Kerberos v4 SSO Evaluation

7)Your task is to evaluate the authentication

mechanisms available for implementing Single Sign-On
(SSO) for a new web application that allows users to log
in using their Google accounts. One option under
consideration is Kerberos v4. Analyze why Kerberos v4
might not be the preferred choice for this SSO
authentication process, considering the requirements
and modern security standards of integrating with
Google accounts.

8)Describe how PGP provides confidentiality and

authentication services for email application
give me answer in 7 mark format for each question
give me quetio with answeer diaa

Here’s a structured 7-mark style answer for each of your questions:

7) Evaluate why Kerberos v4 might not be preferred for implementing SSO with
Google accounts

Answer:

Question: Your task is to evaluate the authentication mechanisms available for

implementing Single Sign-On (SSO) for a new web application that allows users to log
in using their Google accounts. One option under consideration is Kerberos v4.
Analyze why Kerberos v4 might not be the preferred choice for this SSO
authentication process.

Answer:

1. Outdated Protocol: Kerberos v4 is obsolete and lacks support for modern

cryptographic algorithms, making it insecure for internet-based applications.
2. Limited Interoperability: It is primarily designed for internal network
environments; integrating with external identity providers like Google is
complex.
3. No Public Key Support: Kerberos v4 does not natively support public-key
cryptography, which is essential for federated authentication like OAuth/OpenID

1/5
 Connect used by Google.
4. Single Realm Limitation: Kerberos v4 struggles with cross-realm authentication,
making SSO across multiple domains difficult.
5. Weak Security Features: Lacks support for strong encryption and modern
security standards such as AES or SHA-2.
6. Maintenance and Support: Kerberos v4 is no longer actively maintained; using it
may introduce vulnerabilities.
7. Better Alternatives: Modern SSO protocols like OAuth 2.0, OpenID Connect, or
SAML are preferred as they are compatible with Google accounts, support
federated identity, and provide secure token-based authentication.

8) Explain how PGP provides confidentiality and authentication for email

applications

Answer:

Question: Describe how PGP provides confidentiality and authentication services for
email application.

Answer:

1. Confidentiality (Encryption): PGP encrypts the email content using a symmetric

session key, ensuring only the intended recipient can read it.
2. Key Exchange: The symmetric key is encrypted with the recipient’s public key
and sent along with the message. Only the recipient can decrypt it using their
private key.
3. Authentication (Digital Signature): The sender creates a hash of the message
and encrypts it with their private key to generate a digital signature.
4. Verification: The recipient decrypts the signature using the sender’s public key
to verify the sender’s identity.
5. Integrity: PGP ensures that the message has not been altered in transit by
checking the hash value.
6. Non-repudiation: Since the sender signs the message with their private key,
they cannot deny sending it.
7. Combined Security: Through encryption and digital signatures, PGP
simultaneously provides confidentiality, authentication, integrity, and non-
repudiation for emails.

2/5
 If you want, I can draw a neat diagram for PGP email flow which often helps in
scoring full marks in exams.

Do you want me to do that?

Consider secret keys K

a
​
and K
b
​
are shared between A & KDC and B & KDC. Apply
Needhem Schroder protocol to distribute session key K
s
​
to A and B.

Apply the analysis method used for intrusion in rule

based IDS and anomaly based IDS.

Here’s a 7-mark style answer for your question with clear steps and analysis:

Question 1: Consider secret keys Ka and Kb shared between A & KDC and B & KDC.
​ ​

Apply Needham-Schroeder protocol to distribute session key Ks to A and B.

​

Answer:

Needham-Schroeder Symmetric Key Protocol Steps:

1. Initial Request (A → KDC):

A sends a request to KDC to communicate with B:

A → KDC : A, B, NA ​

NA is a nonce for freshness.

​

2. KDC Response (KDC → A):

KDC generates a session key Ks and sends:
​

3/5
 KDC → A : {Ks , B, NA , {Ks , A}Kb }Ka
​ ​ ​

​
​

​
​

The part {Ks , A}Kb is encrypted for B.

​

​
​

3. Forwarding to B (A → B):
A decrypts the KDC part to get Ks and forwards the encrypted message to B:
​

A → B : {Ks , A}Kb ​

​
​

4. B Acknowledgment (B → A):
B decrypts the message to get Ks , then sends a nonce NB encrypted with Ks
​ ​ ​

back to A for verification:

B → A : {NB }Ks ​

​
​

5. A Confirmation (A → B):
A returns NB ​ − 1 encrypted with Ks to confirm:​

A → B : {NB − 1}Ks
✅ Result: Both A and B now share the session key K securely.
​ ​
​

s ​

Question 2: Apply the analysis method used for intrusion in rule-based IDS and
anomaly-based IDS.

Answer:

1. Rule-Based IDS (Signature-Based):

Uses predefined signatures or rules of known attacks.
Analysis Steps:
1. Monitor network traffic or logs.
2. Compare each activity against a database of known attack signatures.
3. Flag matching patterns as intrusions.
Example: Detects a known DoS attack or buffer overflow attempt.
Limitation: Cannot detect new or unknown attacks.
2. Anomaly-Based IDS:
Builds a profile of normal system behavior.
Analysis Steps:
1. Learn normal patterns of user, network, or system activity.
2. Compare ongoing activity with baseline behavior.
3. Flag deviations as potential intrusions.
Example: Unusually large data transfer by a normal user triggers an alert.
Advantage: Can detect previously unknown attacks.

4/5
 3. Comparison for Needham-Schroeder Context:
Rule-Based: Detects known attacks like replay of old session keys.
Anomaly-Based: Detects unusual key distribution patterns or unexpected
session requests.

If you want, I can draw the Needham-Schroeder message flow diagram and overlay
IDS detection points to make it visually perfect for a 7-mark answer.

Do you want me to do that?

5/5