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Combustion and Emissions Characteristics of Biodiesel Fuel

This document summarizes Alan Hansen's presentation on biodiesel combustion and emissions characteristics. It defines biodiesel and discusses its advantages of being renewable, biodegradable, and having lower emissions than petroleum diesel. However, biodiesel also has disadvantages like a slightly lower energy content. The document reviews biodiesel production through transesterification and discusses engine combustion comparisons between biodiesel and diesel fuel showing impacts on emissions. It concludes with comments on further research opportunities.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
103 views47 pages

Combustion and Emissions Characteristics of Biodiesel Fuel

This document summarizes Alan Hansen's presentation on biodiesel combustion and emissions characteristics. It defines biodiesel and discusses its advantages of being renewable, biodegradable, and having lower emissions than petroleum diesel. However, biodiesel also has disadvantages like a slightly lower energy content. The document reviews biodiesel production through transesterification and discusses engine combustion comparisons between biodiesel and diesel fuel showing impacts on emissions. It concludes with comments on further research opportunities.
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Combustion and Emissions Characteristics of Biodiesel Fuel

Alan C. Hansen Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering University of Illinois


CABER Seminar May 5, 2008

Outline of Presentation

Introduction What is biodiesel? What are its advantages and disadvantages? How is biodiesel produced? How much is being used at present? How does it compare to other fuels? Some fundamentals of combustion and emissions Combustion and emissions comparisons between biodiesel and diesel fuel using engine measurements and models Final comments

What is Biodiesel?
Technical Definition for Biodiesel (ASTM D 6751):
Biodiesel, na fuel comprising mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats, designated B100, and meeting the requirements of ASTM D 6751.

Conversion to ester reduces viscosity to same level as diesel fuel and potentially increases cetane number to be the same or even higher than diesel fuel

What are the advantages of biodiesel fuel?


Renewable
carbon neutral

Biodegradable
benefits environment

Domestically grown
reducing imported oils

Low emissions
except maybe NOx

No engine modifications required


except replacing some fuel lines for older engines

Safer
less flammable

Non-toxic

Advantages of Biodiesel (cont.)


Very favorable energy balance, 3.2 to 1 Can be blended in any proportion with petroleum diesel fuel High cetane number and excellent lubricity Very high flashpoint (>300F) Can be made from waste restaurant oils and animal fats

What are the disadvantages of biodiesel fuel?

Lower energy content


6-9% less energy per unit volume for B100 Effect of B2 B10 on power less than 1%

Soybean oil-based biodiesel will start to crystallize at around 0C. This can be mitigated by blending with diesel fuel or with additives. Biodiesel is less oxidatively stable than petroleum diesel fuel. Old fuel can become acidic and form sediments and varnish. Additives can prevent this. There is limited supply. Soybean oil is widely available but expensive. Inedible animal fats are less expensive but have limited supply.

Disadvantages of biodiesel

Cost is high and is feedstock sensitive


Government subsidies allow biodiesel to compete with petroleum-based diesel fuel
3% 1% 12% 2% 7%

75%
Oil Feedstock Energy General Overhead Chemical Feedstocks Direct Labor Depreciation
(Source: Van Gerpen, J., 2004)

How is biodiesel produced?


A simplified representation of biodiesel production: Transesterification Chemical reaction between methanol or ethanol and a vegetable oil or animal fat Requires a catalyst, such as caustic soda (NaOH) or KOH Removal of glycerin reduces viscosity

Biodiesel Production: Soybeans

One Bushel Soybeans OR 100 kg Soybeans

~1.5 gallons Soybean oil

~1.5 gallons Biodiesel

~10 litres Soybean oil

~10 litres Biodiesel

Why not use straight vegetable oil?


Viscosity too high (x 10 that of biodiesel) Cetane number too low (below ASTM limit of 40) Poor atomization causes coking and deposits in combustion chamber Reacts with lubricating oil to create sludge and compromise lubrication

U.S. Biodiesel Production


450 400 350 300 Million 250 Gallons 200 Biodiesel 150 100 50 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007* est.
(Source: National Biodiesel Board - www.biodiesel.org) NBB goal: Replace equivalent of 5 % of nations on-road diesel fuel with biodiesel by 2015

Biodiesel Production in EU
1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0

EU Biodiesel Cons. (millions gallons)

EU Production Capacity: 3 billion gallons

1998 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Source: European Biodiesel Board (www.ebb-eu.org)

US and EU Biodiesel Production Comparison


3 2.5 2
Billion 1.5 Gallons/Year

1 0.5 0
US US EU EU Production Production Production Production 2007 Capacity 2006 Capacity 2007 2006

Diesel versus biodiesel consumption


US Gasoline Consumption: 146 Billion Gallons/year
60 50 40
Billion 30 Gallons/Year

20 10 0
US US Diesel Consumption Production 2007 2007 US Production Capacity 2007 EU Production 2006 EU Production Capacity 2006

Biodiesel Usage at Present (U.S.)

as a low-level blend (B2 B5, B11)


for lubricity purposes non-sulfur formula US EPA requirement for sulfur

15 ppm Oct 2006 for on-road vehicles

as a medium-level blend (B20-B50)


Energy Policy Act credit; federal incentive

as a neat fuel (B100)


6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 #2 Diesel 1/2% BD 1% BD 2% BD 100% BD
(Source: Schumacher, L.G., 2004)

SL-BOCLE ASTM D 6078 Lubricity test


3400 2600 2100

5450

3500

Increasing lubricity with increasing biodiesel %

Energy Content (kJ/Litre) 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 5000

0
se l l

D ie Bi od i es e G as ol in e an o l E8 5 Pr op an e LN G Et h an o M l et ha no Bu t

Source: McCormick (2006)

Energy Density of Fuels

C N G

Li qu

l id @ 36 26 H 2 ps i

Fossil Energy Ratio

Source: McCormick (2006)

Do we have enough land for oil crops from which to produce biodiesel?
4500 4000 3500 3000 lbs oil/acre 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0
So yb e Su an nf lo w er Pe an ut C an ol a O liv e C as to r Ja tr op ha C oc on ut Pa lm A lg ae

6,000-36,000 lbs oil/acre

Crop

Source: Wikipedia

Soybean Fatty Acid Composition


90 80
Percentage Content

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Palmitic Acid Stearic Acid (C16:0) (C18:0) Min-Graboski Max-NSRL2000 Oleic Acid (C18:1) Linoleic Acid Linolenic Acid (C18:2) (C18:3) Min-NSRL2000

Max-Graboski High Oleic Acid

Graboski, M.S. and R.L. McCormick, 1998. Combustion of fat and vegetable oil derived fuels in diesel engines. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 24:125-164 NSRL, 2000. Illinois variety trials (2000), Varietal Information Program for Soybeans, NSRL

Range of Fatty Acid Composition


100 90 Percentage in Oil or Fat 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
C8:0 C10:0 C12:0 C14:0 C16:0 C18:0 C20:0 C22:0 C24:0 C18:1 C22:1 C18:2 C18.3

Soybean Rapeseed Beef Tallow Peanut Canola Olive Coconut Corn Palm Safflower

Sunflower Sunola Butterfat Lard Cottonseed Crambe Linseed H.O. Safflower Sesame

Upper Lower Average

Fatty Acids

Cetane Number and Fatty Acids


90 80 70 Cetane Number 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Palmitic (C16:0) Stearic (C18:0) Oleic (C18:1) Methyl Esters Linoleic (C18:2) Linolenic (C18:3)

(Source: Graboski and McCormick, 1998)

CN increase with increasing saturation and with increasing chain length

How a Four-Stroke Engine Works

Comparison of Conventional Engines and HCCI/LTC


Making gasoline engines run more like diesels and diesel engines more like gasoline

Some Combustion Chemistry: Lean vs Rich Mixtures


Diesel fuel molecule represented as C16H34 Chemically correct air-fuel ratio assumes all fuel burnt to CO2 and H2O C16H34 + 24.5O2 + 92N2 92N2 + 16CO2 + 17H2O

1 kg

14.9 kg

3.1 kg

Chemically correct air to fuel ratio: 14.9: 1


Soybean biodiesel fuel molecule: C19H36O2 1 kg fuel and 12.5 kg air 2.8 kg CO2

Note the Oxygen in the fuel molecule

Chemically correct air to fuel ratio: 12.5: 1


Requires less air than diesel

Air-Fuel Mixing in Diesel Engines

Impossible to obtain uniform mixing of air & fuel in diesel engine

Single spray plume from injector Rich Spray Core Correct A/F Ratio Lean A/F Mixture

Very Lean In betweencombustible A/F ratio Very Rich

How is energy released in diesel combustion?

Premixed combustion
Fuel that evaporates and mixes with air during ignition delay burns simultaneously, producing sharp peak in energy release

Diffusion (mixing-controlled) combustion


Air and fuel vapor diffuse toward each other to continue combustion Slower process than premixed phase

Ignition delay controls proportions of energy released in premixed & diffusion combustion phases
IGNITION DELAY START COMBUSTION

START INJECTION

HDC

NOx/Soot Trade-Off and LTC Combustion


Increased Soot Formation
l na io nt ot e nv x/So off C o O eN ad Tr

Fuel-Air Mixture Leaner Richer

LTC Target

Increased NOx Formation


Low

Combustion Temperature

High

LTC Low Temperature Combustion

Nonroad EPA Emission Standards


0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
*Dependent on power range **PM full compliance by 2011 NOx 50% compliance 2011-2013

Tier I (1996)

PM (g/kWh)

EPA Emission Standards: Nonroad Diesel Engines 130kW Power 560 kW

Tier 3 (2006) Tier 4 (2011-2014)**

Tier 2 (2001-2003)*

10

NOx (g/kWh)
Source: www.dieselnet.com

Nonroad EU Emission Standards


0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

Stage I (1999)

PM (g/kWh)

Europe Emission Standards: Nonroad Diesel Engines 130kW Power 560 kW

Stage IIIA (2006) Stage IV (2014) Stage IIIB (2011) 0 2 4

Stage II (2002)

10

NOx (g/kWh)

Source: www.dieselnet.com

Impact of Biodiesel on Emissions


HC emission (g/hp-hr)
0.25
1.60 1.40

CO emission (g/hp-hr)
0.12 0.10 0.08

PM emission (g/hp-hr)
5.10

NOx emission (g/hp-hr)

0.20

1.20

-15% -41%

-11% -38%

5.00 4.90 4.80 4.70 4.60 4.50

10%

0.15

-17%

1.00 0.80

0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00

3%

0.10

0.60 0.40

0.05

-84%
B100 B20 D2

0.20 0.00 B100 B20 D2

4.40 4.30 B100 B20 D2 B100 B20 D2

0.00

Key regulated emissions for compression-ignition (diesel) engines are particulate matter (PM) and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) PM created from incomplete combustion NOx caused by high temperatures in combustion chamber oxidizing nitrogen

(Sharp et al., 2000)

U.S. EPA Emissions Regulations


0.7 0.6 0.5 PM (g/kWh) 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 2 4 NOx (g/kWh) 6 8 10

Tier 1

C16:0 C18:0 C18:1 C18:2 C18:3 Diesel Soydiesel Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3 Tier 4

Tier 2

Tier 4

Tier 3

Saturated fatty acid esters produce lower emissions (Data Source: Graboski and McCormick, 1998)

MechSE Optical Engine Facility


Quartz Piston Side Window

3-D Imaging

Piston Extension

Hydraulic System

Implement high speed camera and laser techniques Analyze combustion products and exhaust gases Investigate effect of multiple injection strategies for Low Temperature Combustion (LTC)

Soot Diagnostics: Back Illumination Light Extinction

Fiber from Copper vapor laser

Light Diffuser

Band pass Filter

Narrow band pass filters (~ 5nm) to reduce combustion noise, Frame rate: 12000 fps Measurement area denoted by the black rectangle Due to the curvature of two side-windows only part of soot is measured

Single versus Split Injection


Single Split

Effect of Split Injection

Up to 5 independent fuel injections per cycle are now achievable at the prototype level from the major Fuel Injection Equipment suppliers
SAE 940897

Effect of Split Injection (cont.)

SAE 940897

Flame Development Comparison: B0 and B100


B0: -20, 0

B100: -20, 0

-7.00

3.50

5.75

8.00
B100: - 30, 10

14.00

20.00

26.00

38.00

Biodiesel fuel results in faster late cycle burning of soot than European low sulfur diesel fuel

18.50

20.00

26.00

38.00

Increasing gap between first injection and main injection helps reduce soot emissions

(Lee et al. 2006)

Soot Images Comparison: B0 and B100

B0: -20, 0 Crank angles: 41, 47, 53, 65, 77, 89, 128 CAD ATDC

B100: -20, 0 Crank angles: 41, 47, 53, 65, 77, 89, 128 CAD ATDC

Bio-diesel leads to weaker soot signal than European low sulfur diesel fuel

(Lee et al. 2006)

Biofuel Combustion and Emissions Modeling

KIVA combustion model modified for biodiesel and LTC


KIVA-3V: 3-D chemically reacting CFD model developed by Los Alamos National Laboratory to simulate work of internal combustion engines Sub-models for wall heat transfer, evaporation, turbulence, spray breakup, ignition, combustion and emissions formation Both biodiesel and biodiesel-diesel blend combustion modeled

Biodiesel Property Measurement and Computation for Combustion Modeling


Fatty Acid Profiles for Five Biodiesel Types
70 60 50 Soybean Percentage 40 30 20 10 0 C12:0 C14:0 C16:0 C18:0 Fatty Acid C18:1 C18:2 C18:3 Rapeseed Coconut Palm Beef Lard

Measured properties of biodiesel produced from source materials with a broad range of fatty acid compositions Updated computational models for estimating viscosity, surface tension, density, thermal conductivity for engine combustion modeling

9 8 Kinematic Viscosity,mm^2/s 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Max. limit ASTM D975 @ 40C Soybean Palm Rapeseed Beef Lard Coconut #2 Diesel

Kinematic Viscosity of Biodiesel from five different source materials

BDProp Program for computing biodiesel fuel properties

Temperature, C

KIVA Combustion Model results

Biodiesel

Diesel

Fuel injections at 330 and 370

(Lee et al. 2008)

NOx Emissions from Biodiesel (Lee et al. 2008)


Retarding main injection effectively reduces the emission Biodiesel may or may not increase NOx emission

NOx Emissions from Biodiesel


National Renewable Energy Lab reports no consistent effect Lab tests tend to show increase Chassis tests not conclusive Emissions affected by test cycle and engine technology

Metal Engine Experiments


6.0

BSNOX (g/kw-h)

John Deere 4045HF475 4-cylinder 4.5L engine (Tier II) Effect of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on NOx emissions from biodiesel and blends

5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0

1400 rpm, 500 Nm

D2 0 5 10 15 EGR (%)

B2

B20 20

B100 25

Particulate filter

Heat exchanger

EGR Valve

Low Pressure EGR System

Graduate Automotive Technology Education Center of Excellence for Advanced Automotive Bio-Fuel Combustion Engines
Mechanical Science and Engineering Comprehensive GATE syllabus (M.S./Ph.D) DOE support (GATE fellowships) Industrial advisory board Agricultural and Biological Engineering

Highly skilled UIUC graduates who can lead industrial application of bio-fuel engine technology

Final Comments

Biodiesel fuel as an alternative to petroleumbased diesel fuel has many advantages Fuel cost still plays a major role Source material can affect biodiesel fuel properties substantially While CO, HC and PM emissions are reduced, NOx emissions may increase in some engines Optical engine tests and combustion modeling provide insight into combustion and emissions processes Biodiesel shows some advantages over diesel fuel when Low Temperature Combustion strategies are applied

Thank you!

[email protected]

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