Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
Developed by ITU-T in 1976 Set of protocols that combines digital telephony and data transport services. The whole idea is to digitize the telephone network to permit the transmission of audio, video and text over existing telephone lines. The goal is to form a WAN that provides universal end-to-end connectivity over digital media.
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Figure 16-1
ISDN Services
Bearer services provide the means to transfer information (voice, data, video) between users without the network manipulating the content of that information. Belongs to the first 3 layers of the OSI model.
Teleservices the network my change or process the contents of the data. - correspond to layers 4-7 of the OSI model - rely on the facilities of bearer services
Supplementary services provide additional functionality to the bearer services and teleservices.
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Figure 16-1
ISDN Services
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Figure 16-2
Voice Communication over an Analog Telephone Network
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Figure 16-3
Voice and Data Communication over an Analog Telephone Network
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Figure 16-4
Analog and Digital Services over the Telephone Network
3 types of customers the first one is the most prominent
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Figure 16-5
Integrated Digital Network (IDN)
A combination of networks available for different purposes. Access to these networks is by digital pipes digital pipes time-multiplexed channels sharing very-high-speed paths.
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Figure 16-6
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
ISDN incorporates all communication connections in a home or building into a single interface With ISDN all customer services will become digital rather than analog.
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Subscriber Access to the ISDN
Subscriber loops organized into multiple channels of different sizes B channel
basic user channel Can carry any type of digital info in Full-duplex mode Carries transmissions end-to-end
Channel
Data Rates (Kbps)
Bearer (B)
Data (D) Hybrid (H)
64
16, 64 384 (H0), 1536(H11), 1920(H12)
D channel
Primary function is to carry control signaling for the B channel Acts like an operator between the user and the network at the network layer
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H Channels - For high data rate applications
such as video, teleconferencing and so on
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Two Types of Digital Subscriber Loops
Basic rate interface (BRI) Primary rate interface (PRI)
Each type is suited to a different level of customer needs Both include one D channel and some number of either B or H channels
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Figure 16-7
Basic Rate Interface (BRI)
Designed to meet the needs of residential and small-office customers
The same twisted pair local loop that delivers analog transmission can be used to handle digital transmission
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Figure 16-8
Primary Rate Interface (PRI)
Other channel combinations: 3H0 + D 4H0 + D H12 + D
PRI was designed to be compatible with existing T-1 lines In Europe, the PRI includes 30 B channels and 2 D channels = capacity of 2.048 Mbps the capacity of E-1 line
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Figure 16-9
Functional Grouping
Defines the function of each type of equipment
NT network termination TE terminal equipment NT1
Controls the physical & electrical termination of the ISDN at the users premises Connects the users internal system to the digital subscriber loop Organizes the data stream s from a connected subscriber into frames that can be sent over the digital pipe Translates the frames received from the network into a format usable by the subscribers devices.
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NT2 ( ex. Digital PBX, LAN)
Performs functions at the physical (multiplexing), data link (flow control), network layers (packetizing) of the OSI model Provides intermediate signal processing between the data-generating devices and an NT1 Used primarily to interface between a multiuser system and an NT1 in a PRI.
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TE1 same thing as DTE
Any device that supports the ISDN standards Ex. Digital telephones,integrated voice/data terminals
TE2 Any non-ISDN device
Ex. Terminal workstation, regular telephone Can be used with the help of Terminal Adapter (TA)
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Figure 16-10
Reference Points
Label used to identify individual interfaces between two elements of an ISDN installation Defines the functions of the connections
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Figure 16-11
ISDN Layers
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Figure 16-12
Simplified Layers of ISDN
Mechanical and electrical specs of interfaces R, S, T, U Encoding
Multiplexing
Power supply
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Figure 16-13
BRI Interfaces
R interface not defined by ISDN, it can be any EIA standards or V or X series S interface ISO standard, ISO 8887, four-, six-, or eight-wire connections.
U interface - Single-pair twistedpair cable in each direction - Two binary, one quaternary (2B1Q) encoding
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Figure 16-14
S Interface
Name a b c d e f g h TE NT
Power source Power sink 3 3 Power source Power sink 3 3 Transmit Receive Receive Transmit Power sink 2 Power sink 2 Receive Transmit Transmit Receive Power source 2 Power source 2
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Figure 16-15
2B/1Q Encoding
00 -3
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01 -1
10 +3
11 +1
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Figure 16-16
BRI Frame
overhead
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BRI Topology
Point-to-point Multipoint
-limited distance to ensure frame synchronization As many as 8 devices can be connected to NT1, two can access the B-channels at 1 time D channels use a mechanism like CSMA
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Figure 16-18
PRI Interfaces
R and S same as those defined for the BRI
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T identical to S standard - B8ZS Encoding
U same for both, different rates
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Figure 16-19
PRI Frame
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Figure 16-20
LAPD Address Field
SAPI Service Access Point Identifier - identifies the type of upperlayer service (network layer)
000000 call control for network layer (signaling use of D-channel) 000001 call control for upper layer (ene-to-end signaling), not yet in use 010000 packet communication ( data use of D channel) 111111 - management
C/R Command (0) / Response (1)
TEI Terminal Equipment Identifier
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Figure 16-21
Network Layer Packet Format
Protocol discriminator identifies the protocol in use, for Q.931 = 0000 1000 Call Reference sequence number of the call
Message Type identifies the purpose of the message - call establishment Reading assignment: - call information Different messages under - call clearing these four message types - call miscellaneous
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Figure 16-22
Call Reference Field
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Figure 16-23
Information Elements
Carries specific details about the connection that are required for call establishment: - addresses of the sender and receiver - routing information - type of network that is desired for the B-channel exchange (X.25, ATM, Frame Relay)
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Figure 16-24
Information Element Types
ID identify the information being sent Length length of the content in bytes
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Figure 16-25
Addressing in ISDN
Addressing important information element type in ISDN
NC national Code
Subaddress identify the device connected to NT1
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Figure 16-26
Bit Rates for Different Applications
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Figure 16-27
B-ISDN Services
Broadband ISDN based on a change from metal cable to fiber optic cable at all levels of telecommunications
Interactive services those that require two-way exchanges between either 2 subscribers or between a subscriber & a service provider
- conversational real time exchanges such as telephone calls - messaging store & forward exchanges such as voice mail - retrieval retrieve info from a central office
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Figure 16-27
B-ISDN Services
Distributive services unidirectional services sent from a provider to subscribers, broadcast to the user
- without user control user choice is limited to whether or not to receive the service at all - with user control allow the user a choice of times during which to receive them
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Figure 16-28
B-ISDN Accesses
155.520 Mbps fill the needs of most residential and many business subscribers 155.520/622.080 Mbps fill the needs of businesses that require the simultaneous receipt of multiple services and video conferencing
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