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Troubleshooting Docker

Strategically design, troubleshoot, and automate Docker

containers from development to deployment

Vaibhav Kohli
Rajdeep Dua
John Wooten

BIRMINGHAM - MUMBAI
Troubleshooting Docker
Copyright © 2017 Packt Publishing

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the
publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews.

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dealers and distributors will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to be caused
directly or indirectly by this book.

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However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information.

First published: March 2017

Production reference: 1280317

Published by Packt Publishing Ltd.

Livery Place
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B3 2PB, UK.

ISBN 978-1-78355-234-4
www.packtpub.com
 Credits

Authors Copy Editors

Vaibhav Kohli Shaila Kusanale

Rajdeep Dua Safis Editing
John Wooten

Reviewer Project Coordinator

Radhakrishna Nayak Ritika Manoj

Commissioning Editor Proofreader

Vedika Naik Safis Editing

Acquisition Editor Indexer

Tushar Gupta Tejal Daruwale Soni

Content Development Editors Production Coordinator

Johann Barretto Aparna Bhagat

Divij Kotian

Technical Editors Graphics

Murtaza Tinwala Jason Monteiro

Sushant Nadkar
 About the Authors
Vaibhav Kohli at present is working in VMware's R&D Department and earlier taught
computer engineering for a year at the esteemed University of Mumbai. He works for the
office of the CTO, VMware IoT (Internet of Things) project. He has published many
research papers in leading journals, IEEE transactions, and has filed patents at VMware on
container technology. One of his big data projects has won the top prize at the national-level
project showcase event. He has conducted workshops, hackathons, training sessions, and
trade shows in many countries and is a reputed & established speaker at conferences on IoT
and Docker technology. He is an active open source code contributor, repository manager
and has also published many online Docker & Kubernetes tutorials. He has helped many
customers and organizations to understand cloud-native apps, DevOps model and migrate
to micro-service architecture. He has also recently published a book on Docker Networking.

Vaibhav manages and leads various meetup groups across India on the latest cutting-edge
Docker and Kubernetes technologies.

First and foremost, I would like to thank God for providing me the gift of writing. I
dedicate this book to my mom & dad, Kamni Kohli & Ashok K Kohli, who have supported
me in everything I have ever done. A special thanks to all my mentors who helped shape me
into the person that I am…

Rajdeep Dua has over 18 years of experience in the Cloud and Big Data space. He has
worked extensively on Cloud Infrastructure and Machine Learning related projects as well
evangelized these stacks at Salesforce, Google, VMWare. Currently, he leads Developer
Relations team at Salesforce India. He also works with the Machine Learning team at
Salesforce.

He has been nominated by Docker as a Docker Captain for his contributions to the
community. His contributions to the open source community are in the following projects:
Docker, Kubernetes, Android, OpenStack, and Cloud Foundry. He also has teaching
experience in Cloud and Big Data at IIIT Hyderabad, ISB, IIIT Delhi, and College of
Engineering Pune.

Rajdeep did his MBA in IT and Systems from Indian Institute of Management Lucknow,
India, and BTech from Thapar University, Patiala, India. You can reach him on Twitter at
@rajdeepdua.
Explore the resources at https://ebookname.com, including
test banks, solution manuals, and more.
John Wooten is the founder and CEO of CONSULTED, a global open source cloud
consultancy that designs secure, succinct, and sustainable cloud architectures. As a leading
cloud solutions architect and open technology strategist, John has deep and applicable real-
world experience in designing, testing, deploying, and managing public, private, and
hybrid cloud systems for both enterprise and government. His primary technical
proficiencies include Linux systems administration, OpenStack clouds, and Docker
containers. As an open source activist, John is committedly passionate and works
extensively within a broad range of open source projects and communities. His latest
Internet project is as the founder and maintainer of ÖppenSourced
(www.öppensourced.com), a leading repository and defining resource on open source
projects and applications. Otherwise, he is a self-proclaimed beach bum in search of the
next surfable wave or is hiking and camping in remote locations.
 About the Reviewer
Radhakrishna Nayak is a free software evangelist and works as a senior software engineer
at Plivo. He has over 5 years of experience. He is a full stack developer and has worked on
various open source technologies, such as Python, Django, AngularJS, ReactJS, HTML5,
CSS3, MySQL, MongoDB, PostgreSQL, Docker, and many more. He loves to explore and try
out new technologies. He is a foodie and loves to explore new restaurants and ice cream
parlors.

I would like to thank my parents, Sudheer Nayak and Vranda Nayak, for all their support
and freedom to follow my passion. Thanks to all my colleagues at Plivo and Gautham Pai,
founder of Jnaapti, for all their support and encouragement. Thanks to Nikhil, Ritika, and
the team at Packt Publishing for trusting my abilities and giving the an opportunity to
review this book.
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 Table of Contents
Preface 1
Chapter 1: Understanding Container Scenarios and an Overview of
Docker 7
Decoding containers 8
OS containers 8
Application containers 9
Diving into Docker 12
Advantages of Docker containers 13
Docker lifecycle 14
Docker design patterns 15
Base image sharing 16
Shared volume 16
Development tools container 17
Test environment containers 18
The build container 18
The installation container 19
The service-in-a-box container 19
Infrastructure containers 19
Unikernels 20
Summary 22
Chapter 2: Docker Installation 23
Installing Docker on Ubuntu 24
Prerequisites 25
Updating package information 25
Adding a new GPG key 25
Troubleshooting 26
Adding a new package source for Docker 26
Updating Ubuntu packages 26
Install linux-image-extra 27
Optional - installing AppArmor 27
Docker installation 28
Installing Docker on Red Hat Linux 28
Checking kernel version 29
Updating the YUM packages 29
Adding the YUM repository 30
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 Installing the Docker package 30
Starting the Docker service 30
Testing the Docker installation 30
Checking the installation parameters 31
Troubleshooting tips 31
Deploy CentOS VM on AWS to run Docker containers 31
Checking kernel version 34
Updating the YUM packages 34
Adding the YUM repository 35
Installing the Docker package 35
Starting the Docker service 35
Testing the Docker installation 35
Checking the installation parameters 36
Installing Docker on CoreOS 36
Installation channels of CoreOS 37
Troubleshooting 39
Installing Docker on Fedora 40
Checking Linux kernel Version 40
Installing with DNF 40
Adding to the YUM repository 41
Installing the Docker package 41
Installing Docker with script 42
Running the Docker installation script 43
Installing Docker on SUSE Linux 44
Launching the SUSE Linux VM on AWS 44
Checking Linux kernel version 46
Adding Containers-Module 46
Installing Docker 46
Starting Docker service 47
Checking the Docker installation 47
Troubleshooting 47
Summary 48
Chapter 3: Building Base and Layered Images 49
Building container images 50
Official images from the Docker Registry 50
User repositories 53
Building our own base images 54
Building images using the scratch repository 57
Building layered images 58

[ ii ]
 Building layered images using Dockerfiles 58
Dockerfile construction 58
Dockerfile commands and syntax 59
Image testing and debugging 69
Docker details for troubleshooting 70
Docker version 70
Docker info 70
A troubleshooting note for Debian/Ubuntu 70
Listing installed Docker images 71
Manually crank your Docker image 71
Examining the filesystem state from cache 72
Image layer IDs as debug containers 73
Additional example 74
Checking failed container processes 74
Other potentially useful resources 75
Using sysdig to debug 76
Single step installation 77
Advanced installation 77
What are chisels? 77
Troubleshooting – an open community awaits you 79
Automated image building 79
Unit tested deployments 79
Automating tested deployments 81
Summary 82
Chapter 4: Devising Microservices and N-Tier Applications 83
Hype or hubris 84
Monolithic architecture 85
N-tier application architecture 86
Building a three-tier web application 88
Microservices architecture 90
The path to modernity 90
Microservices architectural pattern 91
Common characteristics of microservices 92
Advantages of microservices 92
Microservices at scalability 94
Disadvantages of microservices 95
Considerations for devising microservices 96
Mitigating the disadvantages 97
Managing microservices 98
Real-world example 98
Automated tests and deployments 100

[ iii ]
 Automated testing 101
Designing for failure 101
Dockunit for unit tests 102
Automated deployments 103
Decoupling N-tier applications into multiple images 103
Building an N-tier web application 104
Making different tiers of applications work 105
Summary 106
Chapter 5: Moving Around Containerized Applications 107
Redistributing via Docker registry 107
Docker public repository (Docker Hub) 107
Private Docker registry 109
Pushing images to Docker Hub 109
Installing a private local Docker registry 112
Moving images in between hosts 113
Ensuring integrity of images – signed images 115
Docker Trusted Registry (DTR) 120
Docker Universal Control Plane 122
Summary 130
Chapter 6: Making Containers Work 132
Privileged containers 133
Troubleshooting tips 134
Super-privileged container 135
Troubleshooting – Docker containers at scale 137
Puppet 137
Images 139
Containers 139
Networking 140
Docker compose 141
Troubleshooting tips 143
Ansible 143
Automating Docker with Ansible 144
Ansible Container 145
Troubleshooting tips 145
Chef 146
Summary 148
Chapter 7: Managing the Networking Stack of a Docker Container 149
Docker networking 149
docker0 bridge 150

[ iv ]
 Troubleshooting Docker bridge configuration 151
Connecting containers to the external world 152
Reaching containers from the outside world 152
Configuring DNS 155
Troubleshooting communication between containers and the external
network 157
Restricting SSH access from one container to another 159
Linking containers 161
libnetwork and the Container Network Model 164
CNM objects 165
Sandbox 165
Endpoint 166
Network 167
Network controller 168
CNM attributes 169
CNM life cycle 170
Docker networking tools based on overlay and underlay networks 171
Flannel 172
Weave 173
Project Calico 173
Configuring an overlay network with the Docker Engine swarm node 175
Comparison of all multi-host Docker networking solutions 180
Configuring OpenvSwitch (OVS) to work with Docker 180
Troubleshooting OVS single host setup 182
Troubleshooting OVS multiple host setups 184
Summary 187
Chapter 8: Managing Docker Containers with Kubernetes 188
Deploying Kubernetes on Bare Metal machine 190
Troubleshooting the Kubernetes Fedora manual setup 193
Deploying Kubernetes using Minikube 193
Deploying Kubernetes on AWS 196
Deploying Kubernetes on vSphere 199
Kubernetes setup troubleshooting 200
Kubernetes pod deployment 201
Deploying Kubernetes in a production environment 204
Debugging Kubernetes issues 207
Summary 209
Chapter 9: Hooking Volume Baggage 210
Avoiding troubleshooting by understanding Docker volumes 211
Default case storing data inside the Docker container 211

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