Java: Theory questions and answers covering the entire syllabus Q1.

Give the definition (1-2 Lines) and an example where applicable: Object An entity having specific characteristics(variables) and behaviour(Methods) Binding and wrapping up of methods and data members

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Encapsulation Bytecode

The java byte code is a machine language instruction for a java processor chip called java virtual machine. The byte code is independent of the computer system it has to run upon. Internet Applets are small programs that are embedded in web pages and are run on the viewers machine An object having one name by many different shapes. implicit type conversion When a function calls itself public void abc() { abc(); } Which converts the all the source code to machine code before execution. An uncompiled java program A machine code program which can run on a specific platform(hardware/ software) only. Converting a data type to a higher data type. 2 types 1. Implicit automatically by the compiler 2. Explicit By the user using type casting. Hiding unnecessary details and representing essential features Represents a set of objects that share common characteristics and behaviour. When a class acquires properties of another class (may add a few of its own). Set of Java programs (interpreter compiler etc.) which converts
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Applet

Polymorphism Coercion Recursion

Compiler

Source Code Native Executable Code

Type Promotion

Abstraction Class

Inheritance

JVM
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Java: Theory questions and answers covering the entire syllabus source code to byte code. IDE API Integrated development Environment (E.g. Blue J)

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Applications Programming Interface (Java Libraries) (inbuilt features) Template of a class public interface in { int x=0,y=0; //vars are given int input(); //function are not defined int add(int x, int y); int disply(); } class example implements in { }

Interface

Unicode

Two byte character code for multilingual characters. ASCII is a subset of Unicodes. A super class of which all classes are sub(derive) by default. Which converts and executes source code line by line executes. A machine language conversion of the source code. Writing a data type in () before a value, variable or an expression to change its type temporarily. Sop((char)65) L and F, for long and float respectively. Substitutes for type casting. RHS data type >= LHS data type. (This is why float f=3.14 doesnt work)

Class Object Interpreter Object Code Type Casting

Suffixes

Type Compatibility

Q2. What are tokens? Name the 5 types of tokens available in Java with an example each. The smallest individual unit in a program is known as a token. The five types of tokens are- : a) Keywords:- public, static, void, import etc. (Javas own terms) b) Identifiers:- (variables) alphabets, digits, under score, dollar sign etc.
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Java: Theory questions and answers covering the entire syllabus

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c) Literals:- (Constants) integer literals, floating literals, boolean literals, character literals, string literal, the null literal. d) Punctuators (separators):- () {} [] ; , e) Operators = + < >

Q3. What are escape sequences? Give any 5 escape sequences? Codes for non-graphic or some special characters. \t, \n, \b, \\, \, \, \? Q4. Prepare a chart showing all the data types with their size and range. See table with answer 10. Q5. How can we declare a variable whose value cannot be changed in Java? If we write the final keyword before the variable name, then the value of that variable cannot be changed later in the program. Any attempt of doing so will produce a compilation error. Q6. On what do the shift and bitwise operators work in Java?
on binary equivalents, Note that a>>b = a / b2 and a<<b = a*b2

Q7. Give the value (with reason) that the variable on the left hand side will hold in the following statements float a=(float)(21/2); int b=5 * 3/4 + 4/3 + 6; int c=100 + 10>10?10:20; float d= '1'+ '2'; int e= 20%7 / 2*3; a) float a= (float) (21/2); Output-: First integer division takes place= (float)(10). Then the answer is converted to floating type=10.0. b) int b= 5*3/4+4/3+6; Output-:First multiplication takes place=15/4+4/3+6. Then division=3+1+6.At last addition= 10. c) int c= 100+10>10?10:20; Output-:First addition takes place=110>10?10:20.Then ternary operator works and returns the answer= 10. d) float d= 1+2; Output-:The ASCII codes of these characters are added(49+50) and converted into floating type=99.0. e) int e= 20%7/2*3; Output-:First mod (6/2*3), then division(3*3) and at last multiplication= 9. Q8. How is >> different from >>>?
Difference between >> and >>> Both are same for positive numbers But in case of negative numbers >>> brings the Sign bit in the number zone and produces a very Large number.

System.out.println(10<<2);
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Java: Theory questions and answers covering the entire syllabus System.out.println(10>>2); System.out.println(10>>>2); System.out.println(-10>>2); System.out.println(-10>>>2); 40 2 2 -3 1073741821

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Q9. What do you understand by (i)Precedence and Associativity (ii) Mixed/Fixed(pure expr.) mode? (i) Precedence : Order of evaluation (ii) Associativity : Order of evaluation when precedence is the same. (iii) Mixed Mode or Impure Expressions When operands are of different data types. (iv) Fixed mode or pure expressions When operands are of the same data type. Q10. Prepare a table showing operator Precedence and Associativity. Type Char Byte Short Int Long Float Range 0 to 65536 (Unicodes) -128 to 127 -32768 to 32767 -2^31 to 2^31 -1 -2^63 to 2^63 -1 -3.4E+38 to +3.4E+38 (Prec-7) Double 8 -1.7E+308 to +1.7E+308 (Prec-16) Boolean 1 (only 1 bit is used) true/false * Order as above in implicit conversion in mixed mode. * Associativity L->R (Precedence in next column) ++x first ++ then use, x++ first use then ++. Size 2 1 2 4 8 4 []() ++ -- ! ~ inOf New */% +<< >> >>> <><=>===!= & | ^ (Bitw.) && || ?: += etc. C A L

U A

Q11. Show the output of the following program if X & Y are integers. x=5; System.out.println(x++*2); System.out.println(++x*2); y=x++ + ++x + x++ + ++x; System.out.println(y);
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Java: Theory questions and answers covering the entire syllabus x+=x++ + ++x; System.out.println(x); System.out.println(x-- + " " + --x +" "+ --x + " " +x--); public static void main() { int x=5; System.out.println(x++*2); // 5 System.out.println(++x*2); // 7 int y=x++ + ++x + x++ + ++x; // 7 9 9 11 System.out.println(y); x+= x++ + ++x; // 11 13 (WILL BE ADDED TO 11) = X becomes 35 System.out.println(x); System.out.println(x-- + " " + --x + " " + --x + " " + x--); // 35 33 32 32 }//main }//class 10 14 36 35 35 33 32 32

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Q12. What is the difference between the rint() and the round() function in Java? Math.rint() returns a double type value whereas Math.round() returns an integer type value. System.out.println(Math.rint(5.5)); System.out.println(Math.round(5.5)); 6.0 6 Note that rint() works with even numbers with .5 as floor() Q13. Define and call any example function and show the following parts Prototype, signature, access specifier, modifier, return type, formal argument, declaration, Definition, actual arguments, name, extended name, call Some terms related to functions are -: e.g. -: public static void function (int a, int b) { int c=a + b; System.out.print(c); }. a) Prototype-: The first line of a function is called its Prototype. For e.g. -: public static void function (int a, int b)

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Java: Theory questions and answers covering the entire syllabus

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b) Signature-: Signature of a function is the formal arguments of the function.eg ------ (int a, int b, int c) c) Access Specifier -: Access Specifiers are used to restrict access to the function or method. It is of following 3 types-private, protected & public. d) Modifier -: Modifiers like static, transient, volatile tell us whether the function can be called without objects or not. e) Return type -: They tells us the type of value returned by the function like void function returns no value, but integer function returns integer value, double as double and so on. f) Formal argument-: Formal arguments or Formal parameters are the arguments given during function definition like public static void function (int a)- Formal argument. g) Declaration-: same as Prototype. h) Body-: Body of a function are the statements given inside parenthesis. It is actually the processing part of the function e.g.i) Statements-: same as body. j) Header-: same as prototype. Q14. Write example programs showing the difference between call by value and reference? public class ValueRef1 { private static void function(int a)//formal arg { System.out.println("Function = " +a); a+=10; System.out.println("Function = " +a); } public static void main() { int a=5; System.out.println("Main = " +a); function(a);//actual arg System.out.println("Main = " +a); } } public class ValueRef2 { private static void function(int a[]) { System.out.println("Function = " +a[0]); a[0]++; System.out.println("Function = " +a[0]); } public static void main() { int a[]={5}; System.out.println("Main = " +a[0]); function(a); System.out.println("Main = " +a[0]); }
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Java: Theory questions and answers covering the entire syllabus } public class ValueRef3 { private static void function(String a) { System.out.println("Function = " +a); a=a.concat("DE"); System.out.println("Function = " +a); } public static void main() { String a=new String("ABC");//String is a class //String a="ABC"; System.out.println("Main = " +a); function(a); System.out.println("Main = " +a); } } public class ValueRef4 { private static void function(StringBuffer a) { System.out.println("Function = " +a); a.append("DE");//like the concat fn' System.out.println("Function = " +a); } public static void main() { StringBuffer a=new StringBuffer("ABC"); System.out.println("Main = " +a); function(a); System.out.println("Main = " +a); } } class change { int a,b; void swap(int x, int y) { int t=x; x=y; y=t; } void swap(change obj) { int t=obj.a;
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Java: Theory questions and answers covering the entire syllabus obj.a=obj.b; obj.b=t; } public static void main() { int x=5, y=10; change obj=new change(); System.out.println(x+" "+y); obj.swap(x,y); System.out.println(x+" "+y); obj.a=5; obj.b=10; System.out.println(obj.a+" "+obj.b); obj.swap(obj); System.out.println(obj.a+" "+obj.b); } }

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Q15. What is the difference between call by value and reference and what decides it? Changes made in formal arguments are reflected in the calling function in call by reference and not in call by value. This is because in call by value a different copy of the variable is maintained in the computers memory but the memory is shared in call by reference. The argument type decides the type of call. Primitive types are called by value whereas reference types (Arrays, classes, objects and interfaces) are called by reference. This is also called pass by value or reference. Q16. What is the difference between pure and impure functions? Impure functions change the state of an object i.e. the values of instance variables. They are also called mutators or setters. Pure functions do not change any instance variable (may change a local variable). They are also called accessors or getters. Q17. What is function overloading? What things should be kept in mind while overloading a function? Defining more than 1 function with the same name. Different Signature. Void add(int a, int b), Void add(int a, int b, int c); Q18. What is a constructor? Give its properties. How do we declare/ define it? Can they be overloaded? A function with the same name as that of a class. Properties 1. same name 2. no return type
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Java: Theory questions and answers covering the entire syllabus 3. 4. 5. 6. used to initialize called automatically should be public Provided by the compiler if we dont define.

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Class-name() { initialization of instance variables) } Yes Q19. Name and give an example of the types of constructors. Class A( { int x,y; A() //Default constructor { x=0, y=0; } A(int a, int b) //Parameterized constructor { x=a; y=b; } } Q20. Show how is a parameterized constructor is passed values. (show an object creation statement) Passed values when an object is created. A obj=new A(10,20); Q21. When will you need to use this keyword inside a constructor? Show by example. When the formal argument or any local variable has the same name as that of the instance variable. Class A( { int x,y; A(int x, int y) //Parameterized constructor { this.x=x; this.y=y; } } Q22. What are temporary instances? Show an example too in your answer. Object created using new but not stored. new A(1,2); Q23. What are (i) Composite data types (i) Composed of other data types (ii) Created by the user. (ii) User defined data types.

Q24. How is the size of a composite data type determined?

Java: Theory questions and answers covering the entire syllabus By adding the sizes of its constituent members. E.g. class class A { int x,y; boolean b; } Size of class A : 4 + 4 + 2 = 10 Bytes Q25. Give four differences between composite and primitive data types. Composite Primitive 1 Contain other types Independent 2 Variable size Fixed Size 3 new always required Only for an array 4 Available where defined Available everywhere Q26. Mark (i) Declaration (ii) Instatiation & (iii) Initialization in the following statement A obj = new A(5,7); A obj decl. new inst. A(5,7);- init. Q27. What is meant by Null Reference? An object declared but not instantiated. A obj; - Obj has null reference Q28. How can we access methods and variables of a class outside the class? By creating objects and writing their name after obj. Q29. What are access specifiers? Draw a table showing all the access specifiers and their accessibility in the class, package, subclasses and other packages. Access Specifier Same Package (Other classes of the same program) Y Y Y Other Package (using import) Subclasses (derived) in same package Subclasses (derived) in other package

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Public Protected Package Friendly Default Private

Y N N

Y Y Y

Y Y N

N
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Java: Theory questions and answers covering the entire syllabus Q30. What are static variables/methods? What is the other name given to them? Which are declared using the modifier static before them. Can be accessed using the class name and have just one copy in the memory. (change in 1 object will change all) Class variables, Class Method.

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Q31. Define a Stream? Differentiate between a byte oriented and a character oriented stream. Stream Flow of bytes (Source or destination of bytes also called Input streams or output streams) Byte oriented 101010100 (Scanner) Character oriented ABCDE (Keyboard) Q32. Name the three types of errors. Syntax Grammatical errors for( i=1, i<10 : i++] Logical if(n%2==5) Runtime Which occur due to wrong data. c=a/b; (ok but will give an error in b is zero) s.substring(x,y); - error if x or y are negative or y>x. Also called Exception. Q33. What is exception-handling? What are the statements used for it? Show an example. Exception means a run time error. When an exception occurs the program is terminated in between only. If we perform exception handling (using try & catch) then the program control goes to the catch block and continues running even if an exception occurs. public static void example() { int a[]={11,12,33,54,55}; try{ for(int i=0; i<=5; i++) { System.out.println(a[i]); } } catch(Exception e) {} System.out.println("End of program"); }//eg1 Q34. What is the advantage of exception handling? Fault tolerance. Q35. What is the importance of throw and finally in exception handling? Throw Send the program control to the catch block (without an error) Finally A special catch block which is always executed. Q36. Can the catch block be overloaded? Give some examples of named exceptions in Java? YES
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Java: Theory questions and answers covering the entire syllabus ArrayIndexOutOfBounds, ArithmeticException, NumberFormatException

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Q37. What are wrapper classes? What is its advantage? Comment on their names. Give some e.g. functions? Class equivalent of a primitive data type.(which wraps a primitive data type) More functions Same as that of the primitive data type but starts with a capital letter. (but Integer, Character) parseInt(), parseFloat(), toString() Q38. How are Strings different from StringBuffers? Name a few StringBuffer functions too. String String Buffer 1 Call by value Call by reference 2 Different set of functions Different set of functions 3 Does not change directly Changes directly s=ABC; s=ABC; s.concat(DE); s.append(DE); System.out.println(s); System.out.println(s); S=s.concat(DE); System.out.println(s); Few string buffer functions append(), reverse(), setLength(), setCharAt(), insert(), delete() Q39. Differentiate between the .equals() and .compareTo() functions. .equals() .copamreTo() 1 only checks for equality Also checks for <, > 2 Returns a Boolean value Returns an integer s1>s2 Positive value s1<s2 Negative value s1==s2 - Zero Q40. When is a stringTokenizer useful? String Tokenizer is useful for word by word processing import java.util.*; public class example { public static void main() { StringTokenizer s=new StringTokenizer("This is an example line"); //Token means a word System.out.println(s.countTokens()); while(s.hasMoreTokens()) { System.out.println(s.nextToken()); } }//main
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Java: Theory questions and answers covering the entire syllabus }//class

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Q41. What do you understand by chaining of calls? Show an example. Calling function calls in succession using the dot operator. System.out.println(s.concat("te").concat("rs").concat(".")); Will display Computers. if s is Compu originally. Q42. What is a package? Name some predefined packages in Java. A collection of classes. graphics, awt, applet, net, swing, lang, io. Q43. Show an example of creating and another of using a user defined package. Creating: package myPack; (at the top of any program) Using import mypack.*; (at the top of any program) Q44. Name the four programming constructs? Sequence All statements are executed sequentially. Selection A selected block/statement is executed. If, switch, ?:(opeartor) Iteration A block/statement is executed repeatedly. For, while, do-while Jump Which take the program control to some other point in the program. (break, continue) Q45. Compare if and ?:. If 1 Statement 2 Else is optional 3 Nesting possible

?: Operator user in expressions False part compulsory Nesting complicated

Q46. Compare if and switch. If 1 Can test many variables 2 Any data type 3 Can use <, > == != 4 Slower than switch

Switch Only one variable Int, char Only checks equality Faster switch operation

Q47. What is fall-through and how can it be prevented? Execution of all the cases after the true case.(in the absence of break) By using break. Q48. Name the elements that control a loop. Initialization condition body counter.
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Q49. Compare the three types of loops with an example. For While Should be used if number Should be used if number of of times are known times are not known for(int i=1; i<=5; i++) N=256; { system.out.println(i); while(n>0) } { System.out.println(n%10); n=n/10; }

Do-while Should be used if the loop should execute at least one. ch=Integer.parseInt(br.readLine()); do{ switch(ch) { case 1: case 2: } While(c!=5);

Q50. Differentiate between ordinary and labeled break and continue. Just break and continue consider the loop in which they appear. Labelled break and continue can be made to consider the outer loop. for(int i=0; i<3; i++) outer:for(int i=0; i<3; i++) // outer is the label { for(int j=0; j<3; j++) { for(int j=0; j<3; j++) { if(i==1) continue; // to j++ { if(i==1) continue outer; // to i++ if(j==1) break; // to point A if(j==1) break outer; // to point B } } System.out.println("Point A"); System.out.println("Point A"); } } System.out.println("Point B"); System.out.println("Point B"); } } Q51. Differentiate between scope and visibility. Scope and Visibility: Scope means if a variable is accessible or not whereas visibility means if the variable is directly(without using this etc.) accessible or not. Q52. What is an Array? A collection of values/variables of the same type. Q53. What are out of bound subscripts? Indexes below 0 or >= arrays length. Q54. Show an example of inheritance. (It is defined above) Class A { int x, y; } Class B extends A { int z; } Now B will own x,y and z because of the extends keyword.
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Java: Theory questions and answers covering the entire syllabus

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Q55. Differentiate the two searching and sorting methods. Sorting Bubble Selection 1 Greatest value goes to the end Smallest comes to the beginning. 2 Matches two consecutive elements Matches an element with all 3 Swapping inside the inner loop Swapping outside the inner loop Searching Linear Binary 1 Checks all elements sequentially. Starts matching with the middle element 2 Array need not be sorted. Array should be sorted. 3 Matching rage reduces by one Matching range halves every time every time only Q56. Give examples of Functions Maths, String, String Buffer, Character, Wrapper Classes, (Please refer to the green card)

String Tokenizer,

Q57. What is the lvalue of an array. The memory address where the array is stored in the RAM. (Value inside a variable is called the rvalue) Q58. Give 2 characteristics of the Java programming language. WORA, Object oriented, Platform independent, Light weight, Heavily Facilitated. Q59. What will be values of the following array after 2 passes of (i) Bubble sort (ii) Selection Sort. - 9 7 6 4 3 1 (i) 643179 (ii) 136479 Q60. Name the entry controlled and exit controlled loops in Java. Entry Controlled for, while Exit Controlled Do while Q61. Differentiate between & and && ( | and || ) & or | checks all the conditions whereas && or || checks till it gets the answer & and | are also bitwise operators (can work on numbers too) whereas && or || work on logical expressions only. Q62. Display a table showing the working of bitwise operators. Ans: A B & | ^ 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
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Java: Theory questions and answers covering the entire syllabus Q63. Output Questions public static void Q1() { int n=9; if(n<10)System.out.println(n++); if(n>10 || n<20) System.out.println(n++); else n+=10; System.out.println(n); }//Q1 public static void Q2() { int i=0, a,b,c; a=b=c=0; for(i=1; i<=5; i++) { switch(i) { case 1: a++; case 2: default: case 3: b++; case 6: break; } System.out.println(a+" "+b+" "+c); } }//Q2 public static void Q3() { int i=0, s=1; for(i=1; i<=3; i++); s=s+i++; System.out.println(s+" "+i); }//Q3 public static void Q4() { int n=1, f=1; while(n<=4) f*=n++; System.out.println(f); }//Q4 public static void Q5() { int a=5, b=3; do{ a-=++b; System.out.println(a +" "+ b);
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Java: Theory questions and answers covering the entire syllabus }while (a>0); }//Q5 public static void Q6() { int a=5+2*2/7%3; double b=10/100*25; double c=25*10/100; double d=25*.1; System.out.print(a); System.out.println(b); System.out.println(c); System.out.print(d); }//Q6 public static void Q7() { System.out.println(Math.pow(27,1.0/3.0)); System.out.println(Math.sqrt(4)); System.out.println(Math.ceil(20.001)); System.out.println(Math.floor(128.0)); System.out.println(Math.rint(25.49)); System.out.println(Math.round(15.456)); System.out.println(Math.abs(12.75)); System.out.println(Math.ceil(-3.3)); System.out.println(Math.floor(-7.5)); System.out.println(Math.rint(-3.14)); System.out.println(Math.round(-15.456)); System.out.println(Math.abs(-12.75)); System.out.println(Math.max(1,2)); System.out.println(Math.min(1.0,2.0)); } public static void Q8() { int a=5, b=10, c=0; c=a++ * ++b; System.out.println(a+" "+b+" "+c); c=a++ * 2 + 2 * a++ ; System.out.println(a+" "+b+" "+c); c=b++ + ++b + b++; System.out.println(a+" "+b+" "+c); a+=a++ + ++a; b+=++b + b++; System.out.println(a+" "+b+" "+c); a=100; b=200; c=0; c=a+b>200?1:2; System.out.println(c);
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Java: Theory questions and answers covering the entire syllabus c=a>b?a:b/a<b?a:b; System.out.println(c); System.out.println(a>b?"ABC":"XYZ"); }

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public static void Q9() { int a=5, b=7; System.out.println("Sum = "+a+b); System.out.println("Pro = "+a*b); System.out.println(a+b+" = Sum"); System.out.println(5 + a>b?a:b); char c='A'; System.out.println(c+a); c+=5; System.out.println(c); System.out.println(c--); System.out.println(++c); System.out.println('A'-'a'); System.out.println(90+b); } public static void Q10() { String s="CANARA BANK"; System.out.println(s.indexOf(s.charAt(8))); System.out.println(s.compareTo("bank")); System.out.println(s.equals(("canara").concat("bank"))); System.out.println(s.substring(3,6)); System.out.println(s.toLowerCase()); s.replace("CANARA", "PUNJAB"); System.out.println(s.startsWith("PUNJAB")); System.out.println(s); char c='\''; System.out.println(Character.isLetterOrDigit(c)); c='\n'; System.out.println(Character.isWhitespace(c)); c='A'; System.out.println(Character.toUpperCase(c)); } public static void Q11() { int a[]={1,2,3,4,5}; for(int i=0; i<a.length-1; i++) a[i]=a[i+1];
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for(int i=0; i<a.length; i++) System.out.print(a[i]+" "); System.out.println(); for(int i=a.length-1; i>0; i--) a[i-1]=a[i]; for(int i=0; i<a.length; i++) System.out.print(a[i]+" "); } }//class Q64. Convert the following if to switch { if(n==1 || n==2) System.out.println("Good"); else if(n==2) System.out.println("Fair"); else System.out.println("Poor"); } if to the ternary operator { if(n>m) { s=n/m; m++; } else { s=m/n; n++; } }

for to do-while { for(int i=1; i<=5; i++) { System.out.println(i*i); } }

if to ternary { if(a>b) if(a>c) g=a; else g=c; else if(b>c) g=b; else g=c; }

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Java: Theory questions and answers covering the entire syllabus while to for { count=0; n=256; while(n>0) { d=n%10; count++; n/=10; } } switch to ternary { switch(n%2) { case 0: System.out.println("Even"); break; default:System.out.println("Odd"); } }

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Q65. List the Java keywords. Ans

continue default do double else enum extends final finally float

for goto if implements import instanceof int interface long native

new package private protected public return short static strictfp super
**

switch synchronized this throw throws transient try void volatile while

not used added in 1.2 added in 1.4 added in 5.0

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