C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition

Chapter 1: An Overview of Computers and Programming Languages

Objectives
In this chapter, you will: Learn about different types of computers Explore the hardware and software components of a computer system Learn about the language of a computer Learn about the evolution of programming languages Examine high-level programming languages
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Objectives (cont'd.)
Discover what a compiler is and what it does Examine a C++ program Explore how a C++ program is processed Learn what an algorithm is and explore problem-solving techniques Become aware of structured design and object-oriented design programming methodologies Become aware of Standard C++ and ANSI/ISO Standard C++
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Introduction
Without software, the computer is useless Software developed with programming languages
C++ is a programming language

C++ suited for a wide variety of programming tasks Before programming, it is useful to understand terminology and computer components
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A Brief Overview of the History of Computers

Early calculation devices
Abacus, Pascaline Leibniz device Babbage machines: difference and analytic engines Hollerith machine

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition

A Brief Overview of the History of Computers (cont'd.)

Early computer-like machines
Mark I ENIAC Von Neumann architecture UNIVAC Transistors and microprocessors

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition

A Brief Overview of the History of Computers (cont'd.)

Categories of computers
Mainframe computers Midsize computers Micro computers (personal computers)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition

Elements of a Computer System

Hardware CPU Main memory Secondary storage Input/Output devices Software

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition

Hardware
CPU Main memory: RAM Input/output devices Secondary storage

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition

Central Processing Unit and Main Memory

Central processing unit
Brain of the computer Most expensive piece of hardware Carries out arithmetic and logical operations

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Central Processing Unit and Main Memory (cont'd.)

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Central Processing Unit and Main Memory (cont'd.)

Random access memory Directly connected to the CPU All programs must be loaded into main memory before they can be executed All data must be brought into main memory before it can be manipulated When computer power is turned off, everything in main memory is lost
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Secondary Storage
Secondary storage: device that stores information permanently Examples of secondary storage:
Hard disks Flash drives Floppy disks Zip disks CD-ROMs Tapes
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Input/Output Devices
Input devices feed data and programs into computers
Keyboard Mouse Secondary storage

Output devices display results

Monitor Printer Secondary storage
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Software
Software: programs that do specific tasks System programs take control of the computer, such as an operating system Application programs perform a specific task
Word processors Spreadsheets Games
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The Language of a Computer

Digital signals: sequences of 0s and 1s Machine language: language of a computer Binary digit (bit):
The digit 0 or 1

Binary code:
A sequence of 0s and 1s

Byte:
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition

A sequence of eight bits

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The Language of a Computer (contd.)

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The Language of a Computer (cont'd.)

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
128 characters A is encoded as 1000001 (66th character) 3 is encoded as 0110011

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The Language of a Computer (cont'd.)

EBCDIC
Used by IBM 256 characters

Unicode
65536 characters Two bytes are needed to store a character

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The Evolution of Programming Languages

Early computers were programmed in machine language To calculate wages = rates * hours in machine language: 100100 010001 100110 010010 100010 010011 //Load //Multiply //Store
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The Evolution of Programming Languages (cont'd.)

Assembly language instructions are mnemonic Assembler: translates a program written in assembly language into machine language

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The Evolution of Programming Languages (cont'd.)

Using assembly language instructions, wages = rates hours can be written as:
LOAD rate MULT hour STOR wages

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The Evolution of Programming Languages (cont'd.)

High-level languages include Basic, FORTRAN, COBOL, Pascal, C, C++, C#, and Java Compiler: translates a program written in a high-level language machine language The equation wages = rate hours can be written in C++ as: wages = rate * hours;
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Processing a C++ Program

#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { cout << "My first C++ program." << endl; return 0; }

Sample Run:
My first C++ program.

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Processing a C++ Program (cont'd.)

To execute a C++ program:
Use an editor to create a source program in C++ Preprocessor directives begin with # and are processed by a the preprocessor Use the compiler to:
Check that the program obeys the rules Translate into machine language (object program)

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Processing a C++ Program (cont'd.)

To execute a C++ program (cont'd.):
Linker:
Combines object program with other programs provided by the SDK to create executable code

Loader:
Loads executable program into main memory

The last step is to execute the program

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Processing a C++ Program (cont'd.)

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Programming with the Problem AnalysisCodingExecution Cycle

Programming is a process of problem solving

One problem-solving technique:

Analyze the problem Outline the problem requirements Design steps (algorithm) to solve the problem

Algorithm:
Step-by-step problem-solving process
Solution achieved in finite amount of time
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The Problem AnalysisCoding Execution Cycle (contd.)

Step 1: Analyze the problem
Outline the problem and its requirements Design steps (algorithm) to solve the problem

Step 2: Implement the algorithm

Implement the algorithm in code Verify that the algorithm works

Step 3: Maintenance
Use and modify the program if the problem domain changes
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The Problem AnalysisCoding Execution Cycle (contd.)

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The Problem AnalysisCoding Execution Cycle (cont'd.)

Thoroughly understand the problem Understand problem requirements
Does program require user interaction? Does program manipulate data? What is the output?

If the problem is complex, divide it into subproblems

Analyze each subproblem as above
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The Problem AnalysisCoding Execution Cycle (cont'd.)

If problem was broken into subproblems
Design algorithms for each subproblem

Check the correctness of algorithm

Can test using sample data Some mathematical analysis might be required

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The Problem AnalysisCoding Execution Cycle (cont'd.)

Once the algorithm is designed and correctness verified
Write the equivalent code in high-level language

Enter the program using text editor

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The Problem AnalysisCoding Execution Cycle (cont'd.)

Run code through compiler If compiler generates errors
Look at code and remove errors Run code again through compiler

If there are no syntax errors

Compiler generates equivalent machine code

Linker links machine code with system resources

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The Problem AnalysisCoding Execution Cycle (cont'd.)

Once compiled and linked, loader can place program into main memory for execution The final step is to execute the program Compiler guarantees that the program follows the rules of the language
Does not guarantee that the program will run correctly
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Example 1-1
Design an algorithm to find the perimeter and area of a rectangle The perimeter and area of the rectangle are given by the following formulas: perimeter = 2 * (length + width) area = length * width
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Example 1-1 (cont'd.)

Algorithm:
Get length of the rectangle
Get width of the rectangle

Find the perimeter using the following equation:

perimeter = 2 * (length + width)

Find the area using the following equation:

area = length * width
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Example 1-3
Every salesperson has a base salary Salesperson receives $10 bonus at the end of the month for each year worked if he or she has been with the store for five or less years The bonus is $20 for each year that he or she has worked there if over 5 years

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Example 1-3 (cont'd.)

Additional bonuses are as follows:
If total sales for the month are $5,000$10,000, he or she receives a 3% commission on the sale If total sales for the month are at least $10,000, he or she receives a 6% commission on the sale

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Example 1-3 (cont'd.)

Get baseSalary

Get noOfServiceYears
Calculate bonus using the following formula:
if (noOfServiceYears is less than or equal to five) bonus = 10 * noOfServiceYears

otherwise
bonus = 20 * noOfServiceYears

Get totalSales
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Example 1-3 (cont'd.)

Calculate additionalBonus as follows:
if (totalSale is less than 5000) additionalBonus = 0 otherwise if (totalSale is greater than or equal to 5000 and totalSale is less than 10000) additionalBonus = totalSale (0.03) otherwise additionalBonus = totalSale (0.06)

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Example 1-3 (cont'd.)

Calculate payCheck using the equation
payCheck = baseSalary + bonus + additionalBonus

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Example 1-5
10 students in a class Each student has taken five tests and each test is worth 100 points Design an algorithm to calculate the grade for each student as well as the class average
Design an algorithm to find the average test score Design an algorithm to determine the grade

Data consists of students names and their test scores

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Example 1-5 (cont'd.)

Algorithm to determine the average test score:
Get the five test scores Add the five test scores
Suppose sum stands for the sum of the test scores

Suppose average stands for the average test score:

average = sum / 5;
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Example 1-5 (cont'd.)

Algorithm to determine the grade:
if average is greater than or equal to 90 grade = A otherwise if average is greater than or equal to 80 and less than 90 grade = B otherwise if average is greater than or equal to 70 and less than 80 grade = C otherwise if average is greater than or equal to 60 and less than 70 grade = D otherwise grade = F

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Example 1-5 (cont'd.)

Main algorithm is as follows:
totalAverage = 0; Repeat the following for each student:
Get students name Use the algorithm to find the average test score Use the algorithm to find the grade Update totalAverage by adding current students average test score

Determine the class average as follows:

classAverage = totalAverage / 10
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Programming Methodologies
Two popular approaches to programming design
Structured
Object-oriented

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Structured Programming
Structured design:
Dividing a problem into smaller subproblems

Structured programming:
Implementing a structured design

The structured design approach is also called:

Top-down (or bottom-up) design Stepwise refinement Modular programming
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Object-Oriented Programming
Identify components called objects Specify relevant data and possible operations to be performed on that data Each object consists of data and operations on that data An object combines data and operations on the data into a single unit

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Object-Oriented Programming (cont'd.)

A programming language that implements OOD is called an object-oriented programming (OOP) language Learn how to represent data in computer memory, how to manipulate data, and how to implement operations Write algorithms and implement them in a programming language
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Object-Oriented Programming (cont'd.)

Learn how to combine data and operations on the data into a single unit called an object C++ was designed to implement OOD OOD is used with structured design

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ANSI/ISO Standard C++

C++ evolved from C C++ designed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Laboratories in early 1980s C++ programs were not always portable from one compiler to another In mid-1998, ANSI/ISO C++ language standards were approved

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Summary
Computer: electronic device that can perform arithmetic and logical operations Computer system has hardware and software Central processing unit (CPU): brain Primary storage (MM) is volatile; secondary storage (e.g., disk) is permanent Operating system monitors the overall activity of the computer and provides services

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Summary (cont'd.)
Various kinds of languages, such as machine language, assembly, high-level Algorithm: step-by-step problem-solving process; solution in finite amount of time Problem-solving process has three steps:
Analyze problem and design an algorithm Implement the algorithm in code Maintain the program
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Summary (cont'd.)
Structured design:
Problem is divided into smaller subproblems Each subproblem is solved Combine solutions to all subproblems

Object-oriented design (OOD): a program is a collection of interacting objects

Object: data and operations on those data

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