TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF AMBATO

FACULTY OF CIVIL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MASTER'S DEGREE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING WITH A SPECIALIZATION IN MANUFACTURING

ADJUSTMENTS AND TOLERANCES

RESEARCH WORK

INTEGRANTES :Francisco Alcocer, Sebastián Villegas, Diego Chadàn, Diego Arias

TEACHER: Ing. Jorge López Mgc.

April, 2019
Content

Settings
Adjustment classes
ISO tolerance system
ISO adjustment system
Recommended settings
Summary of necessary knowledge
Practical selection procedure
Examples of setting selection
Bibliography
ADJUSTMENTS

The term is defined in the UNE-EN 20286-1:1996 standard.

it is the relationship resulting from the difference, before
assemble, between the measurements of two elements, hole and axis
respectively, intended to be assembled." The two components of the
The hole and the shaft have the same nominal size C. In addition, the shape
The axis and hole should be interpreted generically as being able to be cylindrical.
or prismatic. The following figure schematically represents a
adjustment.

Figure 1: Representation of a fit between hole and shaft.

In the previous figure, the maximum and minimum levels can be seen for the
axis and the hole, with C being the nominal value of its measurement:

TERM DENOMINATION
C Nominal bore and shaft size.
CM Maximum quota of the hole.
Cm Minimum hole quota.
cM Maximum axle quota.
cm Minimum axis elevation.
Table 2: Nomenclature of dimensions in an adjustment.

The following table completes the nomenclature used in the previous one, limited
In figure 1, defining the upper and lower deviations or differences:

TERM DENOMINATION EQUATION

Ds Upper deviation of the hole Ds CM  C
DI Lower deviation of the hole Di Cm C
ds Superior axis deviation ds cM C
di Lower axis deviation di cm C
 Table 1: Nomenclature of deviations.
In the following table, the expressions for the tolerances of the
hole and the axis referred to in two different ways but always according to
the representation of figure 1.

TERM NAME EQUATIONS

T Hole tolerance. T CM CmT Ds D i

t Axis tolerance. t cM cm t ds di

Table 3: Hole and shaft tolerances. Two ways to express them.

2. TYPES OF ADJUSTMENTS.

2.1 Adjustments with play.

A fitting is obtained with play when measuring the before assembly.

the hole is larger than the size of the shaft. This type of fit is represented
schematically in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Representation of a fitting with play.

Depending on the dimensions that, within their tolerances, have the

the hole and the axis, the game will oscillate between a maximum value and a minimum value.
These values are called maximum game (JM) and minimum game (Jm).

The values of the maximum and minimum game can be expressed in terms of the
maximum and minimum allowances for hole and shaft or in terms of deviations
superior and inferior of hole and axis. This duality is indicated in the following
table
TERM DENOMINATION EQUATIONS
JM Maximum adjustment game.JM CM cmJM Ds di
Jm Minimum adjustment game. Jm Cm cMJm D ds i

Table 4: Two ways to express maximum and minimum play in a fit with play.

The tolerance of the fit with play (TJ) is defined as the difference between the
maximum game (JM) and the minimum (Jmwhich is equal to the sum of the tolerance
of the hole (T) and the tolerance of the axis (t):

TJ JM Jm [1]

TJ T t [2]

2.2 Adjustments with constraints.

A fit with clearance is obtained when before assembling the dimension of

The hole is smaller than the dimension of the axis. The schematic representation
This type of adjustment is indicated in figure 3.

Figure 3: Representation of a fit with tightness.

The tightening value can vary between a maximum (AM) and a minimum (Am)
whose mathematical expressions are indicated in the following table:

TERM DENOMINATION EQUATIONS

AM Maximum tightening of the adjustment.AM Cm cM AM D ids
Am Minimum tightening of the adjustment. Am CM cmAm Ds di
 Table 5: Two ways to express the maximum and minimum game in an adjustment with
squeeze

This table contains the values of maximum and minimum stress

calculated from the upper and lower differences of the hole and the axis.

The adjustment tolerance with tightness (TA) is defined as the difference between
the maximum squeeze (AM) and the minimum (Am) which is also equal to the sum of the
tolerancia del agujero (T) y la tolerancia del eje (t):

TA AM Am [3]

TA T t [4]

2.3 Indeterminate adjustments.

Indeterminate adjustments can be obtained with tightening or with

game depending on the final dimension before the hole assembly and the
axis, since as indicated in figure 4, their tolerance zones overlap.
As in previous figures, it indicates the dimension of the tolerance zone of the
hole at the axis end.

Figure 4: Representation of an indeterminate adjustment.

In the indeterminate settings, the maximum game is defined (JM) and the tight spot
maximum (AMThe expressions to calculate these two values are found
in the following table based on the hole and axis tolerances as well as in
function of the upper and lower differences of the hole and the axis.

TERM DENOMINATION EQUATIONS

JM Maximum adjustment game. JM CM cm JM Ds di
AM Maximum adjustment tightening.
AM Cm cMAM D ds i
 Table 6: Two ways to express the play and maximum squeeze in an adjustment
indeterminate.

The tolerance of the indeterminate adjustment (TI) is defined as the sum of the
maximum pressure (AM) and the maximum game (JM) which is also equal to the sum
of the hole tolerance (T) and the shaft tolerance (t):

TI AM JM 5

IT T t [6]

3. ISO TOLERANCE SYSTEM.

3.1 Introduction.

Tolerance systems aim to allow the

interchangeability between parts assuming the impossibility of obtaining
exact measurements due to the inherent errors in the processes of
manufacturing and measurement systems.

The most widely accepted tolerance system today is the

ISO system included in standard UNE 4-040 040-81, with its variants of
unique single hole systems.

This system is based on two fundamental ideas: degree of quality of the

tolerance and position of tolerance.

a) Degree of quality of tolerance. The value of tolerance depends on the

nominal measurement in such a way that for the same quality grade the margin
The allowable error in a measurement is greater the larger it is.

b) Position of tolerance. The position of tolerance or margin of error

regarding the reference line, define the maximum and minimum dimension for
a certain quota.

These two ideas can be seen graphically in the following figure.

similar to figure 1. The quality level of the tolerance is bounded
as IT tolerance, which can have different values for the hole and the shaft. The
the position of tolerance is defined by the upper difference or the
lower difference. This aspect will be addressed later.
 Ds IT Tolerance
10 IT Tolerance 5
6
Di ds
4 4
di
9

Hole
Axis

Figure 5: Degree of quality and position of the tolerance.

3.2 Quality of tolerance.

The ISO quality system includes nominal measurements

ranging from 1 to 500 mm, 20 different quality tolerances: IT 01
to IT 18, which can be grouped as follows:

a) IT01 to IT4 qualities. Defined for verification gauges and parts.

very high precision.

b) IT5 to IT11 qualities. They correspond to parts or elements that are going to
ajustar en el montaje de forma que son exigibles ciertos requerimientos de
quality in its manufacturing. Examples: machined parts for construction
of machines.

c) IT12 to IT18 qualities. To be used in parts or elements that are not going to
adjusted to each other. Examples: stretched, rolled, cast, or forged parts.

In the following table are the tolerances for each grade of

quality IT4 to IT16 based on the dimension of a linear limit of up to 500
mm.
MORE THAN UNTIL
3 3 4 6 10 14 25 40 60 100 140 250 400 600
3 6 4 5 8 12 18 29 48 75 120 180 300 480 750
6 10 4 6 9 15 22 36 58 90 150 220 360 580 900
10 18 5 8 11 18 27 43 70 110 180 270 430 700 1100
18 30 6 9 13 21 33 52 84 130 210 330 520 840 1300
30 50 7 11 16 25 39 62 100 160 250 390 620 1000 1600
50 80 8 13 19 30 46 74 120 190 300 460 740 1200 1900
80 120 10 15 22 35 54 87 140 220 350 540 870 1400 2200
120 180 12 18 25 40 63 100 160 250 400 630 1000 1600 2500
180 250 14 20 29 46 72 115 185 290 460 720 1150 1850 2900
250 315 16 23 32 52 81 130 210 320 520 810 1300 2100 3200
315 400 18 25 36 57 89 140 230 360 570 890 1400 2300 3600
400 500 20 27 40 63 97 155 250 400 630 970 1550 2500 4000
Table 7. Numerical values in the tolerances for qualities (IT4 to IT16) for
measurement groups expressed in m.

3.3 Tolerance position for holes.

The ISO standards establish 28 tolerance positions for each of the

two types of pieces: holes and shafts. The position of the tolerance in holes
it is designated by uppercase letters and is determined by the difference
inferior, which is positive, for positions A to H, and by the difference
superior for positions J to Z. In this last group, the upper difference
It is negative starting from position N, but not in positions J, K, and M.

Hole
A

B
C
CD
D
E EF
F FG
G H
J K
M N P
JS R S
T U
V X
Y
Z
ZA

ZB

ZC

Figure 6: Tolerance positions for holes.

Table 8 lists the fundamental differences for holes.

expressed in microns.
 POSITION A B C CD D E EF F FG G H Js
QUALITY ALL THE QUALITIES
MORE THAN UP TO LOWER DIFFERENCE Di ( m)
3 270 140 60 34 20 14 10 6 4 2 0
3 6 270 140 70 46 30 20 14 10 6 4 0
6 10 280 150 80 56 40 25 18 13 8 5 0
10 18 290 150 95 50 32 16 6 0
18 30 300 160 110 65 40 20 7 0
30 40 310 170 120
80 50 25 9 0
40 50 320 180 130
50 65 340 190 140
100 60 30 10 0
65 80 360 200 150
80 100 380 220 170
120 72 36 12 0
100 120 410 240 180
120 140 460 260 200 IT/2
140 160 520 280 210 145 85 43 14 0
160 180 580 310 230
180 200 660 340 240
200 225 740 380 260 170 100 50 15 0
225 250 820 420 280
250 280 920 480 300
190 110 56 17 0
280 315 1050 540 330
315 335 1200 600 360
210 125 62 18 0
335 400 1350 680 400
400 450 1500 760 440
230 135 68 20 0
450 500 1650 840 480
Table 8.1 Fundamental differences for holes expressed in m. Positions
from tolerance A to Js.

Figure 8: Positions A to H in holes are defined by the difference

inferiorithat is positive.
POSITION J K M N P

QUALITY 6 7 8 5 6 7 8 5 6 7 8 9 5 6 7 8 9 5 6 7 8

DE A SUPERIOR DIFFERENCE Ds ( m)

3 2 4 6 0 0 0 0 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -4 -4 -4 -4 -4 -6 -6 -6 -6
3 6 5 6 10 0 2 3 5 -3 -1 0 +2 -4 -7 -5 -4 -2 0 -11 -9 -8 -12
6 10 5 8 12 1 2 5 6 -4 -3 0 +1 -6 -8 -7 -4 -3 0 -13 -12 -9 -15
10 18 6 10 15 2 2 6 8 -4 -4 0 +2 -7 -9 -9 -5 -3 0 -15 -15 -11 -18
18 30 8 12 20 1 2 6 10 -5 -4 0 +4 -8 -12 -11 -7 -3 0 -19 -18 -14 -22
30 40
10 14 24 2 3 7 12 -5 -4 0 +5 -9 -13 -12 -8 -3 0 -22 -21 -17 -26
40 50
50 65
13 18 28 2 4 9 14 -6 -5 0 +5 -11 -15 -14 -9 -4 0 -27 -26 -21 -32
65 80
80 100
16 22 34 2 4 10 16 -8 -6 0 +6 -13 -18 -16 -10 -4 0 -32 -30 -24 -37
100 120
120 140
140 160 18 26 41 3 4 12 20 -9 -8 0 +8 -15 -21 -20 -12 -4 0 -37 -36 -28 -43
160 180
180 200
200 225 22 30 47 2 5 13 22 -11 -8 0 +9 -17 -25 -22 -14 -5 0 -44 -41 -33 -50
225 250
250 280
25 36 55 3 5 16 25 -13 -9 0 +9 -20 -27 -25 -14 -5 0 -49 -47 -36 -56
280 315
315 335
29 39 60 3 7 17 28 -14 -10 0 +11 -21 -30 -26 -16 -5 0 -55 -51 -41 -62
335 400
400 450
33 43 66 2 8 18 29 -16 -10 0 +11 -23 -33 -27 -17 -6 0 -61 -55 -45 -68
450 500

Table 8.2 Fundamental differences for holes expressed in m. Positions

from tolerance J to P.

J
K M8
M
N

Figure 9: The positions J to P in holes are defined by the difference

superiors).
POSITION R S T U

QUALITY 5 6 7 8 5 6 7 8 5 6 7 8 5 6 7 8

DE A SUPERIOR DIFFERENCE Ds ( m)

3 -10 -10 -10 -10 -14 -14 -14 -14 -18 -18 -18 -18
3 6 -14 -12 -11 -15 -18 -16 -15 -19 ["-22","-20","-19","-23"]

6 10 -17 -16 -13 -19 -21 -20 -17 -23 -26 -25 -22 -28
10 14
-20 -20 -16 -23 -25 -25 -21 -28 -30 -30 -26 -33
14 18
18 24 -38 -37 -33 -41
-25 -24 -20 -28 -32 -31 -27 -35
24 30 -38 -37 -33 -41 -45 -44 -40 -48
30 40 [-44,-43,-39,-48,-56,-55,-51,-60]
-30 -29 -25 -34 -39 -38 -34 -43
40 50 -50 -49 -45 -54 -66 -65 -61 -70
50 65 -36 -35 -30 -41 -48 -47 -42 -53 -61 -60 -55 -66 -82 -81 -76 -87
65 80 -38 -37 -32 -43 -54 -53 -48 -59 -70 -69 -64 -75 -97 -96 -91 -102
80 100-46 -44 -38 -51 -66 -64 -58 -71 -86 -84 -78 -91 -119 -117 -111 -124
100 120-49 -47 -41 -54 -74 -72 -66 -79 -99 -97 -91 -104 -139 -137 -131 -144
120 140-57 -56 -48 -63 -86 -85 -77 -92 -116 -115 -107 -122 -164 -163 -155 -170
140 160-59 -58 -50 -65 -94 -93 -85 -100 -128 -127 -119 -134 -184 -183 -175 -190
160 180-62 -61 -53 -68 -102 -101 -93 -108 -140 -139 -131 -146 -204 -203 -195 -210
180 200-71 -68 -60 -77 -116 -113 -105 -122 -160 -157 -149 -166 -230 -227 -219 -236
200 225-74 -71 -63 -80 -124 -121 -113 -130 -174 -171 -163 -180 -252 -249 -241 -258
225 250-78 -75 -67 -84 -134 -131 -123 -140 -190 -187 -179 -196 -278 -275 -267 -284
250 280-87 -85 -74 -94 -151 -149 -138 -158 -211 -209 -198 -218 -308 -306 -295 -315
280 315-91 -89 -78 -98 -163 -161 -150 -170 -233 -231 -220 -240 -343 -341 -330 -350
315 335 -101 -97 -87 -108 -183 -179 -169 -190 -261 -257 -247 -268 -383 -379 -369 -390
335 400 -107 -103 -93 -114 -201 -197 -187 -208 -287 -283 -273 -294 -428 -424 -414 -435
400 450 -119 -113 -103 -126 -225 -219 -209 -232 -323 -317 -307 -330 -483 -477 -467 -490
450 500 -125 -119 -109 -132 -245 -239 -229 -252 -353 -347 -337 -360 -533 -527 -517 -540

Table 8.3 Fundamental differences for holes expressed in m. Positions

from tolerance R to U.

Figure 10: Positions R to U defined by the upper difference (Ds), negative.

 POSITION V X Y Z

QUALITY 5 6 7 8 5 6 7 8 6 7 8 6 7 8

DE A SUPERIOR DIFFERENCE Ds m)

3 -20 -20 -20 -20 -26 -26 -26

3 6 -27 -25 -24 -28 -32 -31 -35
6 10 -32 -31 -28 -34 -39 -36 -42
10 14 -37 -37 -33 -40 -47 -43 -50
14 18 -36 -36 -32 -39 -42 -42 -38 -45 -57 -53 -60
18 24 -44 -43 -39 -47 -51 -50 -46 -54 -59 -55 -63 -69 -65 -73
24 30 -52 -51 -47 -55 -61 -60 -56 -64 -71 -67 -75 -84 -80 -88
30 40 -64 -63 -59 -68 -76 -75 -71 -80 -89 -85 -94 -107 -103 -112
40 50 -77 -76 -72 -81 -93 -92 -88 -97 -109 -105 -114 -131 -127 -136
50 65 -97 -96 -91 -102 -117 -116 -111 -122 -138 -133 -144 -166 -161 -172
65 []
80 100 -141 -139 -133 -146 -173 -171 -165 -178 -207 -201 -214 -251 -245 -258
100 120 -167 -165 -159 -172 -205 -203 -197 -210 -247 -241 -254 -303 -297 -310
120 140 -196 -195 -187 -202 -242 -241 -233 -248 -293 -285 -300 -358 -350 -365
140 160 -222 -221 -213 -228 -274 -273 -265 -280 -333 -325 -340 -408 -400 -515
160 180 -246 -245 -237 -252 -304 -303 -295 -310 -373 -365 -380 -458 -450 -465
180 200 -278 -275 -267 -284 -344 -341 -333 -350 -416 -408 -425 -511 -503 -520
200 225 -304 -301 -293 -310 -379 -376 -368 -385 -461 -453 -470 -566 -558 -575
225 250 -334 -331 -323 -340 -419 -416 -408 -425 -511 -503 -520 -631 -623 -640
250 280 -378 -376 -365 -385 -468 -466 -455 -475 -571 -560 -580 -701 -690 -710
280 315 -418 -416 -405 -425 -518 -516 -505 -525 -641 -630 -650 -781 -770 -790
315 335 -468 -464 -454 -475 -583 -579 -569 -590 -719 -709 -730 -889 -879 -900
335 400 -523 -519 -509 -530 -653 -649 -639 -660 -809 -799 -820 -989 -979 -1000
400 450 -588 -582 -572 -595 -733 -727 -717 -740 -907 -897 -920 -1087 -1077 -1200
450 500 -653 -647 -637 -660 -813 -807 -797 -820 -987 -977 -1000 -1237 -1227 -1250

Table 8.4 Fundamental differences for holes expressed in m. Positions

from tolerance V to Z.

Figure 11: Positions V to Z defined by the upper difference (Ds) which is negative.
3.4 Position of the tolerance for axes.

In the axes, the positions of the tolerances are designated by letters.

lowercase as indicated in the following figure.

zc

zb
for
z
x y
t u v
j p r s
h js k m n
fg g
ef f
e
d
Change directory
c
b

a
Axis

Figure 11: Tolerance positions for axes.

The positions a, b, c, cd, d, e, ef, f, fgyg are defined by the

the inferior difference that is negative.

The position has a superior difference equal to 0 and an inferior difference.

negative, whose absolute value is equal to the amplitude of the tolerance zone.

In the position, it is above and below the reference line.

the position is special since it determines that the tolerance zone is
centered with respect to the reference line.

The position varies according to IT quality:

 La posiciónk1corresponds to IT qualities less than 3 and greater

que 8 inclusive. Para estas calidades, la diferencia inferior es igual a 0
and the upper difference is equal to the width of the tolerance zone.

 The position2it corresponds to IT qualities from 4 to 7. For these

qualities, the lower difference and the upper difference are situated at the
top of the reference line.

The positions m, n, p, r, s, t, u, v, x, y, z, za, zby, zc are determined.

through the lower difference which is positive.
 POSITION a b c cd d e ef f fg g h js
QUALITY ALL THE QUALITIES
MORE THAN UP TO Superior difference ds ( m)
3 -270 -140 -60 -34 -20 -14 -10 -6 -4 -2 0
3 6 -270 -140 -70 -46 -30 -20 -14 -10 -6 -4 0
6 10 -280 -150 -80 -56 -40 -25 -18 -13 -8 -5 0
10 18 -290 -150 -95 -50 -32 -16 -6 0
18 30 -300 -160 -110 -65 -40 -20 -7 0
30 40 -310 -170 -120
["-80","-50"] -25 -9 0
40 50 ["-320","-180","-130"]

50 65 -340 -190 -140

-100 -60 -30 -10 0
65 80 -360 -200 -150
80 100 -380 -220 -170
-120 -72 -36 -12 0
100 120 -410 -240 -180
120 140 -460 -260 -200 IT/2
140 160 -520 -280 -210 -145 -85 -43 -14 0
160 180 -580 -310 -230
180 200 -660 -340 -240
200 225 -740 -380 -260 -170 -100 -50 -15 0
225 250 -820 -420 -280
250 280 ["-920","-480","-300"]
-190 -110 -56 -17 0
280 315 -1050 -540 -330
315 335 -1200 -600 -360
-210 -125 -62 -18 0
335 400 -1350 -680 -400
400 450 -1500 -760 -440
-230 -135 -68 -20 0
450 500 -1650 -840 -480
Table 9.1 Fundamental differences for axes expressed in m. Positions of
tolerance

Figure 12: Positions defined by the upper difference that is

negative.
 POSITION j k
QUALITIES 5 6 7 8 5 6 7 8
MORE THAN UNTIL Lower difference di ( m)
3 -2 -2 -4 -6 0 0 0 0
3 6 -2 -2 -4 - +1 +1 +1 0
6 10 -2 -2 -5 - +1 +1 +1 0
10 18 -3 -3 -6 - +1 +1 +1 0
18 30 -4 -4 -8 - +2 +2 +2 0
30 50 -5 -5 -10 - +2 +2 +2 0
50 80 -7 -7 -12 - +2 +2 +2 0
80 120 -9 -9 -15 - +3 +3 +3 0
120 180 -11 -11 -18 - +3 +3 +3 0
180 250 -13 -13 -21 - +4 +4 +4 0
250 315 -16 -16 -26 - +4 +4 +4 0
315 400 -18 -18 -28 - +4 +4 +4 0
400 500 -20 -20 -32 - +5 +5 +5 0
Table 9.2 Fundamental differences for axes expressed in m. Positions of
tolerance

k
j

Figure 13: jyk positions defined by the lower difference.

It can be seen that for the positions j, in the considered qualities,

the inferior difference is negative. This implies that the position of the tolerance
it can remain partially above and below the reference line
What does the nominal limit represent?

On the other hand, the lower difference is positive or zero for the position ken the
qualities considered; this implies that the position of the tolerance is left
totally above the reference line,
 POSITION m n p r s t u v x y z
QUALITY ALL THE QUALITIES
MORE THAN UP TO Lower difference di ( m)
3 2 4 6 10 14 18 20 26
3 6 4 8 12 15 19 23 28 35
6 10 6 10 15 19 23 28 34 42
10 14 40 50
7 12 18 23 28 33
14 18 39 45 60
18 24 41 47 54 63 73
8 15 22 28 35
24 30 41 48 55 64 75 88
30 40 48 60 68 80 94 112
9 17 26 34 43
40 50 54 70 81 97 114 136
50 65 41 53 66 87 102 122 144 172
11 20 32
65 80 43 59 75 102 120 146 174 210
80 100 51 71 91 124 146 178 214 258
13 23 37
100 120 54 79 104 144 172 210 254 310
120 140 63 92 122 170 202 248 300 365
140 160 15 27 43 65 100 134 190 228 280 340 415
160 180 68 108 146 210 252 310 380 465
180 200 77 122 166 236 284 350 425 520
200 225 17 31 50 80 130 180 258 310 385 470 575
225 250 84 140 196 284 340 425 520 640
250 280 94 158 218 315 385 475 580 710
20 34 56
280 315 98 170 240 350 425 525 650 790
315 335 108 190 268 390 475 590 730 900
21 37 62
335 400 114 208 294 435 530 660 820 1000
400 450 126 232 330 490 595 740 920 1100
23 40 68
450 500 132 252 360 540 660 820 1000 1250
Table 9.3 Fundamental differences for axes expressed in Positions of
tolerance

Figure 14: Storage positions axes defined by the lower difference which is
positive.
4. ISO ADJUSTMENT SYSTEMS.

A fitting system is a set of fits between holes and shafts.

belonging to a system of tolerances.

Having previously defined 28 tolerance positions for holes and

it is understood that the system that would be obtained
combining each of the positions of the axis with all of those of the hole, or to
the inverse would result in a huge number of combinations. With the idea
to reduce the number of possible combinations and simplify, ISO defines two
adjustment systems: the single-axis adjustment system and the system of
single hole adjustments.

4.1 Single Axis System ISO.

The single axle system is based on taking the position of the axle, leaving it
as a unique position, combining it with the 28 possible positions of
hole.

In this way, 28 combinations are obtained, leading to adjustments with play,

indeterminate adjustments and adjustments with tightening based on the position of the
tolerance to be chosen for the hole. In the following figure, there is a
simplified representation of the single axis system.

Hole
A

Game B
C
CD FG G
D E H
EF F
J K M
Js N P
R S
Position of the axis T U
V X
Indeterminate Y
Z
ZA
squeeze ZB
Single axle (h) ZC

Figure 15: Graphical representation of the ISO adjustment system for single shaft.
4.2 Single hole ISO system.

In the single hole system, the position H of the hole can be taken.
combine it with the 28 possible positions of the axis.
By appropriately choosing the position of the axis, adjustments can be obtained with
game, indeterminate or with pressure.

zc

Hole Crunch zb
za
z
y
t u v x
j s
p q r
js k m n
d e
Unique hole (H) g j Indeterminate
c cd f fg
b
Game
a

Axis

Figure 16: Graphical representation of the ISO adjustment system for a single hole.

5. RECOMMENDED ADJUSTMENTS.

The list of recommended adjustments included below is

informative.

The ISO system recommends for the single axis and single hole system a
series of adjustments that can be applied to almost all uses in manufacturing
mechanics.
 TYPE OF UNIQUE HOLE UNIQUE AXIS
ADJUSTMENT HOLE AXIS AXIS HOLE
g5 G6
Mobile
h5 H6
p5 P6
r5 R6
Fixed s5 S6
t5 T6
H6 u5 h5 U6
j6
j5 J6
k6 K6
Indeterminate
k5 M6
m5 N6
n5
f7 F8
f6 F7
Mobile
g6 G7
h6 H7
p6 P7
r6 R7
s6 S7
t6 T7
Fixed H7 h7
u6 U7
x6 X7
z6 Z7
za6 ZA7
j6 J7
k6 K7
Indeterminate
m6 M7
n6 N7
C11
d9
D10
e8
E9
Mobile H8 f7 h9
F8
h8
H11
h9
H8
A11
a11
B12
b12
B11
b11
C11
c11
Mobile H11 h11 D11
d11
D10
d9
D9
h11
H11
h9
H9
x11 Z11
z11 Z11
Fixed za11 ZA11
zb11 ZB11
zc11 ZC11
Table 10. Recommended ISO adjustments.
6. SUMMARY OF NECESSARY KNOWLEDGE.

To carry out the proposed examples of ISO setting selection, you must
consider among others the following aspects:

a) What is indicated in chapter 2 about the deduction of tolerance of the

adjustment based on the maximum or minimum values of play or pressure that
summarized in the following table:

FIT WITH PLAY FIT WITH TIGHT FIT UNDETERMINED

TJ JM Jm TA AM Am IT AM JM

TJ T t TA T t TI T t
Table 11. Summary of expressions for the tolerances of fits.

b) The relationship between consecutive tolerance qualities that exists

summarize in the following table:

IT Quality IT5 IT6 IT7 IT8 IT9 IT10 IT11 IT12 IT13 IT14 IT15 IT16
Tolerance 7i 10i 16i 25i 40i 64i 100i ["160i","250i","400i","640i","1000i"]
Table 12. Qualities expressed in terms of the tolerance unit.

In this table, the value of each quality is equal to that of the previous one.
multiplied by 1.6, thus, for example:

IT7 = IT6 x 1.6; IT8 = IT7 x 1.6, etc.

In general, a wider tolerance is assigned to the hole than to the shaft due to
to the greater difficulty of machining interiors than exteriors. For this reason,
Can you write the following relationship between the hole tolerance and the shaft tolerance:

T 1.6 t [7]

The previous expression is valid for qualities IT6 and above. The relationship
the tolerance margins between IT6 and IT5 are:

T 1.4 t [8]

If the hole and shaft qualities are not consecutive, they can be used.
equivalent relations to [7] and [8].

c) The tolerance table based on quality and dimension (table 7).

d) The upper and lower difference tables for holes (tables 8).

e) Tables to situate tolerance on axes (tables 9).

f) The schematic representation of the adjustments of the single shaft system
(figura 15), conjuntamente con la figura 7, en donde se encuentran las
tolerance positions of holes.
g) The schematic representation of the single hole system adjustments
(figure 16) along with figure 11, tolerance positions on axes.

7. PRACTICAL PROCEDURE FOR SELECTION OF

ADJUSTMENTS.

In this chapter, a procedure is presented for selecting ISO settings.

starting from the maximum and minimum game requirements, maximum pressure and
minimum or maximum squeeze and maximum play, as the case may be
adjustments with play, tight or indeterminate. This procedure, described in
the following is the form of steps:

STEP 1: set the ISO adjustment system: single hole or single axis.

STEP 2: calculate the tolerance of the fit depending on whether it is a fit with play,
tight or indeterminate. The expressions [1], [3], [5] will be used.

STEP 3: determine the tolerances of the hole and shaft, T and t, by solving a
system of two equations with two unknowns, in which:

1. The first equation will proceed from expressions [2], [4] or [6], depending on
it involves adjustments with play, tightening or
undetermined.
2. The second equation will be obtained from expressions [7], [8] or from another
substitutive relationship between the tolerances of the hole and the shaft.

STEP 4: deduction of the IT qualities for the hole and the shaft. With the help of
Table 7 deduces the qualities of hole and shaft from the values of
the measure C and the tolerances T and t of the hole and shaft determined in the
previous step.

STEP 5: deduction of the tolerance positions of the hole and the shaft. This
step is divided into three actions:

a. Deduce the position of the component that defines the adjustment system
chosen: hole in the single hole or axis system, in the system of
single axis.
b. Make a sketch of the adjustment situation taking into account the
tolerance positions of the hole and the shaft.
c. Formulate an equation that allows obtaining a parameter (difference
superior or inferior from which the position of can be deduced
missing component (axis, in the single hole system, or hole,
in the single-axis system).

STEP 6: checking the selected adjustment.

This procedure will be better understood through the examples included in
the following chapter.

8. EXAMPLES OF ADJUSTMENT SELECTION.

8.1. Selection of a fit with play.

A fit with clearance is desired, according to the ISO system, being the
The following data: nominal measurement 100 mm, maximum play 130 μm and play
minimum 30 μm. Calculate the fit in the single hole system.

The resolution proposed below is based on the 6 steps

proposed in the previous chapter.

STEP 1: set the ISO adjustment system.

The adjustment will be determined in the single hole system.

STEP 2: calculate the tolerance of the fit.

In this case, as it is an adjustment with play, the expression [1] will be used:

TJ JM Jm [1]

TJ 130 30 100 m

STEP 3: determine the tolerances of the hole and shaft, T and t.

A system of two equations with two unknowns is proposed.

The first equation comes from expression [2]:

TJ T t [2]

This equation, taking into account the result of the previous step, is:

T t 100

The second equation will be obtained from [7]:

T 1.6 t 7

Solving the system of two equations with two unknowns as posed

the following values for T and t are obtained:

T 62 m
t 38 m

STEP 4: deduction of IT qualities for the hole and the shaft.

With C = 100 mm, T = 62 m y t = 38 In Table 7, the are determined the
following qualities for the hole and the shaft:

Hole: IT8 (this implies that T = 54 , instead of 62 m).

Axis: IT7 (this implies that t = 35 m, instead of 38 m).

The results of this step are summarized in the following values for T and t:

T 54 m
t 35 m

STEP 5: deduction of the tolerance positions of the hole and the shaft. This
step is subdivided into three actions: a, b, and c:

a. The position of the hole is H8 (hole base and IT8 quality).

b. The following sketch is made trying to graphically represent the

part of the problem that remains to be solved.

Figure 17: Graphic layout of example 1.

c. Form an equation that allows obtaining a parameter (difference

superior or inferior). From the figure, it can be deduced that the minimum game must be equal
to the upper difference of the axis:

ds Jm 30 m
With this value of the upper difference (-30 m in reality), and the value of C =
100 mm, refer to table 9.1 where it is concluded that the position of the axis
it must be laf, for which ds -36 m, which approaches sufficiently to 30
m, sought theoretical value.

The fit obtained according to the approach followed is 100 H8/f7.

STEP 6: verification of the selected adjustment.

It will be verified that with the adjustment 100 H8/f7 the maximum play is slightly less than
130 And that the minimum bet is slightly over 30. m.

These two values are calculated by observing figure 17:

JM T t ds 54 35 36 125 m

Jm ds 36 m

The maximum game is 5 m below the established maximum value and the
minimum game remains 6 above the minimum required. It is concluded that
the adjustment 100 H8/f7 meets the specifications of the statement; however,
this solution should not be considered unique.

8.2. Selection of a fit with interference.

It is desired to determine a fit with tightness, according to the ISO system, for a
nominal size C of 80 mm with the following conditions: maximum tightening
80 μm and minimum squeeze 25 μm. Determine a possible adjustment in the system of
single axis.

The 6 steps of the proposed method will be followed.

STEP 1: set the ISO adjustment system.

The adjustment will be determined in the single axis system.

STEP 2: calculate the adjustment tolerance.

When it comes to a loose fitting adjustment, the expression [3] will be used:

TA AM Am [3]

TJ 80 25 65 m

STEP 3: determine the tolerances of the hole and shaft, T and t.

A system of two equations with two unknowns will be proposed in which the
the first equation comes from the expression [4]:

TA T t [4]

This equation is as follows considering the result of

previous step:

T t 65

The second equation will be obtained from [7]:

T 1.6 t 7

When solving the system of two equations with two unknowns, it is posed.
determine the following values for T and t:

T 34 m
t 21 m

STEP 4: deduction of the IT qualities for the hole and the shaft.

This deduction is made by observing table 7 with C = 80 mm, T = 34. my

t = 21 m, obtaining the following qualities:

Agujero: IT7 (esto implica que T = 30 m, instead of 34 m).

Axis: IT6 (this implies that t = 19 m, instead of 21 m).

In summary, the following values for T and t will continue:

T 30 m
t 19 m

STEP 5: deduction of the tolerance positions of the hole and the shaft.
the step is divided into three parts, a, b, and c:

The position of the axis is h6 (base axis and IT6 quality).

b. The following sketch is made to graphically represent part of

problem that remains to be solved.
 Figure 18: Graphic representation of example 2.

c. Formulate an equation that allows obtaining a parameter (difference

superior or inferior). From the previous figure, it is deduced that the upper difference
from the hole (Ds), whose position of tolerance is to be determined, must be
equal to the minimum fit plus the shaft tolerance (t):

Ds Am t 25 19 44μm

With the upper difference of the hole thus obtained (Ds- 44 m, actually
is negative), and the value of C = 80 mm, table 8 is taken, where
it determines that the most convenient position for the hole is that of S, for which
Ds es - 48 m, which is just 4 greater than the theoretical value of 44 m.

The adjustment obtained according to the approach followed is 80 S7/h6.

STEP 6: verification of the selected adjustment.

It will be verified that with the adjustment 80 S7/h6 the maximum pressure is slightly less than
80 and that the minimum squeeze is slightly more than 25 These are calculated
of values observing figure 18:

AM T Ds 30 48 78 m

Am Ds t 48 19 29 m

The maximum pressure achieved is 2 m less than the proposed maximum value and
the minimum squeeze is 4 is greater than the minimum required, so the
solution 80 S7/h6 is considered adequate.
8.3. Selection of an adjustment with indeterminate.

In this example, the qualities and positions of the

tolerances for an indeterminate adjustment, according to the single axis system,
between a shaft and a hole whose nominal size is 225 mm. The fit must
to have a maximum pressure of 85 my maximum game of 35 m (the tight spot
it must be at most 85 m, that is something less than 85 the game
maximum should be something less than 35 m).

The following 6 steps will be followed in order to find a solution.

that meets the requirements stated in the previous statement.

STEP 1: set the ISO adjustment system.

The adjustment will be determined in the single axis system.

STEP 2: calculate the fit tolerance.

As it is an indeterminate adjustment, the expression [5] will be used:

IT AM JM [5]

TI 85 35 120 m

STEP 3: determine the tolerances of the hole and shaft, T and t.

The system of two equations with two unknowns is proposed.

The first equation comes from the expression [6]:

TI T t [6]

The result of the previous step is available, so this first equation

it stays like this:

T t 120

The second equation is obtained from the expression [7]:

T 1.6 t [7]

When solving the previous system of two equations with two unknowns, we
extract the following values from T and t:

T 74 m
t 46 m

STEP 4: deduction of the IT qualities for the hole and the shaft.
Con C = 225 mm, T = 74 m y t = 46 m, in Table 7, it is determined:

Hole: IT8 (this implies that T = 72 m, instead of 74 m).

Axis: IT7 (this allows t = 46 m, sought theoretical value).

The practical values of T and t to be used in the resolution process that follows
son

T 74 m
t 46 m

STEP 5: deduction of the tolerance positions of the hole and the shaft.
step is subdivided into three actions, a, b, and c:

a. The position of the shaft is h7 (single shaft and quality IT7).

b. A sketch of figure 19 is made to have a graphic view of

problem that remains to be solved.

c. Formulate an equation that allows obtaining a parameter (difference

superior or inferior). In figure 19, it can be seen that the upper difference of the
hole (Ds), the tolerance of which the position needs to be determined, must be equal to
maximum interference minus the hole tolerance (T):

Ds AM T 85 74 11μm

Figure 19: Graphical representation of example 3.

To complete step 4c, with the upper difference of the obtained hole (Ds
-11 m), and C = 225 mm, table 8 is taken, where it is deduced that the
the most suitable hole position is the N, for which Ds-5 m, what is 6
less than (in absolute value) the theoretical value of -11 m.

In summary, the adjustment 225 N8/h7 should

fulfill the specifications of the statement, an aspect that will be verified in the
next step:

STEP 6: checking the selected adjustment.

The maximum interference and the maximum clearance of the fit 225 N8/h7 are calculated.
observing figure 18:

AM T Ds 74 5 79 m

JM t Ds 46 5 41 m

The maximum tightness meets the specifications by being slightly less than 85. m; in
the maximum game change does not comply with what is indicated as it exceeds by 6 I am
maximum allowed gameplay.
Example:

Identify the tolerances for the hole and for the shaft, as well as the maximum clearances or tight fits.
minimums according to the type of adjustment in question.

We look for the interval in the table for a nominal diameter of 12, this table is for both
holes for axles.
Next, we must locate the tolerance position for the hole; for that, we use the following
table:

We see that, for a nominal diameter of 12 mm and a position of H, the lower difference is 0,

Therefore, the upper result will be the sum of the lower difference and the result of
tolerance where it is represented in this way:
Likewise, for the axis we see the following:

We must add the lower difference plus the tolerance interval

To confirm, we return to the following table as it is a tolerance value of 6 for the hole and
we see that the value is 11 microns

Just as we did for the hole, now we do it for the axis but now with a position.
for axes giving the value for the lower difference is +18 microns, which means that by its
The positive symbol is located above the 0 line.
Therefore, for the axis we place the difference +18 microns and then the interval of
tolerance of 11 microns resulting in 29 microns.

We can observe that the tolerance position of the axis is located above the position of
hole tolerance, this indicates to us that the shaft will always be greater than the hole and because of
It is a matter of adjusting the tightening; then we should obtain the maximum and minimum tightening.
maximum compression will occur when the axis reaches its maximum size, and the hole its minimum size.
thus the maximum tightening of 29 microns.

The minimum fit will occur when the hole reaches its largest dimension and the shaft its smallest.
resulting in a minimum tightness of 7 microns, it is possible that they overlap and
we could have an indefinite adjustment.

Example 2
For each case, determine the type of fit, the maximum and minimum values of the fit, as well as the
fit tolerance

50H9/e8
We set the magnitude of the tolerance for both the hole and the shaft:

50H9

MT=62 m

PT= 0 m

50e8

MT= 39 m

PT= -50 m

SOLUTION :

We represent the tolerances in a graph.

We see that the hole is bigger than the shaft, so it is a clearance fit, then we have
what

Jmáx=H9+e8 +PT = 151 m

Jmín= 50 m

Fit Tolerance:

Fit tolerance = Hole + T axis

Adjustment tolerance = 62 + 39 = 101 m

Example 3

TM

30f7

From this table we obtain the value f7 which is equal to 21 m

-20

Donde :

CM=30000-0.020 = 29.980 mm

Cm=30000-0.041 = 29.959 mm

ASA: 30-0.020

30-0.041
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Manrique, E; Casanova, 'Basic Metrology', Edebé Professional

Barcelona, 1994.

Pérez Álvarez, J.; Pérez Benedito, J.L.; Poveda Martínez, S., 'System'
of ISO tolerances", Polytechnic University of Madrid - School
University of Aeronautical Engineering, Madrid, 2011.

Poveda Martínez, S., "Manufacturing Tolerances", University

Polytechnic University of Madrid - University School of Technical Engineering
Aeronáutica, Madrid, 2011.

Jiménez Balboa, L., "Handbook of Adjustments and Tolerances", Marcombo,

S.A., Barcelona, 1967.