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Genetics Review

This document provides a summary of genetics concepts covered in chapters 11-15 of a textbook. It includes key vocabulary terms related to organism genetics such as DNA, genes, chromosomes, alleles, and cell types. It also covers molecular genetics concepts like DNA replication, transcription, translation, and mutation types. Sample problems are provided to demonstrate understanding of inheritance patterns, cell division types, and the process of protein synthesis from DNA.

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110 views4 pages

Genetics Review

This document provides a summary of genetics concepts covered in chapters 11-15 of a textbook. It includes key vocabulary terms related to organism genetics such as DNA, genes, chromosomes, alleles, and cell types. It also covers molecular genetics concepts like DNA replication, transcription, translation, and mutation types. Sample problems are provided to demonstrate understanding of inheritance patterns, cell division types, and the process of protein synthesis from DNA.

Uploaded by

danisami18
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Genetics review (chapters 11 15)

Vocabulary: Section 1: Organism genetics: DNA vs. gene vs. chromosome, dominant vs. recessive
alleles, homozygous vs. heterozygous, phenotype vs. genotype, diploid (2n) vs. haploid (n), homologous chromosome, meiosis vs. mitosis, gamete, zygote, crossover, nondisjunction, sexual vs. asexual reproduction

Section 2: Molecular genetics: replication vs. transcription vs. translation, codon,


mRNA vs. tRNA vs. rRNA, mutation (substitution vs. deletion / addition), mutagen

Concepts: Section 1: Organism genetics:


1) Fill in the sentence below with the numbers provided to demonstrate your understanding. 23 20,000 3,000,000,000 (or 3 billion) Each human body cell contains ~__________ letters of DNA code. Some of this code makes up the ~__________ gene sequences that code for proteins. Finally, these genes are located on one of the __________ pairs of chromosomes inside the nucleus. How many total chromosomes does a human body cell have? _______ How many total chromosomes does a human gamete have? _______ We call the body cell (diploid / haploid), and we call the gamete (diploid / haploid). 2) _____________ is the type of cell division that begins with 1 body cell and ends with 4 gametes. Humans use this type of cell division to reproduce (asexually / sexually). This type of cell division creates genetic variety in offspring. Explain what happens during crossover that produces a variety of chromosome / gene combinations in the gamete cells.

3) If genetic variety is created above, then Punnett squares can predict which chromosomes (and genes) that offspring will get from mom and dad. Make sure you can answer problems like this: Sickle cell anemia is a human genetic disorder caused by recessive alleles. Not having sickle cell anemia is dominant. Set up a Punnett square showing the possible offspring for two parents who are both heterozygous. What are the odds of having a child with sickle cell anemia? having sickle cell = ______ parent 1= ______ ______ ______ not having sickle cell = _______ parent 2 = _______ ______

Answer: _________

Circle 2 offspring who have a different genotype than parents. Put a star by 1 offspring who has a different phenotype than the parents.

______

4) (review from cells, also contrast with #2 above) ________________ is the type of cell division that starts with one body cell and produces two identical body cells. Humans do NOT use this type of cell division to reproduce, but other eukaryotic organisms do. This is a form of (asexual / sexual) reproduction for them. Instead, humans use this type of cell division for _______________ and ________________. 5) Some organisms (not humans) are capable of asexual and sexual reproduction. Explain the results of both types of reproduction, and describe an environmental condition when that type of reproduction is advantageous. sexual reproduction genes of offspring: useful when environment is ________________ asexual reproduction genes of offspring: useful when environment is ________________ 6) Review important vocabulary by filling in terms and circling diploid or haploid. Word bank: fertilization gamete meiosis mitosis

zygote

Section 2: Molecular genetics:


7) DNA has the shape of a ______________ _______________. There are four chemicals that serve as the code for building proteins: ______________, ______________, ______________, and ______________. ______________ pairs with ______________ on the two strands. ______________ pairs with ______________.

8) Given the DNA sequence below, write the sequence of the complementary DNA strand, and the mRNA transcript. How are the two different? DNA sequence: TACTGGCGAAGCATC DNA sequence: TACTGGCGAAGCATC

DNA complement:

mRNA transcript:

9) Provide the mRNA transcript and amino acid sequence coded for by each DNA sequence. I created a mutation in each new sequence. Identify the type of mutation below, and compare their effect on the protein produced. original DNA sequence: mRNA transcript (codons) amino acid translation mutated DNA sequence 1: TACTCGCGAAGCATC mRNA transcript (codons) amino acid translation type of mutation: __________________ G removed mutated DNA sequence 2: TACTGCGAAGCATC mRNA transcript (codons) amino acid translation type of mutation: __________________

TACTGGCGAAGCATC

mutated DNA sequence 3: TACTGACGAAGCATC mRNA transcript (codons) amino acid translation type of mutation: __________________

10) Explain protein synthesis by filling in the blanks below. Word bank: hydrogen messenger RNA (mRNA) nucleus ribosomal RNA (rRNA) ribosome transcription transfer RNA (tRNA) translation Step 1: A gene in the DNA code is told to open up so a protein can eventually be made. The DNA code opens up when ______________ bonds between the bases break.

Step 2: Now the RNA nucleotides come in to pair up with 1 of the DNA strands. It eventually makes an entire copy of the DNA gene this whole process is called ___________________. The steps above take place inside the ________________ of the eukaryotic cell.

Step 3: The RNA strand now goes to the ________________ of the cell to build the actual protein. This RNA that goes between the two cell locations is called __________________________ The name for the overall process of converting the RNA code into a protein sequence is called ________________________.

Step 4: A type of RNA called _______________________ helps the protein builder connect to the message that just came from DNA. Another type of RNA called _________________ RNA delivers one amino acid at a time. It knows where to go because it is able to bind to a three-letter sequence on the messenger RNA. This three-letter sequence on mRNA is called a _________________.

Step 5: Hundreds, or thousands of amino acids are linked together, eventually folding up into a 3-D shape to make a protein with a specific job in the cell.

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