52
42 38
48 27
54 18
60 12

Ans) K=13hrs , X=0.22, ∆t=6hrs

Using the Muskingum channel routing method
Qi+1 = C1Ii+1 + C2Ii + C3Qi
 ∗ ∗ .
C1 = ( )
= 0.01065
∗ .

∗ ∗ .
C2 = ( )
= 0.446
∗ .

∗ ( . )
C3 = ( )
= 0.544
∗ .

Routing Table

Time(hrs) Inflow(m3/s) C2I1 C1I2 C3Q Inflow(m3/s)

0 15 15
6 25 6.69 0.26625 8.16 15.11625
12 58 11.15 0.6177 8.223 19.9907
18 92 25.868 0.9798 10.874 37.7218
24 75 41.032 0.79875 20.5206 62.35135
30 64 33.45 0.6816 33.919 68.0506
36 52 28.544 0.5538 37.019 66.1168
42 38 23.192 0.4047 35.995 59.5917
48 27 16.948 0.28755 32.417 49.65255
54 18 12.042 0.1917 27.0101 39.2438
60 12 8.028 0.1278 21.348 29.5038

Peak outflow = 68.0506 m3/s at 30 minutes

Peak inflow = 92 m3/s at 18 minutes
Time lag = 30 – 18 = 12 minutes
 Assignment

A 30-cm well penetrates 40 m below the static water level

(GWT). After a long period of pumping at a rate of 2000 lpm, the
drawdowns in the observation wells at 12 m and 36 m from the
pumped well are 1.4 m and 0.6 m, respectively.

Determine:
(i) The transmissibility of the aquifer.
(ii) The drawdown in the pumped well assuming R = 300 m.
(iii) The specific capacity of the well.

Solution

Given:
Q = 2000 lpm = 0.0333 m³/s
r1 = 12 m, r2 = 36 m
Static head H = 40 m
Drawdowns: s1 = 1.4 m, s2 = 0.6 m

Hence,
h1 = H − s1 = 40 − 1.4 = 38.6 m
h2 = H − s2 = 40 − 0.6 = 39.4 m

Substitute:
0.0333 = [πK(39.4² − 38.6²)] / [2.303 × 10³ log10(36/12)]
39.4² − 38.6² = 78.0 × 0.8 = 62.4

⇒ 0.0333 = [3.1416 K (62.4)] / [2.303 × 10³ × 0.4771]

K = (0.0333 × 2303 × 0.4771) / (3.1416 × 62.4)
K = 1.87 × 10⁻⁴ m/s = 16.2 m/day

(i) Transmissibility:
T = KH = 1.87 × 10⁻⁴ × 40 = 7.48 × 10⁻³ m²/s = 648 m²/day
 (ii) Drawdown in the pumped well:
Q = [2.72 T (H − hw)] / [log10(R/rw)]
0.0333 = [2.72 (7.48 × 10⁻³) (40 − hw)] / log10(300/0.15)
log10(300/0.15) = 3.301

0.0333 × 3.301 = 0.02034 (40 − hw)

0.110 = 0.02034 (40 − hw)
40 − hw = 5.41 ⇒ Sw = 5.41 m

(iii) Specific capacity of the well:

Q/Sw = 2000 / 5.41 = 370 lpm/m
or Q/Sw = 0.0333 / 5.41 = 0.00616 m²/s per m

Final Answers:

Quantity Symbol Result Units

Coefficient of permeability K 1.87 × 10⁻⁴ m/s

Transmissibility T 7.48 × 10⁻³ m²/s (648 m²/day)

Drawdown in pumped well

S_w 5.41 m

Specific capacity Q/S_w 370 lpm/m

Submitted by: Azad T S - B230860CE

 MUSKINGUM METHOD

A Report submitted for the course of CE3003E ENGINEERING

HYDROLOGY

Submitted
by

B. KALYA
N
B230249CE

DEPARTMENTOOFOCIVILOENGINEERING
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CALICUT
Kozhikode – 673 601, Kerala, India
August 2025
 This method is one of the most widely used hydro river routing
techniques employed to estimate the outflow hydro graph from a channel
reach given the inflow hydro graph. This report presents a detailed
theoretical background, derivation of governing equations, step-by-step
computation procedure, and a solved example following the notations and
formulations used in K. Subramanya’s ‘Engineering Hydrology’.

INTRODUCTION TO HYDROLOGIC
ROUTING
Hydro routing is a procedure to determine the temporal and spatial
variation of flow in an open channel or river reach. It relates inflow,
outflow, and storage within the reach over time. There are two main types
of routing methods: (i) Hydro routing and (ii) Hydraulic routing. Hydro
routing utilizes the continuity equation and a storage–discharge
relationship, while hydraulic routing employs full dynamic equations of
unsteady flow.

CONCEPT OF THE MUSKINGUM METHOD

This method assumes that the storage, S, within a channel reach depends
on both the inflow, I, and outflow, O. Mathematically, this relationship is
expressed as:
S = K [ X I + (1 − X) O ]
where K is the storage time constant (hours) and X is a dimensionless
weighting factor (0≤ X ≤ 0.5). The value of X indicates the relative
influence of inflow and outflow on storage.
Using the finite-difference form of continuity over a routing interval Δ t:
I1+ I2 -O1-O2 = 2(S2 -S1) / Δt
Substituting the storage equation and rearranging yields the Muskingum
routing equation:
O2 = C0 I2 + C1I1 + C2O1
Where
C0 = (−KX + 0.5∆t) / (K − KX + 0.5∆t)
 C1 = (KX + 0.5∆t) / (K − KX + 0.5∆t)
C2 = (K − KX − 0.5∆t) / (K − KX + 0.5∆t)
Question
A river reach has the following inflow hydro graph during a
flood event. Using this method, derive the routing
coefficients and compute the outflow hydro graph. Plot both
inflow and outflow hydro graphs.

Time(hr) Inflow,I(m3/s)
0 20
2 50
4 100
6 160
8 200
10 160
12 100
14 60
16 40

GIVEN PARAMETERS :

Δt = 2 hr, K = 6hr ,X =0.25

C0 = (−6(0.25) + 0.5(2)) / (6 −6(0.25) + 0.5(2)) = 0.142

C1 = (6(0.25)+ 0.5(2)) / (6 −6(0.25) + 0.5(2)) = 0.429
C2 = (6 − 6(0.25) − 0.5(2)) / (6 − 6(0.25)+ 0.5(2)) = 0.429
 O2 = C0 I2 + C1I1 + C2O1
Time(hr) Inflow,I(m3/s) Outflow,O(m3/s)
0 20 20.00
2 50 17.45
4 100 24.70
6 160 47.39
8 200 84.07
10 160 130.69
12 100 146.86
14 60 132.98
16 40 108.17

Peak inflow = 200 (m3/s) at 8hr

Peak outflow = 146.86(m3/s) at 12hr
Attenuation (A) =Q in -Qout = 200 - 146.86 = 53.14(m3/s)
Inflow and outflow hydro-graph

ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS

Advantages include simplicity, low data requirement, and ease
of computation. Limitations include its in applicability for
highly nonlinear systems or where backwater effects are
dominant.
CONCLUSON
This method remains a cornerstone in hydro-logic routing
analysis due to its conceptual clarity and computational
efficiency. By using the storage–discharge relationship and
continuity principle, it effectively predicts downstream hydro
graph transformation
 Bivu Prem Bormon
B230102CE
CE01

Flood Estimation Problem

Estimate the 50-year peak flow for a 120 km² catchment with a 6-hour
concentration time and a runoff coefficient of 0.45, using Gumbel’s
formula.
Rainfall ( cm)
Year Year Rainfall (cm)

2005 14.2 1995 10.1

2004 11.5 1994 9.3

2003 9.8 1993 13.5

2002 15.1 1992 10.9

2001 8.7 1991 11.8

2000 12.4 1989 9.5

1999 16 1990 14.7

1998 11.2 1988 12.9

1997 8.5 1987 15.5

1996 13.1 1986 10.3

1. Determine the 50-year design rainfall depth.

2. Calculate the resulting peak discharge.

Solution

Calculation for design rainfall depth

Calculation for mean (x̄ )

x̄ = (Σxi) / N
• Sum of rainfall (Σxi) = 239.00
• Number of years (N) = 20

∴ x̄ = 239.00 / 20 = 11.95
 Calculation for standard deviation (Sx)

Sx = √[ (Σ(xi − x̄ )²) / (N − 1) ]

Sum of squared deviation (Σ(xi − x̄ )²) = 104.53

N − 1 = Degrees of freedom = 19

Sx = √(104.53 / 19)
= √5.5016 = 2.346

Mean x̄ = 11.95
Standard deviation Sx = 2.346

50 year design rainfall depth

Here, N = 20
x̄ = 11.95 cm
Sx = 2.346 cm
T = 50

Solve for EVI Distribution Parameters

γ = √6 × Sx / π
= (2.4495 × 2.346) / 3.1416
= 1.8305

γ = 1.8305

Location Parameter (u)

u = x̄ - 0.5772 × γ
= 11.95 - 0.5772 × 1.8305
= 10.8923 cm
 Probability of Non Exceedance (F)
F(x50) = 1 - P = 1 - 1/T = 1 - 1/50 = 0.98
F(x50) = 0.98

Reduced Variate (y50)

y = -ln[-ln(F)]
y50 = -ln[-ln(0.98)]
y50 = 3.9019

Predict the 50-year Rainfall Depth (x50)

y = (x - u) / α
⇒ x = u + αy

x50 = 10.8923 + 1.8305 × 3.9019

x50 = 18.0348 cm

Predicted 50-year Rainfall Depth = 18.0348 cm

(ii) Calculate for Peak Discharge

Design Intensity

i = (X50 × 10) / tc
= (18.0348 × 10) / 6
i = 30.058 mm/h
 Peak Discharge

Qp = (1 / 3.6) × C × i × A

= (1 / 3.6) × 0.45 × 30.058 × 120

Qp = 450.87 m³/s

Peak Discharge = 450.87 m³/s

Amalanadhuni Venkata Sai Dinesh
B230793CE

Peak Discharge Analysis of Mountainous Watershed

Problem:
A mountainous watershed drains into a reservoir and consists of three distinct
sub-catchments with the following characteristics:
Sub-Catchment Land Use Type Area (km²) Runoff Coefficient (C) Max Flow Length (km) H (m)
1 Rocky slope 1.8 0.75 2.2 95
2 Agricultural field 2.7 0.45 3.1 70
3 Dense forest 1.5 0.30 2.6 60

The rainfall intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) relation is given by:

𝑖𝑡 𝑐 , 𝑝 = (𝑘 ∗ 𝑇𝑥 )/(𝑡𝑐 (ℎ) + 𝑎)𝑛

where K = 92, x = 0.18, a = 0.10 hours, n = 0.78.

The design storm return period is 25 years.

Then:
1. Compute tn for each sub-catchment.
2. Compute the weighted time of concentration for the entire catchment.
3. Using that tc, determine rainfall intensity (i) from IDF equation.
4. Determine the equivalent runoff coefficient (Ce).
5. Compute the peak discharge using the rational method.

Solution:
Step 1: Convert flow length L (km  m)
L(m)=2200 m, L(m)=3100 m, L(m)=2600 m

Step 2: Compute slope (S = H / L)

(S = H / L) = 0.04318, (S = H / L) = 0.02258, (S = H / L) = 0.02308

Step 3: Compute time of concentration (Kirpich’s formula)

tc1 = 0.313 h, tc2 = 0.496 h, tc3 = 0.431 h

Step 4: Weighted time of concentration:

tcw = [(1.8×0.313)+(2.7×0.496)+(1.5×0.431)] / 6.0 = 0.425 h

Step 5: Rainfall intensity from IDF relation:

i = (92 × 250.18) / (0.425 + 0.10)0.78 = 261.7 mm/hr

Step 6: Equivalent runoff coefficient:

Ce = [(0.75×1.8)+(0.45×2.7)+(0.30×1.5)] / 6.0 = 0.503

Step 7: Peak discharge using Rational formula:

Qp = (1/3.6) × Ce× i × A
A = 6.0 km²
Qp = (1/3.6) × 0.503 × 261.7 × 6 = 219.7 m³/s

Quantity Symbol Result Unit

Weighted time of concentration tn 0.425 h
Rainfall intensity i 261.7 mm/hr
Equivalent runoff coefficient C 0.503 —
e
Peak discharge Q 219.7 m³/s
p
HYDROLOGY ASSIGNMENT

BHUKYA MAHENDER

CE01,B230881CE

QUESTION:

A 600 ha watershed has the following land use/cover and corresponding runoff
coefficients:

Land use/cover Area (ha) Runoff coefficient (C)

Forest 300 0.12

Pasture 100 0.15

Cultivated land 200 0.32

The maximum flow length in the watershed is 3500 m, and the difference in elevation
between the highest and lowest points is 30 m.
The maximum rainfall intensity-duration-frequency relationship is given by:

7.20 𝑇 0.18
𝑖=
(𝐷 + 0.6)0.92

where
𝑖= rainfall intensity in cm/hr,
𝑇= return period in years, and
𝐷= duration of rainfall in hours.

Estimate:
(i) The 25-year peak runoff from the watershed.
(ii) The 25-year peak runoff if the forest area reduces to 100 ha and the cultivated land
expands such that the total watershed area remains 600 ha.

Solution:

Equivalent runoff coefficient 𝐶𝑒

∑(𝐶𝑖 𝐴𝑖 )
𝐶𝑒 =
𝐴
(0.12 × 300) + (0.15 × 100) + (0.32 × 200)
𝐶𝑒 =
600
36 + 15 + 64 115
𝐶𝑒 = = = 0.192
600 600
Time of concentration (𝑡𝑐 )

𝑡𝑐 = 0.01947(𝐾𝑡 )0.77

𝐿3
𝐾𝑡 = √
Δ𝐻

(3500)3
𝐾𝑡 = √ = 37748
30
𝑡𝑐 = 0.01947(37748)0.77 = 0.01947 × 5521 = 107.5 min = 1.79 h

Rainfall intensity 𝑖

For 𝑇 = 25years, 𝐷 = 𝑡𝑐 = 1.79h:

7.20(25)0.18 7.20 × 1.83 13.18

𝑖= 0.92
= = = 5.99 cm/hr
(1.79 + 0.6) (2.39)0.92 2.20

Peak discharge
1
𝑄𝑝 = (𝐶 𝑖 𝐴)
3.6 𝑒
1
𝑄𝑝 = (0.192 × 5.99 × 600)
3.6
1
𝑄𝑝 = (690.5) = 191.8 m3 /s
3.6
Modified Condition

Forest area = 100 ha,

Cultivated land = 400 ha,
Pasture area = 100 ha
(0.12 × 100) + (0.15 × 100) + (0.32 × 400)
𝐶𝑒 =
600
12 + 15 + 128 155
𝐶𝑒 = = = 0.258
600 600
1
𝑄𝑝 = (𝐶 𝑖 𝐴)
3.6 𝑒
1
𝑄𝑝 = (0.258 × 5.99 × 600)
3.6
1
𝑄𝑝 = (927.7) = 257.7 m3 /s
3.6
 Hydrology Assignment

Hydrologic Flood Routing of a River Reach

Using the Muskingum Method
submitted by
Leema Sekhar Amarlapudi B230799CE
Flood routing is the process of determining how an inflow hydrograph changes as it
moves through a channel reach or reservoir. According to Subramanya (Hydrology,
5th Edition, McGraw-Hill), the continuity equation governs the process:
𝒅𝑺
𝑰−𝑶 =
𝒅𝒕
where,
𝐼= inflow rate (m³/s)
𝑂= outflow rate (m³/s)
𝑆= storage in the channel reach (m³)

In the Muskingum method, storage is expressed as a function of inflow and

outflow:
𝑺 = 𝑲[𝑿𝑰 + (𝟏 − 𝑿)𝑶]
where,
 𝐾= storage time constant (hr)
 𝑋= weighting factor (dimensionless, 0 ≤ X ≤ 0.5)
Using the finite-difference form of continuity over a routing interval Δ𝑡:
𝟐(𝑺𝟐 − 𝑺𝟏 )
𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 − 𝑶𝟏 − 𝑶𝟐 =
𝚫𝒕

Substituting the storage equation and rearranging yields the Muskingum routing
equation:
𝑂2 = 𝐶0𝐼2 + 𝐶1𝐼1 + 𝐶2𝑂1
where
−𝐾𝑋 + 0.5Δ𝑡
𝐶0 =
𝐾 − 𝐾𝑋 + 0.5Δ𝑡
𝐾𝑋 + 0.5Δ𝑡
𝐶1 =
𝐾 − 𝐾𝑋 + 0.5Δ𝑡
𝐾 − 𝐾𝑋 − 0.5Δ𝑡
𝐶2 =
𝐾 − 𝐾𝑋 + 0.5Δ𝑡
Q. A river reach has the following inflow hydrograph during a flood event. Using
Muskingum equation derive the routing coefficients and compute the outflow
hydrograph and plot the hydrograph.

Time (hr) Inflow I (m3/s)

0 40
2 90
4 160
6 210
8 260
10 210
12 150
14 100
16 60
18 40

Given parameters:
𝚫𝒕 = 𝟐 hr, 𝑲 = 𝟒 hr, 𝑿 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓

−4(0.25)+1 −1+1
Ans. 𝐶0 = = =0
4−4(0.25)+1 4−1+1

4(0.25)+1 2
𝐶1 = = = 0.5
4−4(0.25)+1 4

4−4(0.25)−1 2
𝐶2 = = = 0.5
4−4(0.25)+1 4
 Time (hr) Inflow I Outflow O
(m3/s) (m3/s)
0 40 40
2 90 0(90)+0.5(40)+0.5(40)
= 40
4 160 0(160) + 0.5(90) +
0.5(40) = 65
6 210 0(210) + 0.5(160) +
0.5(65) = 112.5
8 260 0(260) + 0.5(210) +
0.5(112.5) = 161.25
10 210 0(210) + 0.5(260) +
0.5(161.3) = 210.6
12 150 0(150) + 0.5(210) +
0.5(210.6) = 210.3
14 100 0(100) + 0.5(150) +
0.5(210.3) = 180.1
16 60 0(60) + 0.5(100) +
0.5(180.1) = 140.1
18 40 0(40) + 0.5(60) +
0.5(140.1) = 100.1

Peak inflow = 260 m3/s at 8 hr

Peak outflow = 210.6 m3/s at 10 hr
Attenuation (A) = 𝑸𝒑,𝒊𝒏 − 𝑸𝒑,𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝟐𝟔𝟎 − 𝟐𝟏𝟎. 𝟔 = 𝟒𝟗. 𝟒

Attenuation = 49.4 m3/s

49.4
Percentage Attenuation= × 100 = 19.0%
260
Inflow and Outflow Hydrograph:
 Adithyan pd
B230142CE

Detailed Solution: Runoff, Direct Runoff Hydrograph

(DRH), Routing and Design Flood Discussion
1. Runoff Estimation (Empirical)
Catchment area = 40.00 km² = 40000000 m².
Total storm rainfall = 100.0 mm (over 3 hours).
Runoff coefficient, C = 0.65 (given).
Runoff depth = C × total rainfall = 0.65 × 100.0 mm = 65.0 mm = 0.0650 m.
Runoff volume = runoff depth × area = 0.0650 m × 40000000 m² = 2,600,000 m³.
Using Rational formula for approximate peak (Q = C × i × A):
Maximum hourly rainfall intensity i = 45.0 mm/hr = 0.0450 m/hr.
Q_peak ≈ C × i × A / 3600 = 0.65 × 0.0450 m/hr × 40000000 m² / 3600 = 325.0 m³/s (approx).

Rainfall and Effective Rainfall (hourly)

Hour (hr) Rainfall (mm) Effective Rainfall (mm) Effective Rainfall (cm)
0–1 25.0 16.250 1.625
1–2 45.0 29.250 2.925
2–3 30.0 19.500 1.950

Unit Hydrograph (1 cm effective rainfall, 1-hr)

Time (hr) UH ordinate (m³/s per 1 cm)
0 0.00
1 15.00
2 40.00
3 55.00
4 35.00
5 20.00
6 10.00
7 0.00

2. Direct Runoff Hydrograph (DRH) — Convolution

Convolution of effective rainfall (in cm) with the unit hydrograph ordinates (m³/s per 1 cm) gives the DRH
(m³/s).

Time (hr) DRH (m³/s) Total inflow unit hydrograph

0 0.000 10.000 10.000
1 24.375 34.375 10.344
2 108.875 118.875 11.902
3 235.625 245.625 15.395
4 295.750 305.750 19.960
5 242.125 252.125 23.768
6 143.000 153.000 25.942
 7 68.250 78.250 26.833
8 19.500 29.500 26.878
9 0.000 10.000 26.590

DRH peak = 295.750 m³/s at t = 4 hr.

Peak total inflow (DRH+base) = 305.750 m³/s at t = 4 hr.
After routing through the retarding basin (S = 50 O^0.8), peak outflow = 26.878 m³/s at t = 8 hr.

3. Flow Routing (Storage–Indication)

Routing method: The storage–indication method was used. For each time step ∆t = 1 hour (3600 s): S(t) =
50 × O(t)^{0.8} (ha·m) → S_m³ = 50 × 10,000 × O^{0.8} = 500,000 × O^{0.8} (m³).
Mass balance: S(t) − S(t−1) = (I(t) − O(t)) × ∆t.
This is an implicit equation in O(t) solved numerically (bisection) for each time step given I(t) and O(t−1).
The table above lists the routed outflow values.
4. Design Flood Determination
Discussion and recommendations:
• The routed peak outflow (≈ 26.88 m³/s) is the modelled peak for this particular 3hr storm event given
the catchment UH and the basin storage relation. It is an event-specific or storm-specific peak (not a
design flood).
• A design flood (for engineering design) usually corresponds to a specified return period (e.g., 100 year
flood) or regulatory standard (e.g., PMF/SPF). The Standard Project Flood (SPF) or Probable Maximum
Flood (PMF) is often used for critical structures (dams, major bridges) and requires meteorological and
hydrological analysis beyond the single observed storm.
• Conclusion: This computed peak is useful as a check or lower bound estimate. If the structure or risk
classification requires high reliability (dams, critical infrastructure), an SPF/PMF analysis or statistical
frequency analysis of long rainfall/runoff records is recommended rather than relying on a single storm
event. For routine drainage design, comparing the routed peak against design discharge for the chosen
return period (e.g., 10, 25, 100 year) is appropriate.
Notes & assumptions:
1. The given unit hydrograph was assumed to correspond to the entire 40 km² catchment for 1 cm effective
rainfall (the ordinates are in m³/s per 1 cm).
2. Effective rainfall was computed using the constant runoff coefficient C = 0.65 applied to hourly rainfall.
3. Time step used for convolution and routing = 1 hour.
4. Storage relation S = 50 O^{0.8} provided in hectaremeters was converted to m³ (1 ha = 10,000 m²).
5. Numerical solution for outflow used bisection for stability; small numerical tolerance exists but the values
are accurate to within machine precision for practical purposes.
Prepared by: Adithyan pd (B230142CE)