SQL advanced select using Oracle
7. Multiple Tables: Joins and Set Operations 8. Subqueries: Nested Queries
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Select, 156
Simple
data from a single table
Advanced
data from more tables
join sub-queries
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Join, 157
Cartesian product
select * from tableA, tableB
all rows in tableA combined with all rows from tableB huge result! seldom useful!!
Different types of joins
equi-join non-equi-join outer join self-join
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Equi-join, 158
Joining 2 tables using common attributes [usually primary and foreign keys] Structure
select from tableA, tableB where tableA.PK = tableB.FK
Comparison using equality (=) is equi-join Examples
select * from student, city where city.postcode = student.postcode select * from student, course, studentCourse where student.ID = studentCourse.studentID and studentCourse.courseID = course.ID
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Non-equi-joins, 161
Where clause using operations other than equality
Fig. 7-6, page 162
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Outer joins, 163
Ordinary join
if a value in one table has no matching value in the other table, the row is not included in the result.
Outer join
values without matching values are included in the result.
Oracle has 2 syntaxes
Special syntax
Special (old) Oracle syntax
New syntax
SQL99 standard syntax
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Outer join, old syntax
Old / special Oracle syntax
SELECT FROM tableA, tableB WHERE tableA.col1 (+)= tableB.col2
rows from tableA with no matching attribute in tableB is included in the result Fig. 7-7, page 163
SQL advanced select using Oracle
Outer join, new syntax
New / SQL 99 standard syntax
SELECT d.department_id, e.last_name FROM departments d LEFT OUTER JOIN employees e ON d.department_id = e.department_id ORDER BY d.department_id
Result
Department with and without employees are included in the result
New in Oracle 9i (not present in Oracle 8i) No examples in the book! Look in the Oracle SQL documentation for more examples
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Self-join, 165
Joining a table with itself.
ER recursive relationship Rel. model foreign key to another attribute in the same relation. same table used twice in the from clause we need to name the two instances of the table (table aliases) select from employee e, employee s where e.supervisorID = s.ID Fig. 7-9 page 165
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Set operators, 166
Tables may be used in set operations
union union all intersect tableA union tableB tableA union all tableB tableA intersect tableB
all rows in tableA and all rows in tableB as union, but includes duplicates all rows that appears in both tableA and tableB
minus
tableA minus tableB
all rows in tableA, but not in tableB
Tables must be "union compatible"
same number + types + order of attributes
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Sub-query, 174
The where clause in a select statement may contain another select statement (sub-query)!
Fig. 8-1, page 175 Two types of sub-queries
single row
returning a single row of data, and most often a single data item
multiple row
returning more than on row of data
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Single row query, 174
Inner query is executed first, returning a value that is used in the outer query. select from tableA where attributA operator (sub-query)
Operator may be: =, >, <, etc.
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Sub-queries in create, insert, update and delete, 176
create table tableName as select query
pure redundancy!
insert into tableName select query
pure redundancy!
update tableName set (columnNames) = (query) where condition delete from tableName where columnName = (query)
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Multiple-row sub-queries, 181
Sub-query returning more than one row of data. select from where attribute operator (sub-query)
Operator may be
in <all, >all <any, >any, =any
Figure 8-11, 8-12, page 182 Figure 8-13, page 183
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Top-N analysis,183
MS Access SQL and SQL Server has a special keyword top
select top 10 attribute Oracle has no such feature, but it can be simulated using the pseudo-column rownum. Fig. 8-14 + 8-15, page 184 sub-query in from clause
inline view [more on views later on]
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Correlated subquery,185
Ordinary subquery
The inner query does not reference columns from the outer query The inner query can be calculated once and for all.
Correlated subquery
The inner query references columns from the outer query Like programming 2 loops, one inside the other Figure 8-17, page 187
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The EXISTS operator, 187
New operator used with correlated sub-queries Result
False
If the current result of the sub-query is empty
True
If the current result of the sub-query is not empty
Examples
Figure 8-18, page 187
At least one student has the faculty (teacher) Select 1
We have to select something, but in this case we dont use it!
Figure 8-19, page 188
No student has the faculty (teacher)
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Final remarks
SQL (specially select) is like programming.
There's only one place to learn it - at the keyboard!
Make advanced select statements incrementally
Starting from the innermost sub-query. Monitor the results
Take advantage of advanced select statements
Don't try to program the same features in your application.
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