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Questioning Linguistics
 Questioning Linguistics

Edited by

Ahmar Mahboob and Naomi Knight

Cambridge Scholars Publishing

 Questioning Linguistics, Edited by Ahmar Mahboob and Naomi Knight

This book first published 2008 by

Cambridge Scholars Publishing

12 Back Chapman Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2XX, UK

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Copyright © 2008 by Ahmar Mahboob and Naomi Knight and contributors

All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner.

ISBN (10): 1-84718-667-X, ISBN (13): 9781847186676

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and detailed solutions.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowlegements ..................................................................................... vii

Preface ...................................................................................................... viii

Chapter One................................................................................................. 1
Questioning Linguistics
Ahmar Mahboob & Naomi Knight

Part I: Issues and Directions

Chapter Two .............................................................................................. 18

Language-free Linguistics and Linguistics-free Languages
Alastair Pennycook

Chapter Three ............................................................................................ 32

Innocence: Realisation, Instantiation and Individuation in a Botswanan
Town
J R Martin

Chapter Four.............................................................................................. 77
Reconciling the Co-articulation of Meaning between Words and Pictures:
Exploring Instantiation and Commitment in Image Nuclear News Stories
Helen Caple

Chapter Five .............................................................................................. 95

“What the +ell is :rong :ith <ou?” A Corpus Perspective on
(YDOXDWLRQand Emotion in Contemporary American Pop Culture
Monika %HGQDUHN

Chapter Six .............................................................................................. 127

Free Word Order in Artificial Languages
Alan Libert
vi Table Of Contents

Chapter Seven.......................................................................................... 143

Syntactic Encoding of Topic and Focus in Korean
Hyeran Lee

Chapter Eight........................................................................................... 164

Syndromes of Meaning: Exploring Patterned Coupling in a NSW Youth
Justice Conference
Michele Zappavigna, Paul Dwyer, J R Martin

Part II: Applications and Variation

Chapter Nine............................................................................................ 18

Demythologising CLT: Wanted – A Reorientation for Teachers
in the 21st Century
Anne Burns

Chapter Ten ............................................................................................. 20

Fine-Tuning Discourse in Thai EFL Academic and Electronic Bulletin
Board Writing
Montri Tangpijaikul

Chapter Eleven ........................................................................................ 22

The Semantics of Graduation: Examining ESL Learners’ Use
of Graduation over Time
Caroline Lipovsky & Ahmar Mahboob

Chapter Twelve ....................................................................................... 24

Analysis of Japanese Spoken by Elderly Taiwanese: Word Usage,
Particle Usages, and Predicate Forms
Masumi Kai

Chapter Thirteen...................................................................................... 25

What's the Use of Linguistics?
Michael Walsh

About the contributors ............................................................................. 27

 ACKNOWLEGEMENTS

We, the Co-Convenors of the First International Free Linguistics

Conference (FLC), 2007, are grateful to the School of Letters Arts and
Media (SLAM) and the Department of Linguistics at the University of
Sydney for providing key support that made FLC possible. We would also
like to thank Bridge Bookshop, Cafe Ottimo, Coop Bookshop, Gleebooks,
and Starbucks Coffee for supporting FLC. Finally, we would like to thank
our presenters, participants, contributors, reviewers, and the conference
committeee members who made FLC a success and this volume possible.
The editors, authors, and publishers are also grateful to those who have
given permission to reproduce the following extracts and images of
copyright material:

Extract from Tears for the Giraffe by Alexander McCall Smith is

reproduced by permission of Polygon, an imprint of Birlinn Ltd.
www.birlinn.co.uk

Extract from Morality for Beautiful Girls by Alexander McCall Smith

is reproduced by permission of Polygon, an imprint of Birlinn Ltd.
www.birlinn.co.uk

Press photos from the Sydney Morning Herald published on: 1)

February 22, 2005, p.11, 2) February 23, 2005, p.8, 3) March 22, 2005,
p.3, & 4) March 25, 2005, p. 14, are reproduce by permission of The
Sydney Morning Herald and The Sun-Herald, Level 4, One Darling Island
Road, Pyrmont, NSW 2009.
 PREFACE

This book originated from research presentations given at the 1st

International Free Linguistics Conference that was held on October 6-7,
2007, at the University of Sydney, Australia. The conference was the first
of its kind, and focused on the notions of freedom: from all linguistic
subfield divisions, from rigid presentation themes, and from any fees.
Scholars travelled to Sydney from around the world, and came together
with a range of presentation topics from areas throughout the linguistic
discipline to present them to an open and welcoming crowd of
participants. This resulted in a combination of high quality papers that
engaged with some of the most relevant and interesting issues in
linguistics today, and these could all be related to a common undercurrent
that flowed out of the Free Linguistics principles. That is, many of the
presentations seem to orient towards the notion of freedom, and also
delivered an important viewpoint towards the discipline of linguistics itself
once seen from outside of its borders. We invited these presenters to
submit their articles for a compiled volume centred around this resulting
theme: questioning linguistics. The papers included in this volume reflect
the nature of the conference and raise questions about our current
understandings about languages and linguistics. All papers submitted for
publication to this volume went through a rigorous review process and
selection was based on the outcome of this review process: 21 papers were
initially submitted for publication and 12 of them are included in this
volume.
All of the authors in this volume question language and linguistics in
unique ways, and their range of scholarly backgrounds and theoretical
perspectives enhance the chapters to offer a free and engaging pursuit of
this theme. Questioning Linguistics then offers something cohesive but at
the same time divergent- as it brings together authors who have broken,
and here attempt to further remove, the disciplinary and sub-disciplinary
borders that can be perceived in the field, and provide arguments for an
introspective analysis of what we do as linguists and how this allows us to
be ‘free’.

Naomi Knight & Ahmar Mahboob

Sydney, May 2008
 CHAPTER ONE

QUESTIONING LINGUISTICS

AHMAR MAHBOOB & NAOMI KNIGHT

1. Questioning Linguistics
Human curiosity in languages dates back to the earliest records of
civilization – e.g., ĝƗka‫ډ‬Ɨyana, working on Sanskrit around 8th century
BCE argued that all nouns derive from verbs. In fact, linguists, even at that
early time, presented opposing points of view and arguments about the
nature of language abounded (see Matilal, 1990, for an in-depth discussion
of early Indian linguists). This is not surprising because language, in many
ways, is like the proverbial group of blind people trying to describe an
elephant – each person describes the elephant based on the part of the
anatomy that they touch: everyone has a piece, but no one has the full
picture. Linguists, like this group of blind people, describe only aspects of
language that they focus on and no comprehensive theory exists to tell us
all.
The 20th century contributed greatly to our understanding of language
and how it works within the human mind as well as in relation to the
societies around us. As the last century unfolded, different schools of
linguists emerged and positioned themselves as the ones that were best
suited to describe language. The two major groups that have emerged from
the twentieth century are the formal and functional schools (although other
traditions also exist). These two schools are in themselves quite
heterogeneous and linguists within them take a variety of positions. In
addition to the linguists who work to describe language, there are
associated fields and academic disciplines that use and apply this
knowledge for diverse purposes and engage with them in different
professional contexts. This book brings these different voices together into
a single volume and allows readers to examine how linguists of diverse
traditions study and use this expert knowledge of language. By doing so,
the volume Questioning Linguistics invites us to reconsider the nature and
Visit https://ebookgate.com to uncover helpful test banks
and detailed solutions.
 &KDSWHU2QH

focus of the field of study and questions a number of current thoughts

about language theory, application, and use.
The twelve original papers in this volume were selected from 37 papers
presented at the First International Free Linguistics Conference
(FreeLinguistics), 2007, held at the University of Sydney. FreeLinguistics
is an initiative of the staff and students in the Department of Linguistics at
the University of Sydney to create a space where linguists of all traditions
and views can come together to present and engage with other
perspectives on language – and to do this without any conference
registration fees. The goal of FreeLinguistics is to provide a venue where
linguists with different foci can share their descriptions of the language-
elephant and thus help to draw a more comprehensive picture of the
animal. As such, FreeLinguistics and the papers presented at the
conference question linguistics. The selection of papers from
FreeLinguistics included in this volume, representing diverse theoretical
positions in linguistics and informed by a variety of research approaches,
raise new questions about the nature of language and linguistics and their
role in a globalized world. As such they represent the flavour of
FreeLinguistics and paint a broader picture of language – and show us that
we still need more studies to be able to fully comprehend the nature of the
phenomenon.
The volume, divided into two sections, first examines the goals of
linguistic theory and the role of linguistics in our understanding of human
society. The second section questions the current trends and practices in
the application of linguistics in areas such as language teaching, language
variation, and language attitudes. The following overview provides a
richer description of each section and the papers that are included in them.

2. Issues and directions

As we begin questioning linguistics, one of our first goals is to outline the
language-assumptions that we take as facts and then highlight alternative
ways of understanding linguistics. This is the goal of the collection of
papers in the first part of the volume: relevant issues surrounding
languages and linguistics are tackled by the authors, who question how we
variously define and engage with concepts in and of languagee. Each
chapter sheds light on areas that have been taken for granted, relatively
ignored, or perceived unidimensionally, and the authors provide new
suggestions about the directions we might take as linguists and researchers
in thinking about and analysing language and beyond.
 4XHVWLRQLQJ/LQJXLVWLFV 

The opening chapter of Part 1, “Language-free linguistics and

linguistics-free languages” by Alastair Pennycook engages readers and
questions the fundamental definitions of linguistics and of language itself
with respect to the historical background of language description:
The argument that linguistics might be better off if it were to get rid of the
notion of languages as separate entities draws in part on Roy Harris’
(1990) remark that “linguistics does not need to postulate the existence of
languages as part of its theoretical apparatus” (p.45). On the one hand,
then, this chapter explores the ways in which languages are inventions of
the discipline that makes them. It asks how we might go about exploring
language diversity without positing the existence of languages. It looks at
the historical and contemporary interests behind the long construction of
things called languages and asks in whose interests we continue to divide
language into these named entities. The other side of the question–whether
languages, or language studies, would be better off without linguistics–
explores the ways in which the narrow purview of linguistics limits what
we can say about language-related issues. Here Blommaert’s (2005)
observation that “linguists have no monopoly over theories of language,
and as soon as one accepts that, far more candidates for critical potential
offer themselves than SFL” (p.35) is a useful starting point. The point here
is not to draw attention to the particular limitations of systemic functional
linguistics (SFL) but to ask why it is that a certain form of linguistics has
come to play such a dominant role in an enterprise such as critical
discourse analysis (CDA), and how a wider vision of the operation of
language might enable a more critical engagement with the social life of
texts. (Pennycook)

In arguing that the definitions and divisions of languages have been made
in the interests of dominant ideologies, and that linguistics as a discipline
is also limited by the parameters set by linguists, Pennycook brings us to
the point that is underlined by many authors in this volume: language is a
phenomenon that all can study and question as it is the mode through
which most make meanings in their everyday lives. It is then important to
broaden our understandings and interpretations by going back to basics, as
it were, and seeing “local language understandings” (Pennycook, this
volume, p.21). These, Pennycook finds, are prevented by the abstraction
and quantifying of ‘languages’, and overshadowed by the privileging of
scientific linguistic knowledge in systems and rules. This notion of
‘language’ is a socio-cultural concept that in its naming created a
“language-object”, and instigated a quantification of languages into a
hierarchy designed for colonial purposes. In calling into question these
two constructions of language and linguistics, Pennycook makes explicit
the underlying features of our systematisation of the phenomenon and
 &KDSWHU2QH

turns our focus inward to problematize the concepts that we count on to do

so. Those parameters and boundaries that have grown out of the linguistic
discipline, creating oppositions rather than complementarities, are shown
to obscure the way that linguists pursue their endeavours towards
language. Pennycook not only takes a bold step in the breaking of
boundaries between linguistics fields, a fundamental notion behind the
principles of a ‘free linguistics’, but attempts to forge a new consideration
of language if by any other name.
Within linguistic theory as well, especially functional approaches,
research has extensively explored the parameters of choice as a matter of
oppositions. However, as J.R. Martin explains in “Innocence: realisation,
instantiation and individuation in a Botswanan town”, one must shift focus
to those neglected theoretical concepts involving complementarities in
order to gain insight into the social meanings that have as yet not been
exploited:
In his No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency series, Alexander McCall Smith
presents four accounts of Mma Ramotswe's adopted daughter Motholeli's
life - one biographical and three auto-biographical. In this chapter I
explore some of the similarities and differences among these accounts
from the perspective of systemic functional semiotic theory, focusing in
particular on the complementary roles of three hierarchies: realisation,
instantiation and individuation. I propose that our understanding of
individuation needs to be elaborated to focus more clearly on identity and
affiliation in relation to the rhetorical deployment of appraisal resources.

In systemic functional linguistics (SFL), Martin shifts from the traditional

focus on the theoretical concepts of realisation and rank to the
development of the clines of instantiation and individuation in order to
exemplify the individual strategies of speakers and their employment of
expectations and variations in meaning. While discourse participants may
have differentiated repertoires, their complementary deployment of
resources display features of ideological constraints and categorizations,
while instantiating different forms of consciousness in their identification.
Microlinguistic questions specific to the theory are made by Martin, who
pursues the notion that all of the fundamental features of the theory have a
role to play in interpreting a text, and he presents the possibility that with a
shift in theoretical orientation may come changes to the existing theory.
This also underlines the perspective that linguistic theories are shifting and
dynamic concepts themselves, which should firstly be able to sustain the
development of each of their parameters, as well as being adaptable to the
imminent flux that this development may have on the system. Language
theories such as SFL are not impenetrable and stable, but are constantly
 4XHVWLRQLQJ/LQJXLVWLFV 

changing, and as Pennycook has argued, we should not allow ourselves to

be limited by our own parameters. This can be likened to the nature of
language itself, a complex and shifting phenomenon that can be
interpreted, described, and even created (as Alan Libert, this volume)
shows, but cannot be contained within a set of scientifically determined
concepts.
The concept of linguistics has also been put into question by recent
studies in multimodality, as modes of meaning-making such as gesture,
facial expression, and image as well as their relation to verbiage are
interpreted in terms of their communicative work in social interactions. In
“Reconciling the co-articulation of meaning between words and pictures:
Exploring instantiation and commitment in image nuclear news stories”,
Helen Caple looks at the combination of text with images in image-nuclear
news stories, illustrating that the authors play with this particular relation
in order to engage with a specific ideologically constructed readership:
Through the close analysis of a particular type of multimodal news story,
this chapter investigates how intertextual references in newspaper
headlines and press photographs contribute to the creation of solidarity
between a newspaper and its readers. Using the concepts of instantiation
and commitment from the systemic functional linguistic approach, I shall
analyse how the “twoness” of meaning between headlines and
photographs in image nuclear news stories combine to create an evaluative
stance towards the news that is often playful. Such play on words and
images also relies on the obliging reader’s (Kitis & Milapides, 1996)
ability to activate other discourses that form his/her background
knowledge in order to peel back the layers of meaning in the text. It is my
suggestion that through this deliberate manipulation of the discourse the
newspaper is able to express cultural and social solidarity with its readers,
as the newspaper is assuming that readers share its understanding of the
intertextual references being made in these texts. This can be labelled a
kind of insiderism (Chang, 2004), including some readers and excluding
others. As such, play of this nature may offer the kind of intellectual
challenge that keeps readers interested in the news and still buying the
newspaper.

Through the use of two complementary modes of meaning, Caple finds

that news authors are also able to manipulate expressions from within the
linguistic framework by re-literalizing common idiomatic and intertextual
expressions through what she describes as a “twoness of meaning” (p.57).
While indicating that linguistics may involve more than verbiage in its full
meaningful articulation, Caple shows that authors may use strategies of
play with their various resources of communication in a culture to construe
bonds with readers. Bringing other modalities besides speech into the
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