Chemistry Master Revision Book 2025

Deluxe Edition

Comprehensive Analysis & Practice

Based on HBSE Board Papers & Models (2016–2025)

Compiled & Designed by:

ratnesh | Blinks Studio

Edition: 2025 Black & White A4 Layout

Contents
Part I — 28 Most Important Questions (with Diagrams) 1

Part II — Addition Topic Index 4

Part III — Concept Bridges & Trend Graphs 5

Part IV — Important Numerical Topics & Formula Sheet 6

Part IV — Important Numerical Topics & Formula Sheet (Expanded) 7

Part V — Practice Paper A — AI Predicted Board Paper 10

Part VI — Practice Paper B — Examiner-Mode 12

Part VII — Numerical Practice Paper 1 (Examiner-Mode) 15

Part VIII — Numerical Practice Paper 2 (AI-Predicted) 17

Part IX — Answer Key (Full Worked Solutions) 19

Back Page 21

Compile notes 22

i
Part I — 28 Most Important Questions (with Diagrams)
Q1. Derive the relation for boiling point elevation: from Raoult’s law obtain Δ𝑇𝑏 = 𝐾 𝑏 𝑚.
Marks: 3 Topic: Colligative Properties Chance: 88%.

Q2. State and explain the Nernst equation and relation with equilibrium constant.
Marks: 3 Topic: Electrochemistry Chance: 89%.

Q3. Explain why vapour pressure decreases on adding a non-volatile solute (Raoult’s
law).
Marks: 2 Topic: Colligative Chance: 86%.

Q4. State Henry’s law; give one application.

Marks: 2 Topic: Gas solubility Chance: 85%.

Q5. Industrial preparation of KMnO4 from MnO2 (brief steps).

Marks: 3 Topic: Inorganic — Industrial Chance: 94%.

Q6. Mechanism of electrophilic addition of HBr to propene (Markovnikov).

Marks: 3 Topic: Organic — Addition Chance: 96%.
CH3 –CH=CH2 CH3 –C+ H–CH 3CH3 –CH(Br)–CH3
H+ addition Br− attack

Q7. Explain SN1 and SN2 mechanisms with stereochemical outcomes and rate laws.
Marks: 5 Topic: Organic Substitution Chance: 98%.
Nu
SN1: R–LG → R+ + LG; R+ −−→ R–Nu (racemisation)
SN2: Nu + R–LG → [Nu—R—LG]‡ → R–Nu + LG (inversion)

Q8. Two methods to prepare 1-iodobutane from 1-butanol. (PI3 /P/I; Finkelstein)
Marks: 3 Topic: Haloalkanes Chance: 90%.

Q9. Convert benzene to aniline (nitration followed by reduction). Give reagents and
conditions.
Marks: 3 Topic: Aromatic Chemistry Chance: 88%.

Q10. Difference between order and molecularity of a reaction.

Marks: 2 Topic: Kinetics Chance: 90%.

Q11. State the Arrhenius equation and define activation energy; show ln 𝑘 vs 1/𝑇 form.
Marks: 2 Topic: Kinetics Chance: 91%.

1
Q12. Why are aryl halides less reactive to nucleophilic substitution? (resonance stabilization)
Marks: 3 Topic: Haloarenes Chance: 93%.

Q13. Werner’s coordination theory with an example.

Marks: 3 Topic: Coordination Chemistry Chance: 88%.

Q14. Mechanism of dehydration of ethanol to ethene (conditions and mechanism).

Marks: 2 Topic: Elimination Chance: 87%.

Q15. Derive expression for freezing point depression and compute molar mass for given
data. (short numeric)
Marks: 5 Topic: Colligative Chance: 92%.
Vapour Pressure

Δ𝑇 𝑓

Temperature

Q16. Explain Kohlrausch law and its use to find limiting molar conductance.
Marks: 3 Topic: Physical Chemistry — Conductance Chance: 90%.

Q17. Faraday’s laws: compute mass deposited during electrolysis (short numeric).
Marks: 3 Topic: Electrochemistry Chance: 91%.

Q18. Explain optical isomerism and give one example of an optically active complex.
Marks: 2 Topic: Stereochemistry/Coordination Chance: 87%.

Q19. Mechanism of benzene nitration using HNO3 /H2 SO4 and orientation rules.
Marks: 3 Topic: Aromatic Electrophilic Substitution Chance: 89%.

Q20. Explain the Gabriel synthesis for primary amines (reaction sequence).
Marks: 3 Topic: Organic Synthesis Chance: 88%.

Q21. Kinetic order determination from concentration-time data — short numeric.

Marks: 3 Topic: Kinetics Chance: 90%.

Q22. Describe common tests to detect reducing sugars (Benedict/Fehling) and interpreta-
tion.
Marks: 2 Topic: Biomolecules/Carbohydrates Chance: 86%.

2
Q23. Explain d-orbital splitting in octahedral complexes and factors affecting Δ𝑜 .
Marks: 5 Topic: Coordination/CFT Chance: 91%.
t2𝑔

Δ𝑜
e𝑔

Q24. Give reasons for lanthanoid contraction and its consequences on chemistry of
elements.
Marks: 3 Topic: Inorganic — Periodicity Chance: 85%.

Q25. Explain the effect of temperature on reaction rate; derive expression using Arrhenius
law.
Marks: 3 Topic: Kinetics Chance: 90%.

Q26. Short numerical on relation between Δ𝐺 ◦ , 𝐸 ◦ and equilibrium constant 𝐾 (compute

Δ𝐺 ◦ and log 𝐾).
Marks: 5 Topic: Electrochemistry/Thermodynamics Chance: 93%.

Q27. Mechanism and stereochemical outcome of addition reactions leading to optical

activity (example: addition to asymmetric alkene).
Marks: 4 Topic: Organic Mechanisms Chance: 87%.

Q28. Sketch and explain a typical energy profile diagram for an SN1 reaction and mark
activation energies and intermediates.
Marks: 5 Topic: Reaction Mechanisms/Kinetics Chance: 95%.
Energy

TS1
Activation energy 𝐸 𝑎
TS2
Intermediate (carbocation)

Reaction coordinate

3
Part II — Addition Topic Index
• Colligative: freezing/boiling point shifts.

• Electrophilic addition: Markovnikov vs anti-Markovnikov.

• Nucleophilic addition to carbonyls.

• Hydrogenation, halogenation and reagents.

• Optical isomerism and coordination complexes.

4
Part III — Concept Bridges & Trend Graphs

Concept Bridge: Addition Reactions (Physical ↔ Organic)

• Colligative concept (addition of non-volatile solute) → vapour pressure lowering → BP
elevation.

• Electrophilic addition (alkenes) → carbocation stability → mechanism product distribu-

tion.

• Nucleophilic addition to carbonyls → reduction to alcohols.

Topic Frequency (2016–2025) — Summary

High-frequency numerical areas: Colligative problems, Electrochemistry (Nernst Δ𝐺 ◦ ), First-
order kinetics, Conductance/Kohlrausch, Faraday calculations, Arrhenius Ea.
30
% of questions (approx.)

20

10

0
Organic Physical Inorganic Coordination Kinetics Biomolecules

5
Part IV — Important Numerical Topics & Formula Sheet
• Colligative: Δ𝑇 𝑓 = 𝐾 𝑓 𝑚, Δ𝑇𝑏 = 𝐾 𝑏 𝑚.
0.0591
• Nernst (298 K): 𝐸 = 𝐸 ◦ − log 𝑄.
𝑛
𝑛𝐸 ◦
• Δ𝐺 ◦ = −𝑛𝐹𝐸 ◦ , 𝐾 = 10 0.0591 (298 K).
[ 𝐴] 0 ln 2
• First-order kinetics: ln [ 𝐴] = 𝑘𝑡, 𝑡 1/2 = .
𝑘
• Kohlrausch: Λ∞ ◦ ◦
𝑚 = 𝜆+ + 𝜆− .
𝑀𝑄
• Electrolysis: 𝑄 = 𝐼𝑡, 𝑚 = .
𝑛𝐹
 
𝐸𝑎 1 1
• Arrhenius: ln 𝑘 1 = −
𝑘2
− .
𝑅 𝑇2 𝑇1

6
Part IV — Important Numerical Topics & Formula Sheet
(Expanded)
Constants (use these unless problem states otherwise):

• 𝑅 = 8.3145 J mol−1 K −1

• 𝐹 = 96500 C mol−1 (Faraday constant)

• 𝑁 𝐴 = 6.022 × 1023 mol−1

0.0591
• At 298.15 K: 𝑅𝑇/𝐹 ≈ 0.025693 V, used in Nernst (base 10).
𝑛
• ln 2 = 0.69314718

Colligative properties & related formulas

• Freezing point depression: Δ𝑇 𝑓 = 𝐾 𝑓 𝑚

• Boiling point elevation: Δ𝑇𝑏 = 𝐾𝑏 𝑚

moles solute
• Molality: 𝑚=
kg solvent
1000 𝑤 𝑠 𝐾 𝑓
• Molar mass from Δ𝑇 𝑓 : 𝑀= (when 𝑤 𝑠 in g and 𝑤 solvent in g)
Δ𝑇 𝑓 𝑤 solvent
• Osmotic pressure: Π = 𝐶 𝑅𝑇 (ideal dilute solutions)

• van ’t Hoff factor (approx): Δ𝑇 ∝ 𝑖 𝑚 where 𝑖 = effective dissociation factor.

Vapour pressure & Raoult / Henry

• Raoult’s law: ◦
𝑃solvent = 𝑥solvent 𝑃solvent

• Vapour-pressure lowering: Δ𝑃 = 𝑃◦ (1 − 𝑥 solvent )

• Henry’s law (gas solubility): 𝐶 = 𝑘𝐻 𝑃

Electrochemistry & equilibrium

0.0591
• Nernst equation (base 10, 298 K): 𝐸 = 𝐸◦ − log 𝑄
𝑛
• Gibbs-electrochemical relation: Δ𝐺 ◦ = −𝑛𝐹𝐸 ◦
𝑛𝐸 ◦
• Relation to equilibrium constant (298 K): Δ𝐺 ◦ = −𝑅𝑇 ln 𝐾 ⇒ log 𝐾 =
0.0591

7
 • Cell emf from half-cells: 𝐸 cell = 𝐸 cathode − 𝐸 anode

Electrolysis & Faraday calculations

• Charge: 𝑄 = 𝐼𝑡
𝑄
• Moles of electrons: 𝑛𝑒 − =
𝐹
𝑀 𝐼𝑡
• Mass deposited: 𝑚= (where 𝑀 = molar mass, 𝑛 = electrons per atom)
𝑛𝐹
𝑚𝑛𝐹
• Example rearrangement: time 𝑡 =
𝑀𝐼

Conductance & Kohlrausch

𝜅 × 1000
• Molar conductivity: Λ𝑚 = (units: S cm2 mol−1 when 𝜅 in S cm−1 and 𝑐 in mol L−1 )
𝑐
• Kohlrausch’s law (limiting): Λ∞ ◦ ◦
𝑚 = 𝜆+ + 𝜆 −
√
• Approximate concentration dependence (weak electrolytes): Λ𝑚 ≈ Λ∞
𝑚−𝐾 𝑐

Chemical kinetics — rate laws and integrated forms

• Rate law general: 𝑟 = 𝑘 [ 𝐴] 𝑥 [𝐵] 𝑦

[ 𝐴] 0
• Zero order: Rate = 𝑘; [ 𝐴] 𝑡 = [ 𝐴] 0 − 𝑘𝑡; 𝑡 1/2 =
2𝑘
[ 𝐴] 0 ln 2
• First order: Rate = 𝑘 [ 𝐴]; ln = 𝑘𝑡; 𝑡1/2 =
[ 𝐴] 𝑡 𝑘
1 1 1
• Second order (single reactant): Rate = 𝑘 [ 𝐴] 2 ; = + 𝑘𝑡; 𝑡 1/2 =
[ 𝐴] 𝑡 [ 𝐴] 0 𝑘 [ 𝐴] 0
• Half-life forms: memorize first-order and second-order formulas (above).

Arrhenius & activation energy

• Arrhenius equation: 𝑘 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝐸𝑎 /(𝑅𝑇 )

 
𝑘2 𝐸𝑎 1 1
• Two-temperature form: ln =− −
𝑘1 𝑅 𝑇2 𝑇1
• Useful linear plot: ln 𝑘 vs 1/𝑇 slope = −𝐸 𝑎 /𝑅

Thermodynamics & relation between Δ𝐺, Δ𝐻, Δ𝑆

8
 • Δ𝐺 = Δ𝐻 − 𝑇Δ𝑆

• At equilibrium: Δ𝐺 ◦ = −𝑅𝑇 ln 𝐾
𝑑 ln 𝐾 Δ𝐻 ◦
• Temperature dependence of 𝐾 (van ’t Hoff): =
𝑑𝑇 𝑅𝑇 2

Acid-base & pH relations

• pH, pOH: pH = − log[𝐻 + ], pOH = − log[𝑂𝐻 − ], pH + pOH = 14 (at 298 K)

[A− ]
• Henderson–Hasselbalch: pH = p𝐾 𝑎 + log
[HA]
[𝐻 + ] [ 𝐴 − ]
• Weak acid dissociation 𝐾 𝑎 : 𝐾𝑎 =
[𝐻 𝐴]

Ionic strength and Debye–Hückel (quick form)

• Ionic strength: 1
𝑐 𝑖 𝑧 2𝑖
Í
𝐼= 2 𝑖
√
• Approx. activity coefficient (Debye–Hückel limiting): log 𝛾± = −0.509|𝑧+ 𝑧 − | 𝐼 (298 K, ionic
strength in mol L−1 )

Equilibrium gas laws (quick)

• Ideal gas: 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇

• Partial pressure (ideal mixtures): 𝑃𝑖 = 𝑥𝑖 𝑃total

• Relationship between concentration and pressure: 𝐾 𝑝 = 𝐾𝑐 (𝑅𝑇) Δ𝑛

Useful numerical conversions / reminders

• 1 L = 1000 mL; 1 kg = 1000 g.

moles
• Concentration conversions: 𝑐 (mol L−1 ) = .
litres
• Keep units consistent (temperature in K for thermodynamics).

9
Part V — Practice Paper A — AI Predicted Board Paper (Full)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 70

SECTION A — Objective (1 mark each) (18 Qs)

1. Which of the following is a colligative property? (A) pH (B) Boiling point elevation (C)
Viscosity (D) Surface tension.

2. Raoult’s law applies strictly to: (A) Ideal solutions (B) Non-ideal solutions (C) Electrolyte
solutions (D) All solutions.

3. Nernst equation constant at 298 K is: (A) 0.0591 (B) 8.314 (C) 96500 (D) 0.0821.

4. Half-life of first-order reaction is independent of: (A) Initial concentration (B) Temperature
(C) Catalyst (D) Solvent.

5. Reagent to convert alcohol to alkyl chloride: (A) SOCl2 (B) H2 /Pd (C) PCC (D) KMnO4 .

6. True/False: Λ∞ ◦ ◦
𝑚 = 𝜆+ + 𝜆− .

7. Product of HBr addition to propene (Markovnikov) is: (A) 2-bromopropane (B) 1-

bromopropane (C) 3-bromopropane (D) none.

8. Which complex shows optical isomerism? (A) [Co(en)3 ]3+ (B) [Co(NH3 )6 ]3+ (C)
[Fe(CN)6 ]3− (D) [PtCl4 ]2− .

9. Enthalpy of formation of element in standard state = (A) 0 (B) -1 (C) +1 (D) varies.

10. Define glycosidic bond: .

11. Name reagent for nitration: .

12. Which oxide is amphoteric? (A) Na2 O (B) Al2 O3 (C) CO2 (D) SO2 .

13. Degree of dissociation affects: (A) Colligative properties (B) Kinetics (C) Spectroscopy
(D) Structure.

14. Number of electrons in Fe2+ → Fe3+ : .

15. IUPAC name of CH3 CH2 CHO: .

16. Reagent for phenol test: .

17. Which law relates ionic conductance to concentration? .

18. Define optical isomerism briefly: .

SECTION B — Very Short (2 marks each) (7 Qs)

(Definitions, short numericals, reaction outlines)

SECTION C — Short (3 marks each) (5 Qs)

10
 1. Derive integrated rate law for first-order reaction and apply to a short numeric.

2. Using Kohlrausch’s law calculate limiting molar conductance for a 1:1 electrolyte given
ionic contributions.

3. Outline propan-1-ol preparation from propene.

4. Derive freezing point depression relation and compute molar mass for given data.

5. Outline Gabriel synthesis for a primary amine.

SECTION D — Case Study (2 cases × 4 marks) Case 1 (4 marks): Carbohydrate hydrolysis:

identify products and tests for reducing sugars.
Case 2 (4 marks): Galvanic cell: Zn(s) | Zn2+ (0.10 M) || Cu2+ (0.01 M) | Cu(s). Calculate 𝐸 cell
at 298 K and comment on spontaneity.

SECTION E — Long (5 marks each) (3 Qs)

1. Mechanism of HBr addition to propene with diagram and Markovnikov justification.

2. SN1 mechanism for tert-butyl bromide: show energy profile, stereochemical outcome and
rate law.

3. Colligative properties: full derivation of freezing point depression and a molar mass
numerical.

11
Part VI — Practice Paper B — Examiner-Mode (Full)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 70

SECTION A — Objective (1 mark each) (18 Qs)

1. Which of the following is a colligative property? (A) pH (B) Boiling point elevation (C)
Viscosity (D) Surface tension.

2. For the cell Zn + Cu2+ → Zn2+ + Cu, standard 𝐸 ◦ approx: (A) 0.34 V (B) 1.10 V (C)
0.00 V (D) 2.05 V.

3. The biomolecule formed by condensation of amino acids is: .

4. Number of electrons in Fe2+ → Fe3+ : .

5. Lanthanoid contraction arises due to: (A) poor shielding by 4f electrons (B) large radius
(C) enhanced 3d shielding (D) none.

6. Reagent pair for nitration: (A) HNO3 /H2 SO4 (B) Cl2 /FeCl3 (C) Br2 /FeBr3 (D) H2 /Pd.

7. Define glycosidic bond: .

8. Which complex shows optical isomerism? (A) [Co(en)3 ]3+ (B) [Co(NH3 )6 ]3+ (C) [PtCl4 ]2−
(D) [Fe(CN)6 ]3− .

9. Name one reagent for phenol test: .

10. If a first-order reaction has 𝑡1/2 = 693 s, 𝑘 is approx: (A) 1.0 × 10−3 s−1 (B) 1.0 × 10−2
(C) 1.0 × 10−4 (D) 1.0 × 10−1 .

11. Product of bromination of ethene: .

12. True/False: Λ∞ ◦ ◦
𝑚 = 𝜆+ + 𝜆− .

13. Which oxide is amphoteric? (A) Na2 O (B) Al2 O3 (C) CO2 (D) SO2 .

14. Reagent producing white precipitate for halides soluble in NH3 : .

15. Acetylation of glucose mainly gives: (A) monoacetate (B) pentaacetate (C) diacetate (D)
hexaacetate.

16. Reagent to convert alcohol to alkyl chloride: .

17. Metal carbonyl bonding involves: (A) both 𝜎 and 𝜋 (B) only 𝜎 (C) only 𝜋 (D) ionic.

18. IUPAC name of CH3 CH2 CHO: .

SECTION B — Very Short (2 marks each)

(Short definitions: degree of dissociation; collision theory; haloarene preparation; benzene
reactivity; peptide linkage.)

12
SECTION C — Short (3 marks each)
(Kinetics activation energy diagram; propan-1-ol from propene; Gabriel synthesis; benzaldehyde
prep; amine formation.)

13
SECTION D — Case Study (2 cases × 4 marks)
C1: Vapour-pressure deviations: discuss positive/negative deviation and show qualitative V-P
curve. (4 marks)
C2: Protein denaturation: causes and effect on secondary/tertiary structure; give one test. (4
marks)

SECTION E — Long (5 marks each) (3 Qs)

1. Crystal Field Theory: d-orbital splitting in an octahedral field; label 𝑡 2𝑔 and 𝑒 𝑔 and discuss
Δ𝑜 .

2. Nitration of toluene: mechanism using HNO3 /H2 SO4 and orientation with resonance
reasoning.

3. Electrochemical calculation: given 𝐸 ◦ and concentrations compute Δ𝐺 ◦ and equilibrium

constant 𝐾.

14
Part VII — Numerical Practice Paper 1 (Examiner-Mode)
NUMERICAL PRACTICE PAPER 1 — EXAMINER MODE (HBSE)
Max Marks: 40 Time: 1 hr 30 min

Section A — Short recall numericals (1 mark each) [5 marks]

(A1) Molality of 2.0 g NaOH in 100 g water. (1)

(A2) For 𝑡1/2 = 693 s (first-order) calculate 𝑘. (1)

(A3) State formula to compute molar mass from freezing point depression. (1)

(A4) Coulombs required to deposit 0.50 g Ag (M = 107.87, 𝑛 = 1). (1)

(A5) Write the relation between Δ𝐺 ◦ and 𝐸 ◦ . (1)

Section B — Application numericals (2 marks each) [10 marks]

(B1) Vapour-pressure lowering: A solution shows vapour-pressure lowering of 2.5 kPa when 10
g of solute is dissolved in 90 g of water. Given vapor pressure of pure water at that T is
31.82 kPa, find moles of solute and its molar mass. (2)

(B2) Time to deposit 0.50 g Cu at 2.0 A (Cu M = 63.5 g mol−1 , 𝑛 = 2). (2)

(B3) Given 𝑘 1 = 2.0 × 10−3 s−1 at 300 K and 𝑘 2 = 8.0 × 10−3 s−1 at 320 K, calculate 𝐸 𝑎
(Arrhenius). (2)

(B4) Kohlrausch: given 𝜆◦𝑁𝑎+ = 50.1 and 𝜆𝐶𝑙

◦ 2
− = 76.3 S cm mol
−1 , compute Λ∞ for NaCl. (2)
𝑚

(B5) Calculate Δ𝑇 𝑓 for 4.5 g glucose (M = 180 g mol−1 ) dissolved in 100 g water. (𝐾 𝑓 =
1.86 ◦ C kg mol−1 ) (2)

Section C — Multi-step numericals (3 marks each) [15 marks]

(C1) From freezing point depression: 1.20 g unknown solute in 50.0 g water lowers freezing
point by 0.372◦ C. Compute molar mass of solute. (3)

(C2) First-order kinetics: A reactant decays to 80% of its initial concentration in 10 min.
Calculate 𝑘 and half-life. (3)

(C3) Nernst numeric: For half cell Cu2+ /Cu with [Cu2+ ] = 0.01 M and standard 𝐸 ◦ = 0.34 V,
compute 𝐸 at 298 K. (3)

(C4) Electrolysis multi-step: Find time required to deposit 2.0 g Al (M = 26.98, 𝑛 = 3) at

current 5.0 A. (3)

15
(C5) Kohlrausch application: a weak electrolyte shows Λ𝑚 = 100 S cm2 mol−1 while Λ∞ 𝑚 =
400 S cm2 mol−1 . Estimate degree of dissociation 𝛼 (assume approximate linear relation).
(3)

Section D — Long numericals (5 marks each) [10 marks]

(D1) Molar mass from Δ𝑇 𝑓 (long): 2.00 g unknown in 40.0 g solvent produces Δ𝑇 𝑓 = 0.62◦ C;
𝐾 𝑓 = 1.86. Compute molar mass and show working. (5)

(D2) Electrochemical: For a cell with standard 𝐸 ◦ = 1.10 V and 𝑛 = 2, compute Δ𝐺 ◦ (in kJ
mol−1 ) and approximate equilibrium constant 𝐾 at 298 K. (5)

16
Part VIII — Numerical Practice Paper 2 (AI-Predicted)
NUMERICAL PRACTICE PAPER 2 — AI-PREDICTED (TREND)
Max Marks: 40 Time: 1 hr 30 min

Section A — Quick numericals (1 mark each) [5 marks]

(A1) 1.50 g solute in 50.0 g water causes Δ𝑇 𝑓 = 0.35◦ C (𝐾 𝑓 = 1.86). Find molar mass. (1)

(A2) Half-life = 34.65 min (first-order). Compute 𝑘. (1)

(A3) Moles of electrons to deposit 2.0 g Al (M = 26.98, 𝑛 = 3). (1)

(A4) Write formula for Λ∞

𝑚 in terms of ionic contributions. (1)

(A5) State the Nernst equation (298 K) in base-10 log form. (1)

Section B — Medium numericals (2 marks each) [10 marks]

(B1) Given 1296 C passed through Ag+ solution (Ag, 𝑛 = 1), compute mass of Ag deposited
(M = 107.87). (2)

(B2) Given 𝜆◦ values, compute Λ∞

𝑚 for an electrolyte (numeric values provided in the test). (2)

(B3) Compute 𝐸 cell for cell Zn(s) | Zn2+ (0.01 M) || Cu2+ (0.10 M) | Cu(s) at 298 K. (2)

(B4) First-order: 20% decomposed in 30 min. Compute 𝑘 (min−1 ). (2)

(B5) From ratio 𝑘 2 /𝑘 1 = 3 between 300 K and 320 K compute approximate 𝐸 𝑎 (Arrhenius). (2)

Section C — Multi-step numericals (3 marks each) [15 marks]

(C1) BP-elevation: A solution shows Δ𝑇𝑏 = 0.42◦ C when 2.00 g solute is in 100 g solvent (𝐾 𝑏
given). Find molar mass. (3)

(C2) Time to deposit 5.0 g Cu at 3.0 A (Cu M=63.5, 𝑛 = 2). (3)

(C3) Given 𝐸 cell and one half concentration, compute unknown [Cu2+ ] (Nernst rearrangement).
(3)

(C4) Given initial and final conductance data, estimate degree of dissociation and ionic molar
conductivity (short working). (3)

(C5) Apply Arrhenius two-point formula with given 𝑘 values to compute 𝐸 𝑎 and predict 𝑘 at
another T. (3)

Section D — Long numericals (5 marks each) [10 marks]

17
(D1) Longer freezing point problem: detailed molar mass + van ’t Hoff factor corrections (given
partial ionization). Show full working. (5)

(D2) Electrochemical long: compute Δ𝐺 ◦ , 𝐾 and comment on spontaneity for given 𝐸 ◦ and 𝑛.
(5)

18
Part IX — Answer Key (Full Worked Solutions (Don’t trust
answer keys) )
Constants: 𝐹 = 96500 C mol−1 , 𝑅 = 8.3145 J mol−1 K −1 , ln 2 = 0.69314718.

Solutions — Numerical Practice Paper 1 (Examiner-Mode)

A1. Molality of 2.0 g NaOH in 100 g water.
Molar mass NaOH = 40.00 g mol−1 .
Moles NaOH = 2.0/40.00 = 0.05000 mol.
Mass solvent = 100 g = 0.100 kg.
Molality 𝑚 = 0.05000/0.100 = 0.500 mol kg−1 .

A2. 𝑡 1/2 = 693 s (first order):

𝑘 = ln 2/𝑡 1/2 = 0.69314718/693 = 1.00 × 10−3 s−1 .

A4. Coulombs to deposit 0.5 g Ag (M = 107.87, 𝑛 = 1).

Moles Ag = 0.5/107.87 = 0.0046359 mol.
𝑄 = molese− × 𝐹 = 0.0046359 × 96500 = 447.4 C.

B2. Time to deposit 0.5 g Cu at 2.0 A (Cu M=63.5, 𝑛 = 2).

Moles Cu = 0.5/63.5 = 0.0078740 mol.
Moles e− = 2 × 0.0078740 = 0.0157480 mol.
𝑄 = 0.0157480 × 96500 = 1520.0 C.
𝑡 = 𝑄/𝐼 = 1520.0/2.0 = 760.0 s = 12.67 min.

B3. Arrhenius example (k1=2.0e-3 at 300K, k2=8.0e-3 at 320K).

ln(𝑘 2 /𝑘 1 ) = ln 4 = 1.38629436.
(1/𝑇2 − 1/𝑇1 ) = 1/320 − 1/300 = −0.0002083333.
𝐸 𝑎 = −𝑅 ln(𝑘 2 /𝑘 1 ) (1/𝑇2 − 1/𝑇1 ) ≈ 5.536 × 104 J mol−1 = 55.36 kJ mol−1 .


B4. Kohlrausch example: Λ∞ 2 −1

𝑚 = 50.1 + 76.3 = 126.4 S cm mol .

B5. Δ𝑇 𝑓 for 4.5 g glucose (M=180) in 100 g water:

Moles glucose = 4.5/180 = 0.02500 mol.
𝑚 = 0.02500/0.100 = 0.2500 mol kg−1 .
Δ𝑇 𝑓 = 1.86 × 0.2500 = 0.465◦ C.

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Solutions — Numerical Practice Paper 2 (AI-Predicted)
A1. 1.5 g solute in 50 g water, Δ𝑇 𝑓 = 0.35◦ C, 𝐾 𝑓 = 1.86.
𝑚 = Δ𝑇 𝑓 /𝐾 𝑓 = 0.35/1.86 = 0.188172043 mol kg−1 .
Moles solute = 0.188172043 × 0.050 = 0.00940860215 mol.
𝑀 = 1.5/0.00940860215 = 159.5 g mol−1 .

A2. 𝑘 = ln 2/34.65 = 0.02000 min−1 .

A3. Moles electrons to deposit 2.0 g Al (M=26.98, n=3).

Moles Al = 2.0/26.98 = 0.07412008 mol.
Moles e− = 3 × 0.07412008 = 0.22236024 mol.
Charge 𝑄 = 0.22236024 × 96500 = 21456 C.

B1. Mass of Ag from 1296 C (Ag M=107.87):

Moles Ag = 1296/96500 = 0.01343057 mol.
Mass = 0.01343057 × 107.87 = 1.449 g.

B3. Zn/Cu cell with [Zn2+ ]=0.01, [Cu2+ ]=0.10:

𝑄 = 0.01/0.10 = 0.1.
𝐸 = 1.10 − (0.0591/2) log(0.1) = 1.12955 V.

B4. k for 20% decomposed in 30 min:

Remaining = 0.8. 𝑘 = − ln(0.8)/30 = 0.00743812 min−1 .

B5. Arrhenius ratio = 3 (300 K to 320 K):

𝐸 𝑎 ≈ 43.9 kJ mol−1 .

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