AS 2374.

7—1997
IEC 354:1991
IEC 354:1991/Corr.1:1992

Australian Standard®
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Power transformers

Part 7: Loading guide for

oil-immersed power transformers
[IEC title: Loading guide for oil-immersed power transformers]
 This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee EL/8, Power Transformers. It
was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 25 August 1997 and
published on 5 December 1997.

The following interests are represented on Committee EL/8:

Australasian Railway Association
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Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry

Australian Electrical and Electronic Manufacturers Association
Australian Institute of Petroleum
Electricity Supply Association of Australia
Electricity Supply Engineers Association of New South Wales
Institution of Engineers Australia
Testing interests

Review of Australian Standards. To keep abreast of progress in industry, Australian Standards are subject
to periodic review and are kept up to date by the issue of amendments or new editions as necessary. It is
important therefore that Standards users ensure that they are in possession of the latest edition, and any
amendments thereto.
Full details of all Australian Standards and related publications will be found in the Standards Australia
Catalogue of Publications; this information is supplemented each month by the magazine ‘The Australian
Standard’, which subscribing members receive, and which gives details of new publications, new editions
and amendments, and of withdrawn Standards.
Suggestions for improvements to Australian Standards, addressed to the head office of Standards Australia,
are welcomed. Notification of any inaccuracy or ambiguity found in an Australian Standard should be made
without delay in order that the matter may be investigated and appropriate action taken.

This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 96416.

 AS 2374.7—1997

Australian Standard®
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Power transformers

Part 7: Loading guide for

oil-immersed power transformers

Originated as AS CC10 — 1965.

Previous edition AS 1078 — 1984.
Revised and redesignated AS 2374.7 — 1997.
Incorporating:
Amdt 1—1998

PUBLISHED BY STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

(STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA)
1 THE CRESCENT, HOMEBUSH, NSW 2140
ISBN 0 7337 1517 6
 ii

PREFACE

This Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee EL/8, Power Transformers to
supersede AS 1078 — 1984, Guide to loading of oil-immersed transformers.
It is technically equivalent to, and has been reproduced from, IEC 354, Loading guide for oil-
immersed power transformers, incorporating IEC Corrigendum issued in 1992. (Note that these
corrections are not marked in the text).
Appendix ZZ lists variations between this Standard and IEC 354. For the purposes of this Standard,
the IEC text is amended, supplemented or replaced as set out in Appendix ZZ. These changes are
indicated by a rule in the margin against each clause or part thereof affected.
Appendices ZA and ZB provide information on the determination of the thermal time-constant and
indirect measurement of winding hot-spot temperature respectively.
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This Standard will apply directly to transformers manufactured to AS 2374, Parts 1 and 2 (1997)
and may be used for transformers manufactured to AS 2374 — 1970. It differs in a number of
respects from AS 1078 — 1984. The range of oil-immersed transformers covered has been extended
and now goes beyond the 75 MVA, 132 kV size of the previous guides. Transformers are classified
into three size categories — distribution, medium power and large power transformers with different
thermal characteristics and limits applicable for each category.
There have been changes to the hot spot factor, oil exponent, temperature and current limits, but no
change to the rate of thermal ageing of insulation with temperature. In some cases the changes will
result in higher ratings and in other cases lower ratings but limits provided take into consideration
the type of loading viz. normal cyclic, long time cyclic and emergency ratings. The weighted
average ambient temperatures are now determined by considering a sinusoidal and double sinusoidal
temperature variation.
In this Standard the user is required to determine the oil thermal time constant from the transformer
temperature rise test, however, in cases when insufficient information is available to do this, an
alternative method is given in Appendix ZA as provided in the previous edition. The change in oil
time constant for different loads has been dropped in this edition (oil index is now 1.0). For OF and
OD cooling, calculations are based on the bottom oil temperature rather than the top oil temperature
and for OD cooling a correction factor is applied for variations in ohmic resistance with
temperature. The mean oil temperature for these calculations is determined by the R´ method.
As in AS 1078 — 1984 the tables set out in Section 3 are based on a set of transformer
characteristics for each category of transformer. No correction factors or similar are provided for
variations to these characteristics and following common practice with the use of modern computers,
users are encouraged to perform their own calculations based on the algorithms provided.
As this Standard is reproduced from an international Standard, the following applies:
(a) Its number does not appear on each page of text and its identity is shown only on the cover
and title pages.
(b) In the source text, ‘this International Standard’ should read ‘this Australian Standard’.
(c) A full point substitutes for a comma when referring to a decimal marker.
References to international Standards should be replaced by equivalent Australian Standards, as
follows:
Reference to International Standard Australian Standard
IEC AS
76 Power transformers 2374 Power transformers
76-1 Part 1: General 2374.1 Part 1: General requirements
76-2 Part 2: Temperature rise 2374.2 Part 2: Temperature rise
 iii

76-4* Part 4: Tappings and connections 2374.1 Part 1: General requirements

76-5 Part 5: Ability to withstand short- 2374.5 Part 5: Ability to withstand short-
circuit circuit
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© Copyright STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

Users of Standards are reminded that copyright subsists in all Standards Australia publications and software. Except where the
Copyright Act allows and except where provided for below no publications or software produced by Standards Australia may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system in any form or transmitted by any means without prior permission in writing from
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on commercial software royalties should be directed to the head office of Standards Australia.
Standards Australia will permit up to 10 percent of the technical content pages of a Standard to be copied for use
exclusively in-house by purchasers of the Standard without payment of a royalty or advice to Standards Australia.
Standards Australia will also permit the inclusion of its copyright material in computer software programs for no royalty
payment provided such programs are used exclusively in-house by the creators of the programs.
Care should be taken to ensure that material used is from the current edition of the Standard and that it is updated whenever the
Standard is amended or revised. The number and date of the Standard should therefore be clearly identified.
The use of material in print form or in computer software programs to be used commercially, with or without payment, or in
commercial contracts is subject to the payment of a royalty. This policy may be varied by Standards Australia at any time.

* Superseded by IEC 76-1:1993.

 iv

CONTENTS
Page
Clause
Section 1: General

1.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.2 Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 General limitations and effects of loading beyond nameplate rating . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.5 Specific limitations for distribution transformers . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.6 Specific limitations for medium power transformers . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.7 Specific limitations for large power transformers . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
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Section 2: Determination of temperatures

2.1 Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2 Direct measurement of hot-spot temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3 Assumed thermal characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.4 Steady-state temperature equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.5 Transient temperature equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.6 Thermal ageing of transformer insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.7 Ambient temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.8 Computer program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Section 3: Loading tables

3.1 Limitations applicable to loading tables . . . .................... ........ 29

3.2 Method of representing an actual load cycle by an equivalent two-step
rectangular load cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................... . . . . . . . . 29
3.3 Normal continuous loading . . . . . . . . . . . . .................... . . . . . . . . 31
3.4 Normal cyclic loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................... . . . . . . . . 31
3.5 Emergency cyclic loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................... . . . . . . . . 37

Annexes

A Equivalent rating for auto-transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 62

B Alternative method for determining the winding oil average temperature rise
from temperature-rise test measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
C Information to be supplied with enquiry and order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
D Calculation of parameters for sinusoidal variation of ambient temperature . . . . . . 69
E Example of simplified application of the guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Appendices

ZZ Variations from IEC 354 required for Australian conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

ZA Determination of the thermal time-constant of a
transformer under steady load conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
ZB Indirect measurement of winding hot-spot temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
 1

AUSTRALIAN STANDARD

Power transformers

Part 7:
Loading guide for oil-immersed power transformers

Section 1: General
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1.1 Scope

This guide is applicable to oil-immersed transformers complying with IEC 76. It indicates how, within
limits, transformers may be loaded above rated conditions. For furnace transformers, the
manufacturer should be consulted in view of the peculiar loading profile.

1.2 Object

This guide provides guidance for the specification and loading of power transformers from the point
of view of operating temperatures and thermal ageing. It provides recommendations for loading
above the nameplate rating and guidance for the planner to choose appropriate rated quantities and
loading conditions for new installations.

IEC 76-2 contains the requirements and tests relating to temperature rise figures for oil-immersed
transformers during continuous rated loading. It should be noted that IEC 76-2 refers to the average
winding temperature rise while the present guide refers mainly to the hot-spot temperature and the
stated values are provided only for guidance.

The guide gives mathematical models for judging the consequence of different loadings, with
different temperatures of the cooling medium, and with transient or cyclical variation with time. The
models provide for the calculation of operating temperatures in the transformer, particularly the
temperature of the hottest part of the winding. This hot-spot temperature is, in turn, used for
evaluation of a relative value for the rate of thermal ageing.

The guide further presents recommendations for limitations of permissible loading according to the
results of the temperature calculations. These recommendations refer to different categories of
transformers by size and importance, and also to different types of loading duty — continuous
loading, normal cyclic undisturbed loading or temporary, emergency loading.

For small transformers, here called distribution transformers, the guide provides curves which make
it possible to evaluate cyclic loading at specific ambient temperatures in comparison with conditions
at rated loading under normal ambient temperature, for a transformer which fulfils the requirements
of IEC 76-2.

COPYRIGHT
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AS 2374.7-1997, Power transformers Loading

guide for oil-immersed power transformers
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