The Politics of Othering in the United States and

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The Politics of
Othering in
the United States
and Canada

Allan Laine Kagedan

The Politics of Othering in the United States
and Canada
 Allan Laine Kagedan

The Politics
of Othering
in the United States
and Canada
Allan Laine Kagedan
Carleton University
Ottawa, ON, Canada

ISBN 978-3-030-52443-2 ISBN 978-3-030-52444-9 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52444-9

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer
Nature Switzerland AG 2020
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights
of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and
retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc.
in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such
names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for
general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and informa-
tion in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither
the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with
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This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
 Contents

1 Introduction 1

2 What Attracts People to Othering? 11

3 Erasing a People: Indigenous People and Indigenous

Residential Schools 27

4 The Politics of Anti-semitism, 1920–1940 45

5 Wartime Othering: The Enemy Within 69

6 Cold War: Othering on the Home Front 83

7 The Politics of Race in the United States and Canada 105

8 The Maligning of Muslims 125

9 Conclusion 149

Index 161

v
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 CHAPTER 1

Introduction

In 2016, Americans elected Donald Trump as President. President Trump

eschewed a number of traditional Republican policies such as free trade,
preferring tariffs to encourage trade concessions by other countries. He
argued for a larger government, rather than a smaller government, in the
form of more surveillance of the borders and in the homeland to root
out illegal migrants. He also appeared to win the support of people who
valued an older America, one that had fewer, less influential, minorities.
The President’s remarks, tweets, and actions, were seen as negative toward
establishment institutions like the media, minority groups, and women.
In 2015, and again in 2019, Canadians elected Justin Trudeau as
Prime Minister. Justin Trudeau had a strong political pedigree: his
father, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau was known for passing into law
a Charter of Rights and Freedoms to protect citizens from the overreach
of government. Pierre Trudeau was also known for transforming Canada’s
immigration system from one that favored European immigrants to a
system that opened the door to immigration from Asia, Africa, and Latin
America. Justin Trudeau’s own election and reelection were built on a
strong articulation of the benefits of diversity and inclusiveness.
A rarely articulated but key issue that arose in both the Canadian and
American elections was the value of citizenship, regardless of one’s ethnic
background, gender, or sexual orientation. Certain voices called for a
return to a majoritarian culture, which rejected the notion of equality
and equal treatment of all citizens.

© The Author(s) 2020 1

A. L. Kagedan, The Politics of Othering in the United States and Canada,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52444-9_1
2 A. L. KAGEDAN

At the same time as Canada and the United States were hearing calls
to reconsider a middle of the road, traditional liberal political and legal
consensus, Europe was seized with similar issues. In a hotly contested
referendum, the United Kingdom decided to leave the European Union.
In 2019, British voters confirmed their support for “Brexit” by electing
Boris Johnson as Prime Minister. Marginal political parties across Europe
that purveyed negative views of immigrants and nonwhite people surged
in the public opinion polls and made gains in Parliament. To be sure,
countries recently freed from communism like Poland and Hungary saw
a rise in xenophobic parties, but so did politically and economically
advanced countries like Germany and Denmark.
The Western World is experiencing a recrudescence of xenophobic
thinking, in particular its penchant for othering.1 This significant change
was the impetus for writing this book.
The topic of this book is the development and expression of the politics
of othering in the United States and Canada. Unlike in Europe, far-right
parties are few and far between in North America. However, othering has
been present and is present. Othering may be understood as the efforts
of members of a politically dominant group to marginalize and subordi-
nate a minority or a politically weaker group. Xenophobia is a dislike of
foreigners. Since Western countries are multiethnic, and since dislike of
the unlike has included negative attitudes toward women and gay people,
it is necessary to use a term that is broader than xenophobia. A prefer-
able term to express this concept is othering. Othering is also distinct
from, though related to, nativism. Nativism refers to a preference by some
people in a society, for other people whose families have lived for several
generations in that society. By including women and gays, othering is
broader than nativism though both share a disdain for minorities.
Othering is not the exclusive property of the far right. The far left also
has engaged in othering, focused mostly on “elite” or allegedly wealthy
people. Joseph Stalin led a campaign against “kulaks,” better-off peas-
ants who were accused of fomenting counter revolution. Scholars estimate
that several million of these kulaks were deported, imprisoned, and killed.
Hugo Chavez, the deceased leader of Venezuela, railed against “Oli-
garchs,” who included businesspeople and professionals, and said that
the Catholic Church was comprised of “devils.” Chavez disdained and
ignored the vital charitable work the Church conducted with orphans and
other vulnerable people. So, othering is a phenomenon that is present in
the left and the right.
 1 INTRODUCTION 3

No study of contemporary othering can avoid taking account of

populism, a seeming blend of left and right ideas. Populism has many defi-
nitions. One useful definition is that the populist sees society as divided
into two homogeneous groups: the people and the elite.2 The people are
the vast majority and they generally have good sense and work hard. The
elite is a smaller number of people who are wealthier, have more prestige,
and take advantage of the people through corrupt practices, manipula-
tion, and deceit. Many far-right parties in Europe join populism with
nativism—the view that the majority group should dominate a society—
and a strong preference for law and order and social conservatism in
general (less favorable to gays and women’s rights). There are parties,
such as the British Veritas party in 2005, that eschew nativism and
othering, while promoting populism and not advocating an authoritarian
perspective.3
Taken together—populism, nativism, and a kind of authoritarian
perspective—inform the platforms of European populist radical right
parties that have elected members to the legislature and garnered head-
lines since the 1980s. Curiously in terms of economics, the European
populist radical right parties have been on both sides of the traditional
left–right political spectrum. Historically, left and right have been divided
over the issue of equality of result.4 Left-wing parties have tried to
reduce economic inequality as much as possible, through higher taxes and
more social benefits. Right-wing parties press for lower taxes and fewer
public funds aimed at reducing economic inequality. All social welfare
programs—from government-sponsored health care to social security—
move in the direction of greater economic equality. Cutbacks to these
programs can move away from equality, hence further right.
In Europe, populist radical right parties in some cases have favored
more social benefits for workers—a traditional left-wing demand, while
others have engaged in welfare chauvinism—a wish to deny social benefits
to immigrants and refugees. Welfare chauvinism, inasmuch as it reduces
social benefit payments, is where traditional right views meet the right
whose target is the minorities.
Canada and the United States have certainly heard from political actors
who advocated for populism, and some have also advocated for nativism
and authoritarian policies in a democratic context.
A critical distinction between the advocates of populist radical right
ideas and more extreme political actors, according to Cas Mudde, is that
4 A. L. KAGEDAN

popular radical right supporters are democrats who believe in competing

in elections and in majority rule.5
Another component of the far right which exhibits othering may be
termed extremist.6 Extremists are anti-democratic. They believe in a
strong leader who will rule without checks and balances that are main-
tained through an independent judiciary and a free press. Extremists are
looking to remake society in a revolutionary fashion: to create a homo-
geneous society by reducing the influence and in some cases the presence
of minorities. They believe that they can reverse a slide toward what they
see as societal decadence and engineer a national rebirth.7 It is on the
extreme that one moves toward fascism, a revolutionary effort to remake
social reality. These radical anti-democrats can engage in extreme, violent,
othering. Should democracy succumb, the consequences for minorities
would be severe.
This book will examine how, and under what conditions, othering,
encompassed in populism and other political concepts, has been trans-
lated into politics and policy. What has been the level of influence of this
type of thinking on Canada and the United States since the late nine-
teenth century? Has the weight of the politics of othering remained at the
same level in both countries over time? What are the factors behind differ-
ences in the use of political othering in each country? Has this disjunction
always been in play or is it a recent development? What is a likely future
path for othering in both countries?
The book will follow a methodology that includes case studies and,
turning to the historical record, adopt a comparative approach.
Case studies can illuminate facts and provide insights about how soci-
eties treat an issue. As well, our case studies will identify key societal
actions in the past (1870s to 1990s) that continue to have important
implications today.
The book includes case studies that will help to explain patterns in
American and Canadian politics with reference to a number of minority
groups. The cases chosen have received attention from scholars, thereby
increasing the amount of information that will help to shed light on
othering in both countries. The cases flow one after another historically
so that we cover a series of time periods. This will shed light on whether
or not and if so, how, othering politics evolves. Finally, each case will have
a contemporary resonance in terms of the issues it raises so that they will
be of greater interest to readers.
This book will argue that the right–left paradigm is not useful when
analyzing the politics of othering, a foundational human tendency. The
politics of othering has been practiced in both the United States and
 1 INTRODUCTION 5

Canada since the nineteenth century (our period of study is from the
nineteenth century to today). Politicians and opinion leaders have used
othering to score points and gain more support. These politicians and
opinion leaders “supplied” the othering of minorities in response to a
“demand” by a significant portion of the public for action against the
targeted groups. The public demand for othering was based on a human
tendency to dislike the unlike. The proportion of the public that made
this demand for othering grew larger in the context of fears and uncer-
tainties about personal financial pressures, war, terrorism, and seeming
social/cultural threat. All othering—the demeaning of and discrimina-
tion against, and violent treatment of minorities—is abhorrent. With
exceptions, prior to World War II, the politics of othering had compar-
atively worse impacts on Canadian minorities compared with American
minorities, while since World War II, the politics, of othering was more
significant in the United States than in Canada. Factors that fed into this
flip include the history of slavery in the United States versus English–
French political duality in Canada, Canadian social policy advances after
World War II, and the valuing of citizenship that grew in Canada after
World War II.
This book is not a history of othering or discrimination. Nor does it
probe the serious, and often tragic impacts of othering on individuals. Its
scope is more limited. It tries to compare how politicians and public
figures have used othering to advance their interests in a series of cases, set
in a similar timeframe. The minorities referenced are considered in distinct
periods of history. There is one exception: Blacks in the United States and
Canada. The experience of Black Americans, over centuries, and the poli-
tics that has surrounded their treatment, have helped to shape American
society and politics. The much smaller number of Blacks in Canada has
meant that they have not attracted as much political attention. So, for this
minority, the book takes a broader historical view from the late nineteenth
century through to the eve of the twenty-first century.
The term of choice in this book to describe the dislike of the unlike is
othering. Many terms can be found in common parlance to refer to nega-
tive views and policies toward specific minorities—racism, anti-Semitism,
Islamophobia—and unquestionably specific circumstances have affected
the politics of othering in these cases. But, as I will argue later, the
tendency to dislike the unlike is global and timeless. We should not think
that such a negative attitude will ever pertain to one minority to the
exclusion of other minorities.
Other documents randomly have
different content
 NZS 4541:2007 meets the other requirements of this
clause. Automatic or remotely operated stopping is not permitted.
The following facilities shall be provided: (a) A red, clearly labelled,
easily accessible stopping device that automatically resets or returns
to its normal position; (b) Manual means of individually isolating
each start pressure switch. Only pressure switches that are closed
may be isolated. Reopening the pressure switch shall automatically
cancel the isolation. 607.1.8 Gauges The following gauges shall be
provided: (a) A pressure gauge complete with gauge cock connected
to the suction of every pump far enough from the pump not to be
influenced by pump entry turbulence; (b) A pressure gauge
complete with gauge cock connected to the pump delivery; Ganges
shall comply with 406. 607. 1 .9 Pump running indicator Every pump
unit shall be provided with a device which indicates at an approved
location that the pump is running. On diesel engine driven pumps, a
SSC may agree to the omission of this alarm if the noise of the
engine will serve the same purpose. A self-resetting device may be
incorporated to suppress an electrically operated alarm for up to 60
minutes. Where the indication is made at a location which is not
manned at all times, a defect signal shall be generated through the
fire brigade alarm (FBA). The FBA control box used to generate the
defect signal shall be clearly marked "Pump running alarm connected
to this unit." 607.1.10 Pressure relief valves Pressure relief valves
may be used to limit pump discharge pressure where excessive
pressures may be generated. If fitted to boosted town's mains or
tank supplies, these valves shall not discharge to waste. See
404.6.4. 607.1.11 Acceptance of load The design flow of the pump
unit shall be provided automatically (at the pressure designated on
the pump curve) within 30 seconds of the pump start signal when
tested under open discharge conditions. 607.2 Pumps 607,2.1 Listing
of pumps Only listed rotodynamic pumps shall be used. Factors that
shall be considered for any listing are: (a) Materials and
construction; (b) Performance range and accuracy against the
manufacturer's curve; (c) Availability of documentation. Every
application for listing of a pump shall be accompanied by the
following: (d) Details of construction; (e) The discharge versus
power absorbed at duty speed; 6-25
 NZS 4541:2007 (f) The net positive suction head required
(NPSHR) versus discharge at duty speed; (g) The total head versus
discharge at various speeds and impeller diameters; and (h) The
maximum impeller width and diameter. 607.2.2 Measured
performance of pump Every pump shall be demonstrated, by means
of one of the methods specified below, to provide on test any flow
(up to and including 110 % of the highest design flow) at not less
than 95 % of the pressure available on the manufacturer's curve at
that flow. The methods are: (a) Production of a certificate, duly
identified with the pump serial number, of a test conducted in
accordance with AS 2417 or other approved equivalent; (b) A bench
test conducted in accordance with AS 2417, or other approved
equivalent, witnessed by a SSC; or (c) An in situ test of the installed
pump unit using a certified test device (whether installed or
portable) witnessed by a SSC. Additionally, every pump forming part
of an installed pump unit shall demonstrate on test when the design
flow is induced through the alarm valve of every sprinkler installation
supplied by the pump unit that: (d) On newly installed pump units,
the available pressure at the alarm valve is at least 105 % of the
highest design pressure for that installation; and (e) Subsequently,
that the available pressure at the alarm valve is not at any time less
than the highest design pressure for that installation. NOTE - In
evaluating the test results in items (c), (d) and (e), the pressures
recorded during flow tests need to be corrected to take account of
variance In suction conditions, i.e. tank or town's nnain minimum
permitted suction condition. 607.2.3 WatenA/ay fittings The
following requirements apply: (a) The pump suction and delivery
shall be connected to the fixed piping through listed flexible
couplings to prevent transmission of running vibration and seismic
movement and to ensure that the pump alignment is not stressed by
the pipes. Any elastomeric type couplings shall be mechanically
restrained; (b) Stop valves are not permitted between the pump
delivery and the main stop valve, unless supervised and the location
approved; (c) Pump suction isolation valves are to be supervised; (d)
Any valves or fittings which are so constructed that turbulence may
be introduced through change in direction or obstruction of the
waterway shall be located at least 10 nominal diameters of the
suction Inlet from the entry to the pump. An uninterrupted length of
10 nominal diameters of pipe, the same diameter as the pump
suction, shall be installed immediately upstream of the pump suction
flange to effect this requirement. See figure 6.9; (e) When a reducer
is required in the pump suction pipework it shall be installed so that
no air will be trapped in it, usually necessitating the use of eccentric
style reducers. See figure 6.9. 6-26
 NZS 4541:2007 SUPERVISED ISOU\TION VALVE NOMINAL
10 PIPE DIAMETER LENGTH OF STRAIGHT PIPE OF THE SAME
DIAMETER AS THE PUMP SUCTION REDUCER IF REQUIRED
(ARRANGED TO PREVENT TRAPPED AIR) TWO FLEXIBLE ROLL
GROOVED COUPLINGS Figure 6.9 - Pump suction waterway fittings
607.2.4 Pump casing cooling Means shall be provided to prevent the
temperature of the water in the pump casing rising to more than 35
°C during nil or low flow discharge conditions over a 1 hour period.
Acceptable means of achieving this include: (a) A pressure relief
valve set to open at a pressure higher than the highest design
pressure; (b) A differential pressure valve; (c) The diesel motor
cooling water supply; (d) A normally open discharge line to a tank.
Where an around the pump pressure relief and/or test pipe is
provided to allow full flow testing, either the foregoing devices or an
additional device (manual or automatic) shall be arranged to provide
cooling of the pump casing at high flow rates (see figures 6.5 to 6.7)
during pump testing. Manual devices shall be labelled. 607.2.5
Vertical shaft pumps Vertical shaft pumps shall be installed to the
pump manufacturer's particular specifications and: (a) Shall be
constructed of materials suitable for the quality and acidity of water
to be pumped; (b) Vertical immersion, end suction, radial discharge
pumps are not acceptable for installations requiring a shaft longer
than 4 m. Where greater depths are involved, a vertical shaft turbine
pump shall be used; (c) Vertical shaft bearings shall be of the water
lubricated type and the bearing taking the hydraulic thrust and shaft
weight shall be of adequate capacity. 607.2.6 Submersible electric
pumps The following requirements apply: (a) Submersible electric
pumps shall be installed to the pump manufacturer's particular
specifications; (b] They shall be constructed of materials suitable for
the quality and acidity of water to be pumped; 6-27
 NZS 4541:2007 (c) The motor cable may have only one
joint between the controller and the motor and this shall be made in
a listed waterproof jointing box; (d) The insulation resistance and
circuit continuity of the motor and circuit from the controller shall be
supervised as required by 607.7.6. 607.3 Diesel engines 607.3.1
Listing of engine A listed diesel engine shall be used which shall be
of a compression ignition direct injection type and may be naturally
aspirated, super- or turbo-charged and/or intercooled. Engine
Intercooling shall be in accordance with the engine manufacturer's
recommendations. Single cylinder engines are not permitted. Only
those engines for which spare parts are likely to remain readily
available may be listed. 607.3.2 Power The following requirements
apply: (a) The engine shall be able to produce 1 10 % of the power
requirement for the highest design flow when measured against the
manufacturer's continuous power rating as defined in Part 1 of BS
5514 or approved equivalent Standard. The power requirement at
the highest design flow shall include an allowance equal to the
power absorbed by any supplementary devices driven by the engine
and any angled drive. In the case of a diesel engine driving a
boosted town's main pump, "highest design flow" in the preceding
paragraph shall mean the higher of: (i) The highest installation
design flow, and (ii) 110 % of the maximum flow that can be
induced in any pressure relief return loop that is provided to limit
pump delivery pressure (607.1.10), at the selected setting of the
pressure relief valve; (b) Any ratings or deratings specified by the
engine manufacturer shall be observed. In the absence of
manufacturer's data the engine shall be derated in kilowatts at the
rate of 1.5% for every 100 m of altitude over 200 m above sea level.
607.3.3 Performance and commissioning The engine shall be able to
be started automatically at an engine room temperature of 5 °C and
shall accept full load within 30 s of receiving the signal to start. On
in situ commissioning, the pump unit shall be run for a period of at
least 1 hour on increasing load up to duty flow. During this
commissioning period at least 10 consecutive starts shall be
completed. 607.3.4 Governing The engine shall be provided with a
governor to control the engine speed within 10 % of its rated value
under all stable conditions of load up to full load rating. To provide
automatic control of excess pump delivery pressure, a listed device
may be connected to the governor to automatically reduce the
governed speed. Upon any failure of the automatic control, the
driver shall resume the unit's maximum specified speed. 6-28
 NZS 4541:2007 607.3.5 Heating Where the pump unit
enclosure is not automatically maintained at a temperature above 10
X, the engine shall be artificially heated by an approved device so as
to maintain an engine temperature of at least 25 °C where: (a)
Either the minimum ambient temperature or the minimum engine
temperature is maintained by devices dependent upon electrical
power, provision shall be made to raise an alarm at an approved
place in the event that temperatures drop below the point at which
the engine could be relied upon to start; (b) The temperature
sensing and alarm devices shall be listed and shall not depend upon
mains electric power. If the alarm device can also be triggered by
other supervisory functions, there shall also be a local, labelled,
latching indication of the source of the alarm; (c) A SSC may waive
this requirement if ambient temperatures are not expected to drop
to this level. NOTE- See also 607.10.9 and 607.10.10. 607.3.6 Engine
cooling The engine shall be cooled by transferring the excess heat,
either to air automatically vented to outside the pump house in a
manner which complies with 607.3.6.1, or to water from the pump
delivery discharged to waste or returned to storage in a manner
which complies with 607.3.6.2. Under full load running conditions,
with all doors and windows in their normal positions, the rise in
ambient pump room air temperature, measured close to and at the
level of the aspirating air intake, shall not exceed 18 °C over a one
hour period. 607.3.6.1 Air cooling Where motors are cooled by air
the following requirements apply: (a) Direct The fan for direct air
cooling shall be mounted on the engine crankshaft or be gear or
multiple belt driven directly from the crankshaft. The rated capacity
of the belts shall not be exceeded if one belt fails; (b) Indirect A
radiator resiliently mounted in accordance with the motor
manufacturer's recommendations, designed for stationary service
and with all of the following facilities: (i) A shaft, gear, or belt driven
fan that pushes the cooling air away from the motor (ii) A shaft,
gear, or belt driven coolant circulating pump (iii) The radiator header
tank shall be fitted with the motor manufacturer's overflow/makeup
tank and shall have a means of readily checking the level of coolant
in it (iv) The engine manufacturer's coolant circuit shall be used (v)
That the radiator may require to be adequately ducted to control
pump enclosure temperatures and/or ensure that adequate fresh
cooling air is drawn through the radiator; (c) Ducting forming part of
the air cooling arrangements shall be sized so that the pressure drop
across the ducting does not exceed 80 % of the maximum
recommended by the manufacturer. Ducts shall discharge to a safe
place outside the pump enclosure; (d) Any louvre forming part of, or
required by, the air cooling system shall operate automatically but
shall not be dependent on electricity. 6-29
 NZS 4541:2007 607.3.6.2 Water cooling Where motors are
cooled by water the following requirements apply: (a) Cooling water
supply, control and discharge: (i) Water to cool the engine shall be
taken from the pump delivery to two isolation valves (ii) One
isolation valve shall be strapped open to supply the normal cooling
circuit and be labelled "MOTOR COOLING, normally open" (iii) The
cooling water shall then pass through an easily accessible strainer,
labelled "CLEAN MONTHLY". It shall have a screen that can be
removed without taking the strainer out of the pipework. The screen
shall have holes in it not less than 2 mm or greater than 5 mm in
any dimension and the total screen area shall be equivalent to at
least 8 times the cross section area of its supply pipe (iv) The
strainer shall be fitted with a listed device that automatically
bypasses it should the strainer become blocked (v) A flow regulating
device where required shall be fitted downstream of the strainer (vi)
Where the suction head would cause water to flow through the
cooling circuit when the pump is not running, a listed flow control
device may be fitted downstream of the strainer (vii) The other
isolation valve shall enable cooling water to bypass items (iii) and
(iv) and shall be strapped shut and labelled "OPEN FOR EMERGENCY
COOLING, normally shut". This valve shall discharge into the motor
cooling system upstream of the flow indicator (viii)The cooling water
shall then flow through a listed water flow indicator (ix) If the engine
requires a coolant circulating pump it shall be shaft, gear or belt
driven (x) The discharge pipe from the heat exchanger shall be at
least one size larger than the inlet pipe. There shall be a flexible
connection between the pipework and the engine cooling system or
heat exchanger (xi) The cooling water assembly shall be of an
indirect heat exchanger type; NOTE - To comply with this item, a
listed pump unit manufacturer may obtain a listing for a generic
cooling system in which the makes and models of the components
are nominated together with pipe sizing, fittings and labelling
requirements. (b) Indirect heat exchangers The cooling water
assembly may discharge into the secondary circuit of a suitably sized
heat exchanger which shall be capable of withstanding the maximum
supply pressure that can be applied. The primary cooling circuit shall
have a header tank with a water volume at least equivalent in
capacity to the engine's cooling jacket. It shall be connected to a
suitable automatic overflow/makeup tank. The header tank shall
have a means of readily checking the level of coolant in it; (c) No
part of the engine's waterjacket shall be subjected to a pressure of
more than 100 kPa; (d) All of the above should be agreed to by the
engine manufacturer. 607.3.7 Electric starter motor The engine shall
be provided with the manufacturer's specified electric starter which
shall be nominated in motor listing. The electric starter motor shall
be able to crank the engine continuously for 60 seconds followed by
one restart, without failure. 6-30
 NZS 4541:2007 607.3.8 Emergency start device In addition
to a manually operated starting button, each diesel engine shall have
an approved nneans by which it can be manually started in
emergency. One of the following is acceptable: (a) A manual crank
handle provided that sufficient energy can be imparted to the fly
wheel to enable it to carry the engine through at least two
compression strokes when the decompression lever is released. Any
device used to assist manual starting shall return to the automatic
start position when released. The entire manual cranking operation
shall be capable of being performed by one person; (b) The electric
starter motor used for automatic starting (or an additional listed
electric starter motor) provided that it is fitted with an approved
device which directly switches both batteries on to the solenoid of
the starter motor. The operating lever for this device shall be labelled
"EMERGENCY STARTING" with an arrow to indicate the direction of
operation and shall be painted green. It shall be spring loaded and
strapped in the released position; (c) Listed inertia and spring driven
starters engaging the main ring gear or a separate ring gear The
operating lever shall be painted green and labelled to indicate its
function and method of operation. It shall be strapped in the
released position. 607.3.9 Batteries Two separate lead-acid starting
batteries each capable of supplying the controller load for a period of
not less than 24 hours, and thereafter capable of cranking the
engine for 60 seconds shall be provided and be indelibly marked "A"
and "B" and with the date of installation. Both batteries shall be
normally electrically isolated on their non-earthed side and
simultaneously connected to the starter motor only for starting. They
shall be located so as to give ease of access for hydrometer testing,
be adjacent to, but not over any part of, the pump unit and be
protected with a strong non-conductive cover. They shall be secured
in accordance with 105.2. The batteries shall be suitable for
continuous operations under float charge conditions, designed for
stationery engine starting use, have a minimum service life of 3
years, and comply with AS 2149 or equivalent. 607.3.10 Combustion
air The air intake shall be fitted with an adequate filter. 607.3.11
Exiiaust Every engine shall have an exhaust which: (a)
Independently discharges to a safe location outside the pump unit
enclosure, the outlet so positioned that it is guarded from the entry
of rain water and birds; (b) Is provided with a flexible metallic
connection between the exhaust manifold and the exhaust pipe.
Where the exhaust pipe rises above the manifold means shall be
provided to trap any condensate and prevent it flowing back into the
engine; (c) Is provided with a screwed and plugged manometer hole
in the exhaust manifold outlet to facilitate the measurement of
manifold pressure. Under full load conditions, the pressure shall not
exceed 7.5 kPa except where the manufacturer recommends a lesser
maximum pressure; (d) Has the exhaust pipe adequately supported
from the building and kept at least 225 mm from combustible
materials. Alternatively, it may be sleeved so that the pipe is at least
50 mm from the sleeve and the sleeve is at least 25 mm from
combustibles and with the engine operating at full 6-31
 NZS 4541:2007 load, the temperature on the externa!
surface of any exposed combustible material shall not exceed 70 °C;
(e) Is fitted with an adequate silencer, preferably outside the pump
unit enclosure; (f) Has the exhaust pipe guarded wherever it is
within 2 m of the floor and could cause injury. Proprietary exhaust
pipe wraps shall be permitted to the exhaust pipe only (not
manifold, turbo, etc.) provided it is installed in accordance with the
engine and the product manufacturers' Instructions. 607.3.12 Drip
tray A drip-tray of lateral dimensions larger than the engine sump
shall be provided under the engine. 607.4 Diesel engine controllers
607.4.1 Component parts A diesel engine controller shall be a listed
device consisting of a cabinet housing or supporting instruments, a
controller logic unit, battery chargers, listed start pressure switches,
manually operated start switch, test logbook, nameplate and such
manual controls and technical data sheets as are specified. The
electrical connection between the controller and the engine shall be
made with a mechanically restrained multicontact plug and socket
and the entire controller shall be listed. Removal of the plug from
the socket shall cause an indication at an approved location. Where
the indication is made at a location which is not staffed at all times,
a defect signal shall be generated through the fire brigade alarm
(FBA). 607.4.2 Location The controller shall be located in the pump
unit enclosure close to, but physically separate from, the engine and
pump. It shall be free from engine vibration. Attention is drawn to
the need to comply with NZS 11 70.5 with respect to restraint
against seismic forces. 607.4.3 Cabinet The cabinet shall be robustly
constructed and provided with adequate ventilation to facilitate
dissipation of heat generated by electrical equipment. It shall include
a dustproof compartment for the storage of technical data sheets
and the test logbook. 607.4.4 Instruments, manual controls, alarms
and lamps The information in the following table shall be displayed
in an easily seen and read form on the face of the controller
Analogue displays shall indicate the acceptable duty range by green
shading and unacceptable levels by red shading. Tachometers should
be digital, with the minimum number of display digits as specified
below, or an analogue tachometer of suitable scale. The controller
shall have instruments, manual controls, alarms and lamps which
shall enable the operator to determine information relating to the
pumpset in an easily recognised manner as set out below: (a) Digital
displays shall have digits at least 15 mm high and comply with the
requirements of the following table. 6-32
 NZS 4541:2007 Information Min. no. of significant figures
on digital displays Pump suction pressure 3 Pump delivery pressure 3
Pump rotational speed 4 Engine run time (hourmeter) 5 Engine
lubricant pressure 3 Engine block temperature °C 3 Voltage of each
battery 4 Charging current to each battery 3 Optionally, a single
digital display may be used to annunicate; (i) The voltage and
charging current for each battery (ii) The engine lubricant pressure
and engine block temperature provided the display automatically
defaults to annunciate any parameter in an alarm condition; (b) The
following manually operated devices shall be provided in easily
visible positions on the face of the controller: (i) A manual start
button (ii) A push button device or devices to permit the isolation of
each start pressure switch; (c) The following lamps or LED indicators
shall be provided in easily visible positions on the controller to
indicate; (i) Whether each battery charger is energised (ii) Operation
of pressure switch (iii) The controller unit status (iv) Closed or
isolated state of each pressure start switch (v) The start logic
controller status; (d) All instruments, controls and lamps shall be
clearly labelled as to their function. Where duplicate instruments
associated with batteries are provided they shall be labelled either
"A" or "B"; (e) Where remote annunciation is provided for off-normal
conditions, for example: (i) Pump running (ii) Battery charger off (iii)
High engine temperature (iv) Engine heating failure (v) Low engine
oil pressure an alarm unit shall be provided and mounted on the
controller to assemble and transmit such signals either individually or
collectively. A timing device may be incorporated to suppress such
alarms for a period of 60 minutes provided that it will automatically
reset. 607.4.5 Controller logic unit The following requirements apply:
(a) A controller logic unit to control the automatic starting sequences
of the pump unit shall be provided. Continuity of service and
availability of spare parts for the unit shall be considered; (b) The
controller logic unit's functions shall comply with figure 6.10 and the
notes thereto; 6-33
 NZS 4541:2007 (c) Crankshaft speed shall be measured by
a sensor driven directly by the crankshaft or a layshaft gear driven
from it. The sensor device shall be considered part of the controller
logic unit; (d) If the unit incorporates polarity sensitive devices it
shall be protected against or undamaged by reversal of its power
supply polarity. LU "5 B B CO t: o start switch Closed Isolated
Unisolated Count engine revs, below minimum Energise starter
motor Below minimum Above minimum Recycling delay Off On ti
Engine turning Count engine revs. Below minimum Above maximum
I Running De-energise starter motor Engine running Engine Speed
falls below minimum Start sw. closed Start sw. open Engine at
standby Minimum approx. 30 rpm. Maximum approx. 500 rpm. Delay
approx. 4 sec. Figure 6.10 - Diesel engine controller logic unit
NOTE(1) "Isolated" is a device which individually isolates each start
pressure switch that is closed when the isolate button is manually
operated. Each pressure switch then remains individually isolated
until it reopens. (2) "30 RPM" and "500 RPM" indicate that the
crankshaft is rotating at approximately the stated speed. Actual
speeds are to be adjusted in accordance with the engine
manufacturer's recommendations. (3) "Energise" means
simultaneously connecting both batteries to the starter motor. (4)
"Ready to Start", "Starter Isolated", "Engine Cranking" and "Engine
Running" to be indicated by status lamps or LED indicators. 6-34
 NZS 4541:2007 607.4.6 Battery chargers A listed constant
voltage current-limited battery charger shall be provided within the
controller cabinet for each of the two starting batteries. The battery
chargers shall each: (a) Have autonnatic output control that
maintains the battery fully charged within the "float" levels specified
by the battery manufacturer; (b) Have automatic control to limit the
output current to the maximum rated value of the unit when lead
acid batteries discharged to 1 .85 V per cell are connected; (c) Be
capable of restoring the full nominal Ampere-hour capacity of the
battery within a period of 24 hours while simultaneously supplying
the full quiescent current (controller load); (d) Be capable of
tolerating continuous reversed polarity or short circuit on the output
terminals without damage, and shall self-restore on removal of the
same; (e) Provide visual indication that the charger is energised. The
charger manufacturer shall specify any design constraints on charger
output or the size and length of battery voltage sensing conductors.
Compliance shall be required. The 230 V mains supply for the
controller and battery chargers shall be connected to a separate
subcircuit on the building's main distribution board which is clearly
labelled "FIRE PUMP BATTERY CHARGERS". 607.4.7 Start pressure
switches Listed start pressure switches shall be mounted on the
cabinet. They shall comply with 607.1.5. When they close, the initial
current shall exceed 0.5 A. 607.4.8 Nameplate An engraved label
shall be affixed to the face of the cabinet and give the following
information: (a) Name of pump unit manufacturer; (b) Unit number;
(c) Duty speed; (d) Engine make, model and power at duty speed;
(e) Pump make, model and impeller diameter; (f) Flow and pressure
at duty speed. 607.4.9 Operator's handbook and logbook The
following shall be kept in the cabinet: (a) A copy of the electrical
circuits associated with the controller logic unit, battery chargers and
engine; (b) Manufacturers' operator handbooks for the pump,
controller and engine unit; (c) An approved logbook for recording all
faults and the results of all tests including engine maintenance, oil
changes, battery condition, hours run, fuel consumption, annual
surveys. A label showing the name and telephone number of the
pump unit maintenance contractor shall be affixed to the inside of
the cabinet. 6-35
 NZS 4541:2007 607.5 Diesel engine fuel supply 607.5.1
General requirements Every pump engine shall have its own
individual fuel supply tank. NOTE - Attention is drawn to the need to
comply with the relevant requirements of the HSNO Act, specifically
those dealing with tank size and attachments, pipes, protection of
fuel lines, oil level gauges and fuel secondary containment
provisions. 607.5.2 Tank mounting The tank may be mounted inside
the pump house, but it shall be mounted separately from the engine
with the fuel outlet not lower than the injector pump or more than 1
,000 mm above the injector pump, unless this voids the
manufacturer's warranty. Tank mounting shall comply with 105.2.
607.5.3 Tank capacity The fuel capacity shall be assessed on the
engine manufacturer's specified fuel consumption for the power
absorbed by the pump unit at duty rpm for the periods nominated in
table 6.2. Table 6.2 - Nominal fuel duration Hazard class Fuel
duration (minimum) Extra light hazard 6 hours Ordinary hazard 6
hours Extra high hazard 6 hours but not less than twice the primary
supply duration required by table 6.1 607.5.4 Fuel gauge The tank
shall be fitted with a listed gauge. The gauge shall be marked
indicating that the top half of the tank is fuel for test running and
the bottom half is for fire duty running. It shall also indicate that the
fuel level shall not normally fall below that allowed for testing.
607.5.5 Tank construction The tank shall be constructed of at least
1.5 mm mild steel coated internally with a suitable anticorrosive and
oil resisting coating after it has been tested for leaks or alternatively
of at least 1 ,25 mm stainless steel. 607.5.6 Tank connections The
following connections, none of which shall be galvanised pipe, shall
be provided: (a) A 25 mm vent pipe from the top of the tank that
has a continuous upward grade to a down-turned flared and gauze-
sealed vent outside the pump house; (b) A minimum 20 mm filling
pipe into the top of the tank. The tank may be filled only by
pumping from a mobile tanker, storage tank or a portable drum. A
minimum 20 mm filling pipe fixed into the top of the tank for use by
a mobile tanker may be supplied, provided that this fill pipe shall
extend to the outside of the building, or other suitable location and
have a suitable threaded and sized locked valve attached at the
delivery end. Suitable precations shall be taken to ensure that if the
tank is overfilled, by a mobile tanker, that diesel is not discharged
into the pump house; (c) A 25 mm overflow pipe from the top of the
tank which shall be carried on a continuous downward gradient to
discharge in a safe place - usually the storage tank or a portable
drum; (d) A sludge sump at the lowest part of the tank, fitted with a
normally closed and plugged stopcock; 6-36
 NZS 4541:2007 (e) A sealed opening not less than 100 mm
diameter for tank cleaning purposes; (f) A minimum of a 10 mm fuel
outlet drawing from at least 25 mm above the bottom of the sludge
sump and fitted with a stop valve padlocked in the open position; (g)
A fuel return line sized and installed in accordance with the engine
manufacturer's recommendations. 607.5.7 Fuel secondary
containment Where required by the HSNO Act, provisions shall be
made for diesel fuel secondary containment. One such method is to
install the diesel fuel tank in a bunded area. 607.5.8 Fuel lines The
fuel lines shall be at least 10 mm seamless copper or stainless steel
tube with double ferrule compression fittings, brazed joints or black
steel pipes and fittings and shall: (a) Be well protected and
supported, preferably in a continuous down-gradient to the engine.
However, it is permissible to have one low point, provided there is a
continuous rise from this point to both the engine and the fuel tank;
(b) Incorporate a transparent agglomerator bowl, immediately
downstream of the fuel line stop valve, to indicate the presence of
water, and an accessible, engine mounted, filter; (c) Terminate at
the engine at a metal armoured flexible connection. NOTE - This
clause does not apply to any fuel lines forming part of the engine
nnanufacturer's Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) equipment.
607.5.9 Air lock avoidance Care shall be taken to avoid air locks in
the system. No air relief valves are permitted and where air relief is
essential, screwed plugs shall be used. 607.6 Electric motors 607.6.1
Type Electric motors shall be of the three-phase low voltage squirrel
cage drip-proof or totally enclosed type. 607.6.2 Power The following
requirements apply: (a) The motor shall have 110 % of the capacity
required to ensure that the continuous rated current is not exceeded
under any conditions of pump discharge when power is being
supplied at the nominal voltage. Should the motor have a service
factor of 10 % or greater, this requirement shall be deemed to have
been met; NOTE(1) This 10 % capacity margin is necessary to take
account of fluctuations in the supply voltage that will increase the
current. (2) Attention is drawn to the need to check the actual
pumpset turning speed to ensure that the motor can provide the
power absorbed by the pump at that speed. (b) The locked rotor
current shall not exceed 750 % of the full load current of the motor.
6-37
 NZS 4541:2007 607.6.3 Nameplate The motor shall have a
nameplate attached to it, on which is indelibly marked: (a)
Manufacturer's name; (b) Type and serial number; (c) Continuous
rated power output; (d) Working voltage and frequency; (e)
Rotational speed at full load; (f) Full load current. 607.6.4 Height
above floor Other than with submersible pumps, the pump unit shall
be so mounted that no current carrying part of the motor is less
than 150 mm above the floor. 607.6.5 Vertical shaft motors Motors
driving vertical shaft pumps shall be constructed for vertical
operation and, if driving an assembly longer than 4 m, shall have a
hollow shaft. Alternatively, the motor shall be of a listed submersible
type. 607.6.6 Motor starting The motor shall be started and stopped
by means of a listed electric motor controller. 607.7 Electric motor
controllers 607.7.1 Component parts and listing An electric motor
controller shall be a listed device the component parts of which are:
(a) A cabinet supporting or enclosing items (b) to (j); (b) A listed
start pressure switch or switches and associated test devices; (c)
Pressure switch isolation devices; (d) Manual start and stop buttons;
(e) Start contactor; (f) Power supply supervisory equipment; (g)
Overload protection supervisory equipment; (h) Pump running alarm
switching devices; (i) For submersible pumps insulation resistance
and circuit continuity supervisory equipment; (j) A nameplate
showing the following information: (i) Name of manufacturer (ii) Unit
number (iii) Pump make, model, turning speed and impeller
diameter (iv) Duty flow and pressure. 6-38
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