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Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals

Lecture 16

FLUID MECHANICS
Md. Aminul Islam
Lecturer
Department of Mechanical Engineering, BUET

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 Streamline
➢ A streamline is an imaginary line (curve) drawn through the flowing fluid in such a
way that the tangent to it at any point gives the direction of the velocity at the
point.
➢ Streamlines can not cross each other Streamline is often used in analytical work in
fluid dynamics.

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 Bernoulli’s equation
➢ The Bernoulli equation is an approximate relation between pressure, velocity,
and elevation, and is valid in regions of steady, incompressible flow where net
frictional forces are negligible

Assumptions:

• Inviscid flow (no shear stresses, μ = 0)

𝜕
• Steady flow (𝜕𝑡 = 0)
𝜕𝑣
• Along a streamline (𝑎𝑠 = v )
𝜕𝑠
𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝜌
• Incompressible flow (ρ = constant, = 0, = 0)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑠
• Inertial reference frame (A = a )

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 Bernoulli’s equation
➢ Let, the velocity V of a fluid particle to be a function of s and t. Taking the total differential
of V(s, t)
𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝑑𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑉
𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑𝑠 + 𝑑𝑡 = +
𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑉
➢ In steady flow =0 and thus V=V(s), and the
𝜕𝑡
acceleration in the s direction becomes
𝑑𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
𝑎𝑠 = = = 𝑉=𝑉
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑠
➢ Applying Newton’s second law in the s-direction on
a particle moving along a streamline gives
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠

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 Bernoulli’s equation
𝜕𝑉
➢ 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠 𝑃𝑑𝐴 − 𝑃 + 𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝐴 − 𝑊𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑚𝑉
𝜕𝑠
➢ Where, 𝜃 Is the angle between the normal of the streamline
and the vertical z-axis at that point,
𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 𝜌𝑉 = 𝜌𝑑𝐴𝑑𝑠
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔 = 𝜌𝑉 = 𝜌𝑔𝑑𝐴𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝑧
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 =
𝑑𝑠
➢ Now, the equation becomes,
𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑉
−𝑑𝑃𝑑𝐴 − 𝜌𝑔𝑑𝐴𝑑𝑠 = 𝜌𝑑𝐴𝑑𝑠𝑉 −𝑑𝑃 − 𝜌𝑔𝑑𝑧 = 𝜌𝑉𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑠 𝜕𝑠

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 Bernoulli’s equation
𝑑𝑃 1 𝑑𝑃 1
−𝑑𝑃 − 𝜌𝑔𝑑𝑧 = 𝜌𝑉𝑑𝑉 + 𝑑(𝑉 2 ) + 𝑔𝑑𝑧 = 0 + 𝑑(𝑉 2 ) + 𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝜌 2 𝛾 2𝑔
➢ Integrating the above equation for steady, incompressible flow
𝑃 𝑉2 𝑃 𝑉2
+ + 𝑧 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡(𝐴𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑎 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒) + + 𝑔𝑧 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝛾 2𝑔 𝜌 2
➢ This is the Bernoulli equation for steady, incompressible flow.
𝑃 𝑉2
➢ Here, is the flow energy, is the Kinetic energy, and gz is the potential energy.
𝜌 2

➢ Therefore, the Bernoulli equation can be viewed as an expression of mechanical

energy balance or,“conservation of mechanical energy principle.”

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 Bernoulli’s equation
➢ The sum of the kinetic, potential, and flow energies of a fluid particle is constant along a
streamline during steady flow when the compressibility and frictional effects are negligible.
➢ The Bernoulli equation can also be written between any two points on the same streamline
as 𝑃1 𝑉12 𝑃2 𝑉22
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
➢ The Bernoulli equation can also be written as
𝑉2
P+𝜌 + 𝜌𝑔𝑧 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
2
➢ Each term in this equation has pressure units, and thus each term represents some kind of
pressure

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 Bernoulli’s equation
➢ P is the static pressure (it does not incorporate any dynamic effects); it represents the
actual thermodynamic pressure of the fluid. This is the same as the pressure used in
thermodynamics and property tables.
𝑉2
➢ 𝜌 2 is the dynamic pressure; it represents the pressure rise when the fluid in motion is
brought to a stop isentropically.
➢ 𝜌𝑔𝑧 is the hydrostatic pressure, which is not pressure in a real sense since its value
depends on the reference level selected; it accounts for the elevation effects, i.e., of fluid
weight on pressure.
➢ The sum of the static, dynamic, and hydrostatic pressures is called the total pressure.
Therefore, the Bernoulli equation states that the total pressure along a streamline is
constant.
➢ The sum of the static and dynamic pressures is called the stagnation pressure, and it is
𝑉2
expressed as, 𝑃𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑔 = P +𝜌
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 LIMITATIONS
➢ Steady Flow: The first limitation on the Bernoulli equation is that it is applicable to steady
flow. Therefore, it should not be used during the transient start-up and shut-down
periods, or during periods of change in the flow conditions.

➢ Frictionless Flow: Every flow involves some friction, no matter how small, and frictional
effects may or may not be negligible. Frictional effects are usually significant in long and
narrow flow passages, in the wake region downstream of an object, and in diverging flow
sections such as diffusers.

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 LIMITATIONS
➢ Incompressible Flow: This condition is satisfied by liquids and also by gases at Mach
numbers less than about 0.3 since compressibility effects and thus density variations of
gases are negligible at such relatively low velocities.
➢ Flow along a streamline: the Bernoulli equation is applicable along a streamline, and the
value of the constant in general, is different for different streamlines. But when a region
of the flow is irrotational, and thus there is no vorticity in the flow field, the value of the
constant remains the same for all streamlines, and, therefore, the Bernoulli equation
becomes applicable across streamlines as well
➢ No Heat Transfer: The density of a gas is inversely proportional to temperature, and
thus the Bernoulli equation should not be used for flow sections that involve significant
temperature change such as heating or cooling sections.

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 Real flow system
Modification of Bernoulli Equation is a must for real flow system:
Real flow system must account for loss of energy, which is frequently known as head loss.

1)Major loss (due to viscous effect, fluid friction, viscosity)

2)Minor loss (due to different pipe fittings, etc.)

Modified Bernoulli relation comes as:

𝑃1 𝑉12 𝑃2 𝑉22
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2 + ℎ𝐿
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
(1)is the upstream point and
(2)is the downstream point

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 Special Cases

➢ We have introduced the head loss hL, often written in terms of a loss coefficient K as

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 Reference Books
Text Book (s):
• M.C. Potter, D.C. Wiggert, Mechanics of Fluids, 3rd Edition, 2010, ISBN: 978-0-495-43857-1.
• F. M. White, Fluid Mechanics, 7th Edition, 2011, ISBN: 978-007-131121-2.

Reference books: (for further reading)

i. Munson, Okiishi, Huebsch, Rothmayer, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 7th Edition, 2013, ISBN:
978-1-118-18676.
ii. Fox and McDonald, Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, 9th Edition, 2015, ISBN: 978-1118912652.
iii.J. F. Douglas, J. M. Gasiorek, J. A. Swaffield, L. B. Jack, Fluid Mechanics, 5th Edition, 2005, ISBN-
978-0-13-129293-2.

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 Acknowledgement

• Slide Courtesy:
• Md. Imrul Kayes, Assistant Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, BUET
• Priom Das, Lecturer
Department of Mechanical Engineering, BUET

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