ME 267

Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals

Lecture 13

Refrigeration Systems

Md. Aminul Islam

Lecturer
Department of Mechanical Engineering, BUET

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 Air Conditioning Systems
Cooling Load:
• Cooling load is the rate of energy removal required to maintain indoor environment at a desired
temperature and humidity condition.
• The amount of cooling at any particular time varies widely, depending on external and internal
factors.

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 Refrigeration System Math’s
Problem-1:
A refrigerator uses refrigerant 134a as the working fluid and operates on an ideal vapor compression refrigeration cycle between
0.14 and 0.8 MPa. If the mass flow rate of the refrigerant is 0.05 kg/s, determine (a) the rate of heat removal from the
refrigerated space and the power input to the compressor (b) the rate of heat rejection to the environment (c) the COPof the
refrigerator.

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 Problem 1

h1 = hg @ 0.14 MPa = 239.16 kJ/kg

s1 = sg @ 0.14 MPa = 0.94456 kJ/kgK

h3 = hf @ 0.8 MPa = 95.47 kJ/kg

h4 = h3 = 95.47 kJ/kgK

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 Problem 1

h1 = hg @ 0.14 MPa = 239.16 kJ/kg

s1 = hg @ 0.14 MPa = 0.94456 kJ/kgK

P2 = 0.8 MPa
s2 =s1
So, h2 =275.39 kJ/kg
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 Problem 1

(a) QL= m (h1 – h4)

= 7.18 KW
Wnet = m (h2 - h1)
= 1.81 KW
(b) QH = m (h2 – h3) = 9.0 KW
or QH = QL + Wnet = 8.99 KW
(c) COP = QL / Wnet
= 3.97

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 Problem 2
An ideal vapor-compression heat pump cycle with Refrigerant 134a as the working fluid provides 15 kW
to maintain a building at 20 ̊Cwhen the outside temperature is 5 ̊C. Saturated vapor at 2.4 bar leaves
the evaporator, and saturated liquid at 8 bar leaves the condenser. Calculate
(a) The power input to the compressor, in kW
(b) The coefficient of performance.

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 Problem 2
Solution:
Here,
P1 = 2.4 bars , saturated vapor h1= 244.09 Kj/kg, s1 = 0.9222 Kj/Kg.k
P2 = 8 bars, s2 = s1 h2 = 268.97 Kj/Kg
P3 = 8 bars, saturated liquid h3 = 93.42 kj/kg
(a) To determine the compressor,
first find the mass flow rate from
Qout = m(h2 –h3)
m= 0.08544 kg/s
So,
Wc = m(h2 – h1)
= 2.126 KW
(b) The coefficient of performance = Qout /MEW 267c = 15 / 2.126 = 7.055 8
 Problem 3
A refrigerator uses refrigerant-134a as the working fluid and operates on an ideal vapor-
compression refrigeration cycle between 0.12 and 0.7 MPa. The mass flow rate of the
refrigerant is 0.05 kg/s. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect to saturation
lines. Calculate:
a) the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space,
b) the power input to the compressor,
c) the rate of heat rejection to the environment, and
d) the coefficient of performance

Answers: (a) 7.41 kW, 1.83 kW, (b) 9.23 kW, (c) 4.06

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INTRODUCTION TO FLUID MECHANICS

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 Fluid Mechanics
Fluid Mechanics is a branch of physics, concerned with the behavior of liquids of gases at rest (Fluid Statics)
and motion (Fluid Dynamics).
It is a study which is applied to various natural phenomena, almost every discipline of engineering,
biology and life sciences even in warfare.

Industrial Piping System

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 Fluids
A fluid is defined as a substance that deforms continuously under the action of shear stress of any
magnitude. A shearing stress is a force per unit area that is created whenever a tangential force acts on
a surface.
Consequently,
If a fluid is at rest, there can be no shearing forces acting and, therefore, all forces in the fluid must be
perpendicular to the planes upon which they act.

• Fluids are unable to retain any unsupported shape.

• Solids offer permanent resistance to a deforming force.
• Fluid at rest must be in zero shear stress often called hydrostatic stress condition in analyses.
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 Shear Stress in a Moving Fluid
Shear stresses are developed when the fluid is in motion.
In motion, the particles of the fluid move relative to each other so that they
have different velocities, causing the original shape of the fluid to become
distorted.

On the other hand, if the velocity of the fluid is the same at every point, no
shear stresses will be produced, since the fluid particles are at rest relative to
each other.

Flow past a solid boundary are of great interest in engineering systems. (flow
inside a pipe, flow past and airfoil, open channel flow etc.).

The fluid in contact with the solid boundary adheres to it, therefore, have the
same velocity as the boundary. Relative velocity of the fluid particles in
contact with the solid surface will be zero. This is often referred as “No Slip
Condition”.

Velocity Profile
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 Shear Stress in a Moving Fluid
Let,
ABCD represents a fluid element, With,
Thickness = S (perpendicular to the diagram) Area, A =
BC × S
Applied force = F (acting over the area, A)
𝐹
Shear stress, τ =
𝐴
Deformation (shear strain) = Angle, ϕ

• In a solid, ϕ will be a fixed quantity for a given value of τ, since a solid can resist shear stress within
elastic limit.
• In a fluid, ϕ will continue to increase with time and the fluid will flow.
• It is found experimentally that, in a true fluid, the rate of shear strain (shear strain per unit time) is
directly
proportional to the shear stress.
• Whereas, In a solid, shear strain is proportional to the shear stress within the elastic limit (Hooke’s
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 Acknowledgement

• Slide Courtesy:
• Md. Imrul Kayes, Assistant Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, BUET
• Saif Al-Afsan Shamim, Assistant Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, BUET

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