Amity School of Engineering & Technology
Amity School of Engineering & Technology
B. Tech. (MAE),V Semester RDBMS Sunil Vyas
Amity School of Engineering & Technology
Module 1: Introduction
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Database Management System (DBMS)
Collection of interrelated data Set of programs to access the data DBMS contains information about a particular enterprise DBMS provides an environment that is both convenient and efficient to use. Database Applications:
Banking: all transactions Airlines: reservations, schedules Universities: registration, grades Sales: customers, products, purchases Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax deductions
Databases touch all aspects of our lives
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Purpose of Database System
In the early days, database applications were built on top of file systems Drawbacks of using file systems to store data:
Data redundancy and inconsistency
Multiple file formats, duplication of information in different files
Difficulty in accessing data
Need to write a new program to carry out each new task
Data isolation multiple files and formats Integrity problems
Integrity constraints become part of program code Hard to add new constraints or change existing ones
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Purpose of Database Systems (Cont.)
Drawbacks of using file systems (cont.)
Atomicity of updates
Failures may leave database in an inconsistent state with partial updates carried out E.g. transfer of funds from one account to another should either complete or not happen at all
Concurrent access by multiple users
Concurrent accessed needed for performance Uncontrolled concurrent accesses can lead to inconsistencies
E.g. two people reading a balance and updating it at the same time
Security problems
Database systems offer solutions to all the above problems
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Levels of Abstraction
Physical level describes how a record (e.g., customer) is stored. Logical level: describes data stored in database, and the relationships among the data. type customer = record name : string; street : string; city : string; end; View level: application programs hide details of data types. Views can also hide information (e.g., salary) for security purposes.
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An architecture for a database system
View of Data
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Instances and Schemas
Similar to types and variables in programming languages Schema the logical structure of the database
e.g., the database consists of information about a set of customers and accounts and the relationship between them) Analogous to type information of a variable in a program Physical schema: database design at the physical level Logical schema: database design at the logical level
Instance the actual content of the database at a particular point in time
similar to the value of a variable
Physical Data Independence the ability to modify the physical schema without changing the logical schema
Applications depend on the logical schema In general, the interfaces between the various levels and components should be well defined so that changes in some parts do not seriously influence others.
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Data Models
A collection of tools for describing
data data relationships data semantics data constraints
Entity-Relationship model Relational model Other models:
object-oriented model semi-structured data models Older models: network model and hierarchical model
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Entity-Relationship Model
Example of schema in the entityrelationship model
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E-R model of real world
Entities (objects)
Entity Relationship Model (Cont.)
E.g. customers, accounts, bank branch
Relationships between entities
E.g. Account A-101 is held by customer Johnson Relationship set depositor associates customers with accounts
Widely used for database design
Database design in E-R model usually converted to design in the relational model (coming up next) which is used for storage and processing
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Relational Model
id name Johnson Smith Johnson Jones Smith
Attributes
Example of tabular data in the relational customercustomeraccountmodel customerCustomerstreet city number
192-83-7465 019-28-3746 192-83-7465 Alma North Alma Main North Palo Alto Rye A-101 A-215 A-201 A-217 A-201
Palo Alto
Harrison Rye
321-12-3123
019-28-3746
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A Sample Relational Database
